voiced pharyngeal fricative

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʕ⟩ in IPA}}

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa number=145

|decimal=661

|ipa symbol=ʕ

|xsampa=?\

|braille=235

|braille2=23

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0295.svg

|imagesize=150px

}}

{{Infobox IPA

|above=Voiced pharyngeal approximant

|ipa symbol=ʕ̞

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0295+0x031E.svg

|imagesize=150px

}}

{{Infobox IPA

|above=Non-syllabic open back unrounded vowel

|ipa symbol=ɑ̯

}}

The voiced pharyngeal approximant or fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ʕ}}, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ?\. Epiglottals and epiglotto-pharyngeals are often mistakenly taken to be pharyngeal.

Although traditionally placed in the fricative row of the IPA chart, {{IPA|[ʕ]}} is usually an approximant. The IPA symbol itself is ambiguous, but no language is known to make a phonemic distinction between fricatives and approximants at this place of articulation.

The IPA letter {{angbr IPA|ʕ}} is caseless. Capital {{angbr|꟎}} and lower-case {{angbr|꟏}} are pending at Unicode U+A7CE and U+A7CF.

Features

Features of the voiced pharyngeal approximant fricative:

Occurrence

{{multiple image

| width = upright

| footer = Cased forms of the IPA letter in the Pilaga alphabet. They have been accepted by Unicode.

| image1 = Capital letter ayin.svg

| alt1 = Capital letter ayin

| image2 = Small letter ayin.svg

| alt2 = Small letter ayin

}}

Pharyngeal consonants are not widespread. Sometimes, a pharyngeal approximant develops from a uvular approximant. Many languages that have been described as having pharyngeal fricatives or approximants turn out on closer inspection to have epiglottal consonants instead. For example, the candidate {{IPA|/ʕ/}} sound in Arabic and standard Hebrew (not modern Hebrew – Israelis generally pronounce this as a glottal stop) has been variously described as a voiced epiglottal fricative {{IPA|[ʢ]}}, an epiglottal approximant {{IPA|[ʕ̞]}},{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=167–168}} or a pharyngealized glottal stop {{IPA|[ʔˤ]}}.{{Harvcoltxt|Thelwall|1990}}

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \| Abaza	{{lang\|abq-Cyrl\|гӀапынхъамыз}}/{{transl\|abq\|g{{`}}apynkh"amyz}}	{{IPA\|[ʕaːpənqaːməz]}}	'March'
colspan="2" \|Afar \|damaqtu \|[dʌmʌʕtu] \|'male baboon' \|
colspan=2\| Arabic	{{lang\|ar\|اَلْـعَـرَبِيَّةُ\|rtl=yes}}/{{transl\|ar\|al-ʽarabiyya}}	{{IPA\|[alʕaraˈbijːa]}}	'Arabic'	See Arabic phonology
rowspan=2\| Assyrian	Eastern	rowspan=2\| {{lang\|aii-Syrc\|ܬܪܥܐ}}/{{transl\|aii\|täroa}}	{{IPA\|[tʌrʕɑ]}}	rowspan=2\| 'door'	The majority of the speakers will pronounce the word as {{IPA\|[tʌrɑ]}}.
Western	{{IPA\|[tʌrʕɔ]}}
colspan="2" \| Avar	{{lang\|av-Cyrl\|гӀоркь}}/{{transl\|av\|ⱨorꝗ}}/{{lang\|av-Arab\|ﻋۈرڨ}}	{{IPA\|[ʕortɬʼː]}}	'handle'
colspan="2" \| Chechen	{{lang\|ce\|Ӏан}}/{{lang\|ce-Latn\|jan}}/{{lang\|ce-Arab\|عـآن}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Ce-Ӏан.oga\|[ʕan]}}	'winter'
colspan="2" \|Coeur d'Alene{{cite thesis \|last=Doak \|first=Ivy Grace \|year=1997 \|title=Coeur d'Alene grammatical relations \|type=PhD dissertation \|location=Austin \|publisher=University of Texas}} \|{{lang\|crd\|stʕin}} \|{{IPA\|[stʕin]}} \|'antelope' \|
Danish	Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Ladefoged\|Maddieson\|1996\|p=323}}	{{lang\|da\|ravn}}	{{IPA\|[ʕ̞ɑ̈wˀn}}]	'raven'	An approximant; also described as uvular {{IPAblink\|ʁ}}.{{Harvcoltxt\|Basbøll\|2005\|p=62}} See Danish phonology
colspan="2" \|Dhao{{Cite conference \|last=Grimes \|first=Charles E. \|year=1999 \|editor-last=Dardjowidjojo \|editor-first=Soenjono \|editor2-last=Nasanius \|editor2-first=Yassir \|title=Implikasi penelitian fonologis untuk cara menulis bahasa-bahasa daerah di Kawasan Timur Indonesia \|page= \|trans-title=Implications from phonological research for ways of writing vernacular languages in eastern Indonesia \|url=http://e-ubb.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/1998-C-Grimes-PELBBA-orthography.pdf \|conference=PELBBA 12: Pertemuan Linguistik (Pusat Kajian) Bahasa dan Budaya Atma Jaya Kedua Belas \|language=Indonesian \|location=Yogyakarta \|publisher=Kanisius \|pages=173–197}} \| colspan="2" \|{{IPA\|[ʕaa]}} \|'and' \|Phonetic status is not clear, but it has "extremely limited distribution". It may not be pronounced at all or be realized as a glottal stop.
Dutch	Limburg{{Harvcoltxt\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=201}}	{{lang\|nl\|rad\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ʕ̞ɑt]}}	'wheel'	An approximant; a possible realization of {{IPA\|/r/}}. Realization of {{IPA\|/r/}} varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
rowspan="2" \| German	Some speakers{{Harvcoltxt\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=51}}	{{lang\|de\|Mutter\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈmutɔʕ̞]}}	'mother'	An approximant; occurs in East Central Germany, Southwestern Germany, parts of Switzerland and in Tyrol. See Standard German phonology
Swabian dialect{{cite web\|title=Pharyngeals and 'lax' vowel quality \|first=Markus \|last=Hiller \|publisher=Institut für Deutsche Sprache \|place=Mannheim \|url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/linguistics/assets/documents/MarcusHiller.pdf \|access-date=2015-02-24 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528010540/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/linguistics/assets/documents/MarcusHiller.pdf \|archive-date=2014-05-28 \|url-status=dead}}	{{lang\|swg\|ändard}}	{{IPA\|[ˈend̥aʕ̞d̥]}}	'changes'	An approximant. It's an allophone of {{IPA\|/ʁ/}} in nucleus and coda positions; pronounced as a uvular approximant in onsets.
rowspan="3" \| Hebrew	Iraqi	rowspan="3" \| {{lang\|he\|עִבְרִית\|rtl=yes}}/{{transl\|he\|ʿivrît}}	{{IPA\|[ʕibˈriːθ]}}	rowspan="3" \| 'Hebrew language'	rowspan="3" \| See Modern Hebrew phonology
Sephardi	{{IPA\|[ʕivˈɾit]}}
Yemenite	{{Audio-IPA\|Hebrew Language.ogg\|[ʕivˈriːθ]}}
colspan="2" \|Ingush \|{{lang\|inh\|ӏаддал}} \|[ʕaddal] \|'Archer' \|
Judaeo-Spanish	Haketia	{{lang\|lad\|ˁagzan}}	{{IPA\|[ʕaɡˈzan]}}	'lazy'	Borrowed from Arabic and Hebrew
colspan="2" \| Kabyle{{Harvcoltxt\|Bonafont\|2006\|p=9}}	{{lang\|kab-Latn\|ɛemmi}}	{{IPA\|[ʕəmːi]}}	'my (paternal) uncle'
Kurdish \|Kurmanji \|{{lang\|kmr\|ewr}}/{{lang\|kmr\|{{`}}ewr}} \|{{IPA\|[ʕɜwr]}} \|'cloud' \|The sound is usually not written in the Latin alphabet, but {{angbr\|'}} can be used.
Khalaj \|Standard \|{{lang\|klj\|yâan}} \|{{IPA\|[jɑːɑ̯n]}} \|'side' \|
colspan=2\| Luwati	{{lang\|luv\|قلـعـة\|rtl=yes}}	{{IPA\|[qilʕa]}}	'castle'	Used in Arabic loanwords
Malay \|Kedah \|{{lang\|meo-Arab\|باکـر}}/{{lang\|meo-Latn\|bakar}} \|{{IPA\|[ba.kaʕ]}} \|'burn' \|Allophone of {{IPA\|/r/}} as word-final coda. Could be voiced velar fricative [{{IPA link\|ɣ}}] for some speakers.{{Cite journal \|last=Mohamed \|first=Noriah \|date=June 2009 \|title=The Malay Chetty Creole Language of Malacca: A Historical and Linguistic Perspective \|journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society \|volume=82 \|issue=1 (296) \|page=60 \|jstor=41493734}}
colspan="2" \|Nuu-chah-nulth \|ʕiiniƛ \|{{IPA\|[ʕiːnitɬ]}} \|'dog' \|May be a plosive {{IPA\|/ʡ/}}
Occitan	Southern Auvergnat{{citation needed\|date=October 2023}}	{{lang\|oc-Latn\|pala}}	{{IPA\|[ˈpaʕa]}}	'shovel'	See Occitan phonology
colspan="2" \|OkanaganPattison, Lois Cornelia. [https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0094394 "Douglas Lake Okanagan: Phonology and Morphology."] University of British Columbia. 1978. \|ʕaymt \|{{IPA\|[ʕajmt]}} \|'angry' \|
colspan="2" \| Somali	{{lang\|so\|cunto}}/{{lang\|so-Osma\|𐒋𐒚𐒒𐒂𐒙}}	{{IPA\|[ʕunto]}}	'food'	See Somali phonology
Sioux	Stoney	{{lang\|sto\|marazhud}}	{{IPA\|[maʕaʒud]}}	'rain'
colspan="2" \| Ukrainian	{{lang\|uk\|голос}}	{{IPA\|[ˈʕɔlos]}}	'voice'	Also described as glottal {{IPAblink\|ɦ}}. See Ukrainian phonology

Citations

General references

{{citation

|last=Basbøll

|first=Hans

|author-link=Hans Basbøll

|year=2005

|title=The Phonology of Danish

|publisher=Taylor & Francis

|isbn=0-203-97876-5

}}

{{citation

|last=Bonafont

|first=Door Rosa

|year=2006

|title=Guia de conversa universitaria amazic-catala/Tamazight-Takatalant amalal usiwel asdawan

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cG4F8x62X4EC

|publisher=University of Barcelona

|isbn=9788447531141

}}

{{Citation

|last1=Collins

|first1=Beverley

|last2=Mees

|first2=Inger M.

|year=2003

|orig-year=First published 1981

|title=The Phonetics of English and Dutch

|edition=5th

|place=Leiden

|publisher=Brill Publishers

|isbn=9004103406

}}

{{citation

|last1=Danylenko

|first1=Andrii

|last2=Vakulenko

|first2=Serhii

|year=1995

|title=Ukrainian

|publisher=Lincom Europa

|isbn=9783929075083

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUsbAQAAIAAJ

}}

{{citation

|author1=Dudenredaktion

|last2=Kleiner

|first2=Stefan

|last3=Knöbl

|first3=Ralf

|year=2015

|orig-year=First published 1962

|title=Das Aussprachewörterbuch

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6vWCgAAQBAJ

|language=de

|edition=7th

|location=Berlin

|publisher=Dudenverlag

|isbn=978-3-411-04067-4

}}

{{SOWL}}
{{cite journal

|last=Thelwall

|first=Robin

|year=1990

|title=Arabic

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=20

|issue=2

|pages=37–41

|doi=10.1017/S0025100300004266

|s2cid=243640727

}}

External links

{{phoible|ʕ}}

Category:Pharyngeal consonants

Category:Pulmonic consonants

Category:Voiced oral consonants

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \| Abaza	{{lang\|abq-Cyrl\|гӀапынхъамыз}}/{{transl\|abq\|g{{`}}apynkh"amyz}}	{{IPA\|[ʕaːpənqaːməz]}}	'March'
colspan="2" \|Afar \|damaqtu \|[dʌmʌʕtu] \|'male baboon' \|
colspan=2\| Arabic	{{lang\|ar\|اَلْـعَـرَبِيَّةُ\|rtl=yes}}/{{transl\|ar\|al-ʽarabiyya}}	{{IPA\|[alʕaraˈbijːa]}}	'Arabic'	See Arabic phonology
rowspan=2\| Assyrian	Eastern	rowspan=2\| {{lang\|aii-Syrc\|ܬܪܥܐ}}/{{transl\|aii\|täroa}}	{{IPA\|[tʌrʕɑ]}}	rowspan=2\| 'door'	The majority of the speakers will pronounce the word as {{IPA\|[tʌrɑ]}}.
Western	{{IPA\|[tʌrʕɔ]}}
colspan="2" \| Avar	{{lang\|av-Cyrl\|гӀоркь}}/{{transl\|av\|ⱨorꝗ}}/{{lang\|av-Arab\|ﻋۈرڨ}}	{{IPA\|[ʕortɬʼː]}}	'handle'
colspan="2" \| Chechen	{{lang\|ce\|Ӏан}}/{{lang\|ce-Latn\|jan}}/{{lang\|ce-Arab\|عـآن}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Ce-Ӏан.oga\|[ʕan]}}	'winter'
colspan="2" \|Coeur d'Alene{{cite thesis \|last=Doak \|first=Ivy Grace \|year=1997 \|title=Coeur d'Alene grammatical relations \|type=PhD dissertation \|location=Austin \|publisher=University of Texas}} \|{{lang\|crd\|stʕin}} \|{{IPA\|[stʕin]}} \|'antelope' \|
Danish	Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Ladefoged\|Maddieson\|1996\|p=323}}	{{lang\|da\|ravn}}	{{IPA\|[ʕ̞ɑ̈wˀn}}]	'raven'	An approximant; also described as uvular {{IPAblink\|ʁ}}.{{Harvcoltxt\|Basbøll\|2005\|p=62}} See Danish phonology
colspan="2" \|Dhao{{Cite conference \|last=Grimes \|first=Charles E. \|year=1999 \|editor-last=Dardjowidjojo \|editor-first=Soenjono \|editor2-last=Nasanius \|editor2-first=Yassir \|title=Implikasi penelitian fonologis untuk cara menulis bahasa-bahasa daerah di Kawasan Timur Indonesia \|page= \|trans-title=Implications from phonological research for ways of writing vernacular languages in eastern Indonesia \|url=http://e-ubb.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/1998-C-Grimes-PELBBA-orthography.pdf \|conference=PELBBA 12: Pertemuan Linguistik (Pusat Kajian) Bahasa dan Budaya Atma Jaya Kedua Belas \|language=Indonesian \|location=Yogyakarta \|publisher=Kanisius \|pages=173–197}} \| colspan="2" \|{{IPA\|[ʕaa]}} \|'and' \|Phonetic status is not clear, but it has "extremely limited distribution". It may not be pronounced at all or be realized as a glottal stop.
Dutch	Limburg{{Harvcoltxt\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=201}}	{{lang\|nl\|rad\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ʕ̞ɑt]}}	'wheel'	An approximant; a possible realization of {{IPA\|/r/}}. Realization of {{IPA\|/r/}} varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
rowspan="2" \| German	Some speakers{{Harvcoltxt\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=51}}	{{lang\|de\|Mutter\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[ˈmutɔʕ̞]}}	'mother'	An approximant; occurs in East Central Germany, Southwestern Germany, parts of Switzerland and in Tyrol. See Standard German phonology
Swabian dialect{{cite web\|title=Pharyngeals and 'lax' vowel quality \|first=Markus \|last=Hiller \|publisher=Institut für Deutsche Sprache \|place=Mannheim \|url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/linguistics/assets/documents/MarcusHiller.pdf \|access-date=2015-02-24 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528010540/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/linguistics/assets/documents/MarcusHiller.pdf \|archive-date=2014-05-28 \|url-status=dead}}	{{lang\|swg\|ändard}}	{{IPA\|[ˈend̥aʕ̞d̥]}}	'changes'	An approximant. It's an allophone of {{IPA\|/ʁ/}} in nucleus and coda positions; pronounced as a uvular approximant in onsets.
rowspan="3" \| Hebrew	Iraqi	rowspan="3" \| {{lang\|he\|עִבְרִית\|rtl=yes}}/{{transl\|he\|ʿivrît}}	{{IPA\|[ʕibˈriːθ]}}	rowspan="3" \| 'Hebrew language'	rowspan="3" \| See Modern Hebrew phonology
Sephardi	{{IPA\|[ʕivˈɾit]}}
Yemenite	{{Audio-IPA\|Hebrew Language.ogg\|[ʕivˈriːθ]}}
colspan="2" \|Ingush \|{{lang\|inh\|ӏаддал}} \|[ʕaddal] \|'Archer' \|
Judaeo-Spanish	Haketia	{{lang\|lad\|ˁagzan}}	{{IPA\|[ʕaɡˈzan]}}	'lazy'	Borrowed from Arabic and Hebrew
colspan="2" \| Kabyle{{Harvcoltxt\|Bonafont\|2006\|p=9}}	{{lang\|kab-Latn\|ɛemmi}}	{{IPA\|[ʕəmːi]}}	'my (paternal) uncle'
Kurdish \|Kurmanji \|{{lang\|kmr\|ewr}}/{{lang\|kmr\|{{`}}ewr}} \|{{IPA\|[ʕɜwr]}} \|'cloud' \|The sound is usually not written in the Latin alphabet, but {{angbr\|'}} can be used.
Khalaj \|Standard \|{{lang\|klj\|yâan}} \|{{IPA\|[jɑːɑ̯n]}} \|'side' \|
colspan=2\| Luwati	{{lang\|luv\|قلـعـة\|rtl=yes}}	{{IPA\|[qilʕa]}}	'castle'	Used in Arabic loanwords
Malay \|Kedah \|{{lang\|meo-Arab\|باکـر}}/{{lang\|meo-Latn\|bakar}} \|{{IPA\|[ba.kaʕ]}} \|'burn' \|Allophone of {{IPA\|/r/}} as word-final coda. Could be voiced velar fricative [{{IPA link\|ɣ}}] for some speakers.{{Cite journal \|last=Mohamed \|first=Noriah \|date=June 2009 \|title=The Malay Chetty Creole Language of Malacca: A Historical and Linguistic Perspective \|journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society \|volume=82 \|issue=1 (296) \|page=60 \|jstor=41493734}}
colspan="2" \|Nuu-chah-nulth \|ʕiiniƛ \|{{IPA\|[ʕiːnitɬ]}} \|'dog' \|May be a plosive {{IPA\|/ʡ/}}
Occitan	Southern Auvergnat{{citation needed\|date=October 2023}}	{{lang\|oc-Latn\|pala}}	{{IPA\|[ˈpaʕa]}}	'shovel'	See Occitan phonology
colspan="2" \|OkanaganPattison, Lois Cornelia. [https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0094394 "Douglas Lake Okanagan: Phonology and Morphology."] University of British Columbia. 1978. \|ʕaymt \|{{IPA\|[ʕajmt]}} \|'angry' \|
colspan="2" \| Somali	{{lang\|so\|cunto}}/{{lang\|so-Osma\|𐒋𐒚𐒒𐒂𐒙}}	{{IPA\|[ʕunto]}}	'food'	See Somali phonology
Sioux	Stoney	{{lang\|sto\|marazhud}}	{{IPA\|[maʕaʒud]}}	'rain'
colspan="2" \| Ukrainian	{{lang\|uk\|голос}}	{{IPA\|[ˈʕɔlos]}}	'voice'	Also described as glottal {{IPAblink\|ɦ}}. See Ukrainian phonology

voiced pharyngeal fricative

Features

Occurrence

See also

Citations

General references

External links