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phalangeridae

{{Short description|Family of marsupials}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| name = Phalangeridae{{MSW3 Groves | pages = 45–50}}

| image = Brushtail possum.jpg

| image_caption = Common brushtail possum

| taxon = Phalangeridae

| authority = Thomas, 1888

| type_genus = Phalanger

| type_genus_authority = Storr, 1780

| subdivision_ranks = Genera

| subdivision =

}}

The Phalangeridae are a family of mostly nocturnal marsupials native to Australia, New Guinea, and Eastern Indonesia, including the cuscuses, brushtail possums, and their close relatives. Considered a type of possum, most species are arboreal, and they inhabit a wide range of forest habitats from alpine woodland to eucalypt forest and tropical jungle. Many species have been introduced to various non-native habitats by humans for thousands of years.{{Cite journal |last=Schapper |first=Antoinette |year=2011 |title=Phalanger Facts: Notes on Blust's Marsupial Reconstructions |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=258–272 |doi=10.1353/ol.2011.0004|s2cid=145482148 }}

Characteristics

Phalangerids are relatively large, compared with other possums. The smallest species, the Sulawesi dwarf cuscus, is cat-sized, averaging {{convert|34|cm|abbr=on}} in length, while the largest, the black-spotted cuscus, is around {{convert|70|cm|abbr=on}} long, and weighs {{convert|5|kg|abbr=on}}. Besides the large size, other key features distinguishing phalangerids from other possums include the presence of bare skin on at least part of the tail, and low-crowned molar teeth. They have claws on the fore feet, but none on the hind feet, although these do have an opposable first toe to help grip onto branches. Additionally, in all but one species, both the first and second digits of the fore feet are opposable. Their fur is typically dense or woolly, and may be grey, black, or reddish-brown, often with spots or stripes.{{cite book|editor= Macdonald, D.|author= Dickman, Christopher R.|year= 1984|title= The Encyclopedia of Mammals|publisher= Facts on File|location= New York|pages= [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/850 850–855]|isbn= 0-87196-871-1|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/850}}

Most phalangerids are folivores, feeding primarily on leaves. Like some similar species, they have a large cecum to ferment this highly fibrous food and extract as much nutrition as possible. Their teeth, though, are not as highly adapted to this diet as other possums, and they also eat fruit, and even some invertebrates. The only exception to these general rules is the ground cuscus, which is carnivorous, and is also less arboreal than other phalangerid species. The dental formula of phalangerids is:{{dentition|3.1.1.4|2.0.1–2.4}}

Gestation in phalangerids lasts 16–17 days in those species so far studied. The females have a well-developed pouch, and typically raise only one or two young at a time, less than many other possums. The adults are typically solitary, defending territories marked by scent-gland spray, odiferous saliva, urine, or dung.

Most possums conserve the functions of the epipubic bones. The exception is Trichosurus, which remarkably among marsupials has shifted the hypaxial muscles from the epipubic to the pelvis, employing a more placental-like breathing, having lost the benefits of the epipubic in regards to lung ventilation. In general, these possums are more terrestrial than other members of this group, and resemble terrestrial primates in some respects.Reilly SM, McElroy EJ, White TD, Biknevicius AR, Bennett MB, Abdominal muscle and epipubic bone function during locomotion in Australian possums: insights to basal mammalian conditions and Eutherian-like tendencies in Trichosurus, J Morphol. 2010 Apr;271(4):438-50. {{doi|10.1002/jmor.10808}}.

Classification

This classification is based on Beck et al. (2022).{{cite journal |last1=Beck |first1=R. M. D. |last2=Voss |first2=R. S. |last3=Jansa |first3=S. A. |title=Craniodental Morphology and Phylogeny of Marsupials |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |date=2022 |volume=457 |issue=1 |doi=10.1206/0003-0090.457.1.1 |url=https://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/64318/1/Beck%20et%20al%20%282022%29%20marsupial%20phylogeny.pdf |access-date=2023-05-23 |archive-date=2023-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405214432/http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/64318/1/Beck%20et%20al%20(2022)%20marsupial%20phylogeny.pdf |url-status=live }} The listing for extant species is based on The Third edition of Wilson & Reeder's Mammal Species of the World (2005), except where the [https://mammaldiversity.org/ Mammal Diversity Database] and IUCN agree on a change.

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Vernacular names

Blust (1982, 1993, 2002, 2009)Blust, Robert. 1982. The linguistic value of the Wallace Line. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 138:231–50.Blust, Robert. 1993. Central and Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian. Oceanic Linguistics 32:241–93.Blust, Robert. 2002. The history of faunal terms in Austronesian languages. Oceanic Linguistics 41:89–139.Blust, Robert. 2009. The position of the languages of eastern Indonesia: A Reply to Donohue and Grimes. Oceanic Linguistics 48:36–77. reconstructs the form *kandoRa 'cuscus' for Proto-Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian (i.e., the reconstructed most recent common ancestor of the Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages), but the validity of this reconstruction is doubted by Schapper (2011).

Schapper (2011) shows that reconstructed forms for cuscus are in fact quite diverse, and cannot be reconstructed to Proto-Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian. Other names for cuscus are:

Other local names for the cuscus are:

References

{{Commons category}}

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{{Phalangerida|P.}}

{{Diprotodontia|P.}}

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Category:Possums

Category:Mammal families

Category:Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas