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1578

{{About year|1578}}

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File:Lagos46 kopie.jpg: Battle of Alcácer Quibir]]

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1578 (MDLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar.

Events

= January–March =

  • January 13 – The Siege of Gvozdansko ends in the Kingdom of Croatia as Ottoman Empire troops led by Ferhad Pasha Sokolović capture the fortress at Gvozdansko."Osmanska opsada Gvozdanskog 1578" [The Ottoman siege of Gvozdansko in 1578], by Hrvoje Kekez, in Magazin Za Vojnu Povijest No.4 (in Croatian), 2011, pp. 70–73
  • January 31 – Battle of Gembloux: Spanish forces under Don John of Austria and Alexander Farnese defeat the Dutch; Farnese begins to recover control of the French-speaking Southern Netherlands.{{cite book|author=John Fitzmaurice|title=The Politics of Belgium: Crisis and Compromise in a Plural Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jYWAQAAIAAJ|year=1988|publisher=C. Hurst|isbn=978-1-85065-038-6|page=16|language=en}}
  • February 6 – Pope Gregory XIII issues the papal bull Illius fulti praesidio and creates the Diocese of Manila, the first Roman Catholic diocese in the Philippines, with Domingo de Salazar as the first Bishop of Manila.{{Cite journal|last=de Achútegui|first=Pedro S.|date=1979|title=A Problem of Chronology: The Quadricentennial of Manila and the Gregorian Calendar|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/42632495|journal=Philippine Studies|volume=27|issue=3|pages=417–431|jstor=42632495|issn=0031-7837}} The diocese will be raised to the status of archdiocese on August 14, 1595.
  • February 8 – The city council of Amsterdam in the Netherlands ratifies a treaty placing the city under the authority of Willem, Prince of Orange, and joining the States of Holland."'Kennen, respecteren ende gehoorsamen': Amsterdamse schouten en hun ambt", Jaarboek Amstelodamum 89 (1997) p.16
  • February 12 – Mohammad Khodabanda, older brother of the late Shah Ismail II, begins his reign as the new Shah of Persia (now Iran) after entering the Persian capital at Qazvin, after removing his sister Pari Khan Khanum, who had exercised regal authority after Ismail's death.Colin P. Mitchell, The Practice of Politics in Safavid Iran: Power, Religion and Rhetoric (I.B. Tauris, 2009) p. 160 His first act as ruler is to have Pari Khan Khanum strangled to death.
  • February 13 – Two days after the Battle of Gembloux, Spanish troops capture the city of Leuven, forcing Willem, Prince of Orange, to flee Brussels and relocate to Antwerp.Geoffrey Parker, The Dutch Revolt (Cornell University Press, 1977) p.186
  • March 11 – Nicolò da Ponte is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Venice after 44 ballots, following the March 3 death of Sebastiano Venier.[https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/nicolo-da-ponte "Da Pónte, Nicolò, doge di Venezia"], by Giuseppe Gullino, in Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Vol. 32 (Treccani, 1986)
  • March 20
  • James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, the last of the regents for King James VI of Scotland, resigns after having served as regent since November 24, 1572.
  • The Belgian city of Bruges, controlled by Spain, falls to Dutch rebels."Lucas, François, dit Lucas Brugensis", in Biographie Nationale de Belgique, ed. by A. C. De Schrevel (Brussels, 1893) pp. 550-563

= April–June =

  • April 23 – (17th day of 3rd month, Tensho 6) The Siege of Otate begins in Japan after the death of Uesugi Kenshin, the warlord of the Echigo Province.
  • April 27 – The Duel of the Mignons claims the lives of two favorites of Henry III of France, and two favourites of Henry I, Duke of Guise.{{cite book|author1=St James Press|author2=Anthony Levi|author3=Retired Professor of French Anthony Levi|title=Guide to French Literature: Beginnings to 1789|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oqkRAQAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=St. James Press|isbn=978-1-55862-159-6|page=223}}
  • May 26 – The Alteratie takes place in Amsterdam, expelling the 24 Catholic members of the 40-man city government, and forming a new council is formed with 30 Calvinist Protestants and 10 Catholics.
  • May 31 – Martin Frobisher sails from Harwich in England with 15 ships to North America, where he will arrive at Frobisher Bay in July on his third expedition.
  • June 11 – Humphrey Gilbert is granted letters patent from the English crown to establish a colony in North America.[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/16th_century/humfrey.asp Letters Patent to Sir Humfrey Gylberte June 11, 1578], from the Avalon Project.
  • June 20 – The Frobisher expedition reaches Greenland.
  • June 30 – After having come into conflict on May 17 with his fellow officer, Thomas Doughty, during their circumnavigation of the world, Francis Drake puts Doughty on trial while the flagship Pelican is docked at what is now Argentina. A jury of sailors convicts Doughty of treason and attempted mutiny. Doughty is beheaded on July 2.Harry Kelsey, Sir Francis Drake: the Queen's Pirate (Yale University Press, 1998) pp.108-109

= July–September =

  • July 2 – The Frobisher expedition reaches Canada and enters what is now Frobisher Bay. One of the ships, the Dennis, is wrecked on an iceberg.
  • July 31
  • At the Battle of Rijmenam, fought near Antwerp in what is now Belgium, a combined Dutch and English force under the command of the Count of Boussu and England's John Norreys defeats Spanish troops commanded by Don Juan de Austria.
  • According to some accounts, Englishman Martin Frobisher holds the first Thanksgiving celebration by Europeans in Canada, on Newfoundland, after he and his fleet encounter two ships that they feared had been lost. However, the celebration involves no feast and is limited to a sermon by the expedition's minister and Frobisher's men giving praise.Melanie Kirkpatrick, Thanksgiving: The Holiday at the Heart of the American Experience (Encounter Books, 2016) p.31Richard Collinson, The Three Voyages of Martin Frobisher, in Search of a Passage to Cathaia and India by the North-West A.D. 1576—8 (Hakluyt Society, 1867)
  • August 4 – King Sebastian of Portugal is killed in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir in North Africa while fighting the Saadi Sultanate. Sebastian's elderly uncle, Cardinal Henry, is named as the heir to the throne, initiating a succession crisis in Portugal.
  • August 20–September 6 – After renaming this flagship, Pelican to the Golden Hind, Francis Drake and his fleet begin their passage through the Strait of Magellan.{{cite web|title=Voyage of the Golden Hind|url=http://www.goldenhind.co.uk/voyage-golden-hind.php|work=The Golden Hind|location=Brixham|year=2012|access-date=2013-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117040846/http://www.goldenhind.co.uk/voyage-golden-hind.php|archive-date=January 17, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}
  • August 31 – The Forbisher expedition departs North America for its journey back to England.
  • September 6 – After 16 days travel, the fleet of Francis Drake completes its traverse of the Strait of Magellan between the tip of South America and Tierra del Fuego. Upon entering the Pacific Ocean, the fleet encounters violent storms. The supply ship Marigold, with over 100 men under the command of John Thomas, is lost with all hands off of Cape Horn. The rest of the fleet continues its voyage around the world.

= October–December =

  • October 1 – Alessandro Farnese succeeds his uncle, Don John, as Governor of the Spanish Netherlands.{{cite book|author1=W. Brulez|author2=A. C. F. Koch|author3=E. H. Kossman|title=Acta Historiae Neerlandicae/Studies on the History of the Netherlands VI|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7JVfBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-011-5945-6|pages=28|language=en}}
  • October 21 – Battle of Wenden: The Russians are defeated by the Swedes, who proceed to take Polotsk.
  • November 19 – Humphrey Gilbert and Walter Ralegh set out from Plymouth in England, leading an expedition to establish a colony in North America. They will be forced to turn back six months later.{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer|first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=156–159|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}
  • December 9 – After more than five years of combat in southern France, the Protestant Huguenot citadel of Ménerbes negotiates a surrender to its French Catholic attackers.Robert Bailly, Topographie du siège et du bourg de Ménerbes (1573–1578): la Citadelle (Académie de Vaucluse, 1968)

= Date unknown =

Births

File:William Harvey 2.jpg]]

File:Felipe-III-de-Espana A-Vidal.jpg]]

Deaths

File:Giovanni Battista Moroni - The Tailor (1565-1570).jpg]]

File:Dom Sebastiao de Portugal.jpg]]

File:Václav Habsburský.JPG]]

File:Alonso Sánchez Coello - Portrait of Infante Ferdinand of Spain - Walters 37551.jpg]]

References

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