unilateral declaration of independence

{{Short description|New state declaring itself independent without formal agreement with its parent state}}

{{About|unilateral declarations of independence in general|the Rhodesian declaration of 1965|Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence|the British declaration concerning Egypt|Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence}}

A unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) or "unilateral secession" is a formal process leading to the establishment of a new state by a subnational entity which declares itself independent and sovereign without a formal agreement with the state from which it is seceding. The term was first used when Rhodesia declared independence in 1965 from the United Kingdom (UK) without an agreement with the UK.Douglas George Anglin. Zambian Crisis Behaviour: Confronting Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence, 1965–1966. McGill-Queens, 1994.

Examples

Prominent examples of a unilateral declaration of independence other than Rhodesia's UDI in 1965 include that of the United States in 1776,Don H. Doyle. Secession as an International Phenomenon: From America's Civil War to Contemporary Separatist Movements. University of Georgia Press, 2010. the Irish Declaration of Independence of 1919 by a revolutionary parliament, Katanga's declaration of independence by Moise Tshombe in July 1960,{{cite book|last=Briscoe|first=Neil|title=Britain and UN Peacekeeping: 1948–67|url=https://archive.org/details/britainunpeaceke00bris|url-access=limited|date=2003|pages=[https://archive.org/details/britainunpeaceke00bris/page/n127 117]–118|publisher=Palgrave-Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|isbn=978-1-4039-1499-6}} the attempted secession of Biafra from Nigeria in 1967, the Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence from Pakistan in 1970, the (internationally unrecognized) secession of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus from Cyprus in 1983, the Palestinian Declaration of Independence from the Palestinian territories in 1988, and that of the Republic of Kosovo in 2008.United Nations. Index to Proceedings of the General Assembly 2008/2009: Subject Index. New York City, USA: United Nations, 2010. Pp. 138. During the Dissolution of the Soviet Union throughout 1991, many of its republics declared their independence unilaterally without agreement and were thus not recognised as legitimate by the Soviet Central Government.

During the breakup of Yugoslavia, the government of the United States asked the governments of Croatia and Slovenia to drop their UDI plans because of the threat of major war erupting in the Balkans because of it, and threatened that it would oppose both countries' UDIs on the basis of the Helsinki Final Act if they did so. However, four days later both Slovenia and Croatia announced their UDIs from Yugoslavia.Florian Bieber, Džemal Sokolović. Reconstructing multiethnic societies: the case of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Ashgate, 2001. Pp. 41.

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! Date

! Declared state

! Parent state

! International recognition

! Notes

1776

| {{flag|United States|1776}}

| {{flagicon image|Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg}} Great Britain

| {{Yes}}

1777

| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Vermont Republic.svg}} Vermont

| {{flagicon image|Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg}} Great Britain

| {{Yes}}

| Vermont signed a separate armistice with Britain in 1781 before the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown. Effective retroactive recognition by the United States was granted in 1791 when Vermont became the 14th state.

1813

| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg}} Cundinamarca

| {{flag|Spain|1785}}

| {{No}}

| No other nation besides Venezuela, itself an unrecognised government at the time, recognised the independence of Cundinamarca. The nation was later incorporated by military force into the United Provinces of New Granada in 1814.

1813

| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_New_Granada_(1811-1814).svg}} New Granada

| {{flag|Spain|1785}}

| {{No}}

| No other nation besides Venezuela, itself an unrecognised government at the time, recognised the independence of New Granada. The nation would later join together with Venezuela to form the Republic of Colombia.

1816

| {{flagicon image|Flag of Argentina (1818).svg}} Río de la Plata

| {{flag|Spain|1785}}

| {{Yes}}, after the military victory

| Division and dismembering of the independent country. Paraguay secession. Brazil invaded Uruguay. Spain recognized Argentine Independence in 1859.

1819

| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Gran_Colombia.svg}} Colombia

| {{flag|Spain|1785}}

| {{Yes}}

| Initially recognised by the United States (1822), the United Kingdom (1825), the Netherlands (1829) and various other Hispanic American nations between 1822 and 1831. Recognised by Spain in 1881.

1821

| {{flag|Greece|old}}

| {{flag|Ottoman Empire}}

| {{Yes}}

| Intervention by France, Russia, and the United Kingdom in favour of Greece in the Greek War of Independence secured its independence in 1832.

1830

| {{flagicon image|Flag of Belgium (1830).svg}} Belgium

| {{flag|United Kingdom of the Netherlands|name=United Netherlands}}

| {{Yes}}

| UDI (4 October 1830) recognized by the major European powers following the London Conference of 20 December 1830.

1898

| {{flagicon image|Philippines Aguinaldo flag (obverse).svg}} Philippines

| {{flagicon|Spain|1785}} Spain

| {{No}}

| Conquered by United States; became independent in 1946 by agreement.

1903

| {{flag|Panama}}

| {{flag|Colombia}}

| {{Yes}}

1912

| {{flagicon image|Flag of Albanian Provisional Government (1912-1914).svg}} Albania

| {{flag|Ottoman Empire}}

| {{Yes}}

1919

| {{flagicon image|Flag of Ireland.svg}} Irish Republic

| {{flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|name=United Kingdom}}

| {{No}}

| Became the Irish Free State upon the ratification of the Anglo-Irish Treaty.

1920

| {{flagicon image|State flag of East Karelia (1920-1922).svg}} East Karelia

| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1918–1925).svg}} Russia

| {{No}}

1921

| {{Noflag|Baranya–Baja}}

| {{flag|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|name=Hungary}}

| {{No}}

1921

| {{flagicon image|Flag of Mirdita Republic.svg}} Mirdita

| {{flag|Principality of Albania|name=Albania}}

| {{Partial}}

| Recognized only by Greece

1922

| {{flag|Kingdom of Egypt|1922}}

| {{flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|name=United Kingdom}}

| {{Yes}}

| Unilateral grant of independence by the British government

1931

| {{flag|Chinese Soviet Republic|name=Jiangxi}}

| {{flagcountry|Republic of China (1912–1949)}}

| {{No}}

1931

| {{flag|Catalonia}}

| {{flag|Spain}}

| {{No}}

| Spanish sovereignty remained unchanged

1938

| {{flagicon image|Flag of Ukraine (1917–1921).svg}} Carpatho-Ukraine

| {{flag|Czechoslovakia}}

| {{No}}

1941

| {{flagicon image|Flag of Ukraine (1917–1921).svg}} Ukraine

| {{flag|Soviet Union}}

| {{No}}

1945

| {{flag|Indonesia}}

| {{flag|Netherlands}}

| {{Yes}}

1960

| {{flag|Katanga}}

| {{flagicon image|Flag of Congo-Kinshasa (1966-1971).svg}} Republic of the Congo

| {{No}}

| Breakaway Congolese province, secession forcibly ended by the United Nations Operation in the Congo in 1963.

1965

| {{flag|Rhodesia|1964}}

| {{flag|United Kingdom}}

| {{No}}

| Self-governing British colony, unilaterally declared itself independent as Rhodesia in 1965, renamed Zimbabwe Rhodesia 1979, then gained international recognition as Zimbabwe in 1980.

1967

| {{flagcountry|Republic of Anguilla}}

| {{flag|United Kingdom}}

| {{No}}

| Returned as a British Crown Colony in 1969.

1967

| {{flag|Biafra}}

| {{flag|Nigeria}}

| {{Partial}}

| Recognized by five countries. Present-day Nigeria

1971

| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Bangladesh_(1971).svg}} Bangladesh

| {{flag|Pakistan}}

| {{Yes}}

1971

| {{flagicon image|Morning Star flag.svg}} West Papua

| {{flag|Indonesia}}

| {{No}}

1973

| {{flagicon image|Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg}} Guinea-Bissau

| {{flag|Portugal}}

| {{Yes}}

1975

| {{flagicon image|Flag of Bougainville.svg}} North Solomons

| {{flag|Australia}}

| {{No}}

| Present-day Autonomous Region of Bougainville, Papua New Guinea

1975

| {{flagicon image|Flag of Cabinda.svg}} Cabinda

| {{flag|Portugal}}

| {{No}}

| Present-day Angola

1975

| {{flag|East Timor}}

| {{flag|Portugal}}

| {{No}}

| Shortly following the declaration of independence, the territory was invaded and annexed by Indonesia.{{cite book |last1=Berlie |first1=Jean A. |title=East Timor's Independence, Indonesia and ASEAN |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319626307 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6EQ4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |page=17}}{{cite book |last1=Kammen |first1=Douglas |title=Three Centuries of Conflict in East Timor |date=20 August 2015 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=9780813574127 |page=130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGZ0CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA130}} A referendum in 1999 led to eventual independence in 2002.{{cite web |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/57417/WP32.2.pdf |title=State-Making and the Post-Conflict City: Integration in Dili, Disintegration in Timor-Leste |last=Moxham |first=Ben |publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science |issn=1749-1800 |date=February 2008 |access-date=25 June 2021 |pages=10–11}}

1983

| {{flag|Northern Cyprus}}

| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Cyprus_(1960-2006).svg}} Cyprus

| {{Partial}}

| Still claimed by Cyprus, and recognized as such by all UN member-states except for Turkey.

1988

| {{flag|Palestine}}

| {{flag|Israel}}

| {{Partial}}

| Claims territories occupied by Israel since 1967
Israeli–Palestinian conflict and peace process still ongoing
See: International recognition of the State of Palestine

1988

| {{flagicon image|Morning Star flag.svg}} West Papua

| {{flag|Indonesia}}

| {{No}}

1990

| {{Flag|Namibia}}

| {{Flag|South Africa}}

| {{Yes}}

1990

| {{flag|Karakalpakstan}}

| {{flag|Uzbekistan}}

| {{No}}

| Incorporated into Uzbekistan in 1993.{{cite web|url=https://fpc.org.uk/the-curious-case-of-the-republic-of-karakalpakstan/|title=The curious case of the Republic of Karakalpakstan|last=Olmos|first=Francisco|date=28 May 2020|website=Foreign Policy Centre}}

1991

| {{flagicon image|Flag of Somaliland until 1996.svg}} Somaliland

| {{flag|Somalia}}

| {{No}}

| Still claimed by Somalia

1991

| {{flag|Croatia}}

| {{flag|SFR Yugoslavia|name=Yugoslavia}}

| {{Yes}}

| Set off Croatian War of Independence

1991

| {{flag|Slovenia}}

| {{flag|SFR Yugoslavia|name=Yugoslavia}}

| {{Yes}}

| Set off Ten-Day War

1991

| {{flagicon|Chechen Republic of Ichkeria}} Republic of Ichkeria

| {{flag|Soviet Union}}

| {{Partial}}

| Present-day Chechen Republic, part of Russia. Retroactively recognized by Ukraine in 2022{{cite web | url=https://news.yahoo.com/ukraine-recognizes-chechen-republic-ichkeria-154900042.html | title=Ukraine recognizes the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria | date=18 October 2022 }}

1991

| {{flag|Transnistria}}

| {{flag|Moldova}}

| {{Partial}}

| Still claimed by Moldova, recognized by 2 partially unrecognised breakaway states South Ossetia and Abkhazia (+ the former Nagorno-Karabakh Republic).

1991

| {{flag|Nagorno-Karabakh}}

| {{flag|Azerbaijan}}

| {{No}}

| Recognized by 3 partially unrecognised breakaway states South Ossetia, Abkhazia and Transnistria between 1991 and 2023. Incorporated back into Azerbaijan as aftermath of Second Nagorno-Karabakh War and 2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh.

1991

| {{flag|South Ossetia}}

| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Georgia_(1990-2004).svg}} Georgia

| {{Partial}}

| Still claimed by Georgia. Recognized by 5 UN member-states.

1992

|{{Flag|Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|name=Bosnia and Herzegovina}}

|{{Flag|SFR Yugoslavia|name=Yugoslavia}}

|{{Yes}}

| Set off Bosnian War

1999

| {{flag|Abkhazia}}

| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Georgia_(1990-2004).svg}} Georgia

| {{Partial}}

| Still claimed by Georgia. Recognized by 5 UN member-states.

2008

| {{flag|Kosovo}}

| {{flag|Serbia|2004}}

| {{Partial|Partial}}

| Still claimed by Serbia
A United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) resolution adopted on 8 October 2008 backed the request of Serbia to seek an International Court of Justice advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence.[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/ga10764.doc.htm Backing Request by Serbia, General Assembly Decides to Seek International Court of Justice Ruling on Legality of Kosovo's Independence], United Nations, 8 October 2008 On 22 July 2010, the ICJ ruled that the declaration of independence of Kosovo "did not violate any applicable rule of international law", because its authors, who were "representatives of the people of Kosovo", were not bound by the Constitutional Framework (promulgated by UNMIK) or by UNSCR 1244 that is addressed only to United Nations member states and organs of the United Nations.[http://www.nspm.rs/nspm-in-english/accordance-with-international-law-of-the-unilateral-declaration-of-indepedence-in-respect-of-kosovo.html Accordance with international law of the unilateral declaration of independence in respect of Kosovo], Nspm.rs, 22 July 2010[http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/141/15987.pdf Accordance with international law of the unilateral declaration of independence in respect of Kosovo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821055950/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/141/15987.pdf |date=21 August 2010 }}, International Court of Justice, 22 July 2010
See: International recognition of Kosovo

2014

| {{flag|Republic of Crimea|name=Crimea}}

| {{flag|Ukraine}}

| {{Partial}}

| Annexed by Russia; still claimed by Ukraine. Recognized only by 7 UN member states.

2014

| {{flag|Donetsk People's Republic}}
{{flag|Luhansk People's Republic}}

| {{flag|Ukraine}}

| {{Partial}}

| Annexed by Russia; still claimed by Ukraine. Recognized only by 8 UN member states.

2017

| {{flag|Catalonia}}

| {{flag|Spain}}

| {{No}}

| Spanish sovereignty remained unchanged

Legal aspects

The International Court of Justice, in a 2010 advisory opinion, declared that unilateral declarations of independence were not illegal under international law.

unilateral declaration of independence

Examples

Legal aspects

See also

References