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December 9

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{{This date in recent years}}

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Events

=Pre-1600=

  • 536 – Gothic War: The Byzantine general Belisarius enters Rome unopposed; the Gothic garrison flees the capital.{{cite book|last=Evans|first=James Allan|title=The Power Game in Byzantium: Antonina and the Empress Theodora|location=London|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|date=2011|isbn=9781441140784|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3vvoS9akZoC|page=125}}
  • 730 – Battle of Marj Ardabil: The Khazars annihilate an Umayyad army and kill its commander, al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-Hakami.{{cite book|last1=Zhirokhov|first1=Mikhail|last2=Nicolle|first2=David|title=The Khazars: A Judeo-Turkish Empire on the Steppes, 7th-11th Centuries AD|location=Oxford, UK|publisher=Osprey Publishing|date=2019|isbn=9781472830135|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DN5DwAAQBAJ|page=8}}
  • 1432 – The first battle between the forces of Švitrigaila and Sigismund Kęstutaitis is fought near the town of Oszmiana (Ashmyany), launching the most active phase of the Lithuanian Civil War.{{cite book|last=Shirogorov|first=Vladimir|title=War on the Eve of Nations: Conflicts and Militaries in Eastern Europe, 1450-1500|location=Lanham, Md.|publisher=Lexington Books|date=2021|isbn=9781793622402|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mP0vEAAAQBAJ|page=107}}
  • 1531 – The Virgin of Guadalupe first appears to Juan Diego at Tepeyac, Mexico City.{{cite book|last=Chávez|first=Eduardo|translator-last1=Treviño|translator-first1=Carmen|translator-last2=Montaño|translator-first2=Veronica|title=Our Lady of Guadalupe and Saint Juan Diego: The Historical Evidence|location=Lanham, Md.|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|date=2006|isbn=9780742551046|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CEM6yxXP9YAC|page=9}}

=1601–1900=

|publisher=Routledge|date=2014|isbn=9781138652330|page=115}}

  • 1688 – Glorious Revolution: Williamite forces defeat Jacobites at Battle of Reading, forcing James II to flee England.{{cite book|last=Picton|first=Hervé|title=A Short History of the Church of England: From the Reformation to the Present Day|location=Newcastle upon Tyne|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|date=2015|isbn=9781443871761|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_SmBgAAQBAJ|page=60}} (Date is Old Style; the date in the New Style modern calendar is 19 December.)
  • 1775 – American Revolutionary War: British troops and Loyalists, misinformed about Patriot militia strength, lose the Battle of Great Bridge, ending British rule in Virginia.{{cite book|editor-last=Tucker|editor-first=Spencer C.|title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. Vol. 3: 1775—1860|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|date=2010|isbn=9781851096671|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&dq=editions%3Aygd9_uP-_2MC&pg=PP1|page=916}}
  • 1822 – French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel, in a memoir read to the Academy of Sciences, coins the terms linear polarization, circular polarization, and elliptical polarization, and reports a direct refraction experiment verifying his theory that optical rotation is a form of birefringence.A. Fresnel, "Mémoire sur la double réfraction que les rayons lumineux éprouvent en traversant les aiguilles de cristal de roche suivant les directions parallèles à l'axe", read 9 December 1822; printed in H. de Senarmont, E. Verdet, and L. Fresnel (eds.), Oeuvres complètes d'Augustin Fresnel, vol. 1 (1866), pp.{{nnbsp}}731–51; translated as "Memoir on the double refraction that light rays undergo in traversing the needles of quartz in the directions parallel to the axis", {{Zenodo|4745976}}, 2021 (open access).
  • 1824 – Patriot forces led by General Antonio José de Sucre defeat a Royalist army in the Battle of Ayacucho, putting an end to the Peruvian War of Independence.
  • 1835 – Texas Revolution: The Texian Army captures San Antonio following the Siege of Béxar.
  • 1851 – The first YMCA in North America is established in Montreal.
  • 1856 – The Iranian city of Bushehr surrenders to occupying British forces.
  • 1861 – American Civil War: The Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War is established by Congress.{{cite book|last=Hyde|first=Bill|title=The Union Generals Speak: The Meade Hearings on the Battle of Gettysburg|location=Baton Rouge, La.|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|date=2003|isbn=9780807125816|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOCdkV5USV4C|page=4}}
  • 1868 – The first traffic lights are installed, outside the Palace of Westminster in London. Resembling railway signals, they use semaphore arms and are illuminated at night by red and green gas lamps.
  • 1872 – In Louisiana, P. B. S. Pinchback becomes the first African American governor of a U.S. state following the impeachment of Henry C. Warmoth.{{cite book|last=Dawson|first=Joseph G.|title=Army Generals and Reconstruction: Louisiana, 1862-1877|location=Baton Rouge, La.|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|date=1994|isbn=9780807119600|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwAzsqq898wC|page=137}}
  • 1893 – National Assembly bombing by Auguste Vaillant during the Ère des attentats (1892–1894).{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm43706446 |title=Regards populaires sur la violence |date=2000 |publisher=Publications de l'Université de Saint-Etienne |isbn=978-2-86272-180-4 |editor-last=Piarotas |editor-first=Mireille |series=Travaux / Centre interdisciplinaire d'études et de recherches sur l'expression contemporaine |location=Saint-Etienne |pages=141–142 |oclc=ocm43706446}}

=1901–present=

Births

=Pre-1600=

=1601–1900=

=1901–present=

Deaths

=Pre-1600=

=1601–1900=

=1901–present=

Holidays and observances

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

{{commons}}

  • [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/9 BBC: On This Day]
  • {{NYT On this day|month=12|day=9}}
  • [https://www.onthisday.com/events/december/9 Historical Events on December 9]

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Category:Days of December