2016 Summer Olympics#Bidding

{{Main|Bids for the 2016 Summer Olympics}}

File:Cidade Candidata (Rio de Janeiro for the 2016 Olympic Games).JPG

File:Rio de Janeiro 2016 press conference.jpg, giving a press conference.|alt=Several people dressed in formal attire sit behind a bench. There are repeated graphics behind them.]]

The bidding process for the 2016 Summer Olympics was officially launched on 16 May 2007.{{cite press release |url=https://www.olympic.org/news/2016-bid-process-launched |title=2016 Bid Process Launched |website=olympic.org |publisher=International Olympic Committee |date=16 May 2007 |access-date=14 February 2017 |archive-date=15 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815110443/https://www.olympic.org/news/2016-bid-process-launched |url-status=live}} The first step for each city was to submit an initial application to the International Olympic Committee by 13 September 2007, confirming their intention to bid. Completed official bid files containing answers to a 25-question IOC form were to be submitted by each city by the deadline of 14 January 2008. On 4 June 2008, two months before the Beijing Olympics, four candidate cities were chosen for the shortlist: Chicago, Madrid, Rio de Janeiro, and Tokyo, which had already hosted the Summer Olympics in 1964. Three cities—Baku, Doha, and Prague—failed to reach the candidature phase.

Nawal El Moutawakel of Morocco headed the 10-member Evaluation Commission, having also chaired the evaluation commission for the 2012 Summer Olympics bids, which was awarded to London, United Kingdom. The commission made on-site inspections in the second quarter of 2009. They issued a comprehensive technical appraisal for IOC members on 2 September, one month before the elections.{{cite press release |url=https://www.olympic.org/news/the-international-olympic-committee-ioc-today-released-the-report-of-the-evaluation |title=The International Olympic Committee (IOC) today released the report of the Evaluation |website=olympic.org |publisher=IOC |date=2 September 2009 |access-date=14 February 2017 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215124229/https://www.olympic.org/news/the-international-olympic-committee-ioc-today-released-the-report-of-the-evaluation |url-status=live}}

Many safeguards were put in place to prevent bidding cities from communicating with or directly influencing the 115 IOC members eligible to vote in the elections. For example, cities could not invite any IOC member to visit, nor could they send anything that could be construed as a gift. Nonetheless, bidding cities invested large sums in their PR and media programs to indirectly influence the IOC members by garnering domestic support and backing from sports media and general international media.

{{blockquote|text=Ultimately, you are communicating with just 115 people and each one has influencers and pressure groups but you are still speaking to no more than about 1,500 people, perhaps 5,000 in the broadest sense. It is not just about getting ads out there but it is about a targeted and very carefully planned campaign.|author=Jon Tibbs, a consultant on the Tokyo bid{{cite web |url=http://www.communicatemagazine.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=277:rings-around-the-world&catid=60:april-2009&Itemid=112 |title=Rings around the world |date=2009-05-06 |website=communicatemagazine.co.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008045246/http://www.communicatemagazine.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=277%3Arings-around-the-world&catid=60%3Aapril-2009&Itemid=112 |archive-date=2011-10-08 |url-status=dead}}|source=}}

The final voting was held in Copenhagen on 2 October 2009, with Madrid and Rio de Janeiro considered favorites to secure the Games. Chicago was eliminated after the first round of voting, and Tokyo after the second (The latter city would eventually be awarded the 2020 Summer Olympics in 2013). Rio de Janeiro took a significant lead over Madrid, heading into the final round; the lead was held, and Rio de Janeiro was announced as host of the 2016 Summer Olympics.

On 26 June 2011, it was reported on Around The Rings that Roderlei Generali, the COO of the Rio de Janeiro Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games, resigned just one year after taking the job at ROOC. This came just five months after CCO Flávio Pestana quit for personal reasons.{{cite web |url=http://www.aroundtherings.com/articles/view.aspx?id=40436 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130117113003/http://www.aroundtherings.com/articles/view.aspx?id=40436 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 January 2013 |title=Around the Rings – Articles Archive |publisher=aroundtherings.com |access-date=31 October 2015}} Pestana withdrew later during the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and Renato Ciuchin was then appointed as COO.{{cite web |url=http://www.revistafator.com.br/ver_noticia.php?not=215658 |title=Rio 2016 contrata Renato Ciuchini como Diretor-Executivo Comercial |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004220746/http://www.revistafator.com.br/ver_noticia.php?not=215658 |archive-date=4 October 2012 |language=pt}}

{{Main|Venues of the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics}}

Image:Rio_de_Janeiro_bid_venues_for_the_2016_Summer_Olympics.svg

Events took place at eighteen existing venues, nine new venues constructed specifically for the Games, and seven temporary venues.{{citation |title=Rio de Janeiro 2016 Candidate File |url=http://urutau.proderj.rj.gov.br/rio2016_imagens/sumario/English/Per%20Volume/Volume%202_eng.pdf |volume=2 |date=16 February 2009 |publisher=BOC |chapter=Sports and Venues |chapter-url=http://www.rio2016.org.br/sumarioexecutivo/sumario/English/Per%20Theme/Volume%202/Theme_09.pdf |access-date=29 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523011631/http://urutau.proderj.rj.gov.br/rio2016_imagens/sumario/English/Per%20Volume/Volume%202_eng.pdf |archive-date=23 May 2013 |pages=10–11 |postscript=.}}

For the events held in Rio de Janeiro, each event was held in one of four geographically segregated Olympic clusters–Barra, Copacabana, Deodoro, and Maracanã–as was done for the 2007 Pan American Games.{{citation |title=Rio de Janeiro 2016 Candidate File |url=http://urutau.proderj.rj.gov.br/rio2016_imagens/sumario/English/Per%20Volume/Volume%201_eng.pdf |access-date=5 May 2009 |volume=1 |date=16 February 2009 |publisher=BOC |location=London, United Kingdom |chapter=Introduction |chapter-url=http://urutau.proderj.rj.gov.br/rio2016_imagens/sumario/English/Per%20Theme/Volume%201/Intro_Vol1_eng.pdf |postscript=. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320033502/http://urutau.proderj.rj.gov.br/rio2016_imagens/sumario/English/Per%20Volume/Volume%201_eng.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2009}}{{citation |title=Rio 2007 Pan Am Games Get Debriefed Ahead Of 2016 Bid |url=http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/olympic_bids/rio_2016/1205250762.html |access-date=5 May 2009 |date=9 March 2008 |publisher=GamesBids |location=Toronto, Canada |postscript=. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023122641/http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/olympic_bids/rio_2016/1205250762.html |archive-date=23 October 2008}} Several of the venues were located at the Barra Cluster Olympic Park. Nearly half of the athletes could reach their venues in less than 10 minutes, and almost 75 per cent could do so in less than 25 minutes. Of the 34 competition venues, eight underwent some permanent works, seven were totally temporary and nine were constructed as permanent legacy venues.

The largest venue at the Games in terms of seating capacity was the 75,000-seat Maracanã Stadium, which served as the ceremonies venue and site of the football finals. The second largest stadium was the 60,000-seat Estádio Olímpico Nilton Santos (formerly João Havelange during the Games), which hosted track and field events. The athletes' village was said to be the largest in Olympic history. Fittings included about 80,000 chairs, 70,000 tables, 29,000 mattresses, 60,000 clothes hangers, 6,000 television sets and 10,000 smartphones.

{{Main|Barra Olympic Park}}

File:Parque_Olímpico_Rio_2016_(2).jpg]]

The Barra Olympic Park is a cluster of nine sporting venues in Barra da Tijuca, in the west zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The site was formerly occupied by the Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet, also known as the Jacarepaguá Formula One circuit.{{cite news |last1=Lewis |first1=Peter |title=Rio Olympics 2016: Brazilian city in a race against time to be ready to play host to the Games |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-09-15/rio-prepares-for-olympic-sized-makeover/4958554 |website=ABC News Australia |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=14 May 2016 |date=15 September 2013 |archive-date=4 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804170624/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-09-15/rio-prepares-for-olympic-sized-makeover/4958554 |url-status=live}}

The nine venues within the Olympic Park were:{{cite web |url=http://www.rio2016.com/en/news/introducing-carioca-arena-1-the-new-home-of-olympic-basketball |title=Introducing Carioca Arena 1… the new home of Olympic basketball |website=Rio2016.com |publisher=Rio 2016 Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games |date=12 January 2016 |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310171827/http://www.rio2016.com/en/news/introducing-carioca-arena-1-the-new-home-of-olympic-basketball |archive-date=10 March 2016}}{{cite web |url=http://www.brasil2016.gov.br/en/olimpiadas/facilities/barra |title=Barra Region |work=Portal Brasil 2016 |publisher=Governo Federal do Brasil |access-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820163648/http://www.brasil2016.gov.br/en/olimpiadas/facilities/barra |archive-date=20 August 2016}}

• Carioca Arena 1 – basketball (capacity: 16,000)
• Carioca Arena 2 – wrestling, judo (capacity: 10,000)
• Carioca Arena 3 – fencing, taekwondo (capacity: 10,000)
• Future Arena – handball (capacity: 12,000)
• Maria Lenk Aquatics Centre – diving, synchronized swimming, water polo (capacity: 5,000)
• Olympic Aquatics Stadium – swimming, water polo play-offs (capacity: 15,000)
• Olympic Tennis Centre – tennis (capacity: 10,000 Main Court)
• Rio Olympic Arena – gymnastics (capacity: 12,000)
• Rio Olympic Velodrome – track cycling (capacity: 5,000)

{{Main|Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics}}

As well as the Estádio Olímpico João Havelange and Maracanã and in Rio de Janeiro, football matches took place at five venues in the cities of São Paulo, Belo Horizonte, and the more distant Salvador, Brasília and Manaus.

Image:Maracana_internal_view_april_2013.jpg|Maracanã Stadium
Rio de Janeiro, RJ

Image:Olympic_Stadium_(Engenhão),_Rio_de_Janeiro,_Brazil.jpg|Olympic Stadium
Rio de Janeiro, RJ

Image:Arena_Amazônia.jpg|Arena da Amazônia
Manaus, AM

Image:Belgium vs Korea Republic - Group H - 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil.jpg|Arena Corinthians
São Paulo, SP

Image:EstadioForteNova-cancha1.jpg|Arena Fonte Nova
Salvador, BA

Image:Estádio Nacional Brasília.jpg|Estádio Nacional
Brasília, DF

Image:Mineirao_Stadium.jpg|Mineirão
Belo Horizonte, MG

{{Main|Port of Rio de Janeiro}}

File:VLT Rio 09 2016 3355.jpg, designed by Santiago Calatrava, and the light rail.]]

Rio's historical downtown underwent an urban waterfront revitalization project known as Porto Maravilha, covering {{convert|5|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} in area. The project aimed to redevelop the port area, increase the city center's attractiveness, and enhance Rio's competitive position in the global economy.[http://portomaravilha.com.br/ Porto Maravilha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829231129/http://portomaravilha.com.br/ |date=29 August 2012 }} Rio de Janeiro City Hall. Retrieved 10 August 2012. {{in lang|pt}}.

The urban renovation involved {{convert|700|km|mi|abbr=on}} of public networks for water supply, sanitation, drainage, electricity, gas and telecom; {{convert|4|km|mi|abbr=on}} of tunnels; {{convert|70|km|mi|abbr=on}} of roads; {{convert|650|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} of sidewalks; {{convert|17|km|mi|abbr=on}} of bike path; 15,000 trees; and three sanitation treatment plants. As part of this renovation, a new tram was built from the Santos Dumont Airport to Rodoviária Novo Rio, due to open in April 2016.{{cite web |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/news/cs-america/single-view/view/rio-tram-starts-test-running.html |title=Rio tram starts test running |date=26 November 2015 |access-date=1 January 2016 |website=Railway Gazette |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306174740/https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/news/cs-america/single-view/view/rio-tram-starts-test-running.html |url-status=dead}}

The Games required over 200 kilometers of security fencing. A 15,000 square meter warehouse in Barra da Tijuca was used to assemble and supply the furniture and fittings for the Olympic Village. The second warehouse of 90,000 square meters in Duque de Caxias, near the roads that provide access to the venues, contained all the equipment needed for the sporting events.{{cite web |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/news/8-400-shuttlecocks-250-golf-carts-and-54-boats-the-rio-2016-olympic-games-in-numbers |title=8,400 shuttlecocks, 250 golf carts, 54 boats... the mind-blowing numbers behind the Rio 2016 Games |website=Rio2016.com |publisher=Rio 2016 Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games |first=Christina |last=Martins |date=6 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707110414/https://www.rio2016.com/en/news/8-400-shuttlecocks-250-golf-carts-and-54-boats-the-rio-2016-olympic-games-in-numbers |archive-date=7 July 2016}}

File:Medalhas Rio 2016 (2).jpg

The medals were produced by the Casa da Moeda do Brasil (the Brazilian National Mint). The medal design was unveiled on 15 June 2016. They were designed to be environmentally friendly using recycled materials; the bronze and silver medals contained 30% recycled materials. The gold medals were produced using gold that had been mined and extracted according to a set of sustainability criteria, such as being extracted without the use of mercury. The medals feature a wreath design on the front, and in keeping with tradition, the obverse features Nike, the Greek goddess of victory. A wooden carrying box accompanied each medal. Medalists were also awarded a trophy in the shape of the Games' emblem.{{cite web |title=Innovative medal design unveiled for Rio 2016 |url=https://www.olympic.org/news/innovative-medal-design-unveiled-for-rio-2016 |date=15 June 2016 |website=olympic.org |publisher=IOC |access-date=12 August 2016 |archive-date=3 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203233914/https://www.olympic.org/news/innovative-medal-design-unveiled-for-rio-2016 |url-status=live}}

In May 2017, an Associated Press article disclosed that over 100 athletes who had won medals at the Rio Olympics reported that their medals were showing some damage, including black spots, flaking, or surface degrading. Rio officials offered to replace any defective medals and found problems with 6 to 7 percent of all those awarded.{{cite news |last1=Meredith |first1=Luke |last2=Pells |first2=Eddie |url=https://apnews.com/c9ab3503277f4354a21c736e00bc07e0/Faster,-higher,-rustier:-Medals-from-Rio-Olympics-damaged |title=Faster, higher, rustier: Medals from Rio Olympics damaged |work=Associated Press |date=24 May 2017 |access-date=24 May 2017 |archive-date=12 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612042340/https://apnews.com/c9ab3503277f4354a21c736e00bc07e0/Faster,-higher,-rustier:-Medals-from-Rio-Olympics-damaged |url-status=live}}

{{main|2016 Summer Olympics torch relay}}

File:Passagem da Tocha Olímpica em SP (28605511640).jpg carrying the torch in São Paulo]]

Image:Rio 2016 - Voluntários organizando barreiras (29066118645).jpg

The Olympic flame was lit on 21 April 2016 at the Temple of Hera in Olympia, the traditional start of the Greek phase of the torch relay. The flame was handed over to the Brazilian organisers in a ceremony at the Panathenaic Stadium in Athens on 27 April. A brief stop-off was made in Switzerland to visit the IOC headquarters and the Olympic Museum in Lausanne, as well as the United Nations Office at Geneva.{{cite news |url=http://www.rio2016.com/en/news/greek-fire-lights-up-rio-2016-games-olympic-torch-lit-in-traditional-ceremony-at-olympia |title=Greek fire lights up Rio 2016 Games... Olympic Torch lit in traditional ceremony at Olympia |website=Rio2016.com |publisher=Rio 2016 Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games |date=21 April 2016 |access-date=21 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424091258/http://www.rio2016.com/en/news/greek-fire-lights-up-rio-2016-games-olympic-torch-lit-in-traditional-ceremony-at-olympia |archive-date=24 April 2016}}

The torch relay began its journey around Brazil on 3 May at the capital Brasília. The flame visited more than 300 Brazilian cities, including all 26 state capitals and the Brazilian Federal District.{{cite news |title=Goiás will be the first state to receive the Rio 2016 Olympic Flame |url=http://www.dm.com.br/cidades/goias/2015/04/goias-sera-o-primeiro-estado-receber-tocha-olimpica-rio-2016.html# |access-date=29 April 2015 |work=Diário Mercantil |date=16 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418214047/http://www.dm.com.br/cidades/goias/2015/04/goias-sera-o-primeiro-estado-receber-tocha-olimpica-rio-2016.html |archive-date=18 April 2015}} The relay ended in Rio de Janeiro on 5 August when the flame was used to light the Olympic cauldron during the opening ceremony.

Unpaid volunteers performed a variety of tasks before and during the Games. A target of 50,000 volunteers was set as early as 2012. More than 240,000 applications were received when recruitment took place in 2014. The clothing worn by the volunteers included yellow polo shirts and jackets, beige trousers, white socks, and green trainers, which they collected from the Uniform Distribution and Accreditation Centre. Volunteers also wore photo accreditation badges which were allocated to officials, athletes, family members, and media, allowing them to gain access to specific venues and buildings around the site.{{cite news |title=Volunteers set to make their mark at Rio 2016 |url=https://www.olympic.org/news/volunteers-set-to-make-their-mark-at-rio-2016 |access-date=30 December 2016 |website=olympic.org |publisher=IOC |date=5 August 2016 |archive-date=6 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106150143/https://www.olympic.org/news/volunteers-set-to-make-their-mark-at-rio-2016 |url-status=live}} Many volunteers gave up their roles due to long working hours and insufficient free meals.{{cite news |title=Thousands of Olympic volunteers quit over 'long hours and lack of food' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/olympics/rio-2016-thousands-of-olympic-volunteers-quit-over-long-hours-and-lack-of-food-a7194776.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/olympics/rio-2016-thousands-of-olympic-volunteers-quit-over-long-hours-and-lack-of-food-a7194776.html |archive-date=1 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=30 December 2016 |website=The Independent |date=17 August 2016 |last=Sims |first=Alexandra}}{{cbignore}}

The ticket prices were announced on 16 September 2014, all of which were sold in Brazilian reais (BRL). A total of 7.5 million tickets were to be sold in total, with ticket prices ranging from BRL 40 for many events to BRL 4,600 for the most expensive seats at the opening ceremony. About 3.8 million of these tickets were available for BRL 70 or less.{{cite news |title=Prijzen tickets Olympische Spelen 2016 in Rio bekend |url=http://www.olympischespelenrio.nl/tickets/prijzen-tickets-olympische-spelen-2016-rio-bekend/ |access-date=6 October 2014 |publisher=olympischespelenrio.nl |date=16 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008011934/http://www.olympischespelenrio.nl/tickets/prijzen-tickets-olympische-spelen-2016-rio-bekend/ |archive-date=8 October 2014}}{{cite web |url=http://www.rio2016.com/sites/all/themes/rio2016_agosto_14/doc/pdf/Ticket_prices_for_the_Rio_2016_Olympic_Games.pdf |title=Olympic Games ticket prices September 2014 |website=Rio2016.com |publisher=Rio 2016 Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games |date=16 September 2014 |access-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927172941/http://www.rio2016.com/sites/all/themes/rio2016_agosto_14/doc/pdf/Ticket_prices_for_the_Rio_2016_Olympic_Games.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2014}}

Image:Arena_do_Futuro_Rio_2016.jpg, a temporary venue designed for future reconstruction into school buildings]]

As an aspect of its bid, Rio's organizing committee planned to focus on sustainability and environmental protection as a theme of the 2016 Games, going on to dub them a "Green Games for a Blue Planet". As legacy projects, organizers intended to introduce a wider array of public transport options, upgrade the infrastructure of the favelas to provide improved transport and access to utilities, upgrade Rio's sewer system to remediate the level of pollution in the Guanabara Bay, and plant 24 million seedlings to offset the expected carbon emissions of the Games. However, some of these projects met with delays or faced economic shortfalls, leading some critics to believe that Rio would not be able to accomplish them.{{cite web |title=Brazil Made Big Environmental Promises for Its Rio Olympics. Here's Why It Won't Keep Them. |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/07/brazil-made-big-environmental-promises-for-its-rio-olympics-heres-why-it-wont-keep-them/452784/ |website=The Atlantic |date=2 July 2014 |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-date=30 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630081223/http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/07/brazil-made-big-environmental-promises-for-its-rio-olympics-heres-why-it-wont-keep-them/452784/ |url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=Rio has broken its promise of an environmentally-friendly Olympics |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/rio-has-broken-its-promise-of-an-environment-friendly-olympics/ |website=Vice News |date=August 2016 |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-date=14 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814010805/https://news.vice.com/article/rio-has-broken-its-promise-of-an-environment-friendly-olympics |url-status=live}}

The focus on environmental protection also influenced the implementation of certain Olympic protocols. To reduce emissions, the Olympic cauldron was designed to be smaller than previous iterations, using a kinetic sculpture to enhance its appearance in place of a larger body of flames.{{cite web |title=Diminutive Rio 2016 cauldron complemented by massive kinetic sculpture |url=http://www.dezeen.com/2016/08/08/rio-2016-cauldron-massive-kinetic-sculpture-anthony-howe/ |website=Dezeen |date=8 August 2016 |access-date=11 August 2016 |archive-date=10 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810155915/http://www.dezeen.com/2016/08/08/rio-2016-cauldron-massive-kinetic-sculpture-anthony-howe/ |url-status=live}} The bronze and silver medals, as well as the ribbons on all medals, were designed to incorporate recycled materials. The athletes were not presented with flowers during the medal ceremonies, as had been the tradition at previous Olympics (although floral displays were still used as part of the staging of medal presentations). The organizers considered the practice to be wasteful because the flowers were often thrown away and "would struggle to survive in the tropical Brazilian climate" if kept. The podiums were designed using materials that could be recycled to make furniture.{{cite web |last1=Busbee |first1=Jay |title=Rio mystery solved: Why don't Olympic medal winners get flowers? |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/rio-mystery-solved-why-dont-olympic-medal-winners-get-flowers-195907726.html |website=Yahoo! Sports |access-date=12 August 2016 |date=10 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810212332/https://sports.yahoo.com/news/rio-mystery-solved-why-dont-olympic-medal-winners-get-flowers-195907726.html |archive-date=10 August 2016 |url-status=dead}}{{cite web |title=Here's why Olympic medalists don't get flowers at the Summer Games in Rio |url=http://mashable.com/2016/08/12/no-flowers-at-rio-olympics/ |website=Mashable |date=12 August 2016 |access-date=12 August 2016 |archive-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813140152/http://mashable.com/2016/08/12/no-flowers-at-rio-olympics/ |url-status=live}}

The Future Arena, the venue for the handball competitions, was designed as a temporary modular structure whose components could be reconstructed after the Games to build schools.{{cite web |title=Rio 2016 handball arena will dismantle to become four schools |url=http://www.dezeen.com/2016/07/25/rio-2016-olympics-handball-arena-dismantle-become-four-schools-brazil/ |website=Dezeen |date=25 July 2016 |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-date=12 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812032300/http://www.dezeen.com/2016/07/25/rio-2016-olympics-handball-arena-dismantle-become-four-schools-brazil/ |url-status=live}} However, as of November 2017, the arena was still standing due to lack of funds to dismantle it and no allocation of funds to do so in the 2018 budget.{{cite web |access-date=11 February 2018 |title=No Answers Yet for Rio Olympic Park Dismantling |url=http://aroundtherings.com/site/A__62153/Title__No-Answers-Yet-for-Rio-Olympic-Park-Dismantling/292/Articles |website=aroundtherings.com |archive-date=12 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212004953/http://aroundtherings.com/site/A__62153/Title__No-Answers-Yet-for-Rio-Olympic-Park-Dismantling/292/Articles |url-status=live}} Portions of the opening ceremony were dedicated to the issue of climate change.{{cite web |title=The Rio Opening Ceremony Put Climate Change Front And Center |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/rio-opening-ceremony-climate-change_us_57a539c7e4b056bad215a56c |website=The Huffington Post |access-date=7 August 2016 |date=6 August 2016 |archive-date=7 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807140039/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/rio-opening-ceremony-climate-change_us_57a539c7e4b056bad215a56c |url-status=live}}

{{main|2016 Summer Olympics opening ceremony|2016 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations}}

File:2016 Summer Olympics opening ceremony 1035301-05082016- v9a2048 04.08.16.jpg]]

The opening ceremony took place at Maracanã Stadium on 5 August 2016, directed by Fernando Meirelles, Daniela Thomas, and Andrucha Waddington.{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/05/olympic-opening-ceremony-rio-2016-fernando-meirelles |title=Rio 2016 opening ceremony a mix of pared patriotism and climate concern |date=6 August 2016 |last1=Gibson |first1=Owen |last2=Watts |first2=Jonathan |work=The Guardian |access-date=14 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812193152/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/05/olympic-opening-ceremony-rio-2016-fernando-meirelles |archive-date=12 August 2016 |url-status=live}} The ceremony highlighted aspects of Brazilian history and culture, and featured a segment narrated by Fernanda Montenegro and Judi Dench with an appeal to environmental conservation and the prevention of global warming.{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/olympics/2016/08/05/rio-plans-cool-opening-ceremony-for-olympics-but-will-pele-be-there.html |title=Highlights from Rio 2016 Olympic opening ceremony |last1=Levinson King |first1=Robin |date=5 August 2016 |website=Toronto Star |access-date=8 August 2016 |archive-date=6 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806180420/https://www.thestar.com/sports/olympics/2016/08/05/rio-plans-cool-opening-ceremony-for-olympics-but-will-pele-be-there.html |url-status=live}} The crowd in the stadium numbered 60,000 and the event was broadcast to an estimated global audience of three billion.{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/36993259 |title=Rio Olympics 2016: Opening ceremony celebrates Brazil to open Games |date=6 August 2016 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108120313/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/36993259 |url-status=live}}

The ceremony included the inaugural presentation of the Olympic Laurel, an honor bestowed by the IOC on those that have made "significant achievements in education, culture, development and peace through sport"; the trophy was awarded to Kenyan athlete Kipchoge Keino.{{cite web |title=Kip Keino to receive Olympic Laurel distinction |url=https://www.olympic.org/news/kip-keino-to-receive-olympic-laurel-distinction |date=4 August 2016 |website=olympic.org |publisher=IOC |access-date=15 August 2016 |archive-date=25 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825182928/https://www.olympic.org/news/kip-keino-to-receive-olympic-laurel-distinction |url-status=live}} The Games were officially opened by the acting president of Brazil, Michel Temer.{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/rio-2016/2016/08/05/no-introduction-brazil-president-michel-temer/88319094/ |title=No introduction for Brazil's president at start of opening ceremony |first=Rachel |last=Axon |newspaper=USA Today |date=6 August 2016 |access-date=6 August 2016 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224160834/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/rio-2016/2016/08/05/no-introduction-brazil-president-michel-temer/88319094/ |url-status=live}}

The Olympic cauldron was lit by long-distance runner Vanderlei Cordeiro de Lima, the men's marathon bronze medalist at the 2004 Olympics, who had also received the IOC's Pierre de Coubertin medal for sportsmanship after being attacked by a spectator and losing his lead in the race.{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics_2004/athletics/3610598.stm |title=Protester ruins marathon |date=29 August 2004 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=8 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508104141/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics_2004/athletics/3610598.stm |url-status=live}} The cauldron was originally expected to be lit by Brazilian footballer Pelé, but he declined to participate due to health problems.{{cite web |title=Emanuel surpreende e oferece sua medalha de ouro para Vanderlei Cordeiro |url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/esporte/ult92u80631.shtml |website=Folha Online |trans-title=Emanuel surprises and offers his gold medal to Vanderlei Cordeiro |date=1 September 2004 |language=pt |access-date=8 August 2012 |archive-date=5 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005003925/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/esporte/ult92u80631.shtml |url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=Mystery Solved: Why Rio Olympics' cauldron is so tiny |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/mystery-solved-why-rio-olympics-cauldron-is-so-tiny-034340802.html |website=Yahoo! Sports |date=6 August 2016 |access-date=6 August 2016 |archive-date=10 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810062412/http://sports.yahoo.com/news/mystery-solved-why-rio-olympics-cauldron-is-so-tiny-034340802.html |url-status=live}}

Following the opening ceremony, a public cauldron was lit in front of the Candelária Church by Jorge Gomes, a 14-year-old Brazilian athlete who had escaped from poverty to train as a runner.{{cite web |title=Formerly homeless boy who lit Olympic cauldron now has 'beautiful life' |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/rio-olympics-boy-who-lit-cauldron-1.3716398 |last=Brunhuber |first=Kim |date=12 August 2016 |website=CBC.ca |access-date=22 August 2016 |archive-date=10 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010235055/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/rio-olympics-boy-who-lit-cauldron-1.3716398 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=Vanderlei Cordeiro de Lima se eterniza como herói e ganha a medalha de ouro |trans-title=Vanderlei Cordeiro de Lima immortalizes himself as an Olympic hero and 'wins' gold |date=6 August 2016 |last=Klotz |first=Fabio |url=http://odia.ig.com.br/esporte/olimpiada/2016-08-06/vanderlei-cordeiro-de-lima-se-eterniza-como-heroi-olimpico-e-ganha-o-ouro.html |website=O Dia |access-date=21 August 2016 |archive-date=10 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810062418/http://odia.ig.com.br/esporte/olimpiada/2016-08-06/vanderlei-cordeiro-de-lima-se-eterniza-como-heroi-olimpico-e-ganha-o-ouro.html |url-status=live}}.

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Image:Visão da arquibancada da pista olimpica BMX1.jpg]]

Image:Golfe Rio 2016.jpg]]

The 2016 Summer Olympic program featured 28 sports encompassing 306 events. The number of events in each of 42 discipline is noted in parentheses.

{{See also|121st IOC Session}}

In April 2008, the IOC began accepting applications for two new sports to be introduced to the Olympic programme. Baseball and softball (which were both dropped in 2005), karate, squash, golf, roller sports, and rugby union all applied to be included on the programme. Formal presentations were made to the IOC executive board in June 2009.{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/news/story?id=3366295 |title=Golf among seven sports seeking inclusion in 2016 Games |publisher=ESPN |access-date=20 August 2008 |date=25 April 2008 |archive-date=22 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222144108/http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/news/story?id=3366295 |url-status=live}}

In August, the executive board initially gave its approval to rugby sevens—a seven-player version of rugby union—by a majority vote; baseball/softball, roller sports, and squash were removed from contention, leaving golf, karate, and rugby sevens in the running. A final vote was held on 9 October 2009, the closing day of the 121st IOC Session. At this session, a new voting system was in place: a sport now needed only a simple majority from the full IOC committee for approval rather than the two-thirds majority previously required.{{cite news |title=Olympic Leaders Approve Golf and Rugby for 2016 Summer Games |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/olympic-leaders-approve-golf-and-rugby-for-2016-summer-games |publisher=Fox News Channel |date=13 August 2009 |access-date=1 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919110257/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,539269,00.html |archive-date=19 September 2009 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Olympics-2016-IOC-Approves-Golf-And-Rugby-Sevens-To-Be-Included-In-Rio-De-Janeiro-Games/Article/200910215402514?lpos=World_News_First_Home_Article_Teaser_Region_9&lid=ARTICLE_15402514_Olympics_2016%3A_IOC_Approves_Golf_And_Rugby_Sevens_To_Be_Included_In_Rio_De_Janeiro_Games |title=Olympics 2016: IOC Approves Golf And Rugby Sevens To Be Included In Rio De Janeiro Games. |publisher=Sky (United Kingdom) |access-date=15 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522103938/http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Olympics-2016-IOC-Approves-Golf-And-Rugby-Sevens-To-Be-Included-In-Rio-De-Janeiro-Games/Article/200910215402514?lpos=World_News_First_Home_Article_Teaser_Region_9&lid=ARTICLE_15402514_Olympics_2016%3A_IOC_Approves_Golf_And_Rugby_Sevens_To_Be_Included_In_Rio_De_Janeiro_Games |archive-date=22 May 2011}}

The 121st IOC Session decided to add rugby sevens and golf to the Rio 2016 Olympic programme.{{cite web |url=http://www.eurolympic.org/en/news/210-121st-IOC-Session--some-much-awaited-decisions.html |title=121st IOC Session: some much awaited decisions |website=www.eurolympic.org |date=9 October 2009 |access-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521150142/http://www.eurolympic.org/en/news/210-121st-IOC-Session--some-much-awaited-decisions.html |archive-date=21 May 2015 |url-status=unfit}} The tally for rugby was 81 in favor, with eight against,{{cite web |url=https://www.worldrugby.org/olympics/history |title=History of Rugby in the Olympics |date=17 July 2019 |work=World Rugby |access-date=2 April 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209190440/https://www.worldrugby.org/olympics/history |url-status=dead}} and golf was approved by 63 votes to 26.{{cite web |url=https://www.pgatour.com/news/2009/10/08/olympic_announcement.html |title=Golf receives final approval, will be part of 2016 Olympics |date=8 October 2009 |website=PGATour.com |access-date=2 April 2019 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402131557/https://www.pgatour.com/news/2009/10/08/olympic_announcement.html |url-status=live}} Neither of these two sports was new to the Summer Olympics; rugby last featured in 1924, and golf in 1904.

In May 2012, the International Sailing Federation announced that windsurfing would be replaced by kitesurfing at the 2016 Olympics,{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/17980607 |title=Kiteboarding to replace windsurfing at 2016 Rio Olympics |work=BBC Sport |date=7 May 2012 |access-date=10 May 2012 |archive-date=7 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207002700/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/17980607 |url-status=live}} but this decision was reversed in November.{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/20284543 |title=Windsurfing restored to Brazil 2016 Olympics |work=BBC Sport |date=10 November 2012 |access-date=14 November 2012 |archive-date=8 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108195622/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/20284543 |url-status=live}}

Image:Rio2016 julho VilaAtletas Barra 002 2659 -c-2016 GabrielHeusi HeusiAction.jpg]]

All 205 National Olympic Committees qualified at least one athlete.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The first three nations to qualify athletes for the Games were Germany, Great Britain, and the Netherlands, who each qualified four athletes for the team dressage by winning medals in the team event at the 2014 FEI World Equestrian Games.{{cite news |title=Rio Olympics gets 1st qualified athletes |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2014/08/26/rio-olympics-gets-1st-qualified-athletes/14626231/ |access-date=26 August 2014 |work=USA Today |agency=Associated Press |date=26 August 2014 |archive-date=27 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827045728/http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2014/08/26/rio-olympics-gets-1st-qualified-athletes/14626231/ |url-status=live}}

As host nation, Brazil received automatic entry for some sports including in all cycling disciplines and six places for weightlifting events.{{cite news |title=UCI and IOC agree qualification quotas for Rio 2016 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-cycling-idUSKBN0DN0TF20140507 |date=2014-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903023140/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/07/us-olympics-cycling-idUSKBN0DN0TF20140507 |archive-date=2014-09-03 |url-status=live |work=Reuters |last1=Hann |first1=Michael |access-date=26 August 2014}}{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=Gary |title=Weightlifting qualification criteria for Rio 2016 approved by IOC |url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/sports/summer/weightlifting/1018502-weightlifting-qualification-criteria-for-rio-2016- |website=insidethegames.biz |access-date=26 August 2014 |date=2 February 2014 |archive-date=12 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912090929/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1018502/weightlifting-qualification-criteria-for-rio-2016- |url-status=live}}

The 2016 Summer Olympics were the first Games in which Kosovo and South Sudan were eligible to participate. Bulgarian and Russian weightlifters were banned from Rio Olympics for numerous anti-doping violations.{{cite news |title=Bulgarian weightlifters banned from Rio Olympics after CAS rejects appeal against ban for doping violations |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-01-30/cas-rejects-bulgarias-appeal-against-olympic-weightlifting-ban/7126654 |website=abc.net.au |agency=Reuters |date=29 January 2016 |access-date=26 July 2016 |archive-date=6 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106155225/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-01-30/cas-rejects-bulgarias-appeal-against-olympic-weightlifting-ban/7126654 |url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=http://www.iwf.net/2016/06/22/strong-statement-by-the-iwf-executive-board/ |title=Strong statement by the IWF Executive Board |work=IWF |date=22 June 2016 |access-date=4 August 2016 |archive-date=10 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910163615/http://www.iwf.net/2016/06/22/strong-statement-by-the-iwf-executive-board/ |url-status=live}}

Kuwait was banned in October 2015 for the second time in five years over government interference in the country's Olympic committee. Kuwaiti athletes instead participated as "Independent Olympic Athletes".{{cite web |title=Olympics-Kuwait ban remains in force as ties with IOC deteriorate |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/olympics-kuwait-ban-remains-force-ties-ioc-deteriorate-153651334--spt.html |website=Yahoo Sports |date=9 December 2015 |access-date=2 January 2016 |archive-date=8 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108195621/http://sports.yahoo.com/news/olympics-kuwait-ban-remains-force-ties-ioc-deteriorate-153651334--spt.html |url-status=live}}

{{clear}}

File:2016 Summer Olympics team numbers.svg

[[File:2016 Summer Olympic games countries.svg|thumb|center|upright=2.8|Participating countries color code
Blue = Participated for the first time in 2016.

Green = Had previously participated.

Yellow circle is host city (Rio de Janeiro)]]

{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2024}}

11,238 athletes from 207 NOCs

{{main|Refugee Olympic Team at the 2016 Summer Olympics}}

File:Rio 2016 Refugees 1033413-29072016- dsc1069.jpg

Due to the European migrant crisis and other reasons, the IOC allowed athletes to compete as Independent Olympians under the Olympic Flag. During the previous Summer Olympic Games, refugees were ineligible to compete because of their inability to represent their home NOCs.{{Cite news |url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/13981364/refugees-eligible-compete-olympics-first-2016-rio-games-ioc-president-says |title=Refugees can compete for first time in 2016 Rio Olympics, IOC head says |date=27 October 2015 |website=ESPN.com |access-date=27 October 2015 |archive-date=27 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027231649/http://espn.go.com/olympics/story/_/id/13981364/refugees-eligible-compete-olympics-first-2016-rio-games-ioc-president-says |url-status=live}} On 2 March 2016, the IOC finalized plans for a specific Refugee Olympic Team (ROT); out of 43 refugee athletes deemed potentially eligible, 10 were chosen to form the team.{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/35710578 |title=Rio 2016: Refugee team to compete at Olympics |date=2 March 2016 |access-date=3 March 2016 |work=BBC Sport |archive-date=26 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326030345/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/35710578 |url-status=live}}

{{Main|Independent Olympic Athletes at the 2016 Summer Olympics}}

Due to the suspension of the National Olympic Committee of Kuwait, participants from Kuwait were allowed to participate under the Olympic Flag as Independent Olympic Athletes.

In November 2015, Russia was provisionally suspended from all international track and field athletic competitions by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) following a World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) report into a doping program in the country.{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/34811896 |title=Athletics doping: Russia provisionally suspended by IAAF |work=BBC Sport |date=13 November 2015 |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-date=13 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113220344/http://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/34811896 |url-status=live}} The IAAF announced that it would allow individual Russian athletes to apply for "exceptional eligibility" to participate in the Games as "neutral" athletes if it was independently verified that they had not engaged in doping nor in the Russian doping program.{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jul/01/russian-whistleblower-yulia-stepanova-cleared-neutral-athlete-rio |title=Russian whistleblower Yuliya Stepanova to compete as 'neutral athlete' in Rio |first=Sean |last=Ingle |date=1 July 2016 |website=The Guardian |access-date=15 July 2016 |archive-date=12 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712032122/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jul/01/russian-whistleblower-yulia-stepanova-cleared-neutral-athlete-rio |url-status=live}}

On 24 July 2016, the IOC rejected the IAAF and WADA's recommendations to allow athletes to compete neutrally, stating that the Olympic Charter "does not foresee such 'neutral athletes'" and that it was each country's National Olympic Committee decision on which athletes would be competing.{{cite web |url=https://www.olympic.org/news/background-information-to-the-decision-of-the-ioc-executive-board-concerning-the-participation-of-russian-athletes-in-the-olympic-games-rio-2016 |title=Background Information to the decision of the IOC Executive Board concerning the participation of Russian athletes in the Olympic Games Rio 2016 |date=24 July 2016 |website=olympic.org |publisher=IOC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725144348/https://www.olympic.org/news/background-information-to-the-decision-of-the-ioc-executive-board-concerning-the-participation-of-russian-athletes-in-the-olympic-games-rio-2016 |archive-date=25 July 2016 |access-date=27 July 2016}} As a result, Russian athletes competed under the Russian flag, although they would compete under a neutral flag in the 2018 Winter Olympics following several developments concerning the doping investigation.

During the Games, some countries and continents had a national house. These temporary meeting places for supporters, athletes and other followers were located throughout Rio de Janeiro.{{cite web |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/olympic-houses |title=National Houses |website=Rio2016.com |publisher=Rio 2016 Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games |access-date=10 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806022149/https://www.rio2016.com/en/olympic-houses |archive-date=6 August 2016}}

{{See also|Chronological summary of the 2016 Summer Olympics}}

{{#section:Chronological summary of the 2016 Summer Olympics|Calendar}}

{{main|World and Olympic records set at the 2016 Summer Olympics}}

Twenty-seven world records and ninety-one Olympic records were set during the 2016 Summer Olympics. The records were set in archery, athletics, canoeing, cycling track, modern pentathlon, rowing, shooting, swimming, and weightlifting.

File:Candelária cauldron at 2016 Summer Olympics.jpg]]

A number of events, most notably in aquatics, beach volleyball and track and field, were scheduled with sessions and matches occurring as late as 10:00 p.m. to midnight BRT. These scheduling practices were influenced primarily by United States broadcast rightsholder NBC, whose substantial rights fees are one of the major sources of revenue for the IOC, who therefore allowed NBC to have influence on event scheduling to maximize U.S. television ratings when possible (on 7 May 2014, NBC agreed to a US$7.75 billion contract extension to air the Olympics through 2032, including US$1.23 billion for Rio 2016),{{cite news |title=Olympics on NBC through 2032 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2014/05/07/nbc-olympics-broadcast-rights-2032/8805989/ |newspaper=USA Today |date=7 May 2014 |access-date=11 March 2019 |archive-date=21 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121225758/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2014/05/07/nbc-olympics-broadcast-rights-2032/8805989/ |url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2017/12/07/sports/olympics/russia-olympics-us-business.html |title=Fewer Russians Could Be a Windfall for U.S. Olympic Business |work=The New York Times |date=7 December 2017 |access-date=5 February 2018 |archive-date=5 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184807/https://mobile.nytimes.com/2017/12/07/sports/olympics/russia-olympics-us-business.html |url-status=live}} as well as the main Brazilian rightsholder Rede Globo. As Brasília time is only one hour ahead of the U.S. Eastern Time Zone, certain marquee events were scheduled to occur during U.S. primetime hours (traditionally 8:00 to 11:00 p.m. ET, 9:00 p.m. to midnight BRT), allowing them to be broadcast live on the east coast as opposed to being delayed. This practice was also beneficial to Globo; a Brazilian critic noted that the network very rarely preempts its primetime telenovelas, as they are among the highest-rated programs in the country.{{cite web |title=Why all the midnight madness for some Olympians? |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/rio-olympics-nbc-late-races-1.3715538 |website=CBC News |access-date=18 August 2016 |archive-date=19 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819170256/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/rio-olympics-nbc-late-races-1.3715538 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=Australia's Olympic swimmers can sleep easy at Rio despite late night meets thanks to recovery training |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/australias-olympic-swimmers-can-sleep-easy-at-rio-despite-late-night-meets-thanks-to-recovery-training/news-story/8d42ecd5305eecabd568e2446c8f964b |website=The Courier-Mail |access-date=18 August 2016 |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517100141/https://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/australias-olympic-swimmers-can-sleep-easy-at-rio-despite-late-night-meets-thanks-to-recovery-training/news-story/8d42ecd5305eecabd568e2446c8f964b |url-status=live}}{{cite news |title=Greed, Passion, Lust, Betrayal, and the Olympics in Between |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/12/business/media/greed-passion-lust-betrayal-and-the-olympics-in-between.html?_r=0 |website=The New York Times |date=10 June 2016 |access-date=18 August 2016 |last1=Segal |first1=David |archive-date=13 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613073441/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/12/business/media/greed-passion-lust-betrayal-and-the-olympics-in-between.html?_r=0 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/sports/articles/2014/12/05/swimming-beach-volleyball-will-be-on-late-in-rio |title=Swimming, beach volleyball will be on late in Rio |work=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=31 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108195622/http://www.usnews.com/news/sports/articles/2014/12/05/swimming-beach-volleyball-will-be-on-late-in-rio |archive-date=8 January 2016}}

{{main|2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony|2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony flag bearers}}

Image:Terminam_os_Jogos_Ol%C3%ADmpicos_Rio_2016_(29040726262).jpg]]

The closing ceremony of the 2016 Summer Olympics was held on 21 August 2016 from 20:00 to 22:50 BRT at the Maracanã Stadium.{{Cite web |url=https://ingressos.rio2016.com/tickets.html?affiliate=OGF |title=Rio 2016 Ingressos – Compre seu ingresso para as Olímpiadas |website=ingressos.rio2016.com |language=pt |publisher=Rio 2016 Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games |access-date=21 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824191601/https://ingressos.rio2016.com/tickets.html?affiliate=OGF |archive-date=24 August 2016}} As per traditional Olympic protocol, the ceremony featured cultural presentations from both the current (Brazil) and following (Japan) host countries, as well as closing remarks by IOC president Thomas Bach, who declared the Games closed, and the Games' organizing committee leader Carlos Arthur Nuzman, the official handover of the Olympic flag from Rio de Janeiro mayor Eduardo Paes to Tokyo governor Yuriko Koike, whose city will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, and the extinguishing of the Olympic flame.{{cite news |title=Rio Olympics 2016: Spectacular closing ceremony as Olympic flag goes to Tokyo |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/37150572 |date=22 August 2016 |access-date=22 August 2016 |work=BBC Sport |archive-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227054709/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/37150572 |url-status=live}}

The creative director for the ceremony was Rosa Magalhães.{{Cite web |url=http://esporte.band.uol.com.br/rio-2016/noticia/100000772124/rio-2016-rosa-magalhaes-deve-comandar-encerramento.html?mobile=true |title=Rio 2016: Rosa Magalhães deve comandar encerramento |date=19 September 2015 |website=Rio 2016 |language=Pt |access-date=21 August 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921141242/http://esporte.band.uol.com.br/rio-2016/noticia/100000772124/rio-2016-rosa-magalhaes-deve-comandar-encerramento.html?mobile=true |url-status=live}} Amid heavy rainfall, the ceremony began with interpretive dancers representing various landmarks in the host city. Martinho da Vila then performed a rendition of "{{ill|Carinhoso (song)|lt=Carinhoso|pt|Carinhoso}}" by Pixinguinha. In another segment, introducing the athletes, singer Roberta Sá channeled Carmen Miranda, the fruit-headdress-wearing, mid-century Hollywood diva who endures as a beloved camp figure. The Parade of Flags followed shortly after a choir of 27 children, representing the states of Brazil, sang the Brazilian national anthem.

File:Centro_Olímpico_de_Deodoro.jpg]]

The Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimated the out-turn cost of the Rio 2016 Summer Olympics at US$4.6 billion in 2015-dollars. This figure included sports-related costs, that is, (i) operational costs incurred by the organizing committee to stage the Games, of which the largest components were technology, transportation, workforce, and administration costs, while other operational costs included security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services, and (ii) direct capital costs incurred by the host city and country or private investors to build the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which were required to host the Games.{{Cite book |ssrn=2804554 |title=The Oxford Olympics Study 2016: Cost and Cost Overrun at the Games |last1=Flyvbjerg |first1=Bent |last2=Stewart |first2=Allison |last3=Budzier |first3=Alexander |publisher=Saïd Business School Working Papers (Oxford: University of Oxford) |year=2016 |location=Oxford |pages=18–20|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2804554 |arxiv=1607.04484 }}

Indirect capital costs were not included, such as for road, rail, or airport infrastructure, for hotel upgrades, or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly related to staging the Games. The Rio Olympics' cost of US$4.6 billion compares with costs of US$40–44 billion for Beijing 2008 and US$51 billion for Sochi 2014, the two most expensive Olympics in history. The average cost of the Summer Games since 1960 is US$5.2 billion.

{{wide image|Zona Olímpica da Barra da Tijuca - Parque Olímpico RIO 2016.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|Barra Olympic Park}}

{{Main|2016 Summer Olympics medal table}}

{{Further|List of 2016 Summer Olympics medal winners}}

The top ten listed NOCs by the number of gold medals are listed below. Host nation Brazil finished in 13th place with a total of 19 medals (7 gold, 6 silver, and 6 bronze).

{{:2016 Summer Olympics medal table}}

{{main|List of 2016 Summer Olympics broadcasters}}

File:Rio2016 maio ParqueOlimpico Barra 10.jpg]]

Olympic Broadcasting Services served as the host broadcaster for the 2016 Games. Produced from a total of seven mobile units, OBS distributed 40,000 hours of television footage and 60,000 hours of digital footage of the Games to its international rightsholders. For the first time in Olympic history, digital-oriented footage exceeded the amount of television-oriented footage. The International Broadcast Centre was constructed in the Barra da Tijuca cluster.{{cite web |title=Olympic Broadcasting: Inside the Chief Executive's Office |url=http://www.tvtechnology.com/news/0002/olympic-broadcasting-inside-the-chief-executives-office/278970 |website=TV Technology |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-date=17 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017084401/http://www.tvtechnology.com/news/0002/olympic-broadcasting-inside-the-chief-executives-office/278970 |url-status=dead}} NHK and OBS once again filmed portions of the Games, including the opening ceremony and selected events, in 8K resolution video. Additionally, expanding upon a 180-degree trial at the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics, 85 hours of video content were originated in 360-degree virtual reality formats.{{cite web |title=Olympics in VR: NBC to Present 85 Hours of Virtual-Reality Content on Samsung Devices |url=https://variety.com/2016/digital/news/olympics-vr-nbc-virtual-reality-samsung-1201806593/ |website=Variety |date=30 June 2016 |access-date=12 July 2016 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503011341/https://variety.com/2016/digital/news/olympics-vr-nbc-virtual-reality-samsung-1201806593/ |url-status=live}} In the United States, NBC offered 4K content downconverted from the 8K footage and with HDR and Dolby Atmos support, to participating television providers.{{cite web |title=Rio Olympics: NBC Plans 4K and High Dynamic Range for Opening Ceremony Coverage |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/rio-olympics-nbc-plans-4k-897717 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |date=2016-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502220905/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/rio-olympics-nbc-plans-4k-897717 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |url-status=live |access-date=12 July 2016}} Owing to their expertise in domestic broadcasts of the new sports introduced in Rio, Golf Channel and Sky New Zealand staff handled the production of the golf and rugby sevens events on behalf of OBS.

In August 2009, the IOC reached a deal to sell domestic broadcast rights for the 2016 Summer Olympics to Grupo Globo. Replacing Record, the deal covers free-to-air coverage on Rede Globo, pay TV, and digital rights to the Games. In turn, Globo sublicensed partial free-to-air rights to Rede Record, along with Rede Bandeirantes. IOC board member Richard Carrión described the agreement as "unprecedented", touting that "by working with Brazil's leading media organizations, we are confident that this represents a great deal for Olympic fans in the region. There will be a huge increase in the amount of Olympic action broadcast, both during and outside Games time, and Brazilians will have more choice of how, when and where they follow their Olympic Games."{{cite press release |title=IOC reaches agreement for 2014 & 2016 broadcast rights in Brazil |url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-reaches-agreement-for-2014-2016-broadcast-rights-in-brazil |access-date=14 February 2017 |website=olympic.org |publisher=IOC |date=27 August 2009 |archive-date=16 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816073028/https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-reaches-agreement-for-2014-2016-broadcast-rights-in-brazil |url-status=live}}

Image:Rio 2016 (28430991164).jpg displayed in Rio de Janeiro]]

In November 2017, the International Olympic Committee announced the winners of the Golden rings in six categories for the best broadcast coverage of the Games. The Best Olympic Sports Production was awarded to Beach Volleyball, produced by Geoff Johnson and directed by Greg Breakell and Gary Milkis. The production for the cycling road race and Sailing came second and third. The next category was the best Olympic feature, for which TV Globo's show Esporte Espetacular finished third, and CCTV from China feature A Sequel of Love came second. The winner was NBC Olympics for their feature The Most Beautiful Thing. The third category was The Best Athlete Profile, for which RTBF from Belgium collected the third place prize for their profile of Nafi Thiam. TV Globo went one better than the previous category coming second with their profile of Isaquias Queiroz. The winner of the category again was NBC, this time for their piece on Wayde van Niekerk. The Best On-Air Promotion was announced next, with the BBC Sport winning with NBC coming second this time and BNT from Bulgaria finishing third. The Best Olympic Digital Service went to NBC, with ZDF and SporTV/Globosat picking up the second and third places. The Best Olympic Programme was awarded to SporTV/Globosat, while TV Globo and BBC Sport completed the podium.{{Cite press release |url=https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-announces-golden-rings-awards-winners |title=IOC Announces Golden Rings Awards Winners |date=7 November 2017 |website=olympic.org |publisher=IOC |access-date=5 January 2019 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106055155/https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-announces-golden-rings-awards-winners |url-status=live}}

{{Main|2016 Summer Olympics marketing}}

{{Main|Vinicius and Tom}}

File:Vinicius_and_Tom.svg (left), the mascot of the Rio 2016, and Tom (right), the mascot of the 2016 Summer Paralympics]]

On 24 November 2014, the official mascots of the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled, created by São Paulo-based animation company Birdo. The Olympic mascot Vinicius, named after musician Vinicius de Moraes, represents Brazilian wildlife and carries design traits of cats, monkeys, and birds.{{Cite web |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/news/meet-the-rio-2016-olympic-and-paralympic-games-mascots-and-help-choose-their-names |title=Meet the Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games mascots and help choose their names |website=Rio2016.com |publisher=Rio 2016 Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games |date=23 November 2014 |access-date=25 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809151340/https://www.rio2016.com/en/news/meet-the-rio-2016-olympic-and-paralympic-games-mascots-and-help-choose-their-names |archive-date=9 August 2016}} According to their fictional backgrounds, the mascots "were both born from the joy of Brazilians after it was announced that Rio would host the Games".{{cite web |url=http://www.eurosport.com/olympic-games/rio/2016/2016-rio-olympics-biggest-stars-dates-schedule-mascots-logo-usain-bolt-triple-triple-zika_sto5694786/story.shtml |title=2016 Rio Olympics: Biggest stars, dates, schedule, mascots, logo, Usain Bolt 'triple triple', Zika |last=Quarrell |first=Dan |date=22 July 2016 |website=Eurosport |access-date=30 July 2016 |archive-date=25 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725160229/http://www.eurosport.com/olympic-games/rio/2016/2016-rio-olympics-biggest-stars-dates-schedule-mascots-logo-usain-bolt-triple-triple-zika_sto5694786/story.shtml |url-status=live}}

Brand director Beth Lula stated that the mascots were intended to reflect the diversity of Brazil's culture and people.{{cite web |title=Rio 2016: Olympic and Paralympic mascots launched |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/30176137 |date=24 November 2014 |work=BBC Sport |access-date=24 November 2014 |archive-date=25 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125031253/http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/30176137 |url-status=live}} The names of the mascots were determined by a public vote whose results were announced on 14 December 2014. The names, which reference the co-writers of the song "The Girl from Ipanema", won over two other sets of names, tallying 44 percent of 323,327 votes.{{cite web |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/news/rio-2016-olympic-and-paralympic-mascots-named-vinicius-and-tom-by-public-vote |title=Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic mascots named Vinicius and Tom by public vote |website=Rio2016.com |publisher=Rio 2016 Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games |date=14 December 2014 |access-date=8 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808020617/https://www.rio2016.com/en/news/rio-2016-olympic-and-paralympic-mascots-named-vinicius-and-tom-by-public-vote |archive-date=8 August 2016}} At the Olympic wrestling events, coaches were given plush dolls of Vinicius to throw into the ring when they wished to challenge a referee's call.{{cite web |last1=Gordon |first1=Aaron |title=Olympic Wrestling Uses Stuffed Animals for Replay Challenges |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/olympic-wrestling-uses-stuffed-animals-for-replay-challenges/ |website=Vice Sports |publisher=Vice Media |access-date=22 August 2016 |date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817182254/https://sports.vice.com/en_us/article/olympic-wrestling-uses-stuffed-animals-for-replay-challenges |archive-date=17 August 2016 |url-status=live}}

Image:Parque Olímpico Rio 2016 (28370259403).jpg]]

The official emblem for the 2016 Summer Olympics was designed by Brazilian agency Tatíl Design and was unveiled on 31 December 2010, winning in a competition against 139 agencies.{{cite news |first=Tim |last=Nudd |title=Hated the London 2012 Logo? You Might Like Rio 2016 Better Brazil's Tatíl Design tells story of its creation |url=http://www.adweek.com/adfreak/hated-london-2012-logo-you-might-rio-2016-better-142723 |work=Adweek |date=14 August 2012 |access-date=14 August 2012 |archive-date=17 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817002826/http://www.adweek.com/adfreak/hated-london-2012-logo-you-might-rio-2016-better-142723 |url-status=live}} The emblem represents three figures joined at their arms and feet, with the overall shape reflecting that of Sugarloaf Mountain. It was also designed to have a three-dimensional form, which designer Fred Gelli claimed made it the first 3D logo in the history of the Olympics.{{cite web |title=Rio 2016 motif is "first 3D logo in the history of the Olympics" says designer |url=http://www.dezeen.com/2016/08/11/rio-2016-motif-first-3d-logo-history-olympics-fred-gelli-designer/ |website=Dezeen |date=11 August 2016 |access-date=16 August 2016 |archive-date=14 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814164946/http://www.dezeen.com/2016/08/11/rio-2016-motif-first-3d-logo-history-olympics-fred-gelli-designer/ |url-status=live}}

The logo has been noted as evoking Henri Matisse's painting Dance. There were also allegations by the Colorado-based Telluride Foundation that the logo had been plagiarized from its own; while also consisting of several figures linked in motion, the Telluride Foundation logo contains four figures. This was not the first time that the foundation had alleged plagiarism of its logo by a Brazilian event; in 2004, the linked figures element had been copied for the logo of Carnival celebrations in Salvador. Gelli defended the allegations, stating that the concept of figures linked in embrace was not inherently original, as it was "an ancient reference" and "in the collective unconscious". Gelli cited Dance as an influence of the logo's concept and stated that the designers had intentionally aimed to make the interpretation of the concept as dissimilar to others as possible.{{cite web |title=Telluride Foundation says Brazil stole its logo for Olympics |url=http://www.denverpost.com/business/ci_28493662/telluride-foundation-says-brazil-stole-its-logo-olympics |website=The Denver Post |access-date=7 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510051642/http://www.denverpost.com/business/ci_28493662/telluride-foundation-says-brazil-stole-its-logo-olympics |archive-date=10 May 2016}}

{{Main|Concerns and controversies at the 2016 Summer Olympics}}

The lead-up to the Rio Games was marked by several controversies, including: Brazil's political and economic crisis; the Zika virus epidemic; the significant pollution in the Guanabara Bay; and an ongoing doping scandal involving Russia, which affected the participation of Russian athletes in the Games. However, the Zika virus was not contracted by anyone competing in or attending the Olympics,{{Cite news |url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/2017/10/07/u-study-olympic-athletes-in-rio-dodged-zika-but-not-west-nile-and-other-mosquito-borne-illnesses/ |title=U. study: Olympic athletes in Rio dodged Zika, but not West Nile and other mosquito-borne illnesses |work=The Salt Lake Tribune |access-date=6 November 2018 |language=en-US |last=Ramseth |first=Luke |date=8 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106171635/https://www.sltrib.com/news/2017/10/07/u-study-olympic-athletes-in-rio-dodged-zika-but-not-west-nile-and-other-mosquito-borne-illnesses/ |archive-date=6 November 2018 |url-status=dead}} and the Games went ahead normally with no major incident.{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/21/rio-olympics-residents-impact-future-legacy |title=Have the Olympics been worth it for Rio? |first=Jonathan |last=Watts |website=The Guardian |quote=For politicians and administrators who have staked their careers on these Games, there were no shortage of reasons to declare them a success: tourist numbers were reasonably high (in excess of the 500,000 target, according to the government), sales goals were reached, the infrastructure remained standing, Zika fears proved unfounded and Brazil won more medals than at any previous Games. |date=21 August 2016 |access-date=11 April 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411103043/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/21/rio-olympics-residents-impact-future-legacy |url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-37133278 |title=Has the Olympics been a success for Brazil? |work=BBC News |quote=Indeed, for the second time in two years, Brazil has shown it can successfully stage a major international sporting jamboree. |first=Wyre |last=Davies |date=20 August 2016 |access-date=11 April 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411165510/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-37133278 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=https://www.olympic.org/news/how-do-we-know-that-rio-2016-was-a-success |title=How do we know that Rio 2016 was a success |website=olympic.org |publisher=IOC |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=11 April 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411103039/https://www.olympic.org/news/how-do-we-know-that-rio-2016-was-a-success |url-status=live}}

{{Main|2014 Brazilian economic crisis|Operation Car Wash|Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff}}

Image:01062016- 89A3476-Editar (27244602030).jpg during an interview with Al Jazeera at the Alvorada Palace on 1 June 2016]]

There is no legally legitimate evidence of impropriety in the choice of Rio to host the Olympic games, at least as far as the Brazilian Olympic Committee or the politicians involved in the process are concerned.{{Cite web |title=A court overturns the conviction of Carlos Nuzman |url=https://www.francsjeux.com/en/short/court-overturns-carlos-nuzman%27s-conviction/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Francs Jeux |language=en}} However, the specialized media raised suspicions about it. In 2014, Operation Car Wash, an investigation by the Federal Police of Brazil, uncovered unprecedented money laundering and corruption at the state-controlled oil company Petrobras. In early 2015, a series of protests against alleged corruption by the government of President Dilma Rousseff began in Brazil, triggered by revelations that numerous politicians were involved in the Petrobras affair. By early 2016, the scandal had escalated into a full-blown political crisis affecting not only President Rousseff, but also former President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, resulting in widespread demonstrations involving millions of protesters,{{cite news |last1=Flynn |first1=Daniel |last2=Soto |first2=Alonso |title=Record Brazil protests put Rousseff's future in doubt |url=http://reuters.com/article/idUSKCN0WF0IX |access-date=14 March 2016 |work=Reuters |date=14 March 2016 |archive-date=6 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106040951/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN0WF0IX |url-status=live}} both anti- and pro-Rousseff.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/09/business/international/effects-of-petrobras-scandal-leave-brazilians-lamenting-a-lost-dream.html |title=Petrobras Oil Scandal Leaves Brazilians Lamenting a Lost Dream |work=The New York Times |first=David |last=Segal |author-link=David Segal (reporter) |date=7 August 2015 |access-date=1 March 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304101507/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/09/business/international/effects-of-petrobras-scandal-leave-brazilians-lamenting-a-lost-dream.html |url-status=live}}{{cite news |last=Grandin |first=Greg |title=Millennials Are Taking to the Streets to Defend Democracy in Brazil |url=http://www.thenation.com/article/millennials-are-taking-to-the-streets-to-defend-democracy-in-brazil/ |access-date=5 June 2016 |work=The Nation |date=22 March 2016 |archive-date=4 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604183340/http://www.thenation.com/article/millennials-are-taking-to-the-streets-to-defend-democracy-in-brazil/ |url-status=live}} At the same time, Brazil faced its worst economic recession since the 1990s, raising questions about whether the country was adequately prepared to host the Olympic Games against a volatile political and economic backdrop. On 12 May 2016, President Rousseff was stripped of her powers and duties for 180 days after an impeachment vote in the Federal Senate, with Vice President Michel Temer standing in as acting president during the Games.{{cite news |url=http://g1.globo.com/politica/processo-de-impeachment-de-dilma/noticia/2016/05/processo-de-impeachment-e-aberto-e-dilma-e-afastada-por-ate-180-dias.html |title=Processo de impeachment é aberto, e Dilma é afastada por até 180 dias |language=pt |website=g1.globo.com |publisher=Rede Globo |date=12 May 2016 |access-date=14 February 2017 |archive-date=28 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728014404/http://g1.globo.com/politica/processo-de-impeachment-de-dilma/noticia/2016/05/processo-de-impeachment-e-aberto-e-dilma-e-afastada-por-ate-180-dias.html |url-status=live}}

On 5 October 2017, Brazilian Olympic Committee head Carlos Nuzman was arrested amid a money-laundering investigation into a $2 million payment that was allegedly made to secure votes for the bid to bring the Olympics to Rio. The money was believed to have been paid to former IAAF president Lamine Diack and his son Papa Massata Diack, who was a member of the IOC at the time of the alleged payment, which was three days before the vote in 2009. All three were charged with money laundering, along with the former Rio state governor Sergio Cabral (who was already in prison for money laundering offenses at the time), Brazilian businessman Arthur Soares, and ex-Brazilian Olympic Committee chief Leonardo Gryner. All six were charged with running a criminal organization, money laundering, and violating currency laws in their own native countries.{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-41678338 |title=Rio Olympics head Carlos Nuzman charged with corruption |date=19 October 2017 |work=BBC News |access-date=26 December 2017 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107164219/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-41678338 |url-status=live}} On 4 July 2019, it was reported that Cabral told a judge that the money paid to Diack was used to buy as many as nine votes.{{Cite news |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKCN1U001L |title=Former Rio de Janeiro governor tells judge he paid $2 million bribe to host 2016 Olympics |last=Viga Gaier |first=Rodrigo |date=5 July 2019 |work=Reuters |access-date=8 July 2019 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705030051/https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKCN1U001L |archive-date=5 July 2019 |url-status=dead}} Rio mayor Eduardo Paes was also accused of corruption and fraud in relation to the construction of a number of venues for the Games.{{Cite news |last=Chade |first=Jamil |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/apr/23/brazil-olympic-world-cup-corruption-bribery |title=Stadium deals, corruption and bribery: the questions at the heart of Brazil's Olympic and World Cup 'miracle' |date=23 April 2017 |work=The Observer |access-date=6 April 2020 |language=en-GB |issn=0029-7712 |archive-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406204302/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/apr/23/brazil-olympic-world-cup-corruption-bribery |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1092568/paes-accused-of-corruption-rio-2016 |title=Former Rio Mayor Paes accused of corruption during Olympic venue construction |date=29 March 2020 |last=Gillen |first=Nancy |website=insidethegames.biz |access-date=6 April 2020 |archive-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406204523/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1092568/paes-accused-of-corruption-rio-2016 |url-status=live}} In 2024, Nuzman's and Cabral's conviction in this legal case was overturned by the Court.{{Cite web |title=Nuzman, ex-presidente do COB, tem condenação anulada em caso de propina para levar Olimpíada ao Rio |url=https://www.estadao.com.br/esportes/nuzman-ex-presidente-do-cob-tem-condenacao-anulada-em-caso-de-propina-para-levar-olimpiada-ao-rio/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Estadão |language=pt-br}}{{Cite news |title=Brazil's court annuls Nuzman, Cabral sentence over Rio 2016 corruption |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/brazils-court-annuls-nuzman-cabral-sentence-over-rio-2016-corruption-2024-03-07/ |work=Reuters}}

{{Main|2015–16 Zika virus epidemic}}

File:Dengue Votuporanga.jpg, São Paulo]]

An outbreak of the mosquito-borne Zika virus in Brazil raised fears regarding its potential impact on athletes and visitors. To prevent puddles of stagnant water that allow mosquitoes to breed, organizers announced plans to perform daily inspections of Olympic venues.{{cite news |title=Zika virus: Olympic venues to be inspected daily before and during Games |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/35444254 |access-date=30 January 2016 |work=BBC Sport |date=29 January 2016 |archive-date=29 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129203943/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/35444254 |url-status=live}} Zika virus transmission was also attributed to inefficient sewage treatment in the area, an issue that was also in the process of being addressed for the Games.{{cite web |last=Khazan |first=Olga |title=What Happens When There's Poop in the Water |website=The Atlantic |date=31 March 2016 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2016/03/what-happens-when-theres-sewage-in-the-water/476013/ |access-date=30 June 2016 |archive-date=2 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702140437/http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2016/03/what-happens-when-theres-sewage-in-the-water/476013/ |url-status=live}}

In May 2016, a group of 150 physicians and scientists sent an open letter to the World Health Organization (WHO), calling upon them to, according to co-author Arthur Caplan, have "an open, transparent discussion of the risks of holding the Olympics as planned in Brazil". The WHO dismissed the request, stating that "cancelling or changing the location of the 2016 Olympics [would] not significantly alter the international spread of Zika virus", and that there was "no public health justification" for postponing them.{{cite web |title="The Games will go ahead": Tourists have a near-zero chance of getting Zika at the Rio Olympics |url=http://qz.com/682702/the-games-will-go-ahead-tourists-have-a-near-zero-chance-of-getting-zika-at-the-rio-olympics/ |website=Quartz |date=12 May 2016 |access-date=31 May 2016 |archive-date=26 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526124331/http://qz.com/682702/the-games-will-go-ahead-tourists-have-a-near-zero-chance-of-getting-zika-at-the-rio-olympics/ |url-status=live}}{{cite news |title=150 experts say Olympics must be moved or postponed because of Zika |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/05/27/125-experts-say-olympics-must-be-moved-or-postponed-because-of-zika/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602191555/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/05/27/125-experts-say-olympics-must-be-moved-or-postponed-because-of-zika/ |archive-date=2016-06-02 |url-status=live |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=31 May 2016}}{{cite web |title=Zika crisis: WHO rejects 'move Rio Olympics' call |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-36401150 |work=BBC News |date=28 May 2016 |access-date=31 May 2016 |archive-date=30 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530193948/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-36401150 |url-status=live}}

Some athletes did not attend the Games because of the epidemic.{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/21/tennis/rio-2016-tennis-zika/index.html |title=Rio 2016: Are tennis players using Zika as an excuse? |date=21 July 2016 |work=CNN |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813064228/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/21/tennis/rio-2016-tennis-zika/index.html |url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/olympics-golf-zika-excuse-top-ranked-players-says-235340521--golf.html |title=Olympics-Golf-Zika an excuse for top ranked players, says Van Zyl |agency=Reuters |date=2 August 2016 |work=Yahoo! |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916213233/https://sports.yahoo.com/news/olympics-golf-zika-excuse-top-ranked-players-says-235340521--golf.html |url-status=live}} On 2 September 2016, however, the World Health Organization reported that there were no confirmed cases of Zika among athletes or visitors during the 2016 Olympics.{{cite web |title=No Zika cases from Olympics, says WHO |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-37257949 |work=BBC News |date=2 September 2016 |access-date=3 September 2016 |archive-date=3 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903002056/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-37257949 |url-status=live}}

{{Main|Environmental issues in Brazil|Water supply and sanitation in Brazil}}

Image:Forte_de_Copacabana_panorama.jpg hosted the cycling road race (start and finish), marathon swimming and triathlon events.]]

The Guanabara Bay, whose waters were used for sailing and windsurfing competitions, is heavily polluted. Among the chief causes of the pollution are uncollected trash fed into the bay via polluted rivers and slums along the coast. Pollution of the Guanabara has been a long-term issue. At the Earth Summit in 1992, officials promised they would begin to address the pollution, but previous attempts to do so have been insufficient. As an aspect of their bid for the Games, Rio once again committed to making efforts towards cleaning the bay.{{cite news |title=Note to Olympic Sailors: Don't Fall in Rio's Water |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/19/world/americas/memo-to-olympic-sailors-in-rio-dont-touch-the-water.html |website=The New York Times |date=18 May 2014 |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=11 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311125643/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/19/world/americas/memo-to-olympic-sailors-in-rio-dont-touch-the-water.html |url-status=live |last1=Romero |first1=Simon |last2=Clarey |first2=Christopher}}{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-25686805 |title=Rio's Olympic waters blighted by heavy pollution |last1=Carneiro |first1=Julia |date=10 January 2014 |work=BBC News |access-date=12 January 2014 |archive-date=11 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111141738/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-25686805 |url-status=live}} However, some of these proposed initiatives have faced budgetary issues.{{cite web |title=Funding problems hit plan to clean Rio's polluted waterways ahead of Olympics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/feb/01/funding-problems-hit-plan-clean-rios-polluted-waterways-olympics |website=The Guardian |date=2016-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507143010/http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/feb/01/funding-problems-hit-plan-clean-rios-polluted-waterways-olympics |archive-date=2016-05-07 |url-status=live |last1=Balch |first1=Oliver |access-date=6 May 2016}} Prior to these efforts, only 17% of Rio's sewage was treated;{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/aug/28/german-sailor-erik-heil-infections-polluted-water-rio-2016-olympics |title=German sailor blames infections on water at Rio 2016 Olympic test event |website=The Guardian |agency=Reuters |date=28 August 2015 |access-date=3 January 2016 |archive-date=8 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108195621/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/aug/28/german-sailor-erik-heil-infections-polluted-water-rio-2016-olympics |url-status=live}} this raw sewage also leaked into the bay. Although Rio mayor Eduardo Paes stated that the city might not be able to reach its goal of having 80% of sewage treated,{{cite news |title='Super bacteria' found in Rio waters where sailors and windsurfers are supposed to compete in the Olympics |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2014/12/17/super-bacteria-found-in-rio-waters-where-sailors-and-windsurfers-are-supposed-to-compete-in-the-olympics/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609202221/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2014/12/17/super-bacteria-found-in-rio-waters-where-sailors-and-windsurfers-are-supposed-to-compete-in-the-olympics/ |archive-date=2016-06-09 |url-status=live |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=6 May 2016}} at least 60% of sewage was treated by March 2016, with a projected goal of 65% of sewage being treated by the start of the Olympics.{{cite news |title=USOC, athletes navigate questions swirling around Rio's contaminated water |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/us-athletes-focused-on-medals-not-water-quality-ahead-of-rio-olympics/2016/03/09/def96766-e63b-11e5-b0fd-073d5930a7b7_story.html |date=2016-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619130452/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/us-athletes-focused-on-medals-not-water-quality-ahead-of-rio-olympics/2016/03/09/def96766-e63b-11e5-b0fd-073d5930a7b7_story.html |archive-date=2016-06-19 |url-status=live |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=30 June 2016}}

{{See also|Crime in Brazil|Terrorism in Brazil}}

File:Força Aérea Brasileira (FAB) faz treinamento de interceptação aérea para os Jogos Olímpicos de 2016.jpg fighter jet of the Brazilian Air Force during an air intercept training for Rio 2016]]

Rio's crime problems also received renewed attention after it was awarded the 2016 Games; mayor Paes stated that the city was facing "big issues" in heightening security, but that such concerns and issues were presented to the IOC throughout the bidding process.{{cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/rio-mayor-promises-crackdown-on-violence/ |title=Rio Mayor Promises Crackdown on Violence |work=CBS News |agency=Associated Press |date=19 October 2009 |access-date=14 February 2017 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215122136/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/rio-mayor-promises-crackdown-on-violence/ |url-status=live}}

The governor of Rio de Janeiro also highlighted the fact that London faced security problems, with a terrorist attack occurring just a day after it was awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics. The estimate was that 5,000 men of the National Public Security Force and 22,000 military officers (14,800 Army; 5,900 Navy and 1,300 of the Brazilian Air Force), in addition to the fixed quota of Rio January, would act during the Olympic Games.{{cite web |url=https://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/terroristas-divulgam-manual-para-ataques-nos-jogos-do-rio,d1b74e02f0b59b2b098ab6bd5f2783ddcxutstz6.html |title=Terroristas divulgam 'manual' para ataques nos Jogos do Rio |date=20 July 2016 |publisher=Terra |access-date=25 July 2016 |language=pt |archive-date=21 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721112206/https://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/terroristas-divulgam-manual-para-ataques-nos-jogos-do-rio,d1b74e02f0b59b2b098ab6bd5f2783ddcxutstz6.html |url-status=live}}

On 21 July 2016, two weeks before the scheduled start of the Games, the Brazilian Federal Police broke up an Islamic jihadist terrorist cell named Ansar al-Khilafah Brazil by arresting 12 people.{{cite news |last1=Jelmayer |first1=Rogerio |last2=Magalhaes |first2=Luciana |title=Brazil Authorities Arrest 12th Suspect in Alleged Olympics Terror Plot |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/brazil-authorities-seek-12th-suspect-in-alleged-olympics-terror-plot-1469379677 |access-date=14 February 2017 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=25 July 2016 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215115044/https://www.wsj.com/articles/brazil-authorities-seek-12th-suspect-in-alleged-olympics-terror-plot-1469379677 |url-status=live}}

{{see also|Doping in Russia|McLaren Report}}

File:ОКРоссии.JPG in Moscow]]

In December 2014, media attention began growing when German broadcaster ARD reported on state-sponsored doping in Russia, comparing it to doping in East Germany. In November 2015, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) published a report, and the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) suspended Russia indefinitely from world track and field events. The United Kingdom Anti-Doping agency later assisted WADA with testing in Russia. In June 2016, they reported they were unable to fully carry out their work, and noted intimidation by armed Federal Security Service (FSB) agents.{{Cite web |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/2016.06.15_russia_testing_update_final.pdf |title=Update on the status of Russia testing |website=wada-ama.org |publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency |date=June 2016 |access-date=24 December 2017 |archive-date=25 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125070639/https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/2016.06.15_russia_testing_update_final.pdf |url-status=live}} After a Russian former lab director made allegations about the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, WADA commissioned an independent investigation led by Richard McLaren, which found corroborating evidence, concluding in a report published in July 2016 that the Ministry of Sport and the FSB had operated a "state-directed failsafe system" using a "disappearing positive [test] methodology" (DPM) from "at least late 2011 to August 2015".{{Cite web |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/doping-control-process/mclaren-independent-investigation-report-part-i |title=McLaren Independent Investigation Report – Part 1 |format=PDF |website=wada-ama.org |publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency |date=18 July 2016 |access-date=25 November 2017 |archive-date=6 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206011130/https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/doping-control-process/mclaren-independent-investigation-report-part-i |url-status=live}}

In response to these findings, WADA announced that RUSADA should be regarded as non-compliant with respect to the World Anti-Doping Code, and recommended that Russia be banned from competing in the 2016 Summer Olympics.{{Cite web |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2016-07/wada-statement-independent-investigation-confirms-russian-state-manipulation-of |title=WADA Statement: Independent Investigation confirms Russian State manipulation of the doping control process |website=wada-ama.org |publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency |date=18 July 2016 |access-date=24 December 2017 |archive-date=3 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203122912/https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2016-07/wada-statement-independent-investigation-confirms-russian-state-manipulation-of |url-status=live}} The IOC rejected the recommendation, stating that the IOC and each sport's international federation would make decisions on each athlete's individual basis.{{cite press release |url=https://www.olympic.org/news/decision-of-the-ioc-executive-board-concerning-the-participation-of-russian-athletes-in-the-olympic-games-rio-2016 |title=Decision of the IOC Executive Board concerning the participation of Russian athletes in the Olympic Games Rio 2016 |date=24 July 2016 |website=olympic.org |publisher=IOC |access-date=24 July 2016 |archive-date=30 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230024157/https://www.olympic.org/news/decision-of-the-ioc-executive-board-concerning-the-participation-of-russian-athletes-in-the-olympic-games-rio-2016 |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2016/jul/30/ioc-sets-up-3-person-panel-to-rule-on-russian/ |title=IOC sets up 3-person panel to rule on Russian entries |newspaper=San Diego Tribune |date=30 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731040000/http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2016/jul/30/ioc-sets-up-3-person-panel-to-rule-on-russian/ |archive-date=31 July 2016 |access-date=31 July 2016}} A day before the opening ceremony, 278 athletes were cleared to compete under the Russian flag, while 111 were removed because of doping.{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/36970627 |title=Rio 2016: 270 Russians cleared to compete at Olympic Games |work=BBC Sport |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804174234/http://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/36970627 |archive-date=4 August 2016 |url-status=live |date=4 August 2016}} In contrast, the entire Kuwaiti team was banned from competing under their own flag for a non-doping related matter.{{Cite web |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1051180/exclusive-pound-confident-russian-athletes-will-be-found-guilty-of-sochi-2014-doping-despite-ioc-inaction |title=Exclusive: Pound confident Russian athletes will be found guilty of Sochi 2014 doping despite IOC inaction |website=insidethegames.biz |first=Nick |last=Butler |date=5 June 2017 |access-date=24 December 2017 |archive-date=17 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917033047/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1051180/exclusive-pound-confident-russian-athletes-will-be-found-guilty-of-sochi-2014-doping-despite-ioc-inaction |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/doping-pressure-mounts-on-ioc-at-german-parliament/a-38611407 |title=Doping pressure mounts on IOC at German parliament |website=DW.com |first=Joscha |last=Weber |date=27 April 2017 |access-date=31 March 2020 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802203113/https://www.dw.com/en/doping-pressure-mounts-on-ioc-at-german-parliament/a-38611407 |url-status=live}} Unlike the IOC, the International Paralympic Committee voted unanimously to ban the entire Russian team from the 2016 Summer Paralympics, and suspended the Russian Paralympic Committee after it found evidence that the DPM was also in operation at the 2014 Winter Paralympics.{{Cite web |url=https://www.paralympic.org/news/ipc-suspends-russian-paralympic-committee-immediate-effect |title=The IPC suspends the Russian Paralympic Committee with immediate effect |website=Paralympic.org |publisher=IPC |date=7 August 2016 |access-date=24 December 2017 |archive-date=7 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207035019/https://www.paralympic.org/news/ipc-suspends-russian-paralympic-committee-immediate-effect |url-status=live}}

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