:Haplogroup R1b

File:Map_Corded_Ware_culture-en.svg, thought to have spoken some stage of Proto-Indo-European, carried R1b-L23.]]

The age of R1 was estimated by Tatiana Karafet et al. (2008) at between 12,500 and 25,700 BP, and most probably occurred about 18,500 years ago. Since the earliest known example has been dated at circa 14,000 BP, and belongs to R1b1 (R-L754), R1b must have arisen relatively soon after the emergence of R1.

Early human remains found to carry R1b include:

• Villabruna 1 (individual I9030), a Western Hunter-Gatherer (WHG), found in an Epigravettian culture setting in the Cismon valley (modern Veneto, Italy), who lived circa 14000 BP and belonged to R1b1a.{{cite journal | vauthors = Fu Q, Posth C, Hajdinjak M, Petr M, Mallick S, Fernandes D, Furtwängler A, Haak W, Meyer M, Mittnik A, Nickel B, Peltzer A, Rohland N, Slon V, Talamo S, Lazaridis I, Lipson M, Mathieson I, Schiffels S, Skoglund P, Derevianko AP, Drozdov N, Slavinsky V, Tsybankov A, Cremonesi RG, Mallegni F, Gély B, Vacca E, Morales MR, Straus LG, Neugebauer-Maresch C, Teschler-Nicola M, Constantin S, Moldovan OT, Benazzi S, Peresani M, Coppola D, Lari M, Ricci S, Ronchitelli A, Valentin F, Thevenet C, Wehrberger K, Grigorescu D, Rougier H, Crevecoeur I, Flas D, Semal P, Mannino MA, Cupillard C, Bocherens H, Conard NJ, Harvati K, Moiseyev V, Drucker DG, Svoboda J, Richards MP, Caramelli D, Pinhasi R, Kelso J, Patterson N, Krause J, Pääbo S, Reich D | display-authors = 6 | title = The genetic history of Ice Age Europe | journal = Nature | volume = 534 | issue = 7606 | pages = 200–5 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27135931 | pmc = 4943878 | doi = 10.1038/nature17993 | bibcode = 2016Natur.534..200F | hdl = 10211.3/198594 }}{{sfn|Mathieson|2018|loc=Supplementary Table 1, Row 467}}
• Several males of the Iron Gates Mesolithic in the Balkans buried between 11200 and 8200 BP carried R1b1a1a. These individuals were determined to be largely of WHG ancestry, with slight Eastern Hunter-Gatherer (EHG) admixture.{{sfn|Mathieson|2018|loc=Supplementary Table 1, Rows 251-272}}
• Several males of the Mesolithic Kunda culture and Neolithic Narva culture buried in the Zvejnieki burial ground in modern-day Latvia c. 9500–6000 BP carried R1b1b.{{sfn|Jones|2017}}{{sfn|Mathieson|2018|loc=Supplementary Table 1, Rows 205-245}} These individuals were determined to be largely of WHG ancestry, with slight EHG admixture.{{sfn|Jones|2017}}
• Several Mesolithic and Neolithic males buried at Deriivka and Vasil'evka in modern-day Ukraine c. 9500-7000 BP carried R1b1a.{{sfn|Mathieson|2018|loc=Supplementary Table 1}} These individuals were largely of EHG ancestry, with significant WHG admixture.{{sfn|Mathieson|2018|pp=2-3}}
• A WHG male buried at Ostrovul Corbuli, Romania c. 8700 BP carried R1b1c.{{sfn|González-Fortes et al.|2017|pp=8-9}}{{sfn|González-Fortes et al.|2017|p=4|loc=Table 1, OC1_Meso}}{{sfn|Sánchez-Quinto et al.|2019|loc=Extended Dataset 1.3, OC1}}
• A male buried at Lepenski Vir, Serbia c. 8200-7900 BP carried R1b1a.{{sfn|Mathieson|2018|loc=Supplementary Table 1, Row 298, I4666}}
• An EHG buried near Samara, Russia 7500 BP carried R1b1a1a.{{sfn|Mathieson|2018|loc=Supplementary Table 1, Row 153, I0124}}
• An Eneolithic male buried at Khvalynsk, Russia c. 7200-6000 BP carried R1b1a.{{sfn|Mathieson|2018|loc=Supplementary Table 1, Row 375, I0122}}
• A Neolithic male buried at Els Trocs, Spain c. 7178-7066 BP, who may have belonged to the Epi-Cardial culture,{{sfn|Haak|Lazaridis|Patterson|Rohland|2015|loc=Supplementary Information, pp. 26-27}} was found to be a carrier of R1b1.{{sfn|Haak|Lazaridis|Patterson|Rohland|2015|loc=Extended Data Table 2, I0410}}{{sfn|Haak|Lazaridis|Patterson|Rohland|2015|loc=Supplementary Information, pp. 44-45}}{{sfn|Mathieson|2018|loc=Supplementary Table 1, I0410}}
• A Late Chalcolithic male buried in Smyadovo, Bulgaria c. 6500 BP carried R1b1a.{{sfn|Mathieson|2018|loc=Supplementary Table 1, Row 73, I2430}}
• An Early Copper Age male buried in Cannas di Sotto, Carbonia, Sardinia c. 6450 BP carried R1b1b2.{{sfn|Marcus et al.|2020|loc=Supplementary Data 1, A Master Table, Row 25, MA89}}
• A male of the Baalberge group in Central Europe buried c. 5600 BP carried R1b1a.{{sfn|Mathieson|2018|loc=Supplementary Table 1, Row 128, I0559}}
• A male of the Botai culture in Central Asia buried c. 5500 BP carried R1b1a1 (R1b-M478).{{cite journal | vauthors = de Barros Damgaard P, Martiniano R, Kamm J, Moreno-Mayar JV, Kroonen G, Peyrot M, Barjamovic G, Rasmussen S, Zacho C, Baimukhanov N, Zaibert V, Merz V, Biddanda A, Merz I, Loman V, Evdokimov V, Usmanova E, Hemphill B, Seguin-Orlando A, Yediay FE, Ullah I, Sjögren KG, Iversen KH, Choin J, de la Fuente C, Ilardo M, Schroeder H, Moiseyev V, Gromov A, Polyakov A, Omura S, Senyurt SY, Ahmad H, McKenzie C, Margaryan A, Hameed A, Samad A, Gul N, Khokhar MH, Goriunova OI, Bazaliiskii VI, Novembre J, Weber AW, Orlando L, Allentoft ME, Nielsen R, Kristiansen K, Sikora M, Outram AK, Durbin R, Willerslev E | display-authors = 6 | title = The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia | journal = Science | volume = 360 | issue = 6396 | pages = eaar7711 | date = June 2018 | pmid = 29743352 | pmc = 6748862 | doi = 10.1126/science.aar7711 }}
• 7 males that were tested of the Yamnaya culture were all found to belong to the M269 subclade of haplogroup R1b.{{sfn|Haak et al.|2015|p=5}}

R1b is a subclade within the "macro-haplogroup" K (M9), the most common group of human male lines outside of Africa. K is believed to have originated in Asia (as is the case with an even earlier ancestral haplogroup, F (F-M89). Karafet T. et al. (2014) suggested that a "rapid diversification process of K-M526 likely occurred in Southeast Asia, with subsequent westward expansions of the ancestors of haplogroups R and Q".{{cite journal | vauthors = Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Sudoyo H, Lansing JS, Hammer MF | title = Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 369–73 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 24896152 | pmc = 4326703 | doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2014.106 }} However the oldest example of R* has been found in an Ancient North Eurasian sample from Siberia (Mal'ta boy, 24,000 years ago), and its precursor P1 has been found in another Ancient North Eurasian sample from northern Siberia (Yana RHS) dating from c. 31,600 years ago.{{Cite journal |last1=Sikora |first1=Martin |last2=Pitulko |first2=Vladimir V. |last3=Sousa |first3=Vitor C. |last4=Allentoft |first4=Morten E. |last5=Vinner |first5=Lasse |last6=Rasmussen |first6=Simon |last7=Margaryan |first7=Ashot |last8=de Barros Damgaard |first8=Peter |last9=de la Fuente |first9=Constanza |last10=Renaud |first10=Gabriel |last11=Yang |first11=Melinda A. |last12=Fu |first12=Qiaomei |last13=Dupanloup |first13=Isabelle |last14=Giampoudakis |first14=Konstantinos |last15=Nogués-Bravo |first15=David |date=June 2019 |title=The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1279-z |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=570 |issue=7760 |pages=182–188 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z |pmid=31168093 |bibcode=2019Natur.570..182S |s2cid=174809069 |issn=1476-4687 |hdl=1887/3198847 |hdl-access=free }}

Three genetic studies in 2015 gave support to the Kurgan hypothesis of Marija Gimbutas regarding the Proto-Indo-European homeland. According to those studies, haplogroups R1b-M269 and R1a, now the most common in Europe (R1a is also common in South Asia) would have expanded from the West Eurasian Steppe, along with the Indo-European languages; they also detected an autosomal component present in modern Europeans which was not present in Neolithic Europeans, which would have been introduced with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as Indo-European languages.{{sfn|Haak|Lazaridis|Patterson|Rohland|2015}}

File:IE expansion.png from c. 4000 to 1000 BC according to the Kurgan model. The magenta area corresponds to the assumed urheimat (Samara culture, Sredny Stog culture).]]

Analysis of ancient Y-DNA from the remains from early Neolithic Central and North European Linear Pottery culture settlements have not yet found males belonging to haplogroup R1b-M269.{{cite journal | vauthors = Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX, Brucato N, Duranthon F, Guilaine J, Crubézy E, Ludes B | display-authors = 6 | title = Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 108 | issue = 24 | pages = 9788–91 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21628562 | pmc = 3116412 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1100723108 | bibcode = 2011PNAS..108.9788L | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Haak W, Balanovsky O, Sanchez JJ, Koshel S, Zaporozhchenko V, Adler CJ, Der Sarkissian CS, Brandt G, Schwarz C, Nicklisch N, Dresely V, Fritsch B, Balanovska E, Villems R, Meller H, Alt KW, Cooper A | display-authors = 6 | title = Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 8 | issue = 11 | pages = e1000536 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21085689 | pmc = 2976717 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000536 | veditors = Penny D | doi-access = free }} Olalde et al. (2017) trace the spread of haplogroup R1b-M269 in western Europe, particularly Britain, to the spread of the Beaker culture, with a sudden appearance of many R1b-M269 haplogroups in Western Europe ca. 5000–4500 years BP during the early Bronze Age.{{cite journal | vauthors = Olalde I, Brace S, Allentoft ME, Armit I, Kristiansen K, Booth T, Rohland N, Mallick S, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mittnik A, Altena E, Lipson M, Lazaridis I, Harper TK, Patterson N, Broomandkhoshbacht N, Diekmann Y, Faltyskova Z, Fernandes D, Ferry M, Harney E, de Knijff P, Michel M, Oppenheimer J, Stewardson K, Barclay A, Alt KW, Liesau C, Ríos P, Blasco C, Miguel JV, García RM, Fernández AA, Bánffy E, Bernabò-Brea M, Billoin D, Bonsall C, Bonsall L, Allen T, Büster L, Carver S, Navarro LC, Craig OE, Cook GT, Cunliffe B, Denaire A, Dinwiddy KE, Dodwell N, Ernée M, Evans C, Kuchařík M, Farré JF, Fowler C, Gazenbeek M, Pena RG, Haber-Uriarte M, Haduch E, Hey G, Jowett N, Knowles T, Massy K, Pfrengle S, Lefranc P, Lemercier O, Lefebvre A, Martínez CH, Olmo VG, Ramírez AB, Maurandi JL, Majó T, McKinley JI, McSweeney K, Mende BG, Modi A, Kulcsár G, Kiss V, Czene A, Patay R, Endrődi A, Köhler K, Hajdu T, Szeniczey T, Dani J, Bernert Z, Hoole M, Cheronet O, Keating D, Velemínský P, Dobeš M, Candilio F, Brown F, Fernández RF, Herrero-Corral AM, Tusa S, Carnieri E, Lentini L, Valenti A, Zanini A, Waddington C, Delibes G, Guerra-Doce E, Neil B, Brittain M, Luke M, Mortimer R, Desideri J, Besse M, Brücken G, Furmanek M, Hałuszko A, Mackiewicz M, Rapiński A, Leach S, Soriano I, Lillios KT, Cardoso JL, Pearson MP, Włodarczak P, Price TD, Prieto P, Rey PJ, Risch R, Rojo Guerra MA, Schmitt A, Serralongue J, Silva AM, Smrčka V, Vergnaud L, Zilhão J, Caramelli D, Higham T, Thomas MG, Kennett DJ, Fokkens H, Heyd V, Sheridan A, Sjögren KG, Stockhammer PW, Krause J, Pinhasi R, Haak W, Barnes I, Lalueza-Fox C, Reich D | display-authors = 6 | title = The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe | journal = Nature | volume = 555 | issue = 7695 | pages = 190–196 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29466337 | pmc = 5973796 | doi = 10.1038/nature25738 | bibcode = 2018Natur.555..190O }}

{{main|Haplogroup P-P295|Structure of Y-DNA Haplogroup K}}

The broader haplogroup R (M207) is a primary subclade of haplogroup P1 (M45) itself a primary branch of P (P295), which is also known as haplogroup K2b2. R-M207 is therefore a secondary branch of K2b (P331), and a direct descendant of K2 (M526).

;Phylogeny within K2b

• P P295/PF5866/S8 (also known as K2b2).
• P1 M45 (a.k.a.K2b2a)
• Q M242 (K2b2a1)
• R M207 (K2b2a2)
• R1 (M173)
• R1a (M420)
• R1b (M343)

Names such as R1b, R1b1 and so on are phylogenetic (i.e. "family tree") names which make clear their place within the branching of haplogroups, or the phylogenetic tree. An alternative way of naming the same haplogroups and subclades refers to their defining SNP mutations: for example, R-M343 is equivalent to R1b. Phylogenetic names change with new discoveries and SNP-based names are consequently reclassified within the phylogenetic tree. In some cases, an SNP is found to be unreliable as a defining mutation and an SNP-based name is removed completely. For example, before 2005, R1b was synonymous with R-P25, which was later reclassified as R1b1; in 2016, R-P25 was removed completely as a defining SNP, due to a significant rate of back-mutation.{{Cite web|url=https://isogg.org/tree/2016/ISOGG_HapgrpR16.html|title=ISOGG 2016 Y-DNA Haplogroup R|website=isogg.org}} (Below is the basic outline of R1b according to the ISOGG Tree as it stood on January 30, 2017.{{Cite web|url=https://isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpR.html|title=ISOGG 2017 Y-DNA Haplogroup R|website=isogg.org}})

No confirmed cases of R1b* (R-M343*) – that is R1b (xR1b1, R1b2), also known as R-M343 (xL754, PH155) – have been reported in peer-reviewed literature.

;R-M343 (xM73, M269, V88)

In early research, because R-M269, R-M73 and R-V88 are by far the most common forms of R1b, examples of R1b (xM73, xM269) were sometimes assumed to signify basal examples of "R1b*". However, while the paragroup R-M343 (xM73, M269, V88) is rare, it does not preclude membership of rare and/or subsequently-discovered, relatively basal subclades of R1b, such as R-L278* (R1b*), R-L389* (R1b1a*), R-P297* (R1b1a1*), R-V1636 (R1b1a2) or R-PH155 (R1b2).

The population believed to have the highest proportion of R-M343 (xM73, M269, V88) are the Kurds of southeastern Kazakhstan with 13%. However, more recently, a large study of Y-chromosome variation in Iran, revealed R-M343 (xV88, M73, M269) as high as 4.3% among Iranian sub-populations.{{cite journal | vauthors = Grugni V, Battaglia V, Hooshiar Kashani B, Parolo S, Al-Zahery N, Achilli A, Olivieri A, Gandini F, Houshmand M, Sanati MH, Torroni A, Semino O | display-authors = 6 | title = Ancient migratory events in the Middle East: new clues from the Y-chromosome variation of modern Iranians | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 7 | pages = e41252 | date = July 18, 2012 | pmid = 22815981 | pmc = 3399854 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0041252 | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...741252G | doi-access = free }}

It remains a possibility that some, or even most of these cases, may be R-L278* (R1b*), R-L389* (R1b1a*), R-P297* (R1b1a1*), R-V1636 (R1b1a2), R-PH155 (R1b2), R1b* (R-M343*), R1a* (R-M420*), an otherwise undocumented branch of R1 (R-M173), and/or back-mutations of a marker, from a positive to a negative ancestral state,{{cite journal | vauthors = Adams SM, King TE, Bosch E, Jobling MA | title = The case of the unreliable SNP: recurrent back-mutation of Y-chromosomal marker P25 through gene conversion | journal = Forensic Science International | volume = 159 | issue = 1 | pages = 14–20 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16026953 | doi = 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.06.003 | hdl = 2381/443 | url = https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/10076234 | hdl-access = free }} and hence constitute undocumented subclades of R1b.

A compilation of previous studies regarding the distribution of R1b can be found in Cruciani et al. (2010). It is summarised in the table following. (Cruciani did not include some studies suggesting even higher frequencies of R1b1a1b [R-M269] in some parts of Western Europe.)

R-L278 among modern men falls into the R-L754 and R-PH155 subclades, though it is possible some very rare R-L278* may exist as not all examples have been tested for both branches. Examples may also exist in ancient DNA, though due to poor quality it is often impossible to tell whether or not the ancients carried the mutations that define subclades.

Some examples described in older articles, for example two found in Turkey,{{cite journal | vauthors = Cinnioğlu C, King R, Kivisild T, Kalfoğlu E, Atasoy S, Cavalleri GL, Lillie AS, Roseman CC, Lin AA, Prince K, Oefner PJ, Shen P, Semino O, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA | display-authors = 6 | title = Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia | journal = Human Genetics | volume = 114 | issue = 2 | pages = 127–48 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14586639 | doi = 10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4 | s2cid = 10763736 }} are now thought to be mostly in the more recently discovered sub-clade R1b1b (R-V88). Most examples of R1b therefore fall into subclades R1b1b (R-V88) or R1b1a (R-P297). Cruciani et al. in the large 2010 study found 3 cases amongst 1173 Italians, 1 out of 328 West Asians and 1 out of 156 East Asians.{{cite journal | vauthors = Cruciani F, Trombetta B, Sellitto D, Massaia A, Destro-Bisol G, Watson E, Beraud Colomb E, Dugoujon JM, Moral P, Scozzari R | display-authors = 6 | title = Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 18 | issue = 7 | pages = 800–7 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20051990 | pmc = 2987365 | doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2009.231 }} Varzari found 3 cases in Ukraine, in a study of 322 people from the Dniester–Carpathian Mountains region, who were P25 positive, but M269 negative.{{cite thesis | vauthors = Varzari A |title=Population History of the Dniester-Carpathians: evidence from Alu insertion and Y-chromosome polymorphisms |date=2006 |publisher=Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München |doi=10.5282/edoc.5868 }} Cases from older studies are mainly from Africa, the Middle East or Mediterranean, and are discussed below as probable cases of R1b1b (R-V88).

R-L754 contains the vast majority of R1b. The only known example of R-L754* (xL389, V88) is also the earliest known individual to carry R1b: "Villabruna 1", who lived circa 14,000 years BP (north east Italy). Villabruna 1 belonged to the Epigravettian culture.

{{anchor|R1b1a}}R-L389, also known as R1b1a (L388/PF6468, L389/PF6531), contains the very common subclade R-P297 and the rare subclade R-V1636. It is unknown whether all previously reported R-L389* (xP297) belong to R-V1636 or not.

The SNP marker P297 was recognised in 2008 as ancestral to the significant subclades M73 and M269, combining them into one cluster. This had been given the phylogenetic name R1b1a1a (and, previously, R1b1a).

A majority of Eurasian R1b falls within this subclade, representing a very large modern population. Although P297 itself has not yet been much tested for, the same population has been relatively well studied in terms of other markers. Therefore, the branching within this clade can be explained in relatively high detail below.

R-M73, also known as R1b1a1a, is a Y-chromosome haplogroup that is a subclade of the broader R1b lineage. This haplogroup is defined by the M73 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation. The two largest subclades are R-M478 and R-BY15590.

R-M73 is primarily found in populations across Central Asia, parts of Siberia, the Caucasus region, and to a lesser extent in the Middle East and South Asia. It is particularly prevalent among certain indigenous populations of the Altai region in Siberia.{{cite journal | vauthors = Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Denisova G, Maksimov A, Wozniak M, Grzybowski T, Dambueva I, Zakharov I | display-authors = 6 | title = Ancient links between Siberians and Native Americans revealed by subtyping the Y chromosome haplogroup Q1a | journal = Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 56 | issue = 8 | pages = 583–8 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21677663 | doi = 10.1038/jhg.2011.64 | s2cid = 12015336 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Mehdi SQ, Edmonds CA, Chow CE, Lin AA, Mitra M, Sil SK, Ramesh A, Usha Rani MV, Thakur CM, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Majumder PP, Underhill PA | display-authors = 6 | title = Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 78 | issue = 2 | pages = 202–21 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16400607 | pmc = 1380230 | doi = 10.1086/499411 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Mehdi SQ, Edmonds CA, Chow CE, Lin AA, Mitra M, Sil SK, Ramesh A, Usha Rani MV, Thakur CM, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Majumder PP, Underhill PA | display-authors = 6 | title = Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 78 | issue = 2 | pages = 202–21 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16400607 | pmc = 1380230 | doi = 10.1086/499411 }}

Malyarchuk et al. (2011) found R-M73 in 13.2% (5/38) of Shors, 11.4% (5/44) of Teleuts, 3.3% (2/60) of Kalmyks, 3.1% (2/64) of Khakassians, 1.9% (2/108) of Tuvinians, and 1.1% (1/89) of Altaians.{{cite journal | vauthors = Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Denisova G, Maksimov A, Wozniak M, Grzybowski T, Dambueva I, Zakharov I | display-authors = 6 | title = Ancient links between Siberians and Native Americans revealed by subtyping the Y chromosome haplogroup Q1a | journal = Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 56 | issue = 8 | pages = 583–8 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21677663 | doi = 10.1038/jhg.2011.64 | s2cid = 12015336 | doi-access = free }} The Kalmyks, Tuvinians, and Altaian belong to a Y-STR cluster marked by DYS390=19, DYS389=14-16 (or 14–15 in the case of the Altaian individual), and DYS385=13-13.

Dulik et al. (2012) found R-M73 in 35.3% (6/17) of a sample of the Kumandin of the Altai Republic in Russia.{{cite journal | vauthors = Dulik MC, Zhadanov SI, Osipova LP, Askapuli A, Gau L, Gokcumen O, Rubinstein S, Schurr TG | display-authors = 6 | title = Mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome variation provides evidence for a recent common ancestry between Native Americans and Indigenous Altaians | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 90 | issue = 2 | pages = 229–46 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22281367 | pmc = 3276666 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.014 }} Three of these six Kumandins share an identical 15-loci Y-STR haplotype, and another two differ only at the DYS458 locus, having DYS458=18 instead of DYS458=17. This pair of Kumandin R-M73 haplotypes resembles the haplotypes of two Kalmyks, two Tuvinians, and one Altaian whose Y-DNA has been analyzed by Malyarchuk et al. (2011). The remaining R-M73 Kumandin has a Y-STR haplotype that is starkly different from the haplotypes of the other R-M73 Kumandins, resembling instead the haplotypes of five Shors, five Teleuts, and two Khakassians.

While early research into R-M73 claimed that it was significantly represented among the Hazara of Afghanistan and the Bashkirs of the Ural Mountains, this has apparently been overturned. For example, supporting material from a 2010 study by Behar et al. suggested that Sengupta et al. (2006) might have misidentified Hazara individuals, who instead belonged to "PQR2" as opposed to "R(xR1a)."{{cite journal | vauthors = Behar DM, Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M, Metspalu E, Rosset S, Parik J, Rootsi S, Chaubey G, Kutuev I, Yudkovsky G, Khusnutdinova EK, Balanovsky O, Semino O, Pereira L, Comas D, Gurwitz D, Bonne-Tamir B, Parfitt T, Hammer MF, Skorecki K, Villems R | display-authors = 6 | title = The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people | journal = Nature | volume = 466 | issue = 7303 | pages = 238–42 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20531471 | doi = 10.1038/nature09103 | bibcode = 2010Natur.466..238B | s2cid = 4307824 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Mehdi SQ, Edmonds CA, Chow CE, Lin AA, Mitra M, Sil SK, Ramesh A, Usha Rani MV, Thakur CM, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Majumder PP, Underhill PA | display-authors = 6 | title = Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 78 | issue = 2 | pages = 202–21 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16400607 | pmc = 1380230 | doi = 10.1086/499411 }} However, the assignment of these Hazaras' Y-DNA to the "PQR2" category by Behar et al. (2010) is probably ascribable to the habit that was popular for a while of labeling R-M269 as "R1b" or "R(xR1a)," with any members of R-M343 (xM269) being placed in a polyphyletic, catch-all "R*" or "P" category. Myres et al. (2011), Di Cristofaro et al. (2013), and Lippold et al. (2014) all agree that the Y-DNA of 32% (8/25) of the HGDP sample of Pakistani Hazara should belong to haplogroup R-M478/M73.{{cite journal | vauthors = Di Cristofaro J, Pennarun E, Mazières S, Myres NM, Lin AA, Temori SA, Metspalu M, Metspalu E, Witzel M, King RJ, Underhill PA, Villems R, Chiaroni J | display-authors = 6 | title = Afghan Hindu Kush: where Eurasian sub-continent gene flows converge | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 10 | pages = e76748 | year = 2013 | pmid = 24204668 | pmc = 3799995 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0076748 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...876748D | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Lippold S, Xu H, Ko A, Li M, Renaud G, Butthof A, Schröder R, Stoneking M | display-authors = 6 | title = Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: insights from high-resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences | journal = Investigative Genetics | volume = 5 | pages = 13 | year = 2014 | pmid = 25254093 | pmc = 4174254 | doi = 10.1186/2041-2223-5-13 | doi-access = free }} Likewise, most Bashkir males have been found to belong to U-152 (R1b1a1a2a1a2b) and some, mostly from southeastern Bashkortostan, belonged to Haplogroup Q-M25 (Q1a1b) rather than R1b; contra this, Myres et al. (2011) found a high frequency of R-M73 among their sample of Bashkirs from southeast Bashkortostan (77/329 = 23.4% R1b-M73), in agreement with the earlier study of Bashkirs. Besides the high frequency of R-M73 in southeastern Bashkirs, Myres et al. also reported finding R-M73 in the following samples: 10.3% (14/136) of Balkars from the northwest Caucasus, 9.4% (8/85) of the HGDP samples from northern Pakistan (these are the aforementioned Pakistani Hazaras), 5.8% (4/69) of Karachays from the northwest Caucasus, 2.6% (1/39) of Tatars from Bashkortostan, 1.9% (1/54) of Bashkirs from southwest Bashkortostan, 1.5% (1/67) of Megrels from the south Caucasus, 1.4% (1/70) of Bashkirs from north Bashkortostan, 1.3% (1/80) of Tatars from Kazan, 1.1% (1/89) of a sample from Cappadocia, Turkey, 0.7% (1/141) of Kabardians from the northwest Caucasus, 0.6% (3/522) of a pool of samples from Turkey, and 0.38% (1/263) of Russians from Central Russia.

Besides the aforementioned Pakistani Hazaras, Di Cristofaro et al. (2013) found R-M478/M73 in 11.1% (2/18) of Mongols from central Mongolia, 5.0% (1/20) of Kyrgyz from southwest Kyrgyzstan, 4.3% (1/23) of Mongols from southeast Mongolia, 4.3% (4/94) of Uzbeks from Jawzjan, Afghanistan, 3.7% (1/27) of Iranians from Gilan, 2.5% (1/40) of Kyrgyz from central Kyrgyzstan, 2.1% (2/97) of Mongols from northwest Mongolia, and 1.4% (1/74) of Turkmens from Jawzjan, Afghanistan. The Mongols as well as the individual from southwest Kyrgyzstan, the individual from Gilan, and one of the Uzbeks from Jawzjan belong to the same Y-STR haplotype cluster as five of six Kumandin members of R-M73 studied by Dulik et al. (2012). This cluster's most distinctive Y-STR value is DYS390=19.

Karafet et al. (2018) found R-M73 in 37.5% (15/40) of a sample of Teleuts from Bekovo, Kemerovo oblast, 4.5% (3/66) of a sample of Uyghurs from Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, 3.4% (1/29) of a sample of Kazakhs from Kazakhstan, 2.3% (3/129) of a sample of Selkups, 2.3% (1/44) of a sample of Turkmens from Turkmenistan, and 0.7% (1/136) of a sample of Iranians from Iran.{{cite journal | vauthors = Karafet TM, Osipova LP, Savina OV, Hallmark B, Hammer MF | title = Siberian genetic diversity reveals complex origins of the Samoyedic-speaking populations | journal = American Journal of Human Biology | volume = 30 | issue = 6 | pages = e23194 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30408262 | doi = 10.1002/ajhb.23194 | s2cid = 53238849 }} Four of these individuals (one of the Teleuts, one of the Uyghurs, the Kazakh, and the Iranian) appear to belong to the aforementioned cluster marked by DYS390=19 (the Kumandin-Mongol R-M73 cluster); the Teleut and the Uyghur also share the modal values at the DYS385 and the DYS389 loci. The Iranian differs from the modal for this cluster by having 13-16 (or 13–29) at DYS389 instead of 14-16 (or 14–30). The Kazakh differs from the modal by having 13–14 at DYS385 instead of 13-13. The other fourteen Teleuts and the three Selkups appear to belong to the Teleut-Shor-Khakassian R-M73 cluster from the data set of Malyarchuk et al. (2011); this cluster has the modal values of DYS390=22 (but 21 in the case of two Teleuts and one Khakassian), DYS385=13-16, and DYS389=13-17 (or 13–30, but 14–31 in the case of one Selkup).

A Kazakhstani paper published in 2017 found haplogroup R1b-M478 Y-DNA in 3.17% (41/1294) of a sample of Kazakhs from Kazakhstan, with this haplogroup being observed with greater than average frequency among members of the Qypshaq (12/29 = 41.4%), Ysty (6/57 = 10.5%), Qongyrat (8/95 = 8.4%), Oshaqty (2/29 = 6.9%), Kerey (1/28 = 3.6%), and Jetyru (3/86 = 3.5%) tribes.{{cite journal | vauthors = Ashirbekov EE, Botbaev DM, Belkozhaev AM, Abayldaev AO, Neupokoeva AS, Mukhataev JE, Alzhanuly B, Sharafutdinova DA, Mukushkina DD, Rakhymgozhin MS, Khanseitova AK, Limborska SA, Aytkhozhina NA | display-authors = 6 | title = Распределение гаплогрупп И-хромосомы казахов Южно-Казахстанской, Жамбылской и Алматинской областей | trans-title = Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups of the Kazakh from the South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and Almaty Regions | language = ru | journal = Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan | volume = 6 | number = 316 | date = 2017 | pages = 85–95 | url = http://nblib.library.kz/elib/library.kz/jurnal/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_06_2017%20(2)/12-%20Biology%20E.E.Ashirbekov0617.pdf | access-date = 2021-11-20 | archive-date = 2021-09-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210923024313/http://nblib.library.kz/elib/library.kz/jurnal/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_06_2017%20(2)/12-%20Biology%20E.E.Ashirbekov0617.pdf | url-status = dead }} A Chinese paper published in 2018 found haplogroup R1b-M478 Y-DNA in 9.2% (7/76) of a sample of Dolan Uyghurs from Horiqol township, Awat County, Xinjiang.{{cite journal | vauthors = Shuhu LI, Yilihamu NI, Bake RA, Bupatima AB, Matyusup DO | title = A study of genetic diversity of three isolated populations in Xinjiang using Y-SNP. | journal = Acta Anthropologica Sinica | date = 2018 | volume = 37 | issue = 1 | pages = 146–56 | doi = 10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2017.0067 }}

{{main|Haplogroup R-M269|Genetic history of Europe}}

R-M269, or R1b1a1b (as of 2018) amongst other names,R1b1a1b (R-M269) was previously R1b1a1a2. From 2003 to 2005, what is now R1b1a1b was designated R1b3. From 2005 to 2008, it was R1b1c. From 2008 to 2011, it was R1b1b2. From 2011 to 2018, it was R1b1a1a2. is now the most common Y-DNA lineage in European males. It is carried by an estimated 110 million males in Europe.{{cite journal | vauthors = Balaresque P, Bowden GR, Adams SM, Leung HY, King TE, Rosser ZH, Goodwin J, Moisan JP, Richard C, Millward A, Demaine AG, Barbujani G, Previderè C, Wilson IJ, Tyler-Smith C, Jobling MA | display-authors = 6 | title = A predominantly neolithic origin for European paternal lineages | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = e1000285 | date = January 2010 | pmid = 20087410 | pmc = 2799514 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000285 | veditors = Penny D | doi-access = free }}

File:Geographical distribution of haplogroup frequency of hgR1b1b2.png

R-M269 has received significant scientific and popular interest due to its possible connection to the Indo-European expansion in Europe. Specifically the R-Z2103 subclade has been found to be prevalent in ancient DNA associated with the Yamna culture.{{sfn|Haak|Lazaridis|Patterson|Rohland|2015}} All seven individuals in one were determined to belong to the R1b-M269 subclade.{{sfn|Haak|Lazaridis|Patterson|Rohland|2015}}

Older research, published before researchers could study the DNA of ancient remains, proposed that R-M269 likely originated in Western Asia and was present in Europe by the Neolithic period.{{cite book| vauthors = Arredi B, Poloni ES, Tyler-Smith C |chapter=The peopling of Europe | veditors = Crawford MH |title=Anthropological genetics: theory, methods and applications |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2007 |page=394 |isbn=978-0-521-54697-3}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Cruciani F, Trombetta B, Antonelli C, Pascone R, Valesini G, Scalzi V, Vona G, Melegh B, Zagradisnik B, Assum G, Efremov GD, Sellitto D, Scozzari R | display-authors = 6 | title = Strong intra- and inter-continental differentiation revealed by Y chromosome SNPs M269, U106 and U152 | journal = Forensic Science International. Genetics | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = e49-52 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 20732840 | doi = 10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.07.006 | hdl = 11573/226727 }} But results based on actual ancient DNA noticed that there was a dearth of R-M269 in Europe before the Bronze Age,{{sfn|Haak|Lazaridis|Patterson|Rohland|2015}} and the distribution of subclades within Europe is substantially due to the various migrations of the Bronze and Iron Age. Likewise, the oldest samples classified as belonging to R-M269, have been found in Eastern Europe and Pontic-Caspian steppe, not Western Asia. Western European populations are divided between the R-P312/S116 and R-U106/S21 subclades of R-M412 (R-L51).

Distribution of R-M269 in Europe increases in frequency from east to west. It peaks at the national level in Wales at a rate of 92%, at 82% in Ireland, 70% in Scotland, 68% in Spain, 60% in France (76% in Normandy), about 60% in Portugal, 50% in Germany, 50% in the Netherlands, 47% in Italy,{{Cite journal |last1=Grugni |first1=Viola |last2=Raveane |first2=Alessandro |last3=Mattioli |first3=Francesca |last4=Battaglia |first4=Vincenza |last5=Sala |first5=Cinzia |last6=Toniolo |first6=Daniela |last7=Ferretti |first7=Luca |last8=Gardella |first8=Rita |last9=Achilli |first9=Alessandro |last10=Olivieri |first10=Anna |last11=Torroni |first11=Antonio |last12=Passarino |first12=Giuseppe |last13=Semino |first13=Ornella |date=February 2018 |title=Reconstructing the genetic history of Italians: new insights from a male (Y-chromosome) perspective |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29382284/ |journal=Annals of Human Biology |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=44–56 |doi=10.1080/03014460.2017.1409801 |issn=1464-5033 |pmid=29382284|s2cid=43501209 }} 45% in Eastern England and 42% in Iceland.

R-M269 reaches levels as high as 95% in parts of Ireland. It has also been found at lower frequencies throughout central Eurasia, but with relatively high frequency among the Bashkirs of the Perm region (84.0%).{{cite thesis |url=http://ftp.anrb.ru/molgen/Lobov_AS.PDF | vauthors = Lobov AS | degree = Ph.D. |date=2009 |title=Structure of the Gene Pool of Bashkir Subpopulations |language=ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816193639/http://ftp.anrb.ru/molgen/Lobov_AS.PDF |archive-date=2011-08-16 | publisher = Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of the Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences }} This marker is present in China and India at frequencies of less than one percent. In North Africa and adjoining islands, while R-V88 (R1b1b) is more strongly represented, R-M269 appears to have been present since antiquity. R-M269 has been found, for instance, at a rate of ~44% among remains dating from the 11th to 13th centuries at Punta Azul, in the Canary Islands. These remains have been linked to the Bimbache (or Bimape), a subgroup of the Guanche.{{cite journal| vauthors = Ordóñez AC, Fregel R, Trujillo-Mederos A, Hervella M, de-la-Rúa C, Arnay-de-la-Rosa M |title=Genetic studies on the prehispanic population buried in Punta Azul cave (El Hierro, Canary Islands)|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|date=2017|volume=78|pages=20–28|doi=10.1016/j.jas.2016.11.004|bibcode=2017JArSc..78...20O }} In living males, it peaks in parts of North Africa, especially Algeria, at a rate of 10%.{{cite journal | vauthors = Robino C, Crobu F, Di Gaetano C, Bekada A, Benhamamouch S, Cerutti N, Piazza A, Inturri S, Torre C | display-authors = 6 | title = Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample | journal = International Journal of Legal Medicine | volume = 122 | issue = 3 | pages = 251–5 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 17909833 | doi = 10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5 | s2cid = 11556974 }} In Sub-Saharan Africa, R-M269 appears to peak in Namibia, at a rate of 8% among Herero males. In western Asia, R-M269 has been reported in 40% of Armenian males and over 35% in Turkmen males.{{cite journal |vauthors=Yepiskoposian L, Khudoyan A, Harutyunian A |title=Genetic Testing of Language Replacement Hypothesis in Southwest Asia |journal=Iran and the Caucasus |volume=10 |issue=2 |year=2006 |pages=191–208 |jstor=4030922 |doi=10.1163/157338406780345899 |s2cid=162345193 }}{{cite journal |author=Maciamo Hay |title=Haplogrouop R1b (Y-DNA) |newspaper=Eupedia |url=https://www.eupedia.com/europe/Haplogroup_R1b_Y-DNA.shtml }} (The table below lists in more detail the frequencies of M269 in regions in Asia, Europe, and Africa.)

Apart from basal R-M269* which has not diverged, there are (as of 2017) two primary branches of R-M269:

• R-L23 (R1b1a1b1; L23/PF6534/S141) and
• R-PF7558 (R1b1a1b2; PF7558/PF7562.)

R-L23 (Z2105/Z2103; a.k.a. R1b1a1b1) has been reported among the peoples of the Idel-Ural (by Trofimova et al. 2015): 21 out of 58 (36.2%) of Burzyansky District Bashkirs, 11 out of 52 (21.2%) of Udmurts, 4 out of 50 (8%) of Komi, 4 out of 59 (6.8%) of Mordvins, 2 out of 53 (3.8%) of Besermyan and 1 out of 43 (2.3%) of Chuvash were R1b-L23.{{cite thesis | vauthors = Vadimovna TN | degree = Biological Sciences | date = February 2015 | url = http://ibg.anrb.ru/disovet/zashita/2015/02Trofimova/2015_02_TrofimovaAvtoref.pdf | title = Изменчивость Митохондриальной ДНК и Y-Хромосомы в Популяциях Волго-Уральского Региона | trans-title = Mitochondrial DNA variation and the Y-chromosome in the population of the Volga-Ural Region | language = Russian | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170402192825/http://ibg.anrb.ru/disovet/zashita/2015/02Trofimova/2015_02_TrofimovaAvtoref.pdf | archive-date = 2017-04-02 }}

Subclades within the paragroup R-M269(xL23) – that is, R-M269* and/or R-PF7558 – appear to be found at their highest frequency in the central Balkans, especially Kosovo with 7.9%, North Macedonia 5.1% and Serbia 4.4%. Unlike most other areas with significant percentages of R-L23, Kosovo, Poland and the Bashkirs of south-east Bashkortostan are notable in having a high percentage of R-L23 (xM412) – at rates of 11.4% (Kosovo), 2.4% (Poland) and 2.4% south-east Bashkortostan. (This Bashkir population is also notable for its high level of R-M73 (R1b1a1a1), at 23.4%.) Five individuals out of 110 tested in the Ararat Valley of Armenia belonged to R-M269(xL23) and 36 to R-L23*, with none belonging to known subclades of L23.{{cite journal | vauthors = Herrera KJ, Lowery RK, Hadden L, Calderon S, Chiou C, Yepiskoposyan L, Regueiro M, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ | display-authors = 6 | title = Neolithic patrilineal signals indicate that the Armenian plateau was repopulated by agriculturalists | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 313–20 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22085901 | pmc = 3286660 | doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2011.192 }}

In 2009, DNA extracted from the femur bones of 6 skeletons in an early-medieval burial place in Ergolding (Bavaria, Germany) dated to around AD 670 yielded the following results: 4 were found to be haplogroup R1b with the closest matches in modern populations of Germany, Ireland and the USA while 2 were in Haplogroup G2a.{{cite journal | vauthors = Vanek D, Saskova L, Koch H | title = Kinship and Y-chromosome analysis of 7th century human remains: novel DNA extraction and typing procedure for ancient material | journal = Croatian Medical Journal | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages = 286–95 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19480023 | pmc = 2702742 | doi = 10.3325/cmj.2009.50.286 | series = 3 }}

The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for M269, showing its distribution (as a percentage of total population) in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia as far as China and Nepal.

The phylogeny of R-M269 according to ISOGG 2017:

{{Clade

| label1= M269/PF6517

| 1={{Clade

| label1=

| 1= R-M269* (R1b1a1b*)

| label2=L23/PF6534/S141

| DUPLICATE-2= R1b1a1b1b CTS1078/Z2103

| 4= R-PF7558 (R1b1a1b2)

| label4= PF7558

| 2={{Clade

| label1=

| 1= R-L23* (R1b1a1b1*)

| label3= CTS1078/Z2103

| 3=R-Z2103 (R1b1a1b1b)

| label2={{nowrap|L51/M412/PF6536/S167}}

| 2={{Clade

| label1=

| 1=R-L51*/R-M412* (R1b1a1b1a*)

| label3= PF7589/Z2118

| 3= R-PF7589 (R1b1a1b1a2)

| label2=L151/PF6542

| 2={{Clade

| label1=

| 1= R-L151* (R1b1a1b1a1a*)

| label4 = P312/PF6547/S116

| 4= R-P312 (R1b1a1b1a1a2)

| label5 = AM01876/S1194

| 5 = R-S1194 (R1b1a1b1a1a3)

| label6 = A8051

| 6 = R-A8051 (R1b1a1b1a1a4)

| label2=M405/U106/S21

| 2={{Clade

| label1=

| 1=R-U106/R-M405/R-S21 (R1b1a1b1a1a1)

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

R1b1a2 is defined by the presence of SNP marker V88, the discovery of which was announced in 2010 by Cruciani et al. Apart from individuals in southern Europe and Western Asia, the majority of R-V88 was found in the Sahel, especially among populations speaking Afroasiatic languages of the Chadic branch.

Based on a detailed phylogenic analysis, D'Atanasio et al. (2018) proposed that R1b-V88 originated in Europe about 12,000 years ago and crossed to North Africa between 8000 and 7000 years ago, during the 'Green Sahara' period. R1b-V1589, the main subclade within R1b-V88, underwent a further expansion around 5500 years ago, likely in the Lake Chad Basin region, from which some lines recrossed the Sahara to North Africa.{{cite journal | vauthors = D'Atanasio E, Trombetta B, Bonito M, Finocchio A, Di Vito G, Seghizzi M, Romano R, Russo G, Paganotti GM, Watson E, Coppa A, Anagnostou P, Dugoujon JM, Moral P, Sellitto D, Novelletto A, Cruciani F | display-authors = 6 | title = The peopling of the last Green Sahara revealed by high-coverage resequencing of trans-Saharan patrilineages | journal = Genome Biology | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 20 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 29433568 | pmc = 5809971 | doi = 10.1186/s13059-018-1393-5 | doi-access = free }}

Marcus et al. (2020) provide strong evidence for this proposed model of North to South trans-Saharan movement: The earliest basal R1b-V88 haplogroups are found in several Eastern European Hunter Gatherers close to 11,000 years ago. The haplogroup then seemingly spread with the expansion of Neolithic farmers, who established agriculture in the Western Mediterranean by around 7500 BP. R1b-V88 haplogroups were identified in ancient Neolithic individuals in Germany, central Italy, Iberia, and, at a particularly high frequency, in Sardinia. A part of the branch leading to present-day African haplogroups (V2197) was already derived in Neolithic European individuals from Spain and Sardinia, providing further support for a North to South trans-Saharan movement.{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Marcus JH, Posth C, Ringbauer H, Lai L, Skeates R, Sidore C, Beckett J, Furtwängler A, Olivieri A, Chiang CW, Al-Asadi H, Dey K, Joseph TA, Liu CC, Der Sarkissian C, Radzevičiūtė R, Michel M, Gradoli MG, Marongiu P, Rubino S, Mazzarello V, Rovina D, La Fragola A, Serra RM, Bandiera P, Bianucci R, Pompianu E, Murgia C, Guirguis M, Orquin RP, Tuross N, van Dommelen P, Haak W, Reich D, Schlessinger D, Cucca F, Krause J, Novembre J |date=February 2020 |title=Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=939 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11..939M |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-14523-6 |pmc=7039977 |pmid=32094358}}{{cite journal |last1=Grugni |first1=Viola |display-authors=etal |date=2019 |title=Y-chromosome and Surname Analyses for Reconstructing Past Population Structures: The Sardinian Population as a Test Case |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=20 |issue=5763 |page=5763 |doi=10.3390/ijms20225763 |doi-access=free |pmc=6888588 |pmid=31744094}}{{cite journal |last1=Allentoft |first1=M.E. |date=2024 |title=Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia |journal=Nature |volume=625 |issue=7994 |pages=Supplementary Information, p.48 |bibcode=2024Natur.625..301A |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06865-0 |pmc=10781627 |pmid=38200295 |quote=}} European autosomal ancestry, mtDNA haplogroups, and lactase persistence alleles have also been identified in African populations that carry R1b-V88 at a high frequency, such as the Fulani and Toubou.{{cite journal |last1=Haber |first1=Marc |last2=Mezzavilla |first2=Massimo |last3=Bergström |first3=Anders |last4=Prado-Martinez |first4=Javier |last5=Hallast |first5=Pille |last6=Saif-Ali |first6=Riyadh |last7=Al-Habori |first7=Molham |last8=Dedoussis |first8=George |last9=Zeggini |first9=Eleftheria |last10=Blue-Smith |first10=Jason |last11=Wells |first11=R. Spencer |last12=Xue |first12=Yali |last13=Zalloua |first13=Pierre A. |last14=Tyler-Smith |first14=Chris |date=December 2016 |title=Chad Genetic Diversity Reveals an African History Marked by Multiple Holocene Eurasian Migrations |url=https://www.cell.com/ajhg/pdf/S0002-9297(16)30448-7.pdf |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=99 |issue=6 |pages=1316–1324 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.10.012 |pmc=5142112 |pmid=27889059 |s2cid=38169172}}{{cite journal |last1=Kulichova |first1=Iva |display-authors=etal |date=2017 |title=Internal diversification of non-Sub-Saharan haplogroups in Sahelian populations and the spread of pastoralism beyond the Sahara |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28736914/ |journal=American Journal of Biological Anthropology |volume=164 |issue=2 |pages=424–434 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.23285|pmid=28736914 }}{{cite journal |journal=BMC Genomics |volume=20 |date=2019 |title=Population history and genetic adaptation of the Fulani nomads: inferences from genome-wide data and the lactase persistence trait |last1=Vicente |first1=Mario |issue=1 |page=915 |display-authors=etal |doi=10.1186/s12864-019-6296-7|doi-access=free |pmid=31791255 |pmc=6888939 }} The presence of European Neolithic farmers in Africa is further attested by samples from Morocco dating from c. 5400 BC onwards.{{cite journal |journal=Nature |volume=618 |pages=550–556 |date=2023 |title=Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant |last1=Simões |first1=L.G. |issue=7965 |display-authors=etal |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06166-6|pmid=37286608 |pmc=10266975 |bibcode=2023Natur.618..550S }}{{Cite journal |last1=Fregel |first1=Rosa |last2=Méndez |first2=Fernando L. |last3=Bokbot |first3=Youssef |last4=Martín-Socas |first4=Dimas |last5=Camalich-Massieu |first5=María D. |last6=Santana |first6=Jonathan |last7=Morales |first7=Jacob |last8=Ávila-Arcos |first8=María C. |last9=Underhill |first9=Peter A. |last10=Shapiro |first10=Beth |last11=Wojcik |first11=Genevieve |last12=Rasmussen |first12=Morten |last13=Soares |first13=André E. R. |last14=Kapp |first14=Joshua |last15=Sockell |first15=Alexandra |date=2018-06-26 |title=Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=115 |issue=26 |pages=6774–6779 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1800851115 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6042094 |pmid=29895688|bibcode=2018PNAS..115.6774F }}

Studies in 2005–08 reported "R1b*" at high levels in Jordan, Egypt and Sudan.{{cite journal |vauthors=Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, Karadsheh N, Gonzalez AM |year=2005 |title=Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |volume=50 |issue=9 |pages=435–441 |doi=10.1007/s10038-005-0274-4 |pmid=16142507 |s2cid=6490283 |doi-access=free}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Hassan HY, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Ibrahim ME |date=November 2008 |title=Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=137 |issue=3 |pages=316–323 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.20876 |pmid=18618658 |quote=13/32}}{{refn|group=note|Flores et al. (2005) found that 20 out of all 146 men tested (13.7%) – including 20 out of 45 men tested from the Dead Sea area of Jordan – were positive for M173 (R1), and negative for both the R1a markers SRY10831.2 and M17, as well as P25 (which was later discovered to be an unreliable marker for R1b1). Myres et al. (2011){{cite journal | vauthors = Myres NM, Rootsi S, Lin AA, Järve M, King RJ, Kutuev I, Cabrera VM, Khusnutdinova EK, Pshenichnov A, Yunusbayev B, Balanovsky O, Balanovska E, Rudan P, Baldovic M, Herrera RJ, Chiaroni J, Di Cristofaro J, Villems R, Kivisild T, Underhill PA | display-authors = 6 | title = A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era founder effect in Central and Western Europe | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 95–101 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 20736979 | pmc = 3039512 | doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2010.146 }} indicates that they are mostly R-V88 (later known as R1b1b). Wood et al. (2005) also reported two Egyptian cases of R1* (R-M173*) that were negative for SRY10831 (R1a1) and the unreliable R1b1 marker P25, out of a sample of 1,122 males from African countries, including 92 from Egypt. Hassan et al. (2008) found an equally surprising 14 out of 26 (54%) of Sudanese Fula people who were M173+ and P25-.}} Subsequent research by Myres et al. (2011) indicates that the samples concerned most likely belong to the subclade R-V88. According to Myres et al. (2011), this may be explained by a back-migration from Asia into Africa by R1b-carrying people.{{refn|group=note|Myres et al. (2011): "The detection of V88 in Iran, Palestine and especially the Dead Sea, Jordan (Supplementary Table S4) provides an insight into the back to Africa migration route.}}

Contrary to other studies, Shriner & Rotimi (2018) associated the introduction of R1b into Chad with the more recent movements of Baggara Arabs.{{Cite journal |last1=Shriner |first1=Daniel |last2=Rotimi |first2=Charles N. |date=December 2018 |title=Genetic History of Chad |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=167 |issue=4 |pages=804–812 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.23711 |issn=0002-9483 |pmc=6240361 |pmid=30259956}}

{{Clade

| label1=V88

| 1={{Clade

| label1=undefined

| 1=R-V88* (R1b1a2)

| label2=M18

| 2=R-M18 (R1b1b1)

| label3=V35

| 3=R-V35 (R1b1b2a1)

| label4=V69

| 4=R-V69 (R1b1b2a2a1)}}

}}

Two branches of R-V88, R-M18 and R-V35, are found almost exclusively on the island of Sardinia.

As can be seen in the above data table, R-V88 is found in northern Cameroon in west central Africa at a very high frequency, where it is considered to be caused by a pre-Islamic movement of people from Eurasia.{{cite journal | vauthors = Wood ET, Stover DA, Ehret C, Destro-Bisol G, Spedini G, McLeod H, Louie L, Bamshad M, Strassmann BI, Soodyall H, Hammer MF | display-authors = 6 | title = Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 13 | issue = 7 | pages = 867–76 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 15856073 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408 | s2cid = 20279122 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Cruciani F, Santolamazza P, Shen P, Macaulay V, Moral P, Olckers A, Modiano D, Holmes S, Destro-Bisol G, Coia V, Wallace DC, Oefner PJ, Torroni A, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Scozzari R, Underhill PA | display-authors = 6 | title = A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 70 | issue = 5 | pages = 1197–214 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 11910562 | pmc = 447595 | doi = 10.1086/340257 }}, pp. 13–14

R1b1b1 is a sub-clade of R-V88, which is defined by the presence of SNP marker M18.{{cite journal | vauthors = Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF | title = New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree | journal = Genome Research | volume = 18 | issue = 5 | pages = 830–8 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18385274 | pmc = 2336805 | doi = 10.1101/gr.7172008 }}

It has been found only at low frequencies in samples from Sardinia{{cite journal | vauthors = Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA, Jin L, Passarino G, Yang WH, Kauffman E, Bonné-Tamir B, Bertranpetit J, Francalacci P, Ibrahim M, Jenkins T, Kidd JR, Mehdi SQ, Seielstad MT, Wells RS, Piazza A, Davis RW, Feldman MW, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Oefner PJ | display-authors = 6 | title = Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 358–361 | date = November 2000 | pmid = 11062480 | doi = 10.1038/81685 | s2cid = 12893406 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Contu D, Morelli L, Santoni F, Foster JW, Francalacci P, Cucca F | title = Y-chromosome based evidence for pre-neolithic origin of the genetically homogeneous but diverse Sardinian population: inference for association scans | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = e1430 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18183308 | pmc = 2174525 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0001430 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2008PLoSO...3.1430C }} and Lebanon.{{cite journal | vauthors = Zalloua PA, Xue Y, Khalife J, Makhoul N, Debiane L, Platt DE, Royyuru AK, Herrera RJ, Hernanz DF, Blue-Smith J, Wells RS, Comas D, Bertranpetit J, Tyler-Smith C | display-authors = 6 | title = Y-chromosomal diversity in Lebanon is structured by recent historical events | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 82 | issue = 4 | pages = 873–882 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 18374297 | pmc = 2427286 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020 }}

R1b2 is extremely rare and defined by the presence of PH155. Living males carrying subclades of R-PH155 have been found in Bahrain, Bhutan, Ladakh, Tajikistan, Turkey, Xinjiang, and Yunnan. ISOGG (2022) cites two primary branches: R-M335 (R1b2a) and R-PH200 (R1b2b).

The defining SNP of R1b2a, M335, was first documented in 2004, when an example was discovered in Turkey, though it was classified at that time as R1b4. Other examples of R-M335 have been reported in a sample of Hui from Yunnan, China{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhong H, Shi H, Qi XB, Duan ZY, Tan PP, Jin L, Su B, Ma RZ | display-authors = 6 | title = Extended Y chromosome investigation suggests postglacial migrations of modern humans into East Asia via the northern route | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 717–27 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 20837606 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msq247 | doi-access = free }} and in a sample of people from Ladakh, India.{{cite journal | vauthors = Rowold DJ, Perez Benedico D, Garcia-Bertrand R, Chennakrishnaiah S, Alfonso-Sanchez MA, Gayden T, Herrera RJ | title = Ladakh, India: the land of high passes and genetic heterogeneity reveals a confluence of migrations | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 442–9 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 25966630 | pmc = 4755386 | doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2015.80 }}

Spytihněv I, Duke of Bohemia, DNA testing on his remains suggests that his Y-haplogroup was R1b.{{Cite web |title=Odkud přišli Přemyslovci? Analýza DNA byla pro vědce velkým překvapením |url=https://www.dotyk.cz/magazin/premyslovci-dna-30000216.html |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=dotyk.cz |language=cs}}

The House of Bourbon, which has ruled as kings in France, Spain, and other European countries, have the R1b1b haplogroup.{{cite journal|journal=Eur J Hum Genet |volume=22|pages=681–687|date=October 9, 2013 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2013.211 |title=Genetic genealogy reveals true Y haplogroup of House of Bourbon contradicting recent identification of the presumed remains of two French Kings|first1=Maarten H D |last1=Larmuseau|first2=Philippe |last2=Delorme|first3=Patrick |last3=Germain|first4= Nancy |last4=Vanderheyden|issue=5 |pmid=24105374 |pmc=3992573 }}

DNA testing on several mummies from the 18th dynasty of Egypt found haplogroup R1b. The mummy of Tutankhamun had the Y-haplogroup R1b1a2 and the mtDNA haplogroup K. He inherited this Y-haplogroup from his father, the KV55 mummy believed by many to be Akhenaten, and his grandfather, Amenhotep III, whose mummy was found entombed at KV35 with numerous relatives.{{cite book |last1=Gad |first1=Yehia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353306320 |title=Guardian of Ancient Egypt: Essays in Honor of Zahi Hawass |date=2020 |publisher=Czech Institute of Egyptology |isbn=978-80-7308-979-5 |pages=497–518 |chapter=Maternal and paternal lineages in King Tutankhamun's family}}{{cite journal |last1=Gad |first1=Yehia |date=2020 |title=Insights from ancient DNA analysis of Egyptian human mummies: clues to disease and kinship |url=https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R24/5924364 |journal=Human Molecular Genetics |volume=30 |issue=R1 |pages=R24–R28 |doi=10.1093/hmg/ddaa223 |issn=0964-6906 |pmid=33059357 |doi-access=free}}

Studies have shown that haplogroup R1b could have a protective effect on the immune system.{{cite journal | vauthors = Maan AA, Eales J, Akbarov A, Rowland J, Xu X, Jobling MA, Charchar FJ, Tomaszewski M | display-authors = 6 | title = The Y chromosome: a blueprint for men's health? | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 25 | issue = 11 | pages = 1181–1188 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 28853720 | pmc = 5643963 | doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2017.128 }} However, later studies have confirmed that the Y-chromosome has a very limited effect on coronary artery disease (CAD), for example, and that the previously purported link between Y-chromosome haplogroups and health is far from established scientifically.{{cite journal | vauthors = Timmers P, Wilson JF | title = Limited Effect of Y Chromosome Variation on Coronary Artery Disease and Mortality in UK Biobank—Brief Report | journal = Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology | volume = 42 | issue = 9 | pages = 1198–1206 | date = July 2022 | doi = 10.1161/ATVBAHA.122.317664 | pmid = 35861954 | pmc = 9394501 }}

{{Commons category|Haplogroup R1b of Y-DNA}}

• Atlantic modal haplotype
• Genealogical DNA test
• Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe

{{Y-DNA}}

{{reflist|group=note|2}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

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• {{cite journal | vauthors = Narasimhan VM, Patterson N, Moorjani P, Rohland N, Bernardos R, Mallick S, Lazaridis I, Nakatsuka N, Olalde I, Lipson M, Kim AM, Olivieri LM, Coppa A, Vidale M, Mallory J, Moiseyev V, Kitov E, Monge J, Adamski N, Alex N, Broomandkhoshbacht N, Candilio F, Callan K, Cheronet O, Culleton BJ, Ferry M, Fernandes D, Freilich S, Gamarra B, Gaudio D, Hajdinjak M, Harney É, Harper TK, Keating D, Lawson AM, Mah M, Mandl K, Michel M, Novak M, Oppenheimer J, Rai N, Sirak K, Slon V, Stewardson K, Zalzala F, Zhang Z, Akhatov G, Bagashev AN, Bagnera A, Baitanayev B, Bendezu-Sarmiento J, Bissembaev AA, Bonora GL, Chargynov TT, Chikisheva T, Dashkovskiy PK, Derevianko A, Dobeš M, Douka K, Dubova N, Duisengali MN, Enshin D, Epimakhov A, Fribus AV, Fuller D, Goryachev A, Gromov A, Grushin SP, Hanks B, Judd M, Kazizov E, Khokhlov A, Krygin AP, Kupriyanova E, Kuznetsov P, Luiselli D, Maksudov F, Mamedov AM, Mamirov TB, Meiklejohn C, Merrett DC, Micheli R, Mochalov O, Mustafokulov S, Nayak A, Pettener D, Potts R, Razhev D, Rykun M, Sarno S, Savenkova TM, Sikhymbaeva K, Slepchenko SM, Soltobaev OA, Stepanova N, Svyatko S, Tabaldiev K, Teschler-Nicola M, Tishkin AA, Tkachev VV, Vasilyev S, Velemínský P, Voyakin D, Yermolayeva A, Zahir M, Zubkov VS, Zubova A, Shinde VS, Lalueza-Fox C, Meyer M, Anthony D, Boivin N, Thangaraj K, Kennett DJ, Frachetti M, Pinhasi R, Reich D | display-authors = 6 | title = The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia | journal = Science | volume = 365 | issue = 6457 | date = September 2019 | pages = eaat7487 | pmid = 31488661 | pmc = 6822619 | doi = 10.1126/science.aat7487 | ref = {{harvid|Narasimhan et al.|2019}} }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Olalde I, Brace S, Allentoft ME, Armit I, Kristiansen K, Booth T, Rohland N, Mallick S, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mittnik A, Altena E, Lipson M, Lazaridis I, Harper TK, Patterson N, Broomandkhoshbacht N, Diekmann Y, Faltyskova Z, Fernandes D, Ferry M, Harney E, de Knijff P, Michel M, Oppenheimer J, Stewardson K, Barclay A, Alt KW, Liesau C, Ríos P, Blasco C, Miguel JV, García RM, Fernández AA, Bánffy E, Bernabò-Brea M, Billoin D, Bonsall C, Bonsall L, Allen T, Büster L, Carver S, Navarro LC, Craig OE, Cook GT, Cunliffe B, Denaire A, Dinwiddy KE, Dodwell N, Ernée M, Evans C, Kuchařík M, Farré JF, Fowler C, Gazenbeek M, Pena RG, Haber-Uriarte M, Haduch E, Hey G, Jowett N, Knowles T, Massy K, Pfrengle S, Lefranc P, Lemercier O, Lefebvre A, Martínez CH, Olmo VG, Ramírez AB, Maurandi JL, Majó T, McKinley JI, McSweeney K, Mende BG, Modi A, Kulcsár G, Kiss V, Czene A, Patay R, Endrődi A, Köhler K, Hajdu T, Szeniczey T, Dani J, Bernert Z, Hoole M, Cheronet O, Keating D, Velemínský P, Dobeš M, Candilio F, Brown F, Fernández RF, Herrero-Corral AM, Tusa S, Carnieri E, Lentini L, Valenti A, Zanini A, Waddington C, Delibes G, Guerra-Doce E, Neil B, Brittain M, Luke M, Mortimer R, Desideri J, Besse M, Brücken G, Furmanek M, Hałuszko A, Mackiewicz M, Rapiński A, Leach S, Soriano I, Lillios KT, Cardoso JL, Pearson MP, Włodarczak P, Price TD, Prieto P, Rey PJ, Risch R, Rojo Guerra MA, Schmitt A, Serralongue J, Silva AM, Smrčka V, Vergnaud L, Zilhão J, Caramelli D, Higham T, Thomas MG, Kennett DJ, Fokkens H, Heyd V, Sheridan A, Sjögren KG, Stockhammer PW, Krause J, Pinhasi R, Haak W, Barnes I, Lalueza-Fox C, Reich D | display-authors = 6 | title = The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe | journal = Nature | volume = 555 | issue = 7695 | pages = 190–196 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29466337 | pmc = 5973796 | doi = 10.1038/nature25738 | bibcode = 2018Natur.555..190O | ref = {{harvid|Onalde et al.|2019}} }}
• {{Cite journal |ref={{sfnref|Haak et al.|2015}} |last1= Haak |first1= Wolfgang |last2= Lazaridis |first2= Iosif |last3= Patterson |first3= Nick |last4= Rohland |first4= Nadin |last5= Mallick |first5= Swapan |last6= Llamas |first6= Bastien |last7= Brandt |first7= Guido |last8= Nordenfelt |first8= Susanne |last9= Harney |first9= Eadaoin |last10= Stewardson |first10= Kristin |last11= Fu |first11= Qiaomei |last12= Mittnik |first12= Alissa |last13= Bánffy |first13= Eszter |last14= Economou |first14= Christos |last15= Francken |first15= Michael |last16= Friederich |first16= Susanne |last17= Pena |first17= Rafael Garrido |last18= Hallgren |first18= Fredrik |last19= Khartanovich |first19= Valery |last20= Khokhlov |first20= Aleksandr |last21= Kunst |first21= Michael |last22= Kuznetsov |first22= Pavel |last23= Meller |first23= Harald |last24= Mochalov |first24= Oleg |last25= Moiseyev |first25= Vayacheslav |last26= Nicklisch |first26= Nicole |last27= Pichler |first27= Sandra L. |last28= Risch |first28= Roberto |last29= Rojo Guerra |first29= Manuel A. |last30= Roth |first30= Christina |first31=Anna |last31=Szécsényi-Nagy |first32=Joachim |last32=Wahl |first33=Matthias |last33=Meyer |first34=Johannes |last34=Krause |first35=Dorcas |last35=Brown |first36=David |last36=Anthony |first37=Alan |last37=Cooper |first38=Kurt Werner |last38=Alt |first39=David |last39=Reich |display-authors=8 |title= Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe |journal= Nature|volume=522 |issue=7555 |year=2015 |pages= 207–211 |arxiv= 1502.02783 |bibcode= 2015Natur.522..207H |pmid= 25731166 |pmc= 5048219 |biorxiv= 10.1101/013433 |doi= 10.1038/NATURE14317}}
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{{|url=https://www.dotyk.cz/magazin/premyslovci-dna-30000216.html}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haplogroup R1b (Y-Dna)}}

M343

Category:Pre-Indo-Europeans

R