Amur

The Russian name Amur may come from the Tungusic term for "river".{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} Tungusic peoples are an ethno-linguistic group formed by the speakers of Tungusic languages (or Manchu–Tungus languages). They are native to Siberia and Northeast Asia.{{cite journal |last1=Jia |first1=Mingming |last2=Mao |first2=Dehua |last3=Wang |first3=Zongming |last4=Ren |first4=Chunying |last5=Zhu |first5=Qiande |last6=Li |first6=Xuechun |last7=Zhang |first7=Yuanzhi |title=Tracking long-term floodplain wetland changes: A case study in the China side of the Amur River Basin |journal=International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation |date=1 October 2020 |volume=92 |pages=102185 |doi=10.1016/j.jag.2020.102185 |bibcode=2020IJAEO..9202185J |s2cid=221044242 |issn=1569-8432|doi-access=free }}

The etymology of the name Amur is unknown. One theory dictates that it comes to Russian through either the Evenki word amur or the Even word amar, both meaning "river" in their respective Tungusic languages. However, it is unclear whether Russian borrowed the name Amur from either Tungusic language rather than the other way around. An alternative theory suggests that Amur comes from the Mongolic language Dagur's, word for "big river", mur.{{cite web |last1=Piispanen |first1=Peter |title=Languages in Contact: Solon and Dagur |year=2019 |url=

https://www.academia.edu/40426256}}

Its ancient Chinese names were Yushui, Wanshui and Heishui,[https://pfeil-verlag.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/ief19_4_03.pdf The fishes of the Amur River:updated check-list and zoogeography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204052645/https://pfeil-verlag.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/ief19_4_03.pdf |date=2020-02-04 }} with the latter name, meaning "black water", being the basis of the modern Chinese name Heilongjiang or "Black Dragon River", while the Manchurian name Sahaliyan Ula, the Mongolian names "Amar mörön" (Cyrillic: Амар мөрөн) originates from the name "Amar" meaning to rest and Khar mörön (Cyrillic: Хар мөрөн) mean Black River.

The river rises in the hills in the western part of Northeast China at the confluence of its two major affluents, the Shilka and the Argun (or Ergune), at an elevation of {{convert|303|m|ft}}.Source elevation derived from Google Earth It flows east forming the border between China and Russia, and slowly makes a great arc to the southeast for about {{convert|400|km|mi}}, receiving many tributaries and passing many small towns. At Huma, it is joined by a major tributary, the Huma He.{{cite journal |last1=Lasserre |first1=Frédéric |title=The Amur River border. Once a symbol of conflict, could it turn into a water resource stake? |journal=Cybergeo |date=27 June 2003 |doi=10.4000/cybergeo.4141 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/cybergeo/4141?lang=es |access-date=29 November 2023|doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.11794/790 |hdl-access=free }} Afterwards it continues to flow south until, between the cities of Blagoveshchensk in Russia and Heihe in China, it widens significantly as it is joined by one of its most important tributaries the Zeya.{{cite journal |last1=Mao |first1=Dehua |last2=Tian |first2=Yanlin |last3=Wang |first3=Zongming |last4=Jia |first4=Mingming |last5=Du |first5=Jia |last6=Song |first6=Changchun |title=Wetland changes in the Amur River Basin: Differing trends and proximate causes on the Chinese and Russian sides |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |date=15 February 2021 |volume=280 |pages=111670 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111670 |pmid=33218828 |bibcode=2021JEnvM.28011670M |s2cid=227100672 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301479720315954 |access-date=29 November 2023 |issn=0301-4797}}

The Amur arcs to the east and turns southeast again at the confluence with the Bureya, then does not receive another significant tributary for nearly {{convert|250|km|mi}} before its confluence with its largest tributary, the Songhua, at Tongjiang. At the confluence with the Songhua the river turns northeast, now flowing towards Khabarovsk, where it joins the Ussuri and ceases to define the Russia–China border. Now the river spreads out dramatically into a braided character, flowing north-northeast through a wide valley in eastern Russia, passing Amursk and Komsomolsk-on-Amur. The valley narrows after about {{convert|200|km|mi}} and the river again flows north onto plains at the confluence with the Amgun. Shortly after, the Amur turns sharply east and into an estuary at Nikolayevsk-on-Amur, about {{convert|20|km|mi}} downstream of which it flows into the Strait of Tartary.{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Amur (River) |display=Amur |volume=1 |page=899}}

During years with heavy precipitation, the Amur river system is connected with the Kherlen river. The normally exit−less endorheic lake Hulun Lake, into which Kherlen flows, will overflow at its northern shore through the arroyo of Mutnaya Protoka, and the water will meet the Argun River (Ergune) after about {{convert|30|km|mi|0}}. The Amur Basin of the Kherlen−Argun−Amur River system has a total length of {{cvt|5,052|km|mi|abbr=on}} to its river mouth on the Sea of Okhotsk.{{Cite web|url=http://amur-heilong.net/http/01_climate_waters/0114westernheadwaters.html|title = Untitled Document}}

The largest tributaries of the Amur are, from source to mouth:{{GVR|20030300112118100000012|Река Амур}}

{{div col|colwidth=15em}}

• Argun (right)
• Shilka (left)
• Amazar (left)
• Oldoy (left)
• Huma (right)
• Zeya (left)
• Bureya (left)
• Songhua (right)
• Bira (left)
• Ussuri (right)
• Tunguska (left)
• Anyuy (right)
• Gur (right)
• Gorin (left)
• Amgun (left)

{{div col end}}

There are also numerous lakes in the floodplain of the Amur. Some of the largest ones are Bolon, Khummi and Udyl.{{Cite web|url=https://water-rf.ru/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8/2584/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9|title=Хабаровский край|website=water-rf.ru}}

The main tributaries from the mouth:

⁽¹⁾Amur–Shilka–Onon: 4,354 km; ⁽²⁾Amur–Argun–Hailar–Dayan: 4,444 km; ⁽³⁾Amur–Argun–Dalan Orom–Kherlen: 5,052 km;

Many historical references distinguish two geopolitical entities in the area of the Amur: Manchuria (Northeast China) and Outer Manchuria. The Chinese province of Heilongjiang on the south bank of the river takes its name from the river, as does the Russian Amur Oblast on the north bank. The native Manchu people and their Qing Empire of China, who regarded this river as sacred,{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} use the name Sahaliyan Ula (Black River).

The Amur is an important symbol of, and geopolitical factor in, Chinese–Russian relations. The Amur became especially prominent in the period of the Sino–Soviet political split of 1956–1966.

For many{{quantify|date=June 2019}} centuries, inhabitants of the Amur Valley comprised the Tungusic (Evenki, Solon, Ducher, Jurchen, Nanai, Ulch), Mongol (Daur) people, some Ainu and, near its mouth, the Nivkhs.Peter Bellwood; Immanuel Ness (10 November 2014). The Global Prehistory of Human Migration. John Wiley & Sons. p. 227. {{ISBN|978-1-118-97059-1}}. For many of these groups, fishing in the Amur and its tributaries was the main source of their livelihood. Until the 17th century these peoples were not known to Europeans, and little known to the Han Chinese, who sometimes collectively described them as the Wild Jurchens. The Chinese-language term Yúpí Dázi 魚皮韃子 ("Fish-skin Tatars") came to apply to the Nanais and related groups as well, owing to their traditional clothes made of fish skins.{{Cite journal|last=Hölzl|first=Andreas|date=2018|title=Udi, Udihe, and the language(s) of the Kyakala|url=https://www.academia.edu/37070620|journal=International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction|volume=15|pages=111–146}}

File:Ravenstein-Tyr-monument-196.png's monuments at Tyr {{circa | 1860}}]]

The Mongols, ruling the region as the Yuan dynasty, established a tenuous military presence on the lower Amur in the 13th and 14th centuries; ruins of a Yuan-era temple have been excavated near the village of Tyr.Головачев В. Ц. (V. Ts. Golovachev), [http://www.ethnonet.ru/ru/pub/14-11-08.html «Тырские стелы и храм „Юн Нин“ в свете китайско-чжурчжэньских отношений XIV—XV вв.»] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090223115421/http://www.ethnonet.ru/ru/pub/14-11-08.html |date= 2009-02-23 }} (The Tyr Stelae and the Yongning Temple viewed in the context of Sino-Jurchen relations of the 14-15th centuries) Этно-Журнал, 2008-11-14. {{in lang|ru}}

During the reigns of the Yongle and Xuande Emperors (early-15th century), the Ming dynasty reached the Amur in their drive to establish control over the lands adjacent to the Ming Empire to the northeast, which would later become known as Manchuria. Expeditions headed by the eunuch Yishiha reached Tyr several times between 1411 and the early 1430s, re-building (twice) the Yongning Temple and obtaining at least the nominal allegiance of the lower Amur's tribes to the Ming government.L. Carrington Godrich, Chaoying Fang (editors), "Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644". Volume I (A-L). Columbia University Press, 1976. {{ISBN| 0-231-03801-1}}Shih-Shan Henry Tsai, "Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle". Published by University of Washington Press, 2002. {{ISBN|0-295-98124-5}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=aU5hBMxNgWQC Partial text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110020055/https://books.google.com/books?id=aU5hBMxNgWQC |date=2017-01-10 }} on Google Books. pp. 158-159. Some sources report also a Chinese presence during the same period on the middle Amur – a fort existed at Aigun for about 20 years during the Yongle era on the left (northwestern) shore of the Amur downstream from the mouth of the Zeya River. This Ming Dynasty Aigun was located on the opposite bank to the later Aigun that was later relocated during the Qing Dynasty.{{cite book |last= Du Halde |first= Jean-Baptiste |title= Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique et physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise |volume= IV |publisher= P.G. Lemercier |location= Paris |year= 1735 |url= http://web2.bium.univ-paris5.fr/livanc/?cote=00992x04&do=chapitre |pages= 15–16 |author-link= Jean-Baptiste Du Halde |access-date= 2009-04-01 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090702234744/http://web2.bium.univ-paris5.fr/livanc/?cote=00992x04&do=chapitre |archive-date= 2009-07-02 |url-status= live }} Numerous later editions are available as well, including one [https://books.google.com/books?id=1pcsAAAAYAAJ on Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110081909/https://books.google.com/books?id=1pcsAAAAYAAJ |date=2017-01-10 }}. Du Halde refers to the Yongle-era fort, the predecessor of Aigun, as Aykom. There seem to be few, if any, mentions of this project in other available literature. In any event, the Ming presence on the Amur was as short-lived as it was tenuous; soon after the end of the Yongle era, the Ming dynasty's frontiers retreated to southern Manchuria. {{citation needed|date= March 2014}}

Chinese cultural and religious influence such as Chinese New Year, the "Chinese god", Chinese motifs like the dragon, spirals, scrolls, and material goods like agriculture, husbandry, heating, iron cooking-pots, silk, and cotton spread among Amur natives such as the Udeghes, Ulchis, and Nanais.[https://books.google.com/books?id=nzhq85nPrdsC&pg=PA214 Forsyth 1994] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514222051/https://books.google.com/books?id=nzhq85nPrdsC&pg=PA214 |date=2016-05-14 }}, p. 214.

Russian Cossack expeditions led by Vassili Poyarkov and Yerofey Khabarov explored the Amur and its tributaries in 1643–44 and 1649–51, respectively. The Cossacks established the fort of Albazin on the upper Amur, at the site of the former capital of the Solons.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

File:CEM-44-La-Chine-la-Tartarie-Chinoise-et-le-Thibet-1734-Amur-2572.jpg, based upon maps of Jesuits in China. Albazin is shown as Jaxa, the old (Ming) site of Aigun as Aihom and the later, Qing Aigun, as Saghalien Oula.]]

At the time, the Manchus were busy with conquering China; but a few decades later, during the Kangxi era of 1661–1722, they turned their attention to their north-Manchurian backyard. Aigun was re-established near the supposed Ming site in about 1683–84, and a military expeditions went upstream to dislodge the Russians, whose Albazin establishment deprived the Manchu rulers of the tribute of sable pelts that the Solons and Daurs of the area would supply otherwise.Du Halde (1735), pp. 15-16 Albazin fell during a short military campaign in 1685. The Treaty of Nerchinsk, concluded in 1689, marked the end of the hostilities: it left the entire Amur valley, from the convergence of the Shilka and the Ergune downstream, in Chinese hands.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Fedor Soimonov was sent to map the then little explored area of the Amur in 1757. He mapped the Shilka, which was partly in Chinese territory, but was turned back when he reached its confluence with the Argun.Foust, Muscovite and Mandarin p. 245-250 The Russian proselytization of Orthodox Christianity to the indigenous peoples along the Amur was viewed as a threat by the Qing.{{Cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/centasiaj.56.2013.0169 |pages=169–202 [169]|jstor=10.13173/centasiaj.56.2013.0169 |last1=Kim 金由美 |first1=Loretta E. |title=Saints for Shamans? Culture, Religion and Borderland Politics in Amuria from the |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |date=2013 |volume=56 }}File:Goldi village along the Amur River, north of Khabarovsk LCCN2004708126.jpg village along the Amur, north of Khabarovsk, 1895]]The Amur region remained a relative backwater of the Qing Empire for the next century and a half, with Aigun being practically the only major town on the river. Russians re-appeared on the river in the mid-19th century, forcing the Manchus to yield all lands north of the river to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Aigun (1858). Lands east of the Ussuri and the lower Amur were acquired by Russia as well, by the Convention of Peking (1860).{{Cite web |title=The Convention of Peking of 1860 is concluded |url=https://www.prlib.ru/en/history/619718 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Presidential Library |language=en}}

{{Chinese

| rus = Амур

| rusr = Amur

| s = 黑龙江

| t = 黑龍江

| p = Hēilóng Jiāng

| s2 = 阿穆尔河

| t2 = 阿穆爾河

| p2 = Āmù'ěr Hé

| l = "Black Dragon River"

| mon = Хар Мөрөн / Амар Мөрөн

| monr = Khar Mörön ("black river") or Amar Mörön ("rest")

| mnc = ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᡠᠯᠠ

| mnc_rom = Sahaliyan Ula

| pic = Amurbridge2.jpg

| piccap = Khabarovsk Bridge across the Amur used to be the longest in Imperial Russia and Eurasia.

}}The first permanent bridge across the Amur, the Khabarovsk Bridge with an overall length of {{convert|2590|m|ft}}, was completed in 1916, allowing the trains on the Trans-Siberian Railway to cross the river year-round without using ferries or rail tracks on top of the river ice. In 1941 a railway tunnel was added as well.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Later, a combined road and rail bridge over the Amur at Komsomolsk-on-Amur (1975; 1400 m) and the road and rail Khabarovsk Bridge (1999; 3890 m) were constructed.

The Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge was proposed in 2007 by Valery Solomonovich Gurevich, the vice-chairman of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Russia. The railway bridge over the Amur will connect Tongjiang with Nizhneleninskoye, a village in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.[http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200706/19/eng20070619_385591.html Proposed bridge to boost bilateral trade] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528054321/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200706/19/eng20070619_385591.html|date=2013-05-28}}, China Daily, June 19, 2007. The Chinese portion of the bridge was finished in July 2016.{{cite news |author1=Andrew Higgins |date=July 16, 2016 |title=An Unfinished Bridge, and Partnership, Between Russia and China |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/17/world/asia/unfinished-bridge-russia-china-amur-river.html |url-status=live |access-date=July 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716162428/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/17/world/asia/unfinished-bridge-russia-china-amur-river.html |archive-date=July 16, 2016}} In December 2016, work began on the Russian portion of the bridge. Completion of structural link between the two sides of the bridge was completed in March 2019.{{citation |title=Russia Completes Construction of First-Ever Rail Bridge to China |date=March 21, 2019 |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/03/21/russia-completes-construction-on-first-ever-rail-bridge-to-china-a64900 |newspaper=The Moscow Times |access-date=November 16, 2020}}{{citation |title=Россия и Китай соединили железнодорожный мост через Амур |date=March 21, 2019 |url=https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/5c9321df9a79475e283c5f69 |trans-title=Russia and China connected a railway bridge across the Amur |access-date=November 16, 2020 |publisher=RBK Group |language=ru}} Opening to rail traffic has been repeatedly delayed, with the December 2019 estimate being "the end of 2020",{{Cite web |title=Railway bridge over Amur river to China will be built by end of 2020, envoy says |url=https://tass.com/economy/1099607 |access-date=November 16, 2020 |website=TASS}} and then 3rd quarter of 2021.{{Cite web|url=https://www.dvnovosti.ru/eao/2020/02/17/110702/|title=Новости Хабаровска|website=www.dvnovosti.ru}}

File:Goldi men with dog sled on Amur River LCCN2004708050.jpg men with dog sled on the Amur, 1895]]

It is believed there are at least 123 species of fish from 23 families inhabiting the Amur. The majority are of the Gobioninae subfamily of Cypriniformes, followed in number by Salmonidae. Several of the species are endemic. Pseudaspius and Mesocottus are monotypic genera found only in the Amur and some nearby coastal rivers. Other animals inhabiting this region include the Amur falcon, Amur leopard and Amur tiger; while some notable local flora include Amur cork tree, Amur maple and the Amur honeysuckle.{{cite journal |last1=Sokolova |first1=Galina V. |last2=Verkhoturov |first2=Andrei L. |last3=Korolev |first3=Sergei P. |title=Impact of Deforestation on Streamflow in the Amur River Basin |journal=Geosciences |date=June 2019 |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=262 |doi=10.3390/geosciences9060262 |bibcode=2019Geosc...9..262S |language=en |issn=2076-3263 |doi-access=free }}

Four species of the Acipenseridae family can be found: the kaluga, Amur sturgeon, Sakhalin sturgeon and sterlet. The Kaluga and Amur sturgeon are endemic. The sterlet was introduced from the Ob in the 1950s.[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1007358027263 Endemic sturgeons of the Amur River: kaluga, Huso dauricus, and Amur sturgeon, Acipenser schrencki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204055848/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1007358027263 |date=2020-02-04 }} This region is home to the Kaluga fish (Acipenseriformes).

Flowing across northeast Asia for over {{convert|4444|km|mi}} (including its two tributaries), from the mountains of northeastern China to the Sea of Okhotsk (near Nikolayevsk-na-Amure), it drains a remarkable watershed that includes diverse landscapes of desert, steppe, tundra, and taiga, eventually emptying into the Pacific Ocean through the Strait of Tartary, where the mouth of the river faces the northern end of the island of Sakhalin.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}File:Amur River.jpg on the Amur|left]]

The Amur has always been closely associated with the island of Sakhalin at its mouth, and most names for the island, even in the languages of the indigenous peoples of the region, are derived from the name of the river: "Sakhalin" derives from a Tungusic dialectal form cognate with Manchu sahaliyan ("black", as in sahaliyan ula, "Black River"), while Ainu and Japanese "Karaputo" or "Karafuto" is derived from the Ainu name of the Amur or its mouth. Anton Chekhov vividly described the Amur in writings about his journey to Sakhalin Island in 1890.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The average annual discharge varies from {{convert|6000|m3/s|cuft/s}} (1980) to {{convert|12000|m3/s|cuft/s}} (1957), leading to an average {{convert|9819|m3/s|cuft/s}} or {{convert|310|km3|mi3}} per year. The maximum runoff measured occurred in Oct 1951 with {{convert|30700|m3/s|cuft/s}} whereas the minimum discharge was recorded in March 1946 with a mere {{convert|514|m3/s|cuft/s}}.{{cite web |url=http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/db/shiklomanov/part'4/FORMER%20USSR/RUSSIA/Amur%20at%20Komsomolsk.html |title=Amur at Komsomolsk |access-date=2008-08-14 |publisher=UNESCO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812063401/http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/db/shiklomanov/part'4/FORMER%20USSR/RUSSIA/Amur%20at%20Komsomolsk.html |archive-date=2012-08-12 }}

• Geography of China
• Geography of Russia
• Sino-Soviet border conflict
• List of longest undammed rivers
• Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilong Jiang
• Amur Military Flotilla

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book|title= White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian |first= Jamie |last=Bisher|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mg6RAgAAQBAJ|isbn=1135765952|access-date=24 April 2014}} also {{ISBN|1135765960}}
• {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Amur (River) |volume= 1 | page = 899 }}
• {{cite book|title= A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990 |first= James|last=Forsyth|edition=illustrated, reprint, revised |year=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzhq85nPrdsC|isbn=0521477719|access-date=24 April 2014}}
• {{cite journal |last= Kang |first= Hyeokhweon |editor-last= Shiau |editor-first= Jeffrey |title= Big Heads and Buddhist Demons: The Korean Military Revolution and Northern Expeditions of 1654 and 1658 |url= http://history.emory.edu/home/assets/documents/endeavors/volume4/Kang.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140115010819/http://history.emory.edu/home/assets/documents/endeavors/volume4/Kang.pdf |archive-date= 2014-01-15 |journal= Emory Endeavors in World History |volume= 4: Transnational Encounters in Asia |edition= 2013 |pages= 1–22 |access-date= 10 March 2014 |url-status= dead }}
• {{cite journal|jstor=10.13173/centasiaj.56.2013.0169|title=Saints for Shamans? Culture, Religion and Borderland Politics in Amuria from the Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries|last=Kim 金|first=Loretta E. 由美|date=2012–2013|volume= 56|journal=Central Asiatic Journal|pages=169–202|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag}}
• McAleavy, Henry. "China and the Amur Provinces" History Today (June 1964) 14#6 pp 381–390.
• {{cite book|title= The Russian Far East: A History |first= John J. |last=Stephan|edition=illustrated, reprint|year=1996|publisher=Stanford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jce4rBWjG5wC|isbn=0804727015}}
• {{cite book | last = Thubron | first = Colin | title = The Amur River: Between Russia and China | year =2021 | publisher = Chatto & Windus | location = London | isbn = }}
• {{cite book | last = Ziegler | first = Dominic | title = Black Dragon River: A Journey Down the Amur River Between Russia and China | year = 2015 | publisher = | location = | isbn = }}

{{refend}}

{{Commons category|Amur River}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20091216055828/http://amur-heilong.net/ Amur-Heilong River Basin Information Center] - maps, GIS data, environmental data
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20041027221838/http://www.earthtrends.wri.org/maps_spatial/maps_detail_static.cfm?map_select=344&theme=2 Information and a map of the Amur's watershed]

{{China Rivers}}

{{Rivers of Russia}}

{{Heilongjiang topics}}

{{Authority control}}

River

Category:Rivers of China

Amu

Category:Border rivers

Category:China–Russia border

Category:International rivers of Asia

Category:Geography of Northeast Asia

Category:Geography of Northeast China

Category:Rivers of Inner Mongolia

Category:Rivers of Khabarovsk Krai

Category:Rivers of Heilongjiang

Category:Rivers of Amur Oblast

Category:Rivers of Zabaykalsky Krai

Category:Rivers of Jewish Autonomous Oblast