2023 Dutch general election

The 2021 general elections resulted in the formation of the fourth Rutte cabinet, consisting of a coalition of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD), Democrats 66 (D66), Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and the Christian Union (CU). Mark Rutte, leader of VVD, continued in his role as prime minister.{{cite web |url=https://nos.nl/collectie/13942/artikel/2481946-huwelijk-van-kabinet-rutte-iv-was-gedoemd-te-mislukken |title=Huwelijk van kabinet-Rutte IV was gedoemd te mislukken |website=NOS |language=nl |date=7 July 2023 |access-date=9 July 2023 |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715163630/http://nos.nl/collectie/13942/artikel/2481946-huwelijk-van-kabinet-rutte-iv-was-gedoemd-te-mislukken |url-status=live}}

After 2019 the government had the intention to limit the human impact on the nitrogen cycle. However, its nitrogen bill met resistance from several opposition parties, including the Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB), which was founded in 2019 and entered the House of Representatives after winning one seat in the 2021 elections. Its popularity grew quickly, and the BBB emerged as the largest party in the 2023 provincial elections, which also saw heavy losses for the ruling coalition. As the provincial councils indirectly elect the Senate,{{cite news |last=Henley |first=Jon |date=16 March 2023 |title=Rural populist party emerges as big winner in Dutch elections |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/16/rural-populist-party-farmer-citizen-movement-big-winner-dutch-elections |access-date=23 November 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123030146/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/16/rural-populist-party-farmer-citizen-movement-big-winner-dutch-elections |url-status=live}} it meant that the ruling coalition would face more difficulty passing legislation.{{cite web |date=24 March 2023 |title=Spreidingswet naar Tweede Kamer, maar nieuwe Eerste Kamer lijkt serieuzer obstakel |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2468677-spreidingswet-naar-tweede-kamer-maar-nieuwe-eerste-kamer-lijkt-serieuzer-obstakel |access-date=23 November 2023 |website=nos.nl |language=nl |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605234642/https://nos.nl/artikel/2468677-spreidingswet-naar-tweede-kamer-maar-nieuwe-eerste-kamer-lijkt-serieuzer-obstakel |url-status=live}}

The government resigned on 7 July 2023 after the four parties failed to agree on a proposed limitation of family reunification for refugees fleeing armed conflict.{{cite web |url=https://nos.nl/collectie/13942/artikel/2482044-hoe-rutte-vriend-en-vijand-verraste-reconstructie-van-de-val-van-rutte-iv |title=Hoe Rutte vriend en vijand verraste: reconstructie van de val van Rutte IV |website=NOS |language=nl |date=8 July 2023 |access-date=9 July 2023 |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708205819/https://nos.nl/collectie/13942/artikel/2482044-hoe-rutte-vriend-en-vijand-verraste-reconstructie-van-de-val-van-rutte-iv |url-status=live}} The coalition government led by Mark Rutte collapsed ahead of the anticipated November elections due to irreconcilable disagreements on migration issues.{{cite web |date=12 November 2023 |title=Dutch election candidates make migration a key campaign issue in the crowded Netherlands |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/dutch-ap-ter-apel-freedom-party-mark-rutte-b2445867.html |access-date=23 November 2023 |website=The Independent |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123211531/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/dutch-ap-ter-apel-freedom-party-mark-rutte-b2445867.html |url-status=live}} The dispute arose from Rutte's proposal to tighten restrictions on the reunification of asylum seekers' families, aiming to reduce the number of migrants following a previous scandal involving overcrowded migration centers. CDA supported Rutte's proposal, while the opposition of CU and D66 led to a breakdown in negotiations. The parties decided unanimously that they could not remain together in the coalition.{{cite web |last=Jha |first=Mausam |date=2023-07-08 |title=Explainer: Why did PM Mark Rutte-led Dutch government collapse? |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/world/explainer-why-did-pm-mark-rutte-led-dutch-government-collapse-11688793353988.html |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=mint |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122055247/https://www.livemint.com/news/world/explainer-why-did-pm-mark-rutte-led-dutch-government-collapse-11688793353988.html |url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=Explained: Why the Dutch government led by PM Mark Rutte collapsed |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/world/explained-why-the-dutch-government-led-by-pm-mark-rutte-collapsed-1235359.html |access-date=23 November 2023 |website=Deccan Herald |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123211531/https://www.deccanherald.com/world/explained-why-the-dutch-government-led-by-pm-mark-rutte-collapsed-1235359.html |url-status=live}}{{cite news |title=Dutch PM Mark Rutte resigns after collapse of coalition government |url=https://news.sky.com/story/dutch-pm-mark-rutte-resigns-after-collapse-of-coalition-government-12917179 |access-date=3 December 2023 |publisher=Sky News |date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203034134/https://news.sky.com/story/dutch-pm-mark-rutte-resigns-after-collapse-of-coalition-government-12917179 |archive-date=3 December 2023}}{{cite news |title=Mark Rutte hands in resignation to the king after coalition collapse |url=https://www.euronews.com/2023/07/07/dutch-government-reportedly-collapses-after-failure-to-reach-agreement-on-asylum-measures |access-date=3 December 2023 |publisher=Euronews |date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203041306/https://www.euronews.com/2023/07/07/dutch-government-reportedly-collapses-after-failure-to-reach-agreement-on-asylum-measures |archive-date=3 December 2023}} The king asked that the prime minister and his government continue to carry out their duties in a caretaker capacity.{{cite web |title=Prime Minister Rutte tenders government's resignation |url=https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2023/07/07/prime-minister-rutte-tenders-governments-resignation |website=Government of the Netherlands |access-date=3 December 2023 |date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203043841/https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2023/07/07/prime-minister-rutte-tenders-governments-resignation |archive-date=3 December 2023}} This could have been seen as a move by Rutte to keep migration on the center stage as his party was disunited on his nitrogen policies.{{cite magazine |date=10 July 2023 |title=What to Know About the Dutch Government's Collapse—and What Comes Next |url=https://time.com/6293255/mark-rutte-netherlands-government-collapse/ |access-date=23 November 2023 |magazine=Time |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116141838/https://time.com/6293255/mark-rutte-netherlands-government-collapse/ |url-status=live}}

On 10 July 2023, Prime Minister Mark Rutte announced he would not run again as lead candidate for the VVD, and would leave politics when a new cabinet was sworn in. Other party leaders and parliamentary leaders also announced they would not return, including Sigrid Kaag (D66), Wopke Hoekstra, Pieter Heerma (both CDA),{{cite web |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2482253-ook-cda-fractievoorzitter-heerma-wil-niet-op-kieslijst |title=Ook CDA-fractievoorzitter Heerma wil niet op kieslijst |website=NOS.nl |language=nl |date=10 July 2023 |accessdate=14 July 2023 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802154316/https://nos.nl/artikel/2482253-ook-cda-fractievoorzitter-heerma-wil-niet-op-kieslijst |url-status=live}} Attje Kuiken (PvdA),{{cite web |url=https://www.ad.nl/politiek/attje-kuiken-pvda-keert-niet-terug-in-de-tweede-kamer-ik-heb-het-fantastisch-gehad~adfdf724/ |title=Attje Kuiken (PvdA) keert niet terug in de Tweede Kamer: 'Ik heb het fantastisch gehad' |website=AD.nl |language=nl |date=18 August 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023 |archive-date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831233008/https://www.ad.nl/politiek/attje-kuiken-pvda-keert-niet-terug-in-de-tweede-kamer-ik-heb-het-fantastisch-gehad~adfdf724/ |url-status=live}} Kees van der Staaij (SGP),{{cite news |last=van den Dool |first=Pim |date=25 August 2023 |title=Met het vertrek van Kees van der Staaij verliest het parlement een schat aan ervaring en gezag |language=nl-NL |work=NRC |url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2023/08/25/met-het-vertrek-van-kees-van-der-staaij-verliest-het-parlement-een-schat-aan-ervaring-en-gezag-a4172780 |access-date=26 August 2023 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902023752/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2023/08/25/met-het-vertrek-van-kees-van-der-staaij-verliest-het-parlement-een-schat-aan-ervaring-en-gezag-a4172780 |url-status=live}} Farid Azarkan (Denk),{{cite web |url=https://www.ad.nl/politiek/denk-voorman-farid-azarkan-stopt-tijd-om-andere-dingen-te-gaan-doen~a7267474/ |title=DENK-voorman Farid Azarkan stopt: 'Tijd om andere dingen te gaan doen' |language=nl |website=AD.nl |date=24 July 2023 |access-date=24 July 2023 |archive-date=24 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724164339/https://www.ad.nl/politiek/denk-voorman-farid-azarkan-stopt-tijd-om-andere-dingen-te-gaan-doen~a7267474/ |url-status=live}} Liane den Haan (independent),{{cite web |url=https://nos.nl/collectie/13944/artikel/2482663-ook-ex-50plus-kamerlid-den-haan-stopt-de-huidige-politiek-is-lelijk |title=Ook ex-50Plus-Kamerlid Den Haan stopt: 'De huidige politiek is lelijk' |website=NOS.nl |language=nl |date=13 July 2023 |accessdate=14 July 2023 |archive-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714080920/https://nos.nl/collectie/13944/artikel/2482663-ook-ex-50plus-kamerlid-den-haan-stopt-de-huidige-politiek-is-lelijk |url-status=live}} Nilüfer Gündoğan (independent),{{cite web |date=23 August 2023 |title=Tweede Kamerlid Gündogan (ex-Volt) keert na verkiezingen niet terug |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2487669-tweede-kamerlid-gundogan-ex-volt-keert-na-verkiezingen-niet-terug |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=NOS.nl |language=nl |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909132810/https://nos.nl/artikel/2487669-tweede-kamerlid-gundogan-ex-volt-keert-na-verkiezingen-niet-terug |url-status=live}} and Sylvana Simons (BIJ1).{{cite web |date=24 July 2023 |title=Ook Sylvana Simons (Bij1) verlaat Haagse politiek |url=https://nos.nl/collectie/13944/artikel/2484090-ook-sylvana-simons-bij1-verlaat-haagse-politiek |access-date=24 July 2023 |website=NOS.nl |language=nl |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920153255/https://nos.nl/collectie/13944/artikel/2484090-ook-sylvana-simons-bij1-verlaat-haagse-politiek |url-status=live}} Jesse Klaver announced that, although he wanted to continue as member of parliament, he would not be candidate for leader of the Labour Party–GroenLinks alliance. Additionally, Vera Bergkamp, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, did not stand for reelection.{{cite web |date=24 August 2023 |title=Kamervoorzitter Vera Bergkamp verlaat politiek na verkiezingen |url=https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/artikel/5403578/kamervoorzitter-vera-bergkamp-verlaat-politiek-na-verkiezingen |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=RTL.nl |language=nl |archive-date=27 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827194116/https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/artikel/5403578/kamervoorzitter-vera-bergkamp-verlaat-politiek-na-verkiezingen |url-status=live}}

{{main|Elections in the Netherlands}}

File:Tweede Kamerverkiezingen 2023 in Delft (009).jpg

Pursuant to articles C.1, C.2 and C.3 of the electoral law, elections for the House of Representatives take place every four years in March, unless a snap election is called. The 150 members of the House of Representatives are elected by open list proportional representation. The number of seats per list is determined using the D'Hondt method. A list must receive a number of votes equal to or exceeding the Hare quota (1 full seat) in order to qualify for seat distribution, meaning there is an electoral threshold of 0.67%.{{cite web |url=https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/tweede-kamer/uitslagen/zetelverdeling-over-partijen |title=Zetelverdeling over partijen |website=Kiesraad |date=22 April 2016 |language=nl |access-date=9 July 2023 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709100010/https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/tweede-kamer/uitslagen/zetelverdeling-over-partijen |url-status=live}} Voters have the option to cast a preferential vote. The seats won by a list are first allocated to the candidates who, in preferential votes, have received at least 25% of the Hare quota (effectively ¼ of a seat or 0.17% of the total votes), regardless of their placement on the electoral list. If multiple candidates from a list pass this threshold, their ordering is determined based on the number of votes received. Any remaining seats are allocated to candidates according to their position on the electoral list.{{cite report|title=Nederland, Parlementsverkiezingen, 15 maart 2017: Eindrapport|url=http://www.osce.org/nl/odihr/elections/netherlands/322761?download=true|publisher=OSCE/ODIHR|date=7 June 2017|access-date=28 October 2017|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024093005/http://www.osce.org/nl/odihr/elections/netherlands/322761?download=true|url-status=live}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/tweede-kamer/uitslagen/zetelverdeling-over-kandidaten |title=Zetelverdeling over kandidaten |website=Kiesraad |date=22 April 2016 |language=nl |accessdate=9 July 2023 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709100008/https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/tweede-kamer/uitslagen/zetelverdeling-over-kandidaten |url-status=live}}

{{see also|List of candidates in the 2023 Dutch general election}}

In addition to the conventional debates, a series of debates between two or three party leaders were hosted by news program NOS op 3. The debates are broadcast through the programme's media outlets, such as radio and YouTube. The debates were broadcast in real-time and were held with a select group of young people present, who, in addition to the viewers on the YouTube live stream, asked the candidates various questions.{{cite web |last=Michel |first=Thomas |date=12 October 2023 |title=Alles over de verkiezingsuitzendingen van de NOS |trans-title=Everything about the NOS election broadcasts |url=https://over.nos.nl/nieuws/alles-over-de-verkiezingsuitzendingen-van-de-nos/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Over NOS |language=nl |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102114432/https://over.nos.nl/nieuws/alles-over-de-verkiezingsuitzendingen-van-de-nos/ |url-status=live}}

• 30 October: Mirjam Bikker (CU) and Esther Ouwehand (PvdD)
• 31 October: Pieter Omtzigt (NSC) and Frans Timmermans (GL/PvdA)
• 1 November: Thierry Baudet (FvD) and Rob Jetten (D66)
• 2 November: Caroline van der Plas (BBB) and Dilan Yeşilgöz-Zegerius (VVD)
• 3 November: Laurens Dassen (Volt), Edson Olf (BIJ1) and Chris Stoffer (SGP)
• 4 November: Henri Bontenbal (CDA) and Lilian Marijnissen (SP)
• 5 November: Joost Eerdmans (JA21), Stephan van Baarle (Denk) and Wybren van Haga (BVNL)

Thierry Baudet, founder and leader of the far-right{{cite web |url=https://12ft.io/proxy?q=https://www.parool.nl/nederland/forum-voor-democratie-heeft-zijn-masker-afgezet-de-juisten-zijn-nu-over~ba1078df |title=Forum voor Democratie heeft zijn masker afgezet de juisten zijn nu over |website=parool.nl |accessdate=28 November 2023 |date=19 November 2021 |first1=Harm Ede |last1=Botje |first2=Mischa |last2=Cohen |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027194850/https://12ft.io/proxy?q=https://www.parool.nl/nederland/forum-voor-democratie-heeft-zijn-masker-afgezet-de-juisten-zijn-nu-over~ba1078df |url-status=live}} Forum for Democracy (FvD) was attacked with an umbrella upon his arrival at Ghent University on 26 October 2023,{{cite news|date=26 October 2023|title=Thierry Baudet op hoofd geslagen bij ingang Universiteit Gent, lezing doorgegaan|url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2495501-thierry-baudet-op-hoofd-geslagen-bij-ingang-universiteit-gent-lezing-doorgegaan|publisher=NOS|language=nl|access-date=26 October 2023|archive-date=27 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027015116/https://nos.nl/artikel/2495501-thierry-baudet-op-hoofd-geslagen-bij-ingang-universiteit-gent-lezing-doorgegaan|url-status=live}}{{cite news|date=26 October 2023|title=Nederlandse politicus Thierry Baudet krijgt klap op het hoofd net voor lezing aan UGent|url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2023/10/26/thierry-baudet-aangevallen-bij-aankomst-ugent/|publisher=VRT|language=nl|access-date=26 October 2023|archive-date=26 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026193256/https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2023/10/26/thierry-baudet-aangevallen-bij-aankomst-ugent/|url-status=live}} resulting in a mild concussion.

On 20 November, Baudet was beaten with a beer bottle at a campaign event in Groningen, and was later hospitalised. Numerous politicians denounced the attack, with Mark Rutte stating that the attack was "totally unacceptable".{{cite web |title=Thierry Baudet opnieuw aangevallen: man opgepakt |publisher=rtLnieuws |year=2023 |language=nl |url=https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/nederland/artikel/5419863/thierry-baudet-opnieuw-aangevallen-evenement-forum-voor-democratie |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121035143/https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/nederland/artikel/5419863/thierry-baudet-opnieuw-aangevallen-evenement-forum-voor-democratie |url-status=live}}{{cite web |date=20 November 2023 |title=FvD-leider Baudet op hoofd geslagen in Gronings café, verdachte aangehouden |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2498590-fvd-leider-baudet-op-hoofd-geslagen-in-gronings-cafe-verdachte-aangehouden |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=nos.nl |language=nl |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126183811/https://nos.nl/artikel/2498590-fvd-leider-baudet-op-hoofd-geslagen-in-gronings-cafe-verdachte-aangehouden |url-status=live}} The far-left group AFA Noord claimed responsibility for the attack.{{cite web |date=21 November 2023 |title=Verdachte die Baudet met fles sloeg is 15-jarige jongen uit Groningen |url=https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/nederland/artikel/5419959/thierry-baudet-aangevallen-met-fles-forum-voor-democratie |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=RTL Nieuws |language=nl |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123112522/https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/nieuws/nederland/artikel/5419959/thierry-baudet-aangevallen-met-fles-forum-voor-democratie |url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=https://www.ad.nl/politiek/jongen-die-fvd-lijsttrekker-baudet-met-bierflesje-sloeg-is-pas-15-jaar-en-antifascistisch-activist~ab27ae79/ |title=Jongen die FvD-lijsttrekker Baudet met bierflesje sloeg is pas 15 jaar en 'antifascistisch activist |access-date=1 December 2023 | archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126142709/https://www.ad.nl/politiek/jongen-die-fvd-lijsttrekker-baudet-met-bierflesje-sloeg-is-pas-15-jaar-en-antifascistisch-activist~ab27ae79/ |url-status=live}}

{{main|Opinion polling for the 2023 Dutch general election}}

The Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB) established a lead in the polls following its victory in the 2023 Dutch provincial elections, but started to decline in May 2023, and further declined when Pieter Omtzigt announced he would contest the election with his newly established party New Social Contract (NSC), which immediately performed well in the polls at the expense of BBB.{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.nl/caroline-van-der-plas-bbb-peilingen-verwachting-omtzigt-coalitie-voorkeur/ |title=Caroline van der Plas (BBB): 'Wij gaan ervan uit dat zowel Omtzigt als BBB meer zetels halen dan in de peilingen' |date=20 October 2023 |access-date=28 November 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020133713/https://www.businessinsider.nl/caroline-van-der-plas-bbb-peilingen-verwachting-omtzigt-coalitie-voorkeur/ |url-status=live}} In the last polls before the election, NSC declined because it was unclear whether Pieter Omtzigt was willing to serve as prime minister should his party win the election. Their voters mostly diverted to VVD and PVV.{{cite web |url=https://www.ad.nl/politiek/nieuwe-peiling-voorziet-politieke-thriller-driestrijd-vvd-gl-pvda-en-pvv-nsc-kan-nog-aanhaken~a0308eb6/ |title=Nieuwe peiling voorziet politieke thriller: Driestrijd VVD, GL-PvdA en PVV, NSC kan nog aanhaken | Tweede Kamerverkiezingen 2023 | AD.nl |access-date=28 November 2023 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126142701/https://www.ad.nl/politiek/nieuwe-peiling-voorziet-politieke-thriller-driestrijd-vvd-gl-pvda-en-pvv-nsc-kan-nog-aanhaken~a0308eb6/ |url-status=live}}

800x800px

File:Tweede Kamerverkiezingen 2023 in Delft (003).jpg on election day 2023]]

Geert Wilders' PVV won 37 seats of the 150-seat parliament, more than doubling their seats from the previous election in 2021. The left-leaning GroenLinks–PvdA (GL-PvdA) finished second with 25 seats. The VVD party ended third with 24 seats. NSC came fourth with 20 seats.

{{Election results

| reporting=

|image=File:Tweede Kamer 2023.svg

|party1=Party for Freedom|votes1=2450878|seats1=37|sc1=+20|sw1=+12.70

|party2=GroenLinks–PvdA|votes2=1643073|seats2=25|sc2=+8|sw2=+4.87

|party3=People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|votes3=1589519|seats3=24|sc3=−10|color3={{party color|People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (2020)}}|sw3=−6.63

|party4=New Social Contract|votes4=1343287|seats4=20|sc4=New|sw4=New

|party5=Democrats 66|votes5=656292|seats5=9|sc5=−15|sw5=−8.73

|party6=Farmer–Citizen Movement|votes6=485551|seats6=7|sc6=+6|sw6=+3.65

|party7=Christian Democratic Appeal|votes7=345822|seats7=5|sc7=−10 |color7={{party color|Christian Democratic Appeal (2021)}}|sw7=−6.19

|party8=Socialist Party|votes8=328225|seats8=5|sc8=–4|sw8=−2.83

|party9=Denk|votes9=246765|seats9=3|sc9=0|sw9=+0.34

|party10=Party for the Animals|votes10=235148|seats10=3|sc10=−3|sw10=−1.59

|party11=Forum for Democracy|votes11=232963|seats11=3|sc11=−5|sw11=−2.79

|party12=Reformed Political Party|votes12=217270|seats12=3|sc12=0|sw12=+0.01

|party13=Christian Union|votes13=212532|seats13=3|sc13=−2|sw13=−1.33

|party14=Volt Netherlands|votes14=178802|seats14=2|sc14=−1|sw14=−0.71

|party15=JA21|votes15=71345|seats15=1|sc15=−2|sw15=−1.69

|party16=Belang van Nederland|votes16=52913|seats16=0|sc16=New|sw16=New

|party17=50PLUS|votes17=51043|seats17=0|sc17=−1|sw17=−0.53

|party18=BIJ1|votes18=44253|seats18=0|sc18=−1|sw18=−0.42

|party19=Splinter|votes19=12838|seats19=0|sc19=0|sw19=−0.17

|party20=Pirate Party–The Greens|votes20=9117|seats20=0|sc20=0|sw20=−0.13

|party21=Netherlands with a Plan|votes21=5487|seats21=0|sc21=New|sw21=New

|party22=Together for the Netherlands|votes22=5325|seats22=0|sc22=New|sw22=New

|party23=LEF – For the New Generation|votes23=5122|seats23=0|sc23=New|sw23=New

|party24=Libertarian Party|votes24=4152|seats24=0|sc24=0|sw24=−0.01

|party25=Party for Sports|votes25=3966|seats25=0|sc25=New|sw25=New

|party26=Political Party for Basic Income|votes26=1038|seats26=0|sc26=New|sw26=New

|total_sc=0

|invalid=19655

|blank=22822

|electorate=13473750

|source= Kiesraad{{Cite web|title= Kiesraad: hertelling geen invloed op zetelverdeling of gekozen kandidaten|url=https://www.kiesraad.nl/actueel/nieuws/2023/12/04/kiesraad-hertelling-geen-invloed-op-zetelverdeling-of-gekozen-kandidaten|website=Kiesraad|language=nl|date=4 December 2023}}

}}

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| File:2023 Tweede Kamerverkiezingen Map.svg

| Results by municipality, shaded according to the vote share won by largest party

| File:Opkomst Tweede Kamer 22 november 2023 Nederland.png

| Voter turnout by municipality

| File:Elections législatives néerlandaises 2023.svg

| Results by province, shaded according to the vote share won by largest party

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International media described the results as "one of the biggest political upsets in Dutch politics since World War II",{{cite web |last1=Corder |first1=Mike |last2=Casert |first2=Raf |date=22 November 2023 |title=Anti-Islam populist Wilders heading for a massive win in Netherlands in a shock for Europe |url=https://apnews.com/article/netherlands-election-candidates-prime-minister-f31f57a856f006ff0f2fc4984acaca6b |access-date=22 November 2023 |publisher=Associated Press |location=The Hague, Netherlands |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122072542/https://apnews.com/article/netherlands-election-candidates-prime-minister-f31f57a856f006ff0f2fc4984acaca6b |url-status=live}} and as a landslide victory for the Party for Freedom (PVV).{{cite news |last=Moses |first=Claire |date=22 November 2023 |title=Far-Right Icon Predicted to Win Dutch Elections |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/22/world/europe/dutch-elections-far-right-wilders.html |access-date=23 November 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |quote=Instead, it appeared, the disaffected sought a more dramatic change than usual and gravitated toward Mr. Wilders, delivering a relative landslide for the far right for the first time in a national election for the House of Representatives. |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122231650/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/22/world/europe/dutch-elections-far-right-wilders.html |url-status=live}}{{cite web |date=22 November 2023 |title=Far-right, anti-Islam Wilders on course for Dutch landslide |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231122-far-right-wilders-wins-dutch-election-exit-poll |access-date=23 November 2023 |publisher=France 24 |agency=AFP |location=The Hague |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123092801/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231122-far-right-wilders-wins-dutch-election-exit-poll |url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-11-22/exit-poll-says-dutch-anti-islam-populist-wins-most-votes-with-a-landslide-margin |title=Exit poll says Dutch anti-Islam populist wins most votes with a landslide margin |website=Los Angeles Times |date=22 November 2023 |access-date=23 November 2023 |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123092702/https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-11-22/exit-poll-says-dutch-anti-islam-populist-wins-most-votes-with-a-landslide-margin |url-status=live}} Many analysts speculated that the rise of the PVV was due to great debate performances by Wilders in the weeks leading to the election. When migration became the largest issue of the election, it helped to boost the appeal of Wilders.{{cite news |last=O'Carroll |first=Lisa |date=23 November 2023 |title=Tax, healthcare, immigration: why Dutch people voted for Geert Wilders |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/23/dutch-explain-why-they-voted-for-geert-wilders-netherlands-election |access-date=25 November 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125213953/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/23/dutch-explain-why-they-voted-for-geert-wilders-netherlands-election |url-status=live}} Some politics journalists opined that Wilders was able to build wider support by softening some of his statements after VVD leader Dilan Yeşilgöz suggested she might include the PVV in negotiations and declaring in a debate that he would be "a Prime Minister for all Dutch people".{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/24/offensive-hostile-and-unrepentant-geert-wilders-in-his-own-words |title=Offensive, hostile and unrepentant: Geert Wilders in his own words |newspaper=The Guardian |date=24 November 2023 |access-date=26 November 2023 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126203940/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/24/offensive-hostile-and-unrepentant-geert-wilders-in-his-own-words |url-status=live |last=Boztas |first=Senay}} Others commented ahead of the election that newer anti-establishment and alternative parties to the PVV such as the Forum for Democracy, JA21, BBB and Pieter Omtzigt's New Social Contract ran out of steam when voters, having experimented with them, moved back to the PVV because Wilders had remained a stronger and more consistent political figure.{{cite web |url=https://unherd.com/thepost/are-the-dutch-set-for-a-sharp-turn-to-the-right/ |title=Are the Dutch set for a sharp turn to the Right? |access-date=26 November 2023 |archive-date=27 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127150232/https://unherd.com/thepost/are-the-dutch-set-for-a-sharp-turn-to-the-right/ |url-status=live}}

In addition, the leader of the GroenLinks–PvdA coalition, Frans Timmermans, was disliked by many right-wingers, and since the VVD and NSC did not directly rule out working with either PVV or GL-PvdA, this led to right-wing voters consolidating around Wilders in order to prevent a Timmermans premiership.{{cite web |last=Stöckl |first=Benedikt |date=2023-07-21 |title=Timmermans candidacy for Dutch PM angers right-wing |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/timmermans-candidacy-for-dutch-pm-angers-right-wing/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=www.euractiv.com |language=en-GB |archive-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125213954/https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/timmermans-candidacy-for-dutch-pm-angers-right-wing/ |url-status=live}} The Farmer–Citizen Movement saw a decline from their peak in the provincial elections in March, with many of their voters going towards NSC or PVV, for issues around nitrogen emissions were only a minor topic in the campaign.{{cite news |last=Tullis |first=Paul |date=16 November 2023 |title=Nitrogen wars: the Dutch farmers' revolt that turned a nation upside-down |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/nov/16/nitrogen-wars-the-dutch-farmers-revolt-that-turned-a-nation-upside-down |access-date=2023-11-25 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125213953/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/nov/16/nitrogen-wars-the-dutch-farmers-revolt-that-turned-a-nation-upside-down |url-status=live}}

The Dutch Parliamentary Election Study, a cooperation between 38 political scientists and sociologists, confirmed that migration was the largest concern amongst voters, resulting in the election win of issue owner PVV. Furthermore, it concluded a third of the electorate had changed their favored party during the campaign, including across different ideological blocks. The latter was partly caused by low trust in politics. According to the study, many voters – especially those voting for the PVV – favored a strong leader as a result of past political crises.{{Cite news |url = https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2024/07/10/kiezers-verlangen-naar-een-sterke-leider-en-nog-4-lessen-uit-het-nationaal-kiezersonderzoek-a4859338 |url-access = subscription |date = 10 July 2024 |last1 = Valk |first1 = Guus |first2 = Lamyae |last2 = Aharouay |access-date = 11 July 2024 |language = nl |website = NRC |title = Meer en meer mensen in Nederland verlangen naar een sterke leider – en nog 4 lessen uit het Nationaal Kiezersonderzoek |trans-title = An increasing part of the Dutch population wish for a strong leader – and 4 more conclustions from the Dutch Parliamentary Election Study }}

Following his party's performance, Wilders was praised by Hungary's Prime Minister, Viktor Orbán. He was also praised by far-right leaders across Europe such as Marine Le Pen, Matteo Salvini, André Ventura, Alice Weidel, Tom Van Grieken, and Santiago Abascal.{{cite news |last=Sullivan |first=Helen |date=23 November 2023 |title=European far-right leaders celebrate Geert Wilders' party leading Dutch election exit polls |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/23/european-far-right-leaders-celebrate-geert-wilders-leading-exit-polls-dutch-elections |access-date=23 November 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123182430/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/23/european-far-right-leaders-celebrate-geert-wilders-leading-exit-polls-dutch-elections |url-status=live |agency=Reuters}}{{cite web |last1=Hülsemann |first1=Laura |last2=Camut |first2=Nicolas |last3=Ngendakumana |first3=Pierre Emmanuel |title=Euroskeptics applaud shock Wilders win in Dutch election |website=POLITICO | date=23 November 2023 |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/euroskeptic-cheer-shock-geert-wilders-dutch-election/ |access-date=26 November 2023 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126170846/https://www.politico.eu/article/euroskeptic-cheer-shock-geert-wilders-dutch-election/ |url-status=live}}

All parties of the incumbent coalition government lost seats in this election. Incumbent coalition party Democrats 66 leader Rob Jetten blamed the senior coalition party VVD and its leader Dilan Yeşilgöz for the successes of Wilders and the PVV in the election, saying on election night that "Yeşilgöz left the door wide open for Wilders" and blaming her party's campaign strategy for allowing "the politics of intolerance [to be] normalized while it should never be normal". Yeşilgöz denied her party's strategy was to blame for the PVV's success, saying: "It was not the VVD that made the PVV great. The voters did that."{{cite news |author= |date=23 November 2023 |title=D66 leader blames VVD for late Wilders surge to apparent election victory |url=https://nltimes.nl/2023/11/23/d66-leader-blames-vvd-late-wilders-surge-apparent-election-victory |work=NL Times |agency=ANP |location= |access-date=25 November 2023 |archive-date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201002959/https://nltimes.nl/2023/11/23/d66-leader-blames-vvd-late-wilders-surge-apparent-election-victory |url-status=live}}

{{Main|2023–2024 Dutch cabinet formation}}

In February, Kim Putters (PvdA) was appointed informateur to determine the best structure for a new cabinet. He recommended forming an extra-parliamentary cabinet with PVV, VVD, NSC, and BBB. Under the guidance of informateurs Elbert Dijkgraaf and Richard van Zwol, these parties reached an agreement on 15 May. Minister selection began on 23 May with formateur Van Zwol. On 28 May, civil servant Dick Schoof (independent) was nominated as Prime Minister after Ronald Plasterk withdrew over integrity concerns. The 29 cabinet members were sworn in on 2 July.

• List of members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands, 2023–present

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

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{{Dutch elections}}

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