w:Dar es Salaam

{{Further|History of Zanzibar}}

File:Dar-es-Salam.jpg

In the 19th century, 'Mzizima (Swahili for "healthy town") was a coastal fishing village on the periphery of Indian Ocean trade routes.{{Cite book |last=United Nations Human Settlements Programme |author-link=United Nations Human Settlements Programme |title=The State of African Cities 2008 |publisher=UN-HABITAT |year=2009 |page=130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UR0fckrquD8C&pg=PA130 |isbn=978-92-1-132015-2 |access-date=2020-09-23 |archive-date=2022-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705005633/https://books.google.com/books?id=UR0fckrquD8C&pg=PA130 |url-status=live }}{{Cite book |last1=Brennan |first1=James R |last2=Burton |first2=Andrew |chapter=The Emerging Metropolis: A history of Dar es Salaam, circa 1862–2000 |title=Dar es Salaam: histories from an emerging African metropolis |publisher=African Books Collective |year=2007 |page=13 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-54DSfk0ZMgC&pg=PA13 |isbn=978-9987-449-70-5 |access-date=2020-09-23 |archive-date=2022-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705005633/https://books.google.com/books?id=-54DSfk0ZMgC&pg=PA13 |url-status=live }} In 1865 or 1866, Sultan Majid bin Said of Zanzibar began building a new city very close to Mzizima and named it Dar es Salaam. The name is commonly translated from Arabic as "abode (home) of peace", from dar ("house"), and es salaam ("of peace"). Dar es Salaam fell into decline after Majid's death in 1870, but was revived in 1887 when the German East Africa Company established a station there. The town's growth was facilitated by its role as the administrative and commercial centre of German East Africa and industrial expansion following the construction of the Central Railway Line in the early 1900s.{{Cite web |title=Dar es Salaam {{!}} History, Population, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Dar-es-Salaam |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=2018-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021094824/https://www.britannica.com/place/Dar-es-Salaam |url-status=live }}

In the East African campaign of World War I, British and Empire forces captured German East Africa. The Royal Navy bombarded the city with the monitor {{HMS|Mersey|1914|2}} on 21 July 1916 and battleship {{HMS|Vengeance|1899|6}} on 21 August.{{cite web |url=https://www.naval-history.net/OWShips-WW1-04-HMS_Manica.htm |title=HMS Manica – February to December 1916, UK out, German East Africa Campaign |work=Royal Navy Log Books of the World War 1 Era |publisher=Naval-History.net |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401032931/https://www.naval-history.net/OWShips-WW1-04-HMS_Manica.htm |url-status=live }} The German colonial authorities surrendered the city on 3 September.{{cite book |last=Cato |first=Conrad |year=1919 |chapter=XII – H.M.S. "Manica" in East Africa |title=The Navy Everywhere |place=Constable |publisher=London |url=https://www.naval-history.net/WW1Book-NavyEverywhere01.htm |access-date=2022-01-09 |archive-date=2021-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716225135/http://www.naval-history.net/WW1Book-NavyEverywhere01.htm |url-status=live }}{{page needed|date=January 2022}} German East Africa became the British Tanganyika Territory.

Dar es Salaam remained the administrative and commercial centre. Under British indirect rule, European areas such as Oyster Bay and African areas (e.g., Kariakoo and Ilala) developed separately from the city centre. The city's population also included a large number of workers from British India, many of whom came to take advantage of trade and commercial opportunities. After World War II, Dar es Salaam experienced a period of rapid growth.{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Adam Christian |date=2010-10-25 |title=Dar es Salaam (1857- ) |url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/dar-es-salaam-1857/ |access-date=2021-05-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514234501/https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/dar-es-salaam-1857/ |url-status=live }}

Political developments, including the formation and growth of the Tanganyika African National Union, led to Tanganyika's independence from colonial rule in December 1961. Dar es Salaam continued to serve as its capital, even when Tanganyika and the People's Republic of Zanzibar merged to form Tanzania in 1964. In 1973, provisions were made to relocate the capital to Dodoma, a more centrally located city in the interior. The relocation process to Dodoma was completed, although Dar es Salaam continued to be the location of most government offices.{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Adam Christian |date=2010-10-25 |title=Dar es Salaam (1857- ) |url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/dar-es-salaam-1857/ |access-date=2021-05-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514234501/https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/dar-es-salaam-1857/ |url-status=live }}

In 1967, the Tanzanian government declared the ujamaa policy, which made Tanzania lean towards socialism. The move hampered the potential growth of the city as the government encouraged people not to move into cities and instead remain in Ujamaa socialist villages. By the 1980s, the policy failed to combat the increasing poverty and hunger that Tanzania faced, and had delayed necessary development. This situation led to the liberalization policy of the 1980s that essentially ended socialism and silenced its proponents within Tanzania's government through political repression.{{Cite journal |last=Burton |first=Eric |date=2019-01-02 |title=Navigating global socialism: Tanzanian students in and beyond East Germany |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14682745.2018.1485146 |journal=Cold War History |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=63–83 |doi=10.1080/14682745.2018.1485146 |issn=1468-2745 |pmc=6743719 |pmid=31565067 |access-date=2021-09-13 |archive-date=2022-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705005634/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14682745.2018.1485146 |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |last1=Ngowi |first1=Honest |title=Economic development and change in Tanzania since independence: The political leadership factor |journal=African Journal of Political Science and International Relations |date=May 2009 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=259–267 |issn=1996-0832}}File:Dar es Salaam in 1930s.JPG and St. Joseph's Cathedral prominently in view]]

Until the late 1990s, Dar es Salaam was not regarded in the same echelon as Africa's leading cities like Cairo, Nairobi, Johannesburg, Lagos, or Addis Ababa. During the 2000s, businesses opened and prospered; growth expanded in the construction sector, with new multi-storey buildings, bridges and roads;{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201308060352.html |title=allAfrica.com: Tanzania: Construction Booms As Public, Private Sector Investments Soar |work=allAfrica.com |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-date=25 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525095742/http://allafrica.com/stories/201308060352.html |url-status=live }} Tanzanian banks headquartered in the city became better regulated{{clarify|date=June 2011|reason=a review of the Role and Functions of the Bank of Tanzania (1961-2011)}}; and the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange expanded. The port is prominent for entrepot trade with landlocked countries like Rwanda, Burundi, Zambia, and the eastern portion of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The city's skyline features tall buildings, among them the 35-storey PSPF Tower (finished in 2015) and the Tanzania Ports Authority (TPA) Tower, the tallest in the country (completed in 2016).{{cite web |url=http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/tanzania-ports-authority-headquarters/18275 |title=Tanzania Ports Authority Headquarters |publisher=The Skyscraper Center |access-date=2020-06-02 |archive-date=2020-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729025429/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/tanzania-ports-authority-headquarters/18275 |url-status=live }}

A number of historical buildings and elements of urban planning, such as parts of the harbour and streets going back to colonial times, still exist. The Old Boma, one of the city's oldest buildings, was built in 1866–67 by Majid bin Said, sultan of Zanzibar, and enlarged under German rule. The Botanical Gardens now are close to the National Museum of Tanzania. The present-day State House goes back to Majid bin Said, and were the seat of the German and later the British colonial governments. Along with the Azania Front Lutheran Church, built between 1899 and 1902,{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Azania Front Cathedral |url=https://www.azaniafront.org/history |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=www.azaniafront.org}} and the Roman Catholic St. Joseph's Cathedral, constructed around the same period,Michael Hodd, East Africa Handbook: The Travel Guide, p. 344 Ocean Road Hospital are early historical buildings in Dar es Salaam.{{cite journal |last=Sutton |first=J.E.G. |year=1970 |title=Dar es Salaam: a sketch of a hundred years |journal=Tanzania Notes and Records |issue=71 |pages=}}

Dar es Salaam is located at 6°48' S, 39°17' E (−6.8000, 39.2833),[http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html NGA: Country Files] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504031911/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html |date=May 4, 2012 }}, NGA.mil on a natural harbour on the coast of East Africa, with sandy beaches in some areas.

File:PPF tower pic.jpg

{{Further|Regions of Tanzania|Districts of Tanzania}}

Dar es Salaam Region is divided into five administrative districts,{{Cite news |url=http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Govt-creates-new-region--6-districts/1840340-2782528-jsde2iz/index.html |title=Govt creates new region, 6 districts |access-date=2017-05-21 |archive-date=2018-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815200951/http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Govt-creates-new-region--6-districts/1840340-2782528-jsde2iz/index.html |url-status=live }} four of which are governed by municipal councils{{Efn|Apart from Ilala District, which has been governed by a city council since 2021 after the dissolution of the Dar es Salaam City Council.{{Cite web |title=President Magufuli to dissolve Dar es Salaam City Council |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/president-magufuli-to-dissolve-dar-es-salaam-city-council-3302412 |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=The Citizen |language=en |archive-date=2021-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227001243/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/president-magufuli-to-dissolve-dar-es-salaam-city-council-3302412 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=President Magufuli officially dissolves Dar es Salaam City Council |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/president-magufuli-officially-dissolves-dar-es-salaam-city-council--3303208 |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=The Citizen |date=25 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2021-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225124152/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/president-magufuli-officially-dissolves-dar-es-salaam-city-council--3303208 |url-status=live }}|name=ilala|group=lower-alpha}} that are affiliated with the city's suburbs or wards.

Kinondoni is the most populated of the districts. It houses half of the city's population and several high-income suburbs.

File:Tanzanite Bridge, From Msasani Ward in Kinondoni District to Kivukoni ward in Ilala District.jpg

• Masaki, Oyster Bay and Ada Estate are the high-income suburbs located along the central beach. During the Colonial Era, they were the major European suburbs of the city. Diplomats and expatriates currently reside in these areas. Oyster Bay Beach (also known as Coco Beach) is the only white sandy beach east of Kinondoni.
• Mikocheni and Regent Estate are also suburbs within the district. These are high and middle-income areas with Mikocheni B enjoying a higher population density than Mikocheni A and Regent Estate. According to the 2012 census, the Mikocheni ward had a population of 32,947.[http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/PDF/Census%20General%20Report%20-%2029%20March%202013_Combined_Final%20for%20Printing.pdf Population Distribution by Administrative Units, United Republic of Tanzania, 2013] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230453/http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/PDF/Census%20General%20Report%20-%2029%20March%202013_Combined_Final%20for%20Printing.pdf |date=May 2, 2013}}{{rp|page 75}}

File:Road in Kinondoni MC, Dar es Salaam.jpg

• Msasani is a peninsula to the northeast of the city center and home to expatriates from the United Kingdom and other western countries. It contains a mixture of traditional shops and western-oriented resorts and stores including the redevelopment of the former Msani Slipway shipyard by architect Antoni Folkers
• Mbezi Beach is the beachfront suburb located along the northern Dar es Salaam Beach. It contains several tourist hotels, residences and a kite-surfing area by Upepo Avenue.
• Sinza, Kijitonyama, Magomeni, Kinondoni and Mwenge are more ethnically mixed than the areas above and are located west of Dar es Salaam's Central Business District.

The administrative district of Ilala contains almost all government offices, ministries, and the Central Business District. It is the transportation hub of the city, as the Julius Nyerere International Airport, Central Railway Station and Tazara Railway Station are all within the district's boundaries. The residential areas are mainly middle- to high-income, among them:

File:The Askari Monument in Dar es Salaam.jpg along Samora Avenue marks the exact centre of Dar es Salaam, in the Ilala district.]]

• Upanga and Kisutu have the highest concentration of Asian communities within Dar es Salaam, with residents of Indian and Arabic descent. These areas contain colonial houses and mansions built in Indian, Arabic and European styles. Upanga is divided into Upanga East and Upanga West.
• Kariakoo is the shopping district of the city: shops, bazaars, and merchants sell products from foodstuffs to hardware. The Kariakoo Market contains the only underground section of the city. It is the major supply point of the food consumed by all Dar es Salaam residents.
• Tabata, Segerea and Ukonga are located slightly farther west from the city center.
• Ilala, among the middle-income suburbs very near to the city center, is marked by the Askari Monument and suffers from gang activity.{{Cite web |date=2022-05-07 |title=Police arrests 31 members of 'Panya Road' gang in Dar |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/police-arrests-31-members-of-panya-road-gang-in-dar-3807802 |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}

{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}

Temeke is the main industrial district of the city, where manufacturing (both heavy and light industry) is located. To the east is the Port of Dar es Salaam, the largest port in the country. Temeke is believed to have the largest concentration of low-income residents due to industry. It is home to military and police officers as well as port officials.

• Kurasini, located on the harbour, contains Dar es Salaam Port, the Police College, the Mgulani Police Barracks and the Dar es Salaam International Trade Fair grounds. The main residents are police officers and port officials.

File:BridgeOfLight.jpg at night]]

• Chang'ombe is one of the few higher-income areas in Temeke. It has maintained this status due to the presence of African high colonial officers and some industry owners from the Colonial Era. Chang'ombe houses the Dar es Salaam University College of Education, the National Stadium and Uhuru Stadium.
• Temeke, Mtoni, Tandika, Kijichi, and Mbagala are middle to low-income suburbs, of which the last is the largest suburb in the entire district.

The Ubungo terminal serves as a transportation link to most large Dar es Salaam urban nodes.{{clarify|what exactly is an urban node?|date=April 2018}} The narrow-gauge commuter rail runs from there to the city centre, with ten level crossings along the route.

This district is characterised with a lot of potential social and economic centres such as industries i.e. Urafiki textile industry, bus station and various institutes and universities such as National Institute of Transport(NIT)

Kigamboni (also known as South Beach), a beachfront suburb on a peninsula, is home to an economically diverse population. Access to the suburb is mainly by ferry, although the Kigamboni Bridge provides an alternative.

Dar es Salaam experiences tropical climatic conditions, typified by hot and humid weather throughout much of the year due to its proximity to the equator and the warm Indian Ocean. It has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen: Aw/As). Annual rainfall is approximately {{convert|1150|mm|in|0|disp=or}}, and in a normal year there are two rainy seasons: the "long rains" in April and May, and the "short rains" in November and December.

{{Weather box

| width = auto

| metric first = Yes

| single line = Yes

| location = Dar es Salaam (Julius Nyerere International Airport) 1991–2020

| Jan record high C = 35.8

| Feb record high C = 35.2

| Mar record high C = 36.9

| Apr record high C = 35.5

| May record high C = 32.9

| Jun record high C = 33.0

| Jul record high C = 31.8

| Aug record high C = 31.9

| Sep record high C = 33.8

| Oct record high C = 33.7

| Nov record high C = 34.0

| Dec record high C = 34.5

| year record high C = 36.9

| Jan high C = 32.4

| Feb high C = 32.8

| Mar high C = 32.4

| Apr high C = 31.1

| May high C = 30.3

| Jun high C = 30.0

| Jul high C = 29.7

| Aug high C = 30.1

| Sep high C = 30.8

| Oct high C = 31.5

| Nov high C = 31.7

| Dec high C = 32.1

| year high C = 31.2

| Jan mean C = 28.2

| Feb mean C = 28.2

| Mar mean C = 27.7

| Apr mean C = 26.7

| May mean C = 26.0

| Jun mean C = 24.6

| Jul mean C = 23.8

| Aug mean C = 24.1

| Sep mean C = 24.9

| Oct mean C = 26.1

| Nov mean C = 26.9

| Dec mean C = 27.9

| Jan low C = 24.9

| Feb low C = 24.5

| Mar low C = 24.0

| Apr low C = 23.2

| May low C = 22.0

| Jun low C = 20.3

| Jul low C = 19.3

| Aug low C = 19.1

| Sep low C = 19.5

| Oct low C = 20.8

| Nov low C = 22.6

| Dec low C = 24.2

| year low C = 22.0

| Jan record low C = 18.1

| Feb record low C = 18.4

| Mar record low C = 19.6

| Apr record low C = 19.6

| May record low C = 15.9

| Jun record low C = 14.4

| Jul record low C = 13.7

| Aug record low C = 12.8

| Sep record low C = 14.2

| Oct record low C = 15.0

| Nov record low C = 17.6

| Dec record low C = 18.8

| year record low C = 12.8

| rain colour = green

| Jan rain mm = 54.2

| Feb rain mm = 70.8

| Mar rain mm = 169.6

| Apr rain mm = 263.6

| May rain mm = 172.2

| Jun rain mm = 31.3

| Jul rain mm = 15.8

| Aug rain mm = 17.8

| Sep rain mm = 20.2

| Oct rain mm = 77.3

| Nov rain mm = 114.4

| Dec rain mm = 110.2

| year rain mm = 1117.4

| unit rain days = 1.0 mm

| Jan rain days = 4.2

| Feb rain days = 4.2

| Mar rain days = 11.3

| Apr rain days = 16.6

| May rain days = 11.3

| Jun rain days = 3.9

| Jul rain days = 3.0

| Aug rain days = 3.1

| Sep rain days = 3.6

| Oct rain days = 5.4

| Nov rain days = 8.5

| Dec rain days = 7.5

| year rain days = 82.6

| Jan humidity = 77

| Feb humidity = 76

| Mar humidity = 80

| Apr humidity = 84

| May humidity = 81

| Jun humidity = 78

| Jul humidity = 77

| Aug humidity = 76

| Sep humidity = 75

| Oct humidity = 76

| Nov humidity = 78

| Dec humidity = 78

| year humidity = 79

| Jan sun = 235.6

| Feb sun = 223.2

| Mar sun = 213.9

| Apr sun = 156.0

| May sun = 213.9

| Jun sun = 222.0

| Jul sun = 223.2

| Aug sun = 266.6

| Sep sun = 252.0

| Oct sun = 275.9

| Nov sun = 252.0

| Dec sun = 241.8

| year sun =

| Jand sun = 7.6

| Febd sun = 7.9

| Mard sun = 6.9

| Aprd sun = 5.2

| Mayd sun = 6.9

| Jund sun = 7.4

| Juld sun = 7.2

| Augd sun = 8.6

| Sepd sun = 8.4

| Octd sun = 8.9

| Novd sun = 8.4

| Decd sun = 7.8

| yeard sun = 7.6

| source 1 = NOAA;{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230916025656/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Tanzania/CSV/DAR_ES_SALAAM_63894.csv

| archive-date = 16 September 2023

| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Tanzania/CSV/DAR_ES_SALAAM_63894.csv

| title = Dar es Salaam Climate Normals 1991–2020

| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)

| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

| access-date = 16 September 2023}} all-time extreme temperature{{cite web

|url= http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm

|title= Extreme Temperatures Around the World

|access-date= 2025-03-08

}}

| source 2 = Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes, humidity, and sun),{{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_638940_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Daressalam (Flugh.) / Tansania |work=Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |language=de |access-date=13 May 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303165309/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_638940_kt.pdf |url-status=live }} Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)

{{cite web

| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=63894

| title = Normals Data: Dar Es Salaam Int - Tanzania Latitude: 6.87°N Longitude: 39.20°E Height: 55 (m)

| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency

| access-date = 1 December 2022}}

| source =

}}

{{Wide image|Dar es Salaam Panorama edit2.jpg|4000px|View of Dar es Salaam's daytime skyline, showing the city centre (Posta) and beyond}}

A 2019 paper published in PLOS One estimated that under Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5, a "moderate" scenario of climate change where global warming reaches ~{{convert|2.5-3|C-change|F-change}} by 2100, the climate of Dar es Salaam in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of Barquisimeto in Venezuela. The annual temperature and temperatures of the warmest month would increase by {{convert|1.3|C-change|F-change}}, while the temperature of the coldest month would go down by {{convert|0.1|C-change|F-change}}.{{cite journal |last1=Bastin |first1=Jean-Francois |last2=Clark |first2=Emily |last3=Elliott |first3=Thomas |last4=Hart |first4=Simon |last5=van den Hoogen |first5=Johan |last6=Hordijk |first6=Iris |last7=Ma |first7=Haozhi |last8=Majumder |first8=Sabiha |last9=Manoli |first9=Gabriele |last10=Maschler |first10=Julia |last11=Mo |first11=Lidong |last12=Routh |first12=Devin |last13=Yu |first13=Kailiang |last14=Zohner |first14=Constantin M. |last15=Thomas W. |first15=Crowther |title=Understanding climate change from a global analysis of city analogues |journal=PLOS ONE |date=10 July 2019 |volume=14 |issue=7 |at=S2 Table. Summary statistics of the global analysis of city analogues. |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0217592 |pmid=31291249 |pmc=6619606 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1417592B |doi-access=free }}{{cite web |url=https://crowtherlab.pageflow.io/cities-of-the-future-visualizing-climate-change-to-inspire-action |title=Cities of the future: visualizing climate change to inspire action |at=Current vs. future cities |access-date=8 January 2023 |archive-date=8 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108082440/https://crowtherlab.pageflow.io/cities-of-the-future-visualizing-climate-change-to-inspire-action |url-status=dead }} According to Climate Action Tracker, the current warming trajectory appears consistent with {{convert|2.7|C-change|F-change}}, which closely matches RCP 4.5.{{cite web |url=https://climateactiontracker.org/global/cat-thermometer/ |title=The CAT Thermometer |access-date=8 January 2023}}

Moreover, according to the 2022 IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, Dar es Salaam is one of 12 major African cities (Abidjan, Alexandria, Algiers, Cape Town, Casablanca, Dakar, Dar es Salaam, Durban, Lagos, Lomé, Luanda and Maputo) which would be the most severely affected by the future sea level rise. It estimates that they would collectively sustain cumulative damages of US$65 billion under RCP 4.5 and US$86.5 billion for the high-emission scenario RCP 8.5 by the year 2050. Additionally, RCP 8.5 combined with the hypothetical impact from marine ice sheet instability{{cite book |last=Cato |first=Conrad |year=1919 |chapter=XII – H.M.S. "Manica" in East Africa |title=The Navy Everywhere |place=Constable}} at high levels of warming would involve up to US$137.5 billion in damages, while the additional accounting for the "low-probability, high-damage events" may increase aggregate risks to US$187 billion for the "moderate" RCP4.5, US$206 billion for RCP8.5 and US$397 billion under the high-end ice sheet instability scenario.Trisos, C.H., I.O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N.P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke,V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 2043–2121 Since sea level rise would continue for about 10,000 years under every scenario of climate change, future costs of sea level rise would only increase, especially without adaptation measures.{{cite book |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |title=Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=August 2021 |publisher=IPCC |page=TS14 |access-date=12 November 2021}}

File:The front view of Julius Nyerere International Convention Centre in Dar es Salaam.jpg]]

{{See also|List of mayors of Dar es Salaam}}

In his 1979 journal A Modern History of Tanganyika, historian John Iliffe wrote, "In 1949 the town became a municipality...[with] four honourable nominated Town Councillors who elected a Mayor."{{cite book |author=John Iliffe |author-link=John Iliffe (historian) |title=Modern History of Tanganyika |year=1979 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29611-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m0dalboHfXgC |series=African Studies Series |access-date=2017-09-08 |archive-date=2016-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506013245/https://books.google.com/books?id=m0dalboHfXgC |url-status=live }} According to Associational Life in African Cities: Popular Responses to the Urban Crisis, published in 2001: "Until June 1996, Dar es Salaam was managed by the Dar es Salaam City Council...the highest policy-making body in the city."{{cite book |editor=Arne Tostensen |title=Associational Life in African Cities: Popular Responses to the Urban Crisis |year=2001 |publisher=Nordiska Afrikainstitutet |location=Sweden |isbn=978-91-7106-465-3 |chapter=Reactions to Deteriorating Provision of Public Services in Dar es Salaam |author1=R. Mhamba |author2=C. Titus |url=https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nai:diva-225 |page=218+ |display-editors=etal |access-date=2017-09-08 |archive-date=2020-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731140504/https://books.google.com/books?id=H7ZOn1GxtbgC |url-status=live }} As of 2017, Paul Makonda serves as the commissioner of Dar es Salaam Region.

File:Dar es salaam City.jpg

Dar es Salaam is the most populous city in Tanzania and the fifth most populous in Africa.{{cite magazine |last=Rosen |first=Jonathan W. |date=5 April 2019 |title=This Tanzanian city may soon be one of the world's most populous. Is it ready? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/tanzanian-city-may-soon-be-one-of-the-worlds-most-populous |magazine=National Geographic |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225164450/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/tanzanian-city-may-soon-be-one-of-the-worlds-most-populous |url-status=dead }} In 2020, the population was estimated to be 8 million.{{cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/ |last=Brinkhoff |first=Thomas |title=Major Agglomerations of the World |date=10 February 2020 |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140057/https://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html |url-status=live }}

When the 2012 national census was taken, the city had a population of 4,364,541, about ten percent of the country's total. The average private household size was 3.9 persons compared to the national average of 4.7. Less than half of the city's residents were married, with a rate lower than any other region in the country. The literacy rate in the city was 96%, while the national average was 78%. Between the 2002 and 2012 censuses, the city's 5.6% average annual growth rate was the highest in the country.{{cite report |date=April 2014 |title=Basic Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile |url=https://www.tanzania.go.tz/egov_uploads/documents/NATIONAL_SOCIO-ECONOMIC_PROFILE_sw.pdf |publisher=The United Republic of Tanzania |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301232355/https://www.tanzania.go.tz/egov_uploads/documents/NATIONAL_SOCIO-ECONOMIC_PROFILE_sw.pdf |url-status=live }}

More than three-quarters of the city's population live in informal settlements. In 2018, Dar es Salaam scored 0.699 (medium category) on the Human Development Index (HDI). The city's HDI has increased every year since 1992, and it ranked higher than any other region in the country except for one.{{cite web |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/TZA/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0 |title=Global Data Lab: Sub-national HDI |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401032943/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/TZA/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0 |url-status=live }}

Dar es Salaam is the second-fastest-growing city in the world and could have a population as high as 15.9 million by 2030. The population was estimated at 20,000 in 1900, 93,000 in 1957 and 273,000 in 1967.{{Citation |title=Introduction |date=2021 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/revolutionary-statemaking-in-dar-es-salaam/introduction/56D719DCEA28CB17AA185173C075461A |work=Revolutionary State-Making in Dar es Salaam: African Liberation and the Global Cold War, 1961–1974 |series=African Studies |pages=10 |editor-last=Roberts |editor-first=George |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108990721.001 |isbn=978-1-108-84573-1}}

File:Bank of Tanzania before dusk.jpg]]

File:View of Panton and Dar es salaam City (City center).jpg

Dar es Salaam is Tanzania's most important city for both business and government. The city contains high concentrations of trade and other services and manufacturing compared to other parts of the country, which has about 65 percent of its population in rural areas.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} Downtown includes small businesses, many of which are run by traders and proprietors whose families originated in the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent—areas of the world with which the settlements of the Tanzanian coast have had long-standing trading relations.

The Dar es Salaam Central Business District is the largest in Tanzania and comprises the Kisutu, Kivukoni, Upanga and Kariakoo areas.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} The downtown area is located in the Ilala district. Kivukoni is home to the Tanzania Central Bank, The Bank of Tanzania, the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange and the city's important Magogoni fish market. With businesses and offices, Kisutu is the location of Dar es Salaam central railway station, the PSPF Towers, and the TPA Tower.

Dar es Salaam is undergoing major construction and development.{{Update inline|date=March 2021}} The 35-storey PSPF Twin Towers are the second tallest building in the city and the country.{{cite web |url=http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Dar-s-skyscraper-boom--Watchers-see-signs-of-prosperity-/-/1840392/2412228/-/15fryogz/-/index.html |title=Dar skyscraper boom: Here's the untold story - National |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-date=22 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022121720/http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Dar-s-skyscraper-boom--Watchers-see-signs-of-prosperity-/-/1840392/2412228/-/15fryogz/-/index.html |url-status=live }} The city has major infrastructural challenges, including an outdated transport system and occasional power rationing.

File:TPAHQ.jpg

The Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange (DSE) is the country's first stock market. The headquarters of the Natural Gas Revenue Fund is also here.

Dar es Salaam hosts the Mlimani City shopping mall, the City Mall in the Kisutu area, Quality Center Mall, GSM Pugu Shopping Mall, GSM Msasani Mall, and Dar Free Market Mall.

File:Magufuli Bus Terminus, Mbezi, Ubungo MC.jpg

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File:Dar es Salaam Airport.jpg, Dar es Salaam]]

On a natural harbour on the Indian Ocean, Dar es Salaam is one of the hubs of the Tanzanian transportation system, as the main railways and several highways originate in or near the city to provide convenient transportation for commuters.

Public minibus share taxis (dala dala) are the most common form of transport in Dar es Salaam and are often found at the major bus terminals of Makumbusho, Ubungo and other areas of the city. However, since the introduction of the motorcycle transit business known as "bodaboda", most people prefer it,{{Cite web |date=2014-04-29 |title=Government moves to make bodabodas safer in Dar |url=https://www.urbanafrica.net/news/government-moves-make-bodabodas-safer-dar/ |access-date=2020-08-15 |website=UrbanAfrica.Net |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803175825/https://www.urbanafrica.net/news/government-moves-make-bodabodas-safer-dar/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=The other side of bodaboda 'empire' |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/news/Study--Why--bodabodas--rule/1840340-2521914-13uggqu/index.html |access-date=2020-08-15 |website=The Citizen |language=en |archive-date=2022-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401033007/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/news/Study--Why--bodabodas--rule/1840340-2521914-13uggqu/index.html |url-status=live }} allowing them to get into the city faster as compared with the minibuses, which encounter heavy traffic. Other types of transport include motorcycles and bajaj (auto rickshaws).

The government has been introducing a metro bus system, Dar es Salaam bus rapid transit (mwendo kasi in Kiswahili). The metro buses are managed by UDA-RT, a partnership between Usafiri Dar es Salaam (UDA) and the government.

The bus rapid-transit system Phase 1 has been completed by UDA-RT and began operation on 10 May 2016.{{cite web |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/news/1840340-4999532-3nyyeaz/index.html |title=BRT project under review |author=Hellen Nachilongo |date=February 26, 2019 |website=thecitizen.co.tz |access-date=June 24, 2019 |archive-date=June 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624232321/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/news/1840340-4999532-3nyyeaz/index.html |url-status=live }} The first section runs between Kimara in the northwest to Kivukoni on the northern headland of the harbour.Coach & Bus Week, 23 August 2016 Phase 1 was funded by the World Bank, African Development Bank and the Tanzanian government.{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/01/15/additional-financing-tanzania-bus-rapid-transit-system-benefit-300000-commuters-create-80000-jobs |title=Additional Financing for Tanzania's Bus Rapid Transit System to benefit 300,000 Commuters and Create 80,000 Jobs |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-date=22 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522015007/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/01/15/additional-financing-tanzania-bus-rapid-transit-system-benefit-300000-commuters-create-80000-jobs |url-status=live }}

Dar es Salaam will have a metro system, currently undergoing a feasibility study conducted by Mota-Engil and Dar Rapid Transit Agency.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

The Port of Dar es Salaam is Tanzania's busiest, handling 90% of the country's cargo. It is located in the Kurasini administrative ward of Temeke District southeast of the city's central business district. Due to a huge influx of cargo and the slow pace of expansion, a new cargo port {{cvt|60|km|abbr=off}} northwest of Dar es Salaam is proposed at Bagamoyo.{{cite web |url=http://www.railpage.com.au/f-p1946759.htm#1946759 |title=Railpage |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-date=7 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107114701/http://www.railpage.com.au/f-p1946759.htm#1946759 |url-status=live }}

MV Kigamboni ferries run between southeast of Kivukoni and northwest of Kigamboni in Dar es Salaam.{{cite web |title=Ministry of Works, Transport and Communications |url=http://www.mwtc.go.tz/ |website=www.mwtc.go.tz |access-date=2018-06-24 |archive-date=2019-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713095648/http://www.mwtc.go.tz/ |url-status=live }}

Travel to urban and suburban parts of the city is provided by the Dar es Salaam commuter rail.

Tanzania Railways operates the Central Line from Dar es Salaam west to Kigoma.

The city also hosts the head office of Tanzania–Zambia Railways Authority (TAZARA) built in the late 1960s to early 1970s. The main terminal is located west of Dar es Salaam's central business district in north Yombo Vituka along the Nelson Mandela Road. The TAZARA Railway connects Dar es Salaam to Zambia.

Tanzania Standard Gauge Railway is a new railway station currently under construction. It will link the country to Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi and Congo.

The Julius Nyerere International Airport is the principal airport serving the country, with three operating terminals. Terminal Three is located at Kipawa in Ilala Municipality. The airport is located west of Dar es Salaam's central business district.

File:Nyumba ya sanaa dar es salaam.jpg

{{See also|Culture of Tanzania}}

The Tingatinga painting style originates from Dar es Salaam. The Nyumba ya sanaa ("House of Art") is a cultural centre, workshop and retail outlet dedicated to Tanzanian art, showcasing and promoting Tanzanian craftsmanship. Prominent Tanzanian sculptor George Lilanga has donated some of his works to the centre, including decorations of the building's main entrance.

File:The African tranditional dance in Dar es Salaam..jpg

The music scene in Dar es Salaam is divided among several styles. The longest-standing style is live dance music (muziki wa dansi) played by bands such as DDC Mlimani Park Orchestra and Malaika Musical Band. Taarab, which was traditionally popular in Zanzibar has also found a niche. However, it remains small compared both to dance music and "Bongo Flava", a broad category representing the Tanzanian take on hip hop and rhythm and blues that has quickly become the most popular locally produced music. The rap music scene is also present.{{cite web |url=http://www.africanhiphop.com/update/halisi.htm |title=Africanhiphop.com presents: Hali Halisi—the Real Situation |access-date=2008-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205010455/http://www.africanhiphop.com/update/halisi.htm |archive-date=2008-12-05 |url-status=dead}} Traditional music, which locally refers to tribal music, is still performed, but typically only on family-oriented occasions such as weddings.

In the 1970s, the Ministry of National Youth Culture aimed to create a national culture stressing the importance of music. Dar es Salaam became the music center in Tanzania, with the local radio showcasing new bands and dominating the music and cultural scene. With this ujamaa (family) mentality governing culture and music, a unified people's culture was created, leading to the rise of hip hop culture. Throughout the years, the radio in Dar es Salaam has played a major role in the dissemination of music, because many people do not have television; cassettes are more common than CDs.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

File:National Museum, Kivukoni Ward, Ilala.jpg

File:DarEsSalaam-KigamboniBeach.jpg

Dar es Salaam has two of the five museums that make up the National Museum of Tanzania consortium, namely the National Museum proper and the Makumbusho Cultural Centre & Village Museum. The National Museum is dedicated to the history of Tanzania; most notably, it exhibits some of the bones of Paranthropus boisei that were among the findings of Louis Leakey at Olduvai. In 2016, there was a breakthrough discovery in Northern Tanzania by a scientist, from the University of Dar es Salaam, of footprints thought to be of a hominid that predates Homo sapiens. The Makumbusho Cultural Centre & Village Museum,makumbushovillage.blogspot.de located in the outskirts of the city on the road to Bagamoyo, showcases traditional huts from 16 different Tanzanian ethnic groups. There are also examples of traditional cultivation, as well as daily traditional music and dance shows. Close to the National Museum are also the botanical gardens, with tropical plants and trees.

There are beaches on the Msasani peninsula north of Dar es Salaam and in Kigamboni to the south. Bongoyo Island can be reached by boat from the Msasani Slipway.

File:Metropolitan Cathedral Dar es Salaam.jpg is the largest religion in Tanzania.{{Cite web |title=Religions in Tanzania {{!}} PEW-GRF |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/tanzania#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020®ion_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org}}]]

The city is home to several churches and mosques. The churches in the city belong to various denominations; for example, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dar es Salaam (Catholic Church), Anglican Church of Tanzania (Anglican Communion), Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania (Lutheran World Federation), Baptist Convention of Tanzania (Baptist World Alliance), Ilala Seventh Day Adventist Church and Assemblies of God.Britannica,

[https://www.britannica.com/place/Tanzania Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118092659/https://www.britannica.com/place/Tanzania |date=2020-01-18 }}, britannica.com, US, accessed on July 7, 2019 There is a Hindu temple like Shree Shankarashram temple, Shree Sanatan Dharma Sabha temple, Swaminarayan temple. Muslims make up 70% of the population in Dar es Salaam.{{cite book | chapter-url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004334083/B9789004334083-s018.xml | doi=10.1163/9789004334083_018 | chapter="When two elephants fight the grass gets hurt" Muslim-Christian Relationships in Upcountry Tanzania | title='Mission is a must' | date=2002 | last1=Wijsen | first1=Frans | pages=235–248 | isbn=978-90-04-33408-3 }}

Dar es Salaam is the sports center of Tanzania and hosts the second-largest stadium in East and Central Africa, the National Stadium, which can accommodate up to 60,000 people.{{Cite web |title=Tanzania National Stadium - Dar es Salaam - The Stadium Guide |url=https://www.stadiumguide.com/tanzania-national-stadium/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |language=nl}}

File:Tanzania National Main Stadium.jpg

The Tanzanian National Stadium hosts football clubs based in Dar es Salaam: Young Africans and Simba. It also hosts other Tanzanian football clubs and international matches. A new stadium in Dodoma with a much larger capacity has been proposed by the government as a donation from Morocco.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

Apart from the National Stadium, the city is home to two other stadiums: the Uhuru Stadium, the Karume Memorial Stadium and Chamazi Stadium. The Uhuru Stadium is used mainly for local tournaments and political gatherings, whilst the Karume Memorial Stadium is situated west of Kurasini and home to the Tanzania Football Federation. Azam Complex Chamazi is owned by Azam Football Club.{{Cite web |last=Tanzania |first=Rodgers Sande-Tekleo Digital |title=Azam Football Club |url=https://www.azamfc.co.tz/ |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=www.azamfc.co.tz |language=en}}

The Gymkhana Golf Courses located northwest of the Kivukoni area (between the city centre overlooking the shores of the Indian Ocean in the east and Barack Obama Drive), also have tennis courts, squash courts, and a fitness club. Outside of the metropolitan districts is Lugalo Military Golf Course located in the Lugalo Military Barracks.

Founded in 2003, Mama Africa is a school known for training some of Africa's professional acrobats.{{cite web |title=In pictures: Tanzanian acrobat school |work=BBC News |access-date=2015-02-08 |date=2014-12-31 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30384481 |archive-date=2015-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208024202/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30384481 |url-status=live }}

Boxing is a popular sport in Tanzania and Dar es Salaam hosts numerous boxing galas organised throughout the year. Tanzanian professional boxer Francis Checka is the current World Boxing Federation (WBF) Super Middleweight Champion.

File:TTCL Downtown Posta Dar Es Salaam.jpg]]

Newspapers in Dar es Salaam are often sold by vendors weaving through stationary traffic at road intersections. English-language newspapers, with online versions, include The Citizen and The Guardian. Swahili dailies Tanzania Daima and Mwananchi are also available. Business Times is the only financial and economic newspaper in the city; it was established in 1988 and became the first private newspaper in Tanzania. Business Times owns Majira, another Swahili newspaper.

Dar es Salaam is home to ITV,{{cite web |title=IPPMEDIA |url=https://www.ippmedia.com/en |website=www.ippmedia.com |date=19 July 2017 |language=en |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=27 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727101431/https://ippmedia.com/en |url-status=live }} Sibuka,{{cite web |title=Sibuka Footage Stock |url=https://sibukamedia.com/ |website=sibukamedia.com |access-date=2019-08-16 |archive-date=2019-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814055556/https://sibukamedia.com/ |url-status=live }} Channel Ten Television Station (formerly Dar es Salaam Television [DTV]) and Azam TV, a subscription-based service from the Azam group of companies.

Television station Ayo TV{{cite web |title=Millardayo.com - millard ayo |url=http://millardayo.com/ |website=millardayo.com |access-date=2019-08-16 |archive-date=2019-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817090839/http://millardayo.com/ |url-status=live }} is based in Ubungo, Dar es Salaam, as is the Tanzania Broadcasting Corporation.

File:The ship like building of Airtel headquarter.jpg headquarters in Dar es Salaam]]

Installation of the trans-Indian Ocean backbone cable (SEACOM) in 2009 has, in theory, made Internet access much more readily available in Dar es Salaam in particular and in East Africa in general. However, roll-out to end-users is currently slow. Telephone-line coverage provided by the Tanzania Telecommunications Company Limited is limited,{{cite web |title=TTCL Corporation |url=https://www.ttcl.co.tz/newsite/home.asp |website=www.ttcl.co.tz |access-date=2019-08-16 |archive-date=2019-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816031844/https://www.ttcl.co.tz/newsite/home.asp |url-status=live }} prices are high, and long contracts are required for purchase of bandwidth for small Internet service providers. The expressed aim of the SEACOM cable is to enable East Africa to develop economically through increased online trading.

Internet cafés are found in the city centre, and free Wi-Fi hotspots are available in various government and nongovernment institutions as well as public transport.

Mobile-telephone access to the Internet via 4G is still relatively expensive, though 5G is making its way through major cities and towns {{As of|2022|lc=y}} with plans to go nationwide in the advanced stages.

Dar es Salaam's first radio station began operation in the early 1950s with "little more equipment than a microphone and a blanket hung over a wall..." This project was overseen by Edward Twining.{{cite book |last=Gunther |first=John |title=Inside Africa |publisher=Harper & Brothers |year=1955 |page=407 |isbn=0836981979}}

Since the 1990s,{{Cite web |date=2020-09-07 |title=USD $200 million needed to stop flooding in Dar es Salaam's Msimbazi Basin |url=https://www.infonile.org/en/2020/09/us-dollars-200-million-needed-to-stop-flooding-in-dar-es-salaams-msimbazi-basin/ |access-date=2021-08-06 |website=InfoNile |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806151919/https://www.infonile.org/en/2020/09/us-dollars-200-million-needed-to-stop-flooding-in-dar-es-salaams-msimbazi-basin/ |url-status=live }} Dar es Salaam has experienced heavy and frequent flooding due to intense rainfall.{{Cite web |title=Draining Dar's Economy – The Impact of Floods on Tanzania's Commercial Capital |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/opinion/2019/10/01/draining-dars-economy---the-impact-of-floods-on-tanzanias-commercial-capital |access-date=2021-08-06 |website=World Bank |language=en |archive-date=2021-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806151916/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/opinion/2019/10/01/draining-dars-economy---the-impact-of-floods-on-tanzanias-commercial-capital |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=Tanzania: Floods in Dar es Salaam - Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) DREF Operation n° MDRTZ024 / PTZ040 - United Republic of Tanzania |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/united-republic-tanzania/tanzania-floods-dar-es-salaam-emergency-plan-action-epoa-dref |access-date=2021-08-06 |website=ReliefWeb |date=27 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=2022-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401032937/https://reliefweb.int/report/united-republic-tanzania/tanzania-floods-dar-es-salaam-emergency-plan-action-epoa-dref |url-status=live }} The city is especially vulnerable to flooding, due to its lowland coastal orientation and the fact that the Msimbazi River flows through the city. The situation has worsened over the years, both due to climate change and the expansion of city pavement, which increases surface runoff.{{Cite web |date=2019-04-05 |title=Dar es Salaam is growing rapidly—and its planners are struggling to keep up |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/tanzanian-city-may-soon-be-one-of-the-worlds-most-populous |access-date=2021-08-06 |website=Environment |language=en |archive-date=2021-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730214757/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/tanzanian-city-may-soon-be-one-of-the-worlds-most-populous |url-status=dead }}

In 2019, flooding displaced 1,215 households. Between 2017 and 2018, the city experienced seven floods. The World Bank estimates that exposure to floods has impacted about 2 million people, or 25% of the population in Dar es Salaam. Flooding incidents destroy bridges and roads, disrupt transportation, increase risk of diseases such as cholera and skin infection, and are a barrier to reducing poverty.

Dar es Salaam has the highest literacy rate in the country, with 93.9% of the residents being literate,{{Cite web |last1=Amankwah |first1=Akuffo |last2=Palacios-Lopez |first2=Amparo |last3=Gul |first3=Maryam |date=February 1, 2023 |title=The latest Tanzanian National Panel Survey shows progress in education |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/opendata/latest-tanzanian-national-panel-survey-shows-progress-education#:~:text=Individuals%20in%20Dar%20es%20Salaam,85.3%25%20in%202020%2F21. |access-date=March 24, 2025 |website=World bank blogs}} compared to the national average of 77.9%.{{Cite web |date=2023-04-21 |title=Education Statistics in Tanzania [100% Updated] |url=https://zoetalentsolutions.com/education-statistics-in-tanzania/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |language=en-US}} The city's GER is lacks in comparison to the rest of the country with 96.1%, which is however still sufficient. On the other hand, its secondary GER is one of the highest in the country (61.8%).

File:Nkrumah.JPG]]

• The University of Dar es Salaam is the oldest and second largest public university in Tanzania after the University of Dodoma.Britannica, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam], britannica.com, US, accessed on June 24, 2019 It is located in the western part of the city in north-east Ubungo, and occupies {{cvt|1,625|acre|km2}} on Observation Hill, {{cvt|13|km|0|}} from the city centre. The university has 16,400 undergraduate and 2,700 postgraduate students.{{cite web |title=The University of Dar es salaam |url=https://www.udsm.ac.tz/about_us/index.php |website=www.udsm.ac.tz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215004959/https://www.udsm.ac.tz/about_us/index.php |archive-date=2009-02-15}}
• Ardhi University (ARU) was established on 1 July 1996 after transforming the former University College of Lands and Architectural Studies (UCLAS), which was then a Constituent College of the University of Dar es Salaam. Historically, Ardhi University, dates back to 1956 when it started as Surveying Training School offering land surveying technician certificate courses at the present location of Mgulani Salvation Army Camp in Dar es Salaam. In 1958, the school was moved to the present location on Observation Hill. At present, there are over 80 PhD holders who have graduated from over 25 universities worldwide. The university comprises four schools, one institute and several centres, and offers undergraduate and postgraduate studies with postgraduate, bachelor's, master's and PhD degrees in various disciplines.[http://www.aru.ac.tz Ardhi University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601210737/http://www.aru.ac.tz/ |date=2014-06-01 }} www.aru.ac.tz
• The Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences consists of Muhimbili Campus and Mloganzila Campus. Muhimbili Campus is situated in Upanga, Ilala Municipality, along United Nations Road. Mloganzila Campus occupies {{cvt|3,800|acre|km2}} and is located {{cvt|3|km|0|}} off the Dar es Salaam-Morogoro highway, {{cvt|25|km|0|}} from Dar es Salaam.{{cite web |title=Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences |url=http://www.muhas.ac.tz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=30 |website=www.muhas.ac.tz |access-date=2011-03-13 |archive-date=2011-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007165125/http://www.muhas.ac.tz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=30 |url-status=live }}
• The Open University of Tanzania is a full-fledged, accredited public institution of higher learning, featuring programmes leading to certificates, diplomas, undergraduate and postgraduate qualifications. Since it was founded, the university has enrolled students from Malawi, Uganda, Kenya, Namibia, Hungary, Burundi, Libya, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Lesotho, Botswana and most of Tanzania. {{As of|2008}}, total enrollment was 44,099, the majority of which was Tanzanian.{{cite web |url=http://www.out.ac.tz/index.php/about-out.html |title=The Open University of Tanzania |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-date=26 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526002813/http://www.out.ac.tz/index.php/about-out.html |url-status=live }}
• Hubert Kairuki Memorial University is a private institution located on plot No. 322 Regent Estate in the Mikocheni area, about {{cvt|7|km|0|}} from Dar es Salaam's city centre, off Ali Hassan Mwinyi and Old Bagamoyo Roads.{{cite web |url=http://www.hkmu.ac.tz/index.php/hkmu/about/category/about_HKMU/ |title=Hubert Kairuki Memorial University - Who We Are - Introduction to Hubert Kairuki Memorial University |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525234142/http://www.hkmu.ac.tz/index.php/hkmu/about/category/about_HKMU/ |archive-date=25 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}
• International Medical and Technological University is a privately owned institute of higher education.{{cite web |url=http://www.imtu.edu/imtu.htm |title=Welcome to International Medical and Technological University, Tanzania |access-date=25 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424114625/http://www.imtu.edu/imtu.htm |archive-date=24 April 2015}}
• Kampala International University began operations in 2009. The University Centre is situated on {{cvt|60|acre|m2}} of land in the Gongo la Mboto area, Ilala District, {{cvt|7|km|0|}} from Mwalimu Julius Nyerere International Airport along Pugu Road.{{cite web |url=http://www.kiu.ac.tz/mission.html |title=Kampala International University, Dar es Salaam Centre |access-date=2011-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215002857/http://www.kiu.ac.tz/mission.html |archive-date=2011-02-15 |url-status=dead}}

• Sir David Frank Adjaye (born 1966), London-based architect born in Dar es Salaam
• C.A. "Peter" Bransgrove (1914–1966), architect in Dar es Salaam from 1947 to 1966
• Joaquim Chissano (born 1939), the second President of Mozambique, from 1986 to 2005; headed the FRELIMO headquarters in Dar es Salaam
• Kanyama Chiume (1929–2007), a leading nationalist in the struggle for Malawi's independence in the 1950s and 1960s and Minister
• Roald Dahl (1916–1990) a British novelist, short-story writer and poet; he lived in Dar es Salaam from 1934 to 1939
• Jane Goodall (born 1934), scientist and primatologist
• Gertrud von Hassel (1908–1999) a German teacher and painter
• Marin Hinkle (born 1966), actress, Two and a Half Men TV show
• Rachel Luttrell (born 1971), actress, Stargate Atlantis, born in Dar es Salaam
• Nairn McEwan (1941–2018), {{Nrut|Scotland}} rugby union player and second national coach, born in Dar es Salaam.{{cite web |url=http://www.espnscrum.com/scotland/rugby/player/7713.html |title=Nairn MacEwan - Rugby Union - Players and Officials - ESPN Scrum |work=ESPN scrum |access-date=25 May 2015 |archive-date=12 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312123846/http://www.espnscrum.com/scotland/rugby/player/7713.html |url-status=live }}
• Bibi Titi Mohammed (1926–2000), politician and chair of the women's branch of TANU
• Yoweri Museveni (born 1944), president of Uganda since 1986
• Godfrey Mwakikagile (born 1949), prominent Tanzanian author, Africanist scholar and journalist
• Juma Mwapachu (1942–2025), Tanzanian diplomat, lawyer and author of books on African politics and economics; served as secretary-general of the East African Community (EAC)
• Herieth Paul (born 1995), fashion model
• Walter Rodney (1942–1980) Guyanese historian, political activist; author of How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
• Justinian Rweyemamu (1942–1982), Tanzanian economist, author and professor of economics at the University of Dar es Salaam; worked at the United Nations; economic adviser to Tanzania's first president, Julius Nyerere
• Mbwana Samatta (born 1992), footballer, 2015 CAF African Player of the Year; 68 caps for Tanzania
• Issa G. Shivji (born 1946), Tanzanian scholar, and expert on constitutional law and development issues
• Ally Sykes (1926–2013), politician and leading figure in Tanzania's independence movement
• Hasheem Thabeet (born 1987), basketball player in the US
• Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck (1870–1964), commander of the German East Africa Army
• Kontawa ( born 1996) Musician and actor

Dar es Salaam is sister cities with:{{cite web |last1=TVTA |first1=True Vision Tanzania |title=NGO |url=http://www.truevisiontz.org |website=truevisiontz.org |publisher=TVTA |access-date=8 March 2012 |archive-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804112553/http://www.truevisiontz.org/ |url-status=live }}

• {{flagicon|GER}} Hamburg, Germany{{cite web |url=http://werkstatt.imch.eu/?p=731 |title=Looking at the sister city agreement between Hamburg and Dar es Salaam from a Tanzanian perspective |access-date=2013-07-29 |last=Holtermann |first=Hannes |date=2011-03-30 |work=Werkstatt.imch.eu |archive-date=2013-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927070047/http://werkstatt.imch.eu/?p=731 |url-status=dead}}
• {{flagicon|IND}} Mumbai, India
• {{flagicon|TUR}} Samsun, Turkey
• {{flagicon|PRC}} Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
• {{flagicon|IRI}} Sari, Iran

{{Reflist|2|refs=

{{Cite book |last=Lemelle |first=Sidney J. |editor1-first=Dipannita |editor1-last=Basu |editor2-first=Sidney J. |editor2-last=Lemelle |chapter=Ni wapi Tunakwenda': Hip Hop Culture and the Children of Arusha |title=The Vinyl Ain't Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/vinylaintfinalhi00basu |url-access=limited |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2006 |location=London; Ann Arbor, MI |pages=[https://archive.org/details/vinylaintfinalhi00basu/page/n243 230]–254 |isbn=0-7453-1940-8}}

{{Cite report |url=https://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/majimbo/MAJIMBOApril_Kisw.pdf |title=2016 Makadirio ya Idadi ya Watu katika Majimbo ya Uchaguzi kwa Mwaka 2016, Tanzania Bara. |trans-title=Population Estimates in Administrative Areas for the Year 2016, Mainland Tanzania |date=2016-04-01 |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics |location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |page= |language=sw |access-date=2022-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227102333/https://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/majimbo/MAJIMBOApril_Kisw.pdf |archive-date=2021-12-27 |url-status=live}}

}}

{{See also|Timeline of Dar es Salaam#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Dar es Salaam}}

{{wikivoyage|Dar es Salaam}}

• {{commons category-inline|Dar es Salaam}}

{{Dar es Salaam}}

{{Cities in Tanzania}}

{{Regions of Tanzania}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Dar Es Salaam}}

Category:Cities in Tanzania

Category:Regional capitals in Tanzania

Category:Regions of Tanzania

Category:Former national capitals

Category:Port cities and towns in Tanzania

Category:Ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean

Category:Economy of German East Africa

Category:Populated coastal places in Tanzania

Category:1860s establishments in Africa

Category:Populated places established in the 1860s