quaranjavirus

Quaranfil virus was first isolated from humans in Egypt in 1953. Johnston Atoll virus and Lake Chad virus were first isolated from birds in 1964 and 1969, respectively. In 1989, based on the appearance of the virus particles under the electron microscope, H.G. Zeller and colleagues suggested that they should be classified as arenaviruses,{{cite journal|author3-link=Charles Calisher | vauthors = Zeller HG, Karabatsos N, Calisher CH, Digoutte JP, Murphy FA, Shope RE | title = Electron microscopy and antigenic studies of uncharacterized viruses. I. Evidence suggesting the placement of viruses in families Arenaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, or Poxviridae | journal = Archives of Virology | volume = 108 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 191–209 | year = 1989 | pmid = 2690775 | doi = 10.1007/bf01310934 | s2cid = 37237884 | doi-access = free }} but this was not accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).{{cite journal | veditors = Büchen-Osmond C |title=Index of Viruses – Arenaviridae |url=http://ictvdb.bio-mirror.cn/Ictv/fs_arena.htm |year=2006 |journal=ICTVdB – the Universal Virus Database, Version 4 |publisher=Columbia University |access-date=16 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310055342/http://ictvdb.bio-mirror.cn/Ictv/fs_arena.htm |archive-date=10 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}{{cite journal | veditors = Büchen-Osmond C |title=Index of Viruses – Unassigned Viruses |url=http://ictvdb.bio-mirror.cn/Ictv/fs_unass.htm |year=2006 |journal=ICTVdB – the Universal Virus Database, Version 4 |publisher=Columbia University |access-date=16 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426071103/http://ictvdb.bio-mirror.cn/Ictv/fs_unass.htm |archive-date=26 April 2013 |url-status=dead }} In 2009, based on sequence data and the structure of the virus particles, Rachel Presti and colleagues suggested that the three viruses should be classified as a new genus of orthomyxoviruses, originally named "Quarjavirus". Multiple other viruses have subsequently been suggested as genus members. The genus was formally proposed to the ICTV in 2012, under the name '"Quaranjavirus",{{cite web |vauthors=McCauley JW, Hongo S, Kaverin NV, Kochs G, Lamb RA |title=Create 2 new species in the proposed new genus Quaranjavirus |url=http://ictvonline.org/proposals/2011.012a-dV.A.v3.Quaranjavirus.pdf |year=2012 |publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |access-date=12 March 2015 |display-authors=etal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111844/http://ictvonline.org/proposals/2011.012a-dV.A.v3.Quaranjavirus.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead }} and formally approved by that body in 2013.{{cite web|url=http://www.ictvonline.org/taxonomyHistory.asp?taxnode_id=20142714&taxa_name=Quaranjavirus |title=ICTV Taxonomy History for Quaranjavirus |publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |access-date=16 March 2015 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Adams MJ, King AM, Carstens EB | title = Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2013) | journal = Archives of Virology | volume = 158 | issue = 9 | pages = 2023–30 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 23580178 | doi = 10.1007/s00705-013-1688-5 | doi-access = free }}

Quaranfil virus is named for Quaranfil, one of the villages near Cairo from which the virus was isolated. The Johnston Atoll virus is named for Johnston Atoll in the Pacific, also where the virus was first isolated. The genus name combines "Quaran", with "ja" for Johnston Atoll.

File:Thogotovirus-virion.jpg

The virus particle is enveloped and spherical, ovoid or variable in shape, with a diameter generally in the range 80–120 nm.{{cite journal |title=Quaranjavirus |url=http://www.viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/4696.html |journal=ViralZone |publisher=Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics |access-date=14 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228214445/http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/4696.html |archive-date=28 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}{{cite journal|title=Notes on Genus: Quaranjavirus |url=http://www.dpvweb.net/notes/showgenus.php?genus=Quaranjavirus |journal=Descriptions of Plant Viruses |publisher=Rothamsted Research |access-date=14 March 2015 }} The virus particle contains around ten ribosome-like granules, a feature of arenaviruses. It bears surface projections variously described as 4–5 nm long and 10–14 nm in length and 4–6 nm in diameter.

File:Quaranjavirus genomes.jpg

The single-stranded, –RNA genome is linear and segmented, generally with six segments of 0.9–2.4 kb and a total size of around 11.5 kb. Wellfleet Bay virus has a seventh segment of 519 nucleotides. The genome encodes six or (in Wellfleet Bay virus) seven proteins. The PA, PB1 and PB2 subunits of the trimeric RNA polymerase enzyme are encoded by the three largest segments (1–3), as in other orthomyxoviruses. Segment 5 encodes the envelope glycoprotein (GP). Proteins of unknown function are encoded by segments 4 and 6, which have recently been tentatively assigned to the viral nucleoprotein and matrix protein, respectively. Segment 7 of Wellfleet Bay virus encodes an additional protein of unknown function. The quaranjavirus glycoprotein shows no similarity with the influenza virus glycoproteins (haemagglutinin and neuraminidase), and instead shows some similarities with the gp64 glycoprotein of baculoviruses, which infect insects, as well as the glycoprotein of thogotoviruses, a genus of tick-transmitted orthomyxoviruses.

The replication cycle of Quaranfil virus takes around 24–36 hours, which is comparable with thogotoviruses and slower than influenza viruses.{{cite journal | vauthors = Presti RM, Zhao G, Beatty WL, Mihindukulasuriya KA, da Rosa AP, Popov VL, Tesh RB, Virgin HW, Wang D | display-authors = 6 | title = Quaranfil, Johnston Atoll, and Lake Chad viruses are novel members of the family Orthomyxoviridae | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 83 | issue = 22 | pages = 11599–606 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19726499 | pmc = 2772707 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.00677-09 }}

Quaranjaviruses infect both arthropod and vertebrate hosts. The most common arthropod hosts are species of soft-bodied (Argasidae family) ticks. Most members cannot infect mosquito cell lines in the laboratory. In 2015, multiple new members of the genus were proposed based on RNA sequences obtained from mosquitos, flies, other insects, and the Neoscona spider.

Aquatic birds that nest in colonies are the most common vertebrate hosts, including gannets, terns and herons. Cygnet River and Wellfleet Bay viruses have been associated with an often-fatal disease in farmed and wild duck species, with symptoms including diarrhoea and lethargy. Most genus members tested can infect mice under laboratory conditions; they cause severe pathology and are frequently lethal. Quaranfil virus is the only member of the genus to have been shown to infect humans; infection generally appears to be asymptomatic and has occasionally been reported to be associated with mild fever.

The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by the exemplar virus of the species:{{cite web|title=Virus Taxonomy: 2024 Release|url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy|publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|access-date=19 March 2025}}

• Quaranjavirus araguariense, Araguari virus
• Quaranjavirus chadense, Lake Chad virus
• Quaranjavirus johnstonense, Johnston Atoll virus
• Quaranjavirus quaranfilense, Quaranfil virus
• Quaranjavirus tyulekense, Tyulek virus
• Quaranjavirus wellfleetense, Wellfleet Bay virus

Many other species or strains have been identified from a range of arthropods based on RNA data.{{cite journal | vauthors = Li CX, Shi M, Tian JH, Lin XD, Kang YJ, Chen LJ, Qin XC, Xu J, Holmes EC, Zhang YZ | display-authors = 6 | title = Unprecedented genomic diversity of RNA viruses in arthropods reveals the ancestry of negative-sense RNA viruses | journal = eLife | volume = 4 | pages = e05378 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25633976 | pmc = 4384744 | doi = 10.7554/elife.05378 | doi-access = free }}

File:Cygnet River phylogeny (EID 2012 Fig2).jpg

Quaranfil virus was initially isolated in 1953 from two children with mild fever in the villages of Quaranfil and Sindbis, near Cairo in Egypt. Antibodies to the virus have been demonstrated in around 8% of people sampled in the area, although no further cases of symptomatic disease have been reported. The geographical range of the virus is wide, also including Nigeria and South Africa in Africa, and Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait and Yemen in the Middle East and Asia. The virus has also been isolated from seabirds and from ticks, such as the soft-bodied Argas arboreus. The virus has been shown to be transmitted between vertebrates by ticks. In the laboratory, it causes severe disease in mice.

Cygnet River virus was isolated in 2010 from embryonated eggs of the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschate) from Cygnet River, Kangaroo Island in Australia. The virus was associated with an outbreak of severe disease in farmed ducks.{{cite journal | vauthors = Kessell A, Hyatt A, Lehmann D, Shan S, Crameri S, Holmes C, Marsh G, Williams C, Tachedjian M, Yu M, Bingham J, Payne J, Lowther S, Wang J, Wang LF, Smith I | display-authors = 6 | title = Cygnet River virus, a novel orthomyxovirus from ducks, Australia | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 18 | issue = 12 | pages = 2044–6 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23171630 | pmc = 3557875 | doi = 10.3201/eid1812.120500 }}

Wellfleet Bay virus was isolated from wild common eider ducks (Somateria mollissima) overwintering at Jeremy Point, Wellfleet Bay in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA. The virus was associated with an outbreak of severe disease in 2010, and is hypothesised to have been a factor in a series of similar outbreaks in 1998–2013.{{cite journal | vauthors = Allison AB, Ballard JR, Tesh RB, Brown JD, Ruder MG, Keel MK, Munk BA, Mickley RM, Gibbs SE, Travassos da Rosa AP, Ellis JC, Ip HS, Shearn-Bochsler VI, Rogers MB, Ghedin E, Holmes EC, Parrish CR, Dwyer C | display-authors = 6 | title = Cyclic avian mass mortality in the northeastern United States is associated with a novel orthomyxovirus | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 89 | issue = 2 | pages = 1389–403 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25392223 | pmc = 4300652 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.02019-14 }}

The two viruses are closely related and might be strains of the same virus; they are also related to Quaranfil virus.

File:Arthropod quaranjavirus phylogeny (eLife 2015 Fig3 suppl).jpg

Lake Chad virus was isolated in 1969 from a vitelline masked weaver bird (Ploceus vitellinus) from Lake Chad in Nigeria, and has yet to be isolated elsewhere. The virus causes severe disease in mice under laboratory conditions. It is most closely related to Quaranfil virus.

Johnston Atoll virus was first isolated in 1964 from soft-bodied Ornithodoros capensis ticks infesting the brown noddy tern (Anous stolidus) from Sand Island, Johnston Atoll, in the Pacific. Its range also includes Hawaii, Australia and New Zealand. The virus has been shown to be transmitted between vertebrates by ticks. In the laboratory, it causes severe disease in mice and chicks.

Tyulek virus was isolated from soft-bodied Argas vulgaris ticks infesting birds by the Aksu River near the village of Tyulek in Kyrgyzstan. The virus is closely related to both Quaranfil and 'ohnston Atoll viruses.{{cite journal|author1=L'vov DK |author2=Al'khovskiĭ SV |author3=Shchelkanov MIu |author4=Shchetinin AM |author5=Deriabin PG |title=[Taxonomic status of the Tyulek virus (TLKV) (Orthomyxoviridae, Quaranjavirus, Quaranfil group) isolated from the ticks Argas vulgaris Filippova, 1961 (Argasidae) from the birds burrow nest biotopes in the Kyrgyzstan] |year=2014 |journal=Voprosy virusologii |volume=59 |pages=28–32 |language=Russian|display-authors=etal}}

Thirteen RNA sequences with 34–40% sequence identity to Johnston Atoll virus have been identified in insects and spiders in China. Putative hosts include Neoscona nautica (spider), Atherigona orientalis (pepper fruit fly), Chrysomya megacephala (oriental latrine fly), Sarcophaga (flesh flies), Musca domestica (housefly), Culex tritaeniorhynchus, C. quinquefasciatus, Anopheles sinensis and Armigeres subalbatus (mosquitoes), Psychoda alternata (moth fly), Hippoboscoidea (louse fly), as well as unidentified species in the Tabanidae (horse-fly), Gerridae (water strider) and Stratiomyidae (soldier fly) groups. Nearly 50 viruses associated with Orthomyxoviridae were identified in a broad variety of insect hosts, after computational virus screening of the largest insect transcriptome collection sampled worldwide.{{cite journal | vauthors = Käfer S, Paraskevopoulou S, Zirkel F, Wieseke N, Donath A, Petersen M, Jones TC, Liu S, Zhou X, Middendorf M, Junglen S, Misof B, Drosten C | display-authors = 6 | title = Re-assessing the diversity of negative strand RNA viruses in insects | journal = PLOS Pathogens | volume = 15 | issue = 12 | pages = e1008224 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31830128 | pmc = 6932829 | doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008224 | doi-access = free }} Orthomyxoviridae-related viruses were found for the first time in insect hosts, such as Raphidioptera, Dermaptera, Archaeognatha, Neuroptera, Phasmatodea, Zygentoma, and Lepidoptera. These findings place Quaranjavirus in a paraphyletic position to the other viruses of Orthomyxoviridae with implications for taxonomic evaluations and virus evolution.

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Category:Orthomyxoviridae

Category:Virus genera