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1445

{{About year|1445}}

{{Year nav|1445}}

File:Vigiles du roi Charles VII 15.jpg: King Henry VI of England marries Margaret of Anjou.]]

{{C15 year in topic}}Year 1445 (MCDXLV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Events

= January–March =

= April–June =

  • April 7 – In southern Germany, the number of Duchies of Bavaria is reduced from three to two when Bavaria-Ingolstadt is reunited with Bavaria-Landshut, under the rule of Heinrich the Rich following the death of Ludwig the Hunchback of Ingolstadt. The Duchy of Bavaria-Munich, ruled by Albert III the Pious remains the only other duchy in Bavaria.{{cite book |last1=Mueller |first1=Steven |title=The Wittelsbach Dynasty |date=2007 |publisher=Waldmann Press |isbn=978-0-9702576-3-5 |page=40}}
  • April 8 – At West Java in what is now Indonesia, the Sultanate of Cirebon establishes its capital at Dukuh Alang-alang and Ki Gedeng Alang-Alang is designated as the Sultan.{{cite web |url=http://www.cirebonkab.go.id/sekilas-kab-cirebon/sejarah-kabupaten-cirebon |title= Sejarah Kabupaten Cirebon |language= id |publisher= Cirebon Regency |access-date = 16 January 2013}}
  • April 9 – The 14th Parliament of King Henry VI (23 H. 6) closes and royal assent is given to new laws, including the Labourers Act (requiring that "A servant in husbandry purporting to depart from his master must give him half a year's warning, or else shall serve him the year following.") and the Exporation Act ("Whoever shall pack or ship thrums or threads to pass beyond the seas, during the three years next coming, shall forfeit the same, or the value."){{cite book |title=Chronological Table of the Statutes: Covering the Period from 1235 to the End of 1971 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |location=London |date=1972 |url={{GBurl|lUMIAAAAMAAJ|page=33}} |pages=33 |isbn=978-0-11-840096-1 |via=Google Books}}
  • April 23 – King Henry VI of England marries Margaret of Anjou, daughter of René of Anjou, the former King of Naples, at a ceremony at Titchfield Abbey in Hampshire.Margaret Lucille Kekewich, The Good King: René of Anjou and Fifteenth Century Europe, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) p. 101
  • May 29 – Stjepan Tomaš Kotromanić of the House of Kotromanić is granted recognition by the Roman Catholic Church and Pope Eugene IV as King Tomaš of Bosnia.{{citation|title=Kotromanići|last=Ćošković|first=Pejo|publisher=Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography|url=http://hbl.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=249#Tomas|year=2009|language=sh}}
  • May 30 – At a ceremony at Westminster Abbey, the coronation of Margaret of Anjou as Queen consort of England takes place before John Stafford, Archbishop of Canterbury.
  • June 1 – In Hungary, the deadline passes for King Vladislaus I (who is also King Wladyslaw III of Poland), to return from the Crusade against the Ottoman Empire and to resume rule, and the 5-year-old Ladislaus the Posthumous is recognized as King of Hungary by the legislators of the Országgyűlés.{{cite book |last1=Solymosi |first1=László |last2=Körmendi |first2=Adrienne |editor-last=Solymosi |editor-first=László | title=Magyarország történeti kronológiája, I: a kezdetektől 1526-ig [Historical Chronology of Hungary, Volume I: From the Beginning to 1526] |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1981 |page=264 |chapter=A középkori magyar állam virágzása és bukása, 1301–1526 [The Heyday and Fall of the Medieval Hungarian State, 1301–1526] |isbn=963-05-2661-1 |language=hu}} To administer the kingdom of Hungary during the minority of Ladislaus, the Hungarian nobles elect seven "Captains in Chief"{{spaced ndash}}John Hunyadi, Michael Ország, George Rozgonyi, Pongrác Szentmiklósi, Janos Jiskra, Miklos Újlaki and Emeric Bebek {{spaced ndash}} to administer the kingdom{{cite book |last=Engel |first=Pál |year=2001 |title=The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526 |publisher= I.B. Tauris Publishers |page=288 |isbn=1-86064-061-3}} Confirmation is made later that King Vladislaus had been killed almost seven months earlier at the November 10 Battle of Varna.
  • June 24 – Annibale I Bentivoglio, the ruler of the semi-independent Lordship of Bologna since 1443, is assassinated by the rival Canneschi family, with the support of Pope Eugene IV.[https://web.archive.org/web/20120330093339/http://www.italica.rai.it/scheda.php?monografia=rinascimento&scheda=rinascimento_parole_chiave_schede_bentivoglio_annibale Page at italica.rai.it] {{in lang|it}}

= July–September =

  • July 7 – The Battle of Suzdal takes place {{convert|120|mi}} from Moscow when Ulugh Muhammad of the Khanate of Kazan attacks Nizhny Novgorod, part of the Grand Principality of Moscow. The Grand Prince Vasily II of Moscow is captured in battle as a prisoner of war and held for ransom until the payment of 200,000 rubles is completed in November.{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Janet |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/828740214|title=The Cambridge History of Russia. Volume 1. From Early Rus' to 1689 |date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-05410-2 |editor-last=Perrie |editor-first=Maureen |location=Cambridge |pages=164 |chapter=The emergence of Moscow (1359-1462) |oclc=828740214}}
  • July 16 – In Germany, Frederick II, Elector of Saxony and his brother William III, Duke of Luxembourg, agree to negotiate the Division of Altenburg, in hopes of peacefully splitting lands in Thuringia which they had inherited from their father's cousin, Frederick IV, Landgrave of Thuringia.{{cite journal |author=Historische Commission bei der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften |title=Ficquelmont — Friedrich Wilhelm III. von Sachsen-Altenburg |journal=Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie |volume=7 |pages=778–779 |location=Leipzig |date=1878 |language=de |url=http://mdz.bib-bvb.de/digbib/lexika/adb/images/adb007/@ebt-link?target=idmatch(entityref,adb0070780) |access-date=2008-10-18}}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
  • August 7 – A papal bull is issued by Pope Eugene IV declaring that the Chaldean Christians and the Maronites of Cyprus are in full communion with the Roman Catholic Church.Council of Florence, Bull of union with the Chaldeans and the Maronites of Cyprus Session 14, 7 August 1445 [http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Councils/ecum17.htm]
  • August 16 – Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France, daughter of the late King James I of Scotland and wife of the Dauphin Louis, son of King Charles VII of France, dies from an illness contracted a week earlier. On her deathbed, she accuses a court official, Jamet de Tillay, of having slandered her reputation and causing her death.{{cite book |last=Kendall |first=P.M. |title=Louis XI: The Universal Spider |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company Inc. |year=1971 |page=43}}
  • September 5 – In Switzerland, troops from the Canton of Zürich launch a new attack on Brugg in the Canton of Aargau, but their raid is detected before they can reach the city and the Zurich troops are repelled. The troops then pillage surrouding villages.{{HDS|1686|Brugg}}[http://www.ag.ch/staatsarchiv/de/pub/fokus/habsburger_gedenkjahr/frauen.php Zwei habsburgische Frauen mit Wirkung: Königin Elisabeth und Königin Agnes von Ungarn] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013115637/http://www.ag.ch/staatsarchiv/de/pub/fokus/habsburger_gedenkjahr/frauen.php |date=2008-10-13 }}, Staatsarchiv Aargau
  • September 12 – In a royal wedding at the Church of Our Lady in Copenhagen, King Christoffer III of Denmark (who also rules Sweden and Norway) marries Dorothea of Brandenburg, daughter of John the Alchemist, Margrave of Brandenburg.{{cite book|first=Troels|last=Dahlerup|title=De fire stænder. 1400-1500|series=Gyldendal og Politikens Danmarkshistorie|volume=6|year=1989|location=København|publisher=Gyldendal & Politikens Forlag|page=197|isbn=87-89068-08-4}} After King Christoffer's death in 1448, Dorothea marries King Christian I of Denmark in 1449.
  • September 14 – Queen consort Dorothea is crowned as "Queen of the Union of the Three Kingdoms" (kronet som unionsdronning af de tre kongeriger) in a ceremony at Copenhagen two days after her marriage to King Christoffer, who levies a series of taxes to pay for the expense.Dick Harrison, Karl Knutsson - en biografi (Lund: Historiska media, 2002) p. 152f {{ISBN|91-89442-58-X}}, LIBRIS-id 8693772
  • September 17 – Đurađ Branković, Despot of Serbia, and his sons Grgur, Stefan and Lazar sign a charter confirming the sovereignty and privileges of the Republic of Ragusa, located in what is now Croatia.{{Citation |first=Franz |last=Miklosich |title=Monumenta Serbica Spectantia Historiam Serbiae, Bosniae, Ragusi |year=1858 |publisher=CCCL |page=433 |url=https://archive.org/details/monumentaserbica00mikluoft}}
  • September 26 – Negotiations between the Saxon brothers Frederick and William on the division of Thuringia break down after Frederick asserts that he will claim western Thuringia and will only allow William to inherit the Margraviate of Meissen.
  • September 29 – In Normandy, Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York of England's House of Plantagenet, completes his five-year term as Lieutenant-general of British-occupied France and Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset takes his place.{{cite DNB |last= Gairdner |first=James |display=Richard, Duke of York (1411–1460) |volume=48 |wstitle=Richard (1411–1460)}} He returns to England on October 20.

= October–December =

  • October 6 – A battle is fought at Erlenbach in Switzerland as troops from the canton of Zurich defeat a group of wine thieves.[https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/000106/2023-08-29/ "Erlenbach (ZH)"], by Karl Kuprecht, in Historical Dictionary of Switzerland (1998) The battle takes place a year after the first battle of Erlenbach that had been waged on October 13, 1444.
  • October 10 – At the Battle of Mokra, Albanian forces under the command of the rebel Skanderbeg, with 3,500 soldiers, defeat the more than 9,000 Ottoman troops led by Firuz Pasha.{{Citation|last=Hodgkinson|first=Harry|title=Scanderbeg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X4lpAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Centre for Albanian Studies|page=81 |isbn=978-1-873928-13-4}} Firuz is killed in battle along with 1,500 of his men.{{Citation|last=Francione|first=Gennaro|year=2003|title=Skenderbeu: Një hero modern|publisher=Shtëpia botuese "Naim Frashëri"|page=310 |language=sq|isbn=978-99927-38-75-7}} Pope Eugene IV raises a hymn of praise, that Christendom has been provided with a new defender, after he hears of the battle).{{cite book|author=Wendy Sacket|title=Chronology of European History, 15,000 B.C. to 1997: 15,000 B.C. to 1469|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EScOAQAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Salem Press|isbn=978-0-89356-419-3|page=442}}
  • November 3 – (3rd waxing of Nadaw 807 ME) In the city of Bhamo (now in Myanmar, Chinese troops invade and proceed toward Inwa, the fortified capital of the Kingdom of Ava in pursuit of Thonganbwa, the ruler of the independent state of Mogaung, who had led numerous raids into China's Yunnan Province.{{cite book |author=Royal Historical Commission of Burma |author-link=Royal Historical Commission of Burma |title=Hmannan Yazawin |volume=2 |year=1832 |location=Yangon |page=87 |language=my |edition=2003 |publisher=Ministry of Information, Myanmar}} King Narapati I of Ava, who had captured Thonganbwa in 1442, negotiates an agreement to hand Thonganbwa over to the Chinese in return for assistance in helping Ava conquer rebels in Yamethin. Before he can be turned over to China for execution, Thonganbwa commits suicide, but China accepts his corpse as a recognition of Ava's submission.{{cite book |last=Phayre |author-link=Arthur Purves Phayre | first=Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. |title=History of Burma |year=1883 |edition=1967 |publisher=Susil Gupta | location=London|pages=84–85}}
  • December 11 – At a monastery in Neuwerk in Halle, with the mediation of the Landgrave Louis II of Hesse, the Archbishop Frederick III of Magdeburg, and the Margrave Frederick II of Brandenburg, William III, Duke of Luxembourg and his brother Frederick II, Elector of Saxony, the two surviving sons of Frederick I, Elector of Saxony, make a final attempt to agree on the division of lands in Thuringia which they had inherited from their father's cousin, Frederick IV, Landgrave of Thuringia. Despite the mediation, Frederick of Saxony and William of Luxembourg are not able to agree and the Saxon Fratricidal War begins a few months later.
  • December 25 – In northeastern Africa, the Battle of Gomit is fought between the Ethiopian Empire (whose troops are led by the Emperor Zara Yaqob ) and the Adal Sultanate, whose invading army is led by the Sultan Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din. The Sultan charges toward the Emperor, who kills him with his spear.{{Cite book |last=A. Wallace Budge |first=E. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.499166/page/n392/mode/1up |title=History Of Ethiopia Nubia And Abyssinia |publisher=Methuen & co. |year=1828 |volume=1 |pages=307–308}} The Adal troops flee and many are killed by the pursuing Ethiopian troops. Badlay's son, Muhammad ibn Badlay, survives and becomes the new Sultan.

= Date unknown =

Births

Deaths

References

{{Reflist}}

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