Changdeokgung
{{Short description|Palace in Seoul, South Korea}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Changdeokgung
| image = 창덕궁 전경 (2012).jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption = Overview of the palace (2012)
| location = Seoul, South Korea
| coordinates = {{coord|37|34|46|N|126|59|34|E|region:KR_type:landmark|display=title, inline}}
| designations = {{Infobox designation list
|embed=yes
|designation1=WHS
|designation1_offname=Changdeokgung Palace Complex
|designation1_date=1997
|designation1_free1name=Area
|designation1_free1value={{convert|57.9|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}}
|designation1_criteria={{UNESCO WHS type|(ii), (iii), (iv)}}(ii), (iii), (iv)
|designation1_number=816
|designation2=Historic Sites of South Korea
|designation2_offname=Changdeokgung Palace Complex
|designation2_date=1963-01-18
}}
| website = {{URL|eng.cdg.go.kr/main/main.htm}}
| embedded = {{Infobox Korean name/auto
|hangul=^창덕궁
|hanja=昌德宮
|child=yes
}}
}}
Changdeokgung ({{Korean|hangul=창덕궁|hanja=昌德宮}}), also known as Changdeokgung Palace or Changdeok Palace, is set within a large park in Jongno District, Seoul, South Korea. It is one of the "Five Grand Palaces" built by the kings of the Joseon dynasty (1392–1897).{{cite news|title=The 5 Palaces of Seoul|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/01/24/2012012400190.html|access-date=23 April 2012|date=24 January 2012|newspaper=The Chosun Ilbo}}
Changdeokgung was the most favored palace of many Joseon kings and retained many elements dating from the Three Kingdoms of Korea period that were not incorporated in the more contemporary Gyeongbokgung. One such element is the fact that the buildings of Changdeokgung blend with the natural topography of the site instead of imposing themselves upon it. Like the other Five Grand Palaces in Seoul, it was heavily damaged during the Japanese occupation of Korea (1910–1945). Currently, only about 30% of the pre-Japanese structures of the East Palace Complex (Changdeokgung together with Changgyeonggung) survive.[http://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20090227022009 [서울신문] "일제가 궁궐 이렇게 훼손" 설계도면 첫 공개]. Seoul.co.kr (2009-02-27). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
Name
"Changdeokgung" means "Palace of Prospering Virtue".{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=21}} The palace received this name on the 25th day, 10th month of 1404, shortly after the first phase of its construction was completed.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=159}}
Changdeokgung and its neighboring palace Changgyeonggung are together known as the "Eastern Palace" ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^동궐|hanja=東闕|mr=yes|rr=yes|labels=no}}), as they are located to the east of the city's main palace Gyeongbokgung.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=29}}{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=87}}
History
{{See also|Changgyeonggung#History}}
= Establishment =
{{See also|History of Seoul|Gyeongbokgung#Establishment}}
In 1392 (Korean calendar), Joseon was established. Afterwards, the state's capital Hanyang (also called Hanseong and later called Seoul) was established and Gyeongbokgung was made its main palace ({{Korean/auto|hangul=법궁|hanja=法宮|mr=yes|labels=no}}). Due to political turmoil, the capital was temporarily moved to Kaesong and then back to Hanyang in 1404.{{Sfn|이강근|2007|pp=36–37}}{{Cite book |author=임석재 |pages=88–90 |url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details/%EC%9E%84%EC%84%9D%EC%9E%AC_%EC%98%88_%EF%A6%B6_%EB%A1%9C_%EC%A7%80%EC%9D%80_%EA%B2%BD%EB%B3%B5%EA%B6%81?id=8MHEDwAAQBAJ |title=예(禮)로 지은 경복궁: 동양 미학으로 읽다 |date=2019-12-10 |publisher=인물과사상사 |isbn=978-89-5906-551-6 |language=ko}} King Taejong ({{reign|1400|1418}}) then ordered the establishment of Changdeokgung as a secondary palace ({{Korean/auto|hangul=이궁|hanja=離宮|mr=yes|labels=no}}). His possible motivations for this order have been analyzed. A number of scholars have argued Taejong wanted to avoid Gyeongbokgung because he associated it with unpleasant memories of familial deaths there{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=6}} and thought it had inauspicious feng shui qualities. Historians Lee et al. have also argued that he wanted a secondary palace to be freer from the political influences of government offices and politicians in and around Gyeongbokgung.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=6–7}}
A temporary office{{Efn|Called Igungjosŏngdogam ({{korean/auto|hangul=이궁조성도감|hanja=離宮造成都監|labels=no}}).{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=7}}}} was established to manage the creation of the palace. Changdeokgung's location was finalized on the 6th day, 10th month of 1404, and construction began that day.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=7}}{{efn|The palace was built in the administrative district Hyanggyo-dong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=향교동|labels=no}}).{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=25}}}} Under the supervision of {{Ill|Yi Chik|ko|이직}}, numerous artisans, soldiers, monks, and commoners worked on the construction.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=7}} The first phase of construction was completed on the 19th day, 10th month of 1405.{{Cite book |date=1405 |title=Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty |chapter=이궁이 완성되다. 그 구조와 규모 |volume=10 |chapter-url=https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kca_10510019_002 |access-date=2025-03-30 |publisher=National Institute of Korean History |language=ko}} Taejong entered the palace on the 20th day of that month and held a celebration banquet there. At the time, there were only several complete buildings in the palace, including the royal bedchambers and bathhouse.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=6–8}} The palace then had either a total of 287 rooms ({{Korean/auto|hangul=칸|mr=yes|labels=no}}){{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=26}} or 192 rooms.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=159}} There was likely not much space for government offices in the palace for government offices at the time; offices in and around Gyeongbokgung were repaired and officials likely went back and forth between those and Changdeokgung. Meanwhile, construction continued. In 1406, the shrine Insojeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^인소전|hanja=仁昭殿|mr=yes|labels=no}}) and a Buddhist shrine were completed in the rear garden area, along with the pavilion Gwangyeollu ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^광연루|hanja=廣延樓|mr=yes|labels=no}}); in 1408, a pond was dug; and in 1411, a pavilion{{Efn|Initially called Haeonjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^해온정|hanja=解溫亭|mr=yes|labels=no}}), renamed Sindokjae ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^신독재|hanja=愼獨齋|mr=yes|labels=no}}) in 1414.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=6–8}}}} was completed.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=6–8}}
= Before the Imjin War =
For the rest of his reign, Taejong primarily resided in Changdeokgung.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=21–22}} Gyeongbokgung's restoration was ordered only after Taejong had moved into Changdeokgung.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=6}} Even after his abdication, he resided in the palace Suganggung ({{Korean/auto|hangul=수강궁|hanja=壽康宮|labels=no}}; later became Changgyeonggung) next to Changdeokgung; from there he influenced the reign of his son Sejong the Great ({{reign|1418|1450}}).{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=7}} Even after Taejong's abdication, construction continued. Part of a building collapsed and the supervisor of that building's construction was exiled as punishment. By 1418, facilities were deemed adequate enough to hold more significant ceremonies at Changdeokgung instead of at Gyeongbokgung.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=6–7}} From the third year of Sejong's reign, Sejong began putting more emphasis on Gyeongbokgung and moved frequently between the two palaces.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=9}}{{Sfn|이강근|2007|pp=36–37}} In 1426, he ordered that many structures in Changdeokgung be named.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=9}} In 1427, he entirely moved out of Changdeokgung and resided primarily in Gyeongbokgung, although he continued moving between the two frequently.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=9}}{{Sfn|이강근|2007|pp=36–37}} King Sejo ({{reign|1455|1468}}) significantly expanded Changdeokgung to the north and east. For one such project, 19,000 people from the Hanyang region were assembled. King Seongjo ({{reign|1469|1495}}) also expanded the palace and resided in Changdeokgung for the entirety of his reign. In 1475, he had all 29 of the palace's gates named and held a ceremony for the installation of their name plaques.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=9–10}} As there was not enough space in Changdeokgung for all the living queens in the royal family, he decided to expand Changgyeonggung for them instead.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=29}} King Yeonsangun ({{reign|1495|1506}}) also greatly renovated the palace, although renovations were put to a halt when he was deposed.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=10–11}}
= Destruction and reconstruction =
In 1592, during the 1592–1598 Imjin War, all the city's palaces were completely burned down. It is debated who burned down the palaces, as surviving contemporary records are from intellectuals who did not witness the burnings. Various contemporary Korean texts, including the {{Ill|Veritable Records of Seonjo|ko|선조실록}}, report hearsay that it was Korean commoners who burned down the palace to destroy palace records. When the Japanese invaders entered the city on the 2nd day, 5th month of that year, Gyeongbokgung was still intact. Japanese discipline in the city was reportedly initially high, but when they began suffering defeats, they took their frustrations out on the city and locals, burning buildings and killing.{{Sfn|이강근|2007|pp=40–41}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=11}}
After the war, efforts began to repair the city's palaces. Initially, plans were drawn up to have Gyeongbokgung repaired, but these were not acted upon. There is a record of arguments against Gyeongbokgung's reconstruction because of perceived inauspicious qualities of that palace. In addition, Joseon's economy had been devastated by the war, and funding for repairing Gyeongbokgung was likely difficult to procure. Changdeokgung was restored instead; a number of buildings were recreated in their original locations.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=12}} The first round of restorations was completed during the reign of King Gwanghaegun ({{reign|1608|1623}}) on the 1st day, 9th month of 1610. However, Gwanghaegun expressed little interest in Changdeokgung, and continued to reside in the temporary palace Gyeongungung (later became Deoksugung). In 1617, he had the palaces {{ill|In'gyŏnggung|ko|인경궁}} and {{ill|Kyŏngdŏkkung|ko|경덕궁}} established.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=31}}
In 1623, during the Injo coup that installed King Injo ({{reign|1623|1649}}), rebels burned down almost all the buildings in Changdeokgung. Only Injeongjeon, two buildings for the {{Ill|Owi|ko|오위}}, a palace pharmacy,{{Efn|{{Korean/auto|hangul=^내약방|hanja=內藥房|rr=yes|mr=yes|labels=no}}}} a building for the government office Ch'unch'ugwan, a building called Biseunggak,{{Efn|{{Korean/auto|hangul=^비승각|hanja=丕承閣|mr=yes|labels=no}}}} a building for the government office Hongmun'gwan, and a building called Sujeongjeon{{Efn|{{Korean/auto|hangul=^수정전|hanja=壽靜殿|mr=yes|labels=no}}}} were spared.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=12}} Injo was crowned at Gyeongbokgung, and resided at Changgyeonggung.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=12–13}} He had In'gyŏnggung and Kyŏngdŏkkung demolished and recycled to repair Changdeokgung and Changgyeonggung.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=31}} Injo had the rear gardens renovated, and spent much relaxation time there.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=31–32}} In 1624, during Yi Kwal's Rebellion, Changgyeonggung was mostly burned down.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=12–13}} Injo then resided in Kyŏngdŏkkung temporarily, and first ordered that Changgyeonggung be repaired. In 1633, after repairs on Changgyeonggung were completed,{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=50}} Injo ordered that Changdeokgung be repaired. He then began to temporarily reside in the palace pharmacy. Construction work on palaces was interrupted and delayed by the 1636 Qing invasion of Joseon. Minor construction projects occurred in the meantime, especially in the rear garden.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=13–14}} Significant construction resumed in 1647 and concluded after five months in 1648; a major reason why construction was able to be finished in five months was because of recycling of buildings from In'gyŏnggung. In total there were around 735 rooms in the palace around this time.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=13–14}}{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=159}} One significant change after the reconstruction was the presence of more government office buildings. This was in part because the government offices in Gyeongbokgung had not been restored.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=13–14}}File:Korean art-Donggwoldo-Changdeokgung and Changgyeonggung-Dong-A University-01.jpg, depicts Changdeokgung (left) and Changgyeonggung (right) in {{Circa|1824|1830}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=25}} |210x210px]]After this reconstruction and without rivalry from Gyeongbokgung, Changdeokgung became the definitive main palace of Joseon. More buildings continued to be constructed in the palace. There was a fire in the palace in 1671.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=14}} Under the reign of King Sukjong ({{reign|1674|1720}}), the rear garden reached its greatest extent.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=15}} In 1687, a fire destroyed almost all of the Mansujeon area. In 1702, a fire destroyed part of the East Palace.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=16}} Succeeding kings continued to expand and renovate the palace, although King Yeongjo ({{reign|1724|1776}}) ordered much fewer repairs as he primarily resided in Gyeonghuigung.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=15}} There were a number of fires during the reign of King Sunjo ({{reign|1800|1834}}),{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=36}} with a major one occurring in the 10th month of 1833.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=16}} During his reign, most construction at the palace was either rebuilding or maintenance work.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=36}} By the 19th century, Changdeokgung and Changgyeonggung were functionally a single palace. The two had some unique government officies, although they had some facilities with overlapping purposes.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=18}}
= Late Joseon and Korean Empire periods =
In 1865, efforts began to restore Gyeongbokgung.{{Sfn|이규철|2007|p=43}} King Gojong ({{reign|1864|1907}}) and his family moved out of Changdeokgung and into Gyeongbokgung on the 2nd day, 7th month of 1868.{{Sfn|이규철|2007|p=46}} Although Gyeongbokgung was officially made Joseon's main palace, Changdeokgung continued to see some use. Gyeongbokgung experienced major fires in 1873 and 1876. After the 1876 fire, the royal family moved back into Changdeokgung and did not return to Gyeongbokgung until 1885,{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=18}}{{Sfn|이규철|2007|p=54}} after the 1884 Kapsin Coup. The king resided mostly in Gyeongbokgung until 1895.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=38}} Meanwhile, more maintenance work occurred at Changdeokgung. Such work was interrupted in by the 1882 Imo Incident.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=20}} In 1891, a number of Changdeokgung's buildings were disassembled and moved to Gyeongbokgung.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=18}}
Amidst increasing Japanese influence over Korea and the 1895 assassination of Empress Myeongseong at Gyeongbokgung, Gojong fled Gyeongbokgung and made Gyeongungung his official palace. From there, he established the Korean Empire and crowned himself emperor.{{Cite book |last=Kim |first=Jinwung |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2EVi-MpnUsC |title=A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-253-00024-8 |pages=308–309 |language=en}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=38}} Gojong did not significantly use Changdeokgung thereafter. Some minor construction work continued at the palace in his absence.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=38}}
In 1905, Korea was made a protectorate of Japan, governed by the {{Ill|Japanese Residency-General of Korea|ja|統監府|ko|통감부}}.{{Citation |last=강 |first=창석 |script-title=ko:통감부 (統監府) |work=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0059235 |access-date=2025-04-03 |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |language=ko}} On July 19, 1907, Gojong was forcefully deposed by Japan and replaced by his son and the final Korean monarch Emperor Sunjong ({{reign|1907|1910}}).{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=38}} After ascending the throne, Sunjong made Changdeokgung his primary residence, while Gojong continued to stay in Deoksugung. Historian Lee Gyu-cheol argued that Japan moved Sunjong to Changdeokgung in order to separate him from his father.{{Cite book |author=이규철 |url=https://www.cha.go.kr/cop/bbs/selectBoardArticle.do?nttId=78067&bbsId=BBSMSTR_1021 |title= |publisher=문화재청 궁능유적본부 덕수궁관리소 |year=2020 |isbn=978-89-299-1925-2 |pages=168–169 |language=ko |script-title=ko:대한제국 황제의 궁궐 |trans-title=Imperial Palace of the Daehan Empire |chapter=대한제국 시기 한성부의 근대이행과 황궁의 변화}} Soon after his coronation, Sunjong ordered that Changdeokgung be repaired. He moved into the palace in November of that year.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=38}} The residency-general oversaw the demolition of large portions of the palace from 1907 to 1909; this has since been viewed critically by Lee et al., who argued it was an attempt to demolish a symbol of Korean sovereignty.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=21}}
= Colonial period =
On August 29, 1910, Korea became a colony of Japan.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=20}} According to a 1912 document, the Office of the Yi Dynasty, an organization representing the former Korean royal family, owned the palace.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=48}} Japan continued significantly altering the palace, demolishing dozens of buildings.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=20–22}} Despite this, the overall outer boundary of the palace and its rear garden remained mostly unchanged throughout the colonial period.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=49}}
Around 5 p.m. on November 10, 1917,{{Cite web |date=1917-11-10 |script-title=ko:대조전에 화재가 발생하다 |url=https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kzc_11011010_001 |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty |publisher=National Institute of Korean History |language=ko}} a major fire broke out in the palace. It began in the former emperor's bedchambers Daejojeon and destroyed the naejŏn area of the palace.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=22}} The fire was extinguished by 8 p.m. that day. Numerous valuables and historic relics were lost in the fire.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=22}} Reconstruction work began soon after and lasted for years afterwards, although it was delayed by the 1919 March First Movement protests.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=22}} The colonial government ordered that many of Gyeongbokgung's buildings be demolished and recycled for reconstructing Changdeokgung.{{Sfn|신혜원|2007a|p=87}} Daejojeon was reconstructed by 1920, and the former royal family resumed living in it.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=23}}
Sunjong died in the palace on April 25, 1926.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=23}} Historian Se-Mi Oh argued that, after Sunjong's death, efforts to modify the palace accelerated. In either 1927 or 1931,{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=48–49}} the road {{ill|Yulgok-ro (Seoul)|lt=Yulgok-ro|ko|율곡로 (서울)}} was constructed between Jongmyo and Changdeokgung, separating the two entities for the first time.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=39}} Oh described the separation as "direct violence against the sacred ancestral shrine and the monarchy".{{Cite book |last=Oh |first=Se-Mi |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/City_of_Sediments/ChWwEAAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=City of Sediments: A History of Seoul in the Age of Colonialism |date= |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-5036-3553-1 |language=en |page=30}}
File:조선고적도보의 창덕궁 배치도.jpg|Map of Changdeokgung published in 1930; extant structures colored in black, demolished structures colored in grey{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=40}}
File:昌德宮平面圖 창덕궁평면도.jpg|Map of Changdeokgung, Changgyeonggung, the rear gardens, and Jongmyo (produced around 1921 to 1932{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=39}})
= Post-liberation =
Parts of the palace (notably Nakseon-jae hall) continued to function as a royal residence up to 1989, when both Princess Deokhye and Crown Princess Bangja died. Other post-WWII residents included Empress Sunjeong (Sunjong's second wife), Crown Prince Yi Un, his son Yi Ku and Yi Ku's wife Julia Mullock. Residence for former royals in the palace in the post-war period was at the whim of South Korean presidents, and after the Korean liberation in 1945. The resignation of Syngman Rhee finally allowed former imperial family members to return.
Changdeokgung was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1997. The UNESCO committee stated the place was an "outstanding example of Far Eastern palace architecture and garden design" being exceptional because the buildings are "integrated into and harmonized with the natural setting" and adapted "to the topography and retaining indigenous tree cover."[https://whc.unesco.org/archive/repcom97.htm#816 WH Committee: Report of the 21st Session, Naples 1997]. Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
Design and layout
The palace was designed in consideration of both ancient Chinese principles and practicality.{{Cite web |script-title=ko:창덕궁 |trans-title=Changdeokgung |url=https://heritage.unesco.or.kr/%EC%B0%BD%EB%8D%95%EA%B6%81/ |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=UNESCO |language=ko}} Changdeokgung's primary layout is based on the three gates and three courtyards ({{Korean/auto|hangul=삼문삼조|hanja=三門三朝|mr=yes|labels=no}}) system, from the Chinese work Kaogongji, part of the Rites of Zhou. The system advocates for palaces to have three main sections that are to be accessed in sequential order. The sections proceed from public-facing to private. These sections are the first gate Donhwamun and courtyard ({{Korean/auto|hangul=외조|hanja=外朝|mr=yes|labels=no}}; used for government offices and public-facing events), second gate Jinseonmun and courtyard ({{Korean/auto|hangul=치조|hanja=治朝|mr=yes|labels=no}}; used for conducting politics between the king and his subjects), and third gate Injeongmun and courtyard ({{Korean/auto|hangul=연조|hanja=燕朝|mr=yes|labels=no}}; where the king and his family resided).{{Sfn|이강근|2007|p=34}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|pp=65–66, 172}}
Lee et al. subdivided the palace as such: oejŏn, naejŏn, East Palace, government offices, and rear gardens (also called Secret Garden).{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=43–46}}
Changdeokgung is based primarily on a west to east axis, in contrast to Gyeongbokgung's south to north axis. Correspondingly, the outer palace proceeds east to the inner palace.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=43}}
There are numerous mulberry trees around the palace, the leaves of which can be used to feed silkworms. This is possibly linked to several queens having raised silkworms in the palace.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=284–285}}
= Relationship with Changgyeonggung =
{{See also|Changgyeonggung}}
Changdeokgung and Changgyeonggung have been strongly interlinked, and have been described as functionally being a single palace. Buildings for which there was insufficient space in Changdeokgung were often constructed in Changgyeonggung instead. Changdeokgung and Changgyeonggung are separated by the gate Geonyangmun ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^건양문|hanja=建陽門|mr=yes|labels=no}}). Over time, various contradicting claims have been made about which buildings (particularly those on the border of the two palaces) belonged to which palace. Such claims were made about the East Palace, Junghuidang, and Changgyeonggung's Jeoseungjeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^저승전|hanja=儲承殿|mr=yes|labels=no}}).{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=47}}
According to a 1912 document, the two palaces were then considered to belong to the same administrative district: {{ill|Waryong-dong|ko|와룡동 (서울)}}.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=48}} The two palaces were physically divided with a border wall during the colonial period. In 1963, the border wall was used to define a formal legal boundary between the two palaces. This boundary has persisted to the present.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=47}}
Landmarks
= Outer gates =
class="wikitable"
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|{{Ill|Donhwamun|ko|돈화문}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^돈화문|hanja=敦化門|labels=no|mr=yes}}) The main and south gate of the palace. It is a designated Treasure of South Korea and the oldest extant gate of all Joseon palaces.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=13–14}} It is named after a phrase "{{Lang-zh|t=大德敦化|labels=no}}" from the Chinese text Doctrine of the Mean. That phrase has been interpreted in this context as "to govern with a warm heart and edify with virtue".{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=29–30}} It was completed on the 22nd day, 5th month of 1412.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=27}} In 1413, a bill was hung at the gate.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=7}} It was renovated in 1418.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=28}} It was destroyed in 1592, during the Imjin War.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=61–62}} It was reconstructed in 1607{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=24}} or 1608.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=29}} There are no records of it being destroyed thereafter, although it was restored or remodeled on a number of occasions.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=61–62}} There is a wŏltae in front of the gate. The wŏltae was demolished in the early 1900s to accommodate the entry of royal vehicles.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=13–14}} The wŏltae and gate were restored to their pre-colonial states in 1997.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=163}} The gate has a second floor that contains a bell and drum used to signal emergencies. The head of a rebel leader was hung at the gate in 1728.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=29–30}} |
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|{{Ill|Geumhomun|lt=|ko|창덕궁 금호문}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^금호문|hanja=金虎門|mr=yes|lit=Metal Tiger Gate|labels=no}}) The west gate of the palace. It is so named because of Chinese tradition where metal corresponds to west and the White Tiger is the guardian of the west.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=166}}{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=69}} It was named in 1475 and was among the most frequently used gates in the palace.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=166}} |
|Yogeummun ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^요금문|hanja=曜金門|labels=no|mr=yes}})
A small gate to the northwest of the palace.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=33}} It was not often used.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=163}} |
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|Danbongmun ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^단봉문|hanja=丹鳳門|labels=no|mr=yes}}) A small gate on the south side of the palace. It was used mainly by kungnyŏ (court ladies) and the extended royal family,{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=33}} and was among the most frequently used gates in the palace. It was named in 1475.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=166}} |
|Gyeongchumun ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^경추문|hanja=景秋門|mr=yes|labels=no}})
A small gate to the west of the palace. It was rarely used.{{Cite news |url=https://www.pressian.com/pages/articles/2022101223253415920 |newspaper=Pressian |script-title=ko:늦가을 깊은 정취, 궁궐 뜨락에 깃들다 |access-date=2025-04-07 |date=2022-10-12 |language=ko |last=최 |first=연}} |
|Geonmumun ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^건무문|hanja=建武門|mr=yes|labels=no}})
A small north gate to the palace. It is named for the mythological Black Turtle-Snake, which is associated with north. The gate was rarely used.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|pp=163, 167}} It currently exits to the Sungkyunkwan University campus and is generally inaccessible to the public.{{Cite web |url=https://www.cha.go.kr/newsBbz/selectNewsBbzView.do?newsItemId=155588792§ionId=ocp&pageIndex=12&pageUnit=10&strWhere=&strValue=&sdate=&edate=&category=&mn=NS_01_02 |script-title=ko:궁궐의 현판과 주련-창덕궁 궁문 |date=2010-07-12 |website=Cultural Heritage Administration |access-date=2025-04-07 |language=ko}}{{cite news |url=https://www.swinews.com/151405 |language=ko |last=정 |first=흥교 |date=2020-11-18 |script-title=ko:안희두 창덕궁 탐방 1 창덕궁 개요와 돈화문을 비롯한 성문들 |newspaper=수원인터넷뉴스 |access-date=2025-04-07}} |
= ''Oejo'' =
Oejo ({{Korean/auto|hangul=외조|hanja=外朝|labels=no}}) refers to the part of a palace where the king conducted state affairs.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|pp=67–68}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=43}} It can be subdivided into the chŏngjŏn ({{Korean/auto|hangul=정전|hanja=正殿|rr=yes|labels=no}}; main area{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=74}}) and p'yŏnjŏn ({{Korean/auto|hangul=편전|hanja=便殿|rr=yes|labels=no}}; secondary area{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=76}}).{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=43}}
== ''Oejŏn'' ==
class="wikitable"
|+ !Image !Structure |
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|Jinseonmun ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^진선문|hanja=進善門|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Speaking Reverently [to the King] Gate}}{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=10}}) This gate was completed on the 18th day, 3rd month of 1411.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=28}} At the time, it possibly served as the outermost gate to the palace.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=58}} It was demolished in 1908{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=20}} and was reconstructed in 1999.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=171}} |
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|Sukjangmun ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^숙장문|hanja=肅章門|mr=yes|lit=Majestic and Brilliant Gate|labels=no}}{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=172}}) A large gate that leads into the naejŏn. It was named in 1475.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=172}} Its right and left annexes were destroyed in the Imjin War, and rebuilt in 1647.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=31}} It was destroyed during the colonial period and reconstructed in 1996.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=172}} |
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|{{Ill|Injeongmun|ko|인정문}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^인정문|hanja=仁政門|mr=yes|labels=no}}) Gate to Injeongjeon{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=58}} and a Treasure.{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=75}} There is no record of when it was built, but it is presumed to have been completed around the time of the palace's founding. Its corridors were constructed from 1418 to 1419; Sejong was so displeased that he ordered them demolished and had the construction supervisor imprisoned. The corridors were rebuilt afterwards.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=58}} They were rebuilt in 1647.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=31}} The gate was destroyed in 1592 during the Imjin War and rebuilt during the reign of Gwanghaegun.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=58}} It burned down in 1744 and was rebuilt in 1745;{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=170}} this version has persisted until the present.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=24}} The gate and corridors were restored to their pre-colonial states from 1992 to 1996.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=58–59}} It has corridors to its left and right that eventually angle and form a trapezoid.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=58}} |
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|{{Ill|Injeongjeon|ko|인정전}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^인정전|hanja=仁政殿|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Hall of Benevolent Governance}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=91}}) The throne hall of the palace{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=109}} and a National Treasure.{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=75}} It was destroyed by fire in 1403 and rebuilt the following year. One of its buildings burned down in 1411, which destroyed many Goryeo-era documents.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=16}} It was expanded and completed on the 7th day, 7th month of 1418. It was renovated in 1452.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=27}} It was destroyed during the 1592–1598 Imijn War and spared during the 1623 Injo coup.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=12–13}} It was destroyed in a fire on the 13th day, 12th month of 1803 and rebuilt on the 17th day, 12th month of 1804.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=37}} This version of the building has persisted until the present, although it was renovated over time.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=18, 24}} It was renovated between 1854 and 1857.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=18}} It was significantly renovated and its annexes were significantly renovated or demolished around 1907 to 1909.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=20–22}} It is a single story, two-tiered structure with a large open ceiling.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=91}} It stands on a wŏltae. Major state events were held at this building and its front courtyard, such as enthronement ceremonies.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=83–85}} It is designed to accept energy from Korea's mountains and watersheds. On its roof exterior are five Imperial Seals of Korea that were possibly added by Sunjong.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=91–95}} |
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|Seonjeongmun ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^선정문|hanja=宣政門|mr=yes|labels=no}}) It was rebuilt in 1647; this version has persisted until the present.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=24}} |
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|{{Ill|Seonjeongjeon|ko|선정전}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^선정전|hanja=宣政殿|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Spreading Governance Hall}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=119}}) A single-story hall where the king received council and conducted politics.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=119–120}} It is a designated Treasure.{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=75}} Spirit tablets were also possibly stored here.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=119–120}} It was built in 1405 and originally named Jogyecheong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^조계청|hanja=朝啓廳|mr=yes|labels=no}}). It received its current name in 1461. After being destroyed in 1592 during the Imjin War, it was rebuilt in 1608. It was destroyed in 1623 during the Injo coup and rebuilt in 1647, using materials recycled from a building called Gwangjeongjeon in In'gyŏnggung. It has since become the oldest extant building in the palace.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=13, 56–57}} It is the only remaining Joseon palace building with blue roof tiles, which were then considered luxurious and difficult to make.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=121–122}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=57}} During the colonial period, the building was opened to the public, and glass put in its windows. The building was restored to its pre-colonial appearance in 1996.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=57}} |
== Government offices ==
The government offices inside palaces are called {{Ill|kwŏllaegaksa|ko|궐내각사}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=궐내각사|hanja=闕內各司|rr=yes|labels=no}}). Changdeokgung's facilities were relatively small and meant for daily work with the king; most large government ministry facilities were located outside the palace,{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=49–50}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=43}} for example on {{Ill|Yukcho Street|ko|육조거리}}.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=49–50}} After being destroyed in 1592 during the Imjin War, government offices were rebuilt during in 1647.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=31}} Many offices that had once existed in Gyeongbokgung were moved over to Changdeokgung.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=43}} All government office buildings in front of Seonjeongjeon and Huijeongdang were demolished between 1907 and 1909.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=21}}
class="wikitable"
|+ !Image !Structure |
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|{{ill|Imunwon|ko|이문원 (조선의 기관)}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^이문원|hanja=摛文院|mr=yes|labels=no}}) A royal library building that went by a number of names, including "Naegak" ({{Korean/auto|hangul=내각|hanja=內閣|labels=no}}) and "Kyujanggak". The latter name has been applied to several different buildings, depending on which held the royal library's collection at the time.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=208}} This building was completed on the 10th day, 3rd month of 1781,{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=36}} and the royal library was moved from Juhamnu to Imunwon.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=208}} |
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|Geomseocheong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^검서청|hanja=檢書廳|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Inspect Books Office}}) It was built in 1783 and used by the Kyujanggak.{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=69}} It was demolished some time between 1911 and 1921.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=21}} |
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|Bongmodang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^봉모당|hanja=奉謨堂|mr=yes|labels=no}}) A hall used an archive for the possessions of previous monarchs.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=58–59}} |
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|Chaekgo ({{Korean/auto|hangul=책고|hanja=冊庫|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Book Storage}}) An annex building used by the Kyujanggak to store books.{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=69}} |
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|Yemungwan ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^예문관|hanja=藝文館|mr=yes|labels=no}}) There was a fire here on the 6th day, 3rd month of 1811.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=37}} |
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|Hongmungwan ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^홍문관|hanja=弘文館|mr=yes|labels=no}}) Also called Okdang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=옥당|hanja=玉堂|labels=no|lit=Jade Hall}}). Used by the government office Hongmun'gwan, which maintained palace records and advised the king.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=73–74}} It was demolished some time between 1911 and 1921.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=21}} |
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|Naeuiwon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^내의원|hanja=內醫院|mr=yes|labels=no}}) A part of the palace that used to house the palace pharmacy Naeŭiwŏn. The organization was also called Yakbang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=약방|hanja=藥房|labels=no|lit=hospital}}), and began to go by Naeŭiwŏn in 1443.{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=67}} |
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|Eokseongnu ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^억석루|hanja=憶昔樓|labels=no|lit=Remembering the Past Building|mr=yes}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=207}}) A two-story building likely used by the Naeŭiwŏn as a storage facility for medicines.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=207}} |
= ''Naejo'' =
== ''Naejŏn'' ==
Naejŏn ({{Korean/auto|hangul=내전|hanja=內殿|rr=yes|labels=no}}) refers to a part of a palace where a king or queen resided.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=70}} Palace women, particularly those of the Naemyŏngbu, also often used this space. When space for buildings became insufficient in this part of the palace, buildings were constructed in Changgyeonggung instead.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=43}} The naejŏn experienced a fire in 1833 and was rebuilt in 1834.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=38}} It was completely destroyed in the 1917 fire.
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|{{Ill|Huijeongdang|ko|희정당}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^희정당|hanja=熙政堂|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Peaceful Governance Hall}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=145}}) A hall and designated Treasure.{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=75}} It was originally built as a bed chamber for the king{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=145}} named Sumundang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=수문당|hanja=修文堂|labels=no}}). It caught fire in the 6th month of 1492. In the 12th month of that year it was ordered to be repaired and was given its current name.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=56}} After being destroyed in 1592 during the Imjin War, it was rebuilt in 1608. It was destroyed during the 1623 Injo coup. It was rebuilt in 1647, using materials from In'gyŏnggung's building Hwajŏngdang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^화정당|hanja=和政堂|rr=yes|labels=no}}).{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=76–77}} It burned down on the 17th day, 10th month of 1833{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=71}}and was repaired by the 9th month of 1834.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=16}} It was destroyed in the 1917 fire and rebuilt by 1920{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=76–77}} using materials from Gyeongbokgung's Gangnyeongjeon. It was rebuilt larger and in a different style to its previous form. Western furniture was brought in.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=22}} It was used as a council hall during Sunjong's reign.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=145}} |
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|{{Ill|Daejojeon|ko|대조전}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^대조전|hanja=大造殿|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Achieving Greatness Hall}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=154}}) A hall used as the main living quarters for the king and office of the queen.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=154–155}} It is a designated Treasure.{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=75}} It was possibly originally named Yanguijeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^양의전|hanja=兩儀殿|mr=yes|labels=no}}) in 1461, but began to go by "Daejojeon" shortly afterwards.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=55}}{{Efn|There is a record of a building with the same function as Daejojeon being named in 1461. However, the name no longer appears in later records, and "Daejojeon" appears instead. Thus, Lee et al. argue it is possible Yanguijeon and Daejojeon were two separate halls.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=55}}}} King Seongjong died here in 1495. After being destroyed in 1592 during the Imjin War, it was rebuilt in 1608 and destroyed in 1623 during the Injo coup. It was rebuilt in 1647, using materials from In'gyŏnggung's building Kyŏngsujŏn ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^경수전|hanja=慶壽殿|rr=yes|labels=no}}).{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=55}} It burned down on the 17th day, 10th month of 1833{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=71}} and was repaired by the 9th month of 1834.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=16}} It has an attached hall, Heungbokheon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^흥복헌|hanja=興福軒|mr=yes|labels=no}}). That hall was where the final cabinet meeting was held before Korea's 1910 annexation.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=156–157}} This is where the 1917 fire began; the fire completely destroyed Daejojeon and its annex buildings.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=22}} Gyeongbokgung's building {{ill|Gyotaejeon (Gyeongbokgung)|lt=Gyotaejeon|ko|교태전 (경복궁)}} was recycled to reconstruct Daejojeon{{Sfn|김웅호|2022|pp=137–138}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=21–22}} and its annexes Heungbokheon and Yunggyeongheon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^융경헌|hanja=隆慶軒|mr=yes|labels=no}}).{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=21–22}}{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=183}} It was completed by 1920.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=23}} Sunjong died here in 1926.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=23}} Near the hall is a small palace kitchen ({{Korean/auto|hangul=수라@간|hanja=水剌間|mr=yes|labels=no}}) that was constructed during Sunjong's reign. It has modern Western facilities, like a sink and oven.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=160}} |
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|Gyeonghungak ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^경훈각|hanja=景薰閣|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Heartwarming Scenery Hall}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=162–163}}) It was originally a two-story{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=22}} annex building to the rear of Daejojeon used for leisure.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=22}} Its second floor was called Jinggwangnu ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^징광루|hanja=澄光樓|mr=yes|labels=no}}).{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=25}} It was destroyed by the 1917 fire.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=162–164}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=22}} In 1920,{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=24}} Gyeongbokgung's Mangyeongjeon was dismantled and recycled to rebuild the hall as a single-story building.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=162–164}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=22}} During the colonial period, it was significantly used by the former royal family before the 1926 death of Sunjong, with English, Japanese, and piano lessons being held here. It was no longer significantly used by them afterwards.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=23}} It has a rear garden decorated with flower motifs.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=166–167}} |
== East Palace ==
The East Palace ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^동궁|hanja=東宮|rr=yes|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was used as the residence, study area, and office of the crown prince,{{Sfn|김지영|2022|p=164}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=43}} although when it was not occupied by a crown prince it was used for other purposes.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=43}} Before the Imjin War, it was located outside the confines of Changdeokgung. It was reconstructed after the Imjin War, but after a series of fires, it was reconstructed closer to the rest of the palace, as part of the naejo.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=43–44}} Its facilities became shared by both Changdeokgung and Changgyeonggung,{{Sfn|김지영|2022|p=164}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=43}} and its main gates are located to the east, meaning that it was primarily meant to be accessed from Changgyeonggung.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=43}} After Gyeongbokgung and that palace's East Palace was reconstructed in the late 19th century, Changdeokgung's East Palace lost its utility.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=44}} Many of the buildings in this area no longer exist.{{Sfn|김지영|2022|p=164}}
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|Seongjeonggak ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^성정각|hanja=誠正閣|mr=yes|labels=no}}) The hall was used for the education of the king and crown prince.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=179}}{{Sfn|김지영|2022|pp=164–166}} It is named for a phrase from the Chinese text Great Learning, which encourages that leaders cultivate their own character and education before ruling.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=179}} The earliest attestation to the building is in 1705. By the late Joseon period, it became used as a warehouse for the Naeŭiwŏn. Sunjong temporarily stayed here after the 1917 fire. It has an elevated attached building called Huiuru ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^희우루|hanja=喜雨樓|mr=yes|labels=no}}), which was named in 1777. That building's name has its origins in a story about when King Sukjong wished for rain in 1690.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|pp=191–193}} |
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|Gwanmulheon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^관물헌|hanja=觀物軒|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Observing Matters Hall}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=185–186}}) A study hall for the education of the king and crown prince. The building has calligraphy on it ("{{Lang|zh|緝熙}}") that was likely written by a 13-year-old King Gojong in 1864. Sunjong was born here in 1874. It was the stronghold of the Enlightment Party rebels during the 1884 Kapsin Coup; the building was then considered relatively defensible.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=194}} |
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|{{Plainlist|
}} Buildings related to Junghuidang, the former prown prince's residence. Junghuidang was relocated to an unknown location in 1891, but these buildings have remained.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=37–38}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=196}} Seunghwaru is the crown prince's library.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=189–190}} |
= Secret Garden =
The rear garden ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^후원|hanja=後苑|rr=yes|labels=no|mr=yes}}), popularly known as the {{Ill|Changdeokgung Secret Garden|lt=Secret Garden|ko|창덕궁 후원}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^비원|hanja=秘院|rr=yes|mr=yes|labels=no}}),{{efn|The name "Secret Garden" stems from the organization that tended it, which was called "Biwon" ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^비원|hanja=秘院|mr=yes|labels=no}}; same pronunciation as the word for "Secret Garden"). The earliest attestation to this name is from 1903. When the palace became a public park during the colonial period, this name grew traction with the public.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=245}}{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=39}}}} is located to the north and rear of both Changdeokgung and Changgyeong, and access to it is shared by both palaces. It was a private garden used often for leisure, but also for politics, ceremonies, military training drills, and civil service and military examinations.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=46–47}} Leisure activities included hunting, parties, and practicing martial arts.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=248–249}} Prior to the 20th century, entrance into the garden was prohibited for most people.{{Sfn|김지영|2022|p=172}} A new road was built in the area in 1909.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=22}} It has a number of artificial ponds and pavilions.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=47}} It has over 160 species of trees. More than 70 trees in this area are over 300 years old.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=249}} The garden's highest elevation is in its center, and it slopes to the east and west.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=46}}
== Buyongjeong area ==
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|{{Ill|Buyongjeong|ko|창덕궁 부용정}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^부용정|hanja=芙蓉亭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Lotus Flower Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=258–259}}{{Cite web |script-title=ko:창덕궁 부용정 |access-date=2025-04-03 |trans-title=Buyongjeong Pavilion of Changdeokgung Palace |url=https://www.heritage.go.kr/heri/cul/culSelectDetail.do?ccbaCpno=1121117630000&pageNo=1_1_1_0 |website=Korea Heritage Service |language=ko}}) A pavilion on the south side of an artificial pond named Buyongji ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^부용지|hanja=芙蓉池|mr=yes|labels=no}}).{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=258–259}}{{Citation |last=김 |first=왕직 |script-title=ko:창덕궁 부용정 (昌德宮 芙蓉亭) |work=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0055385 |access-date=2025-03-28 |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |language=ko}} The pond was dug in 1707. A building called Taeksujae ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^택수재|hanja=澤水齋|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was constructed next to the pond that year. That building was torn down and replaced in 1792.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=258–259}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=220}} The building was renamed "Buyongjeong" in either 1776{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=258–259}} or in 1792, after the reconstruction.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=220}} King Jeongjo enjoyed fishing here in 1795.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=220}} |
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|Yeonghwadang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^영화당|hanja=暎花堂|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Harmony With Flowers Hall}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=224}}) A pavilion to the east of Juhamnu that was used for leisure.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=274}}{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=44}} It possibly existed before the Imjin War. It was rebuilt in 1692. It was used for activities like poetry reading and viewing flowers.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=224}} |
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|{{Ill|Juhamnu|ko|주합루}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^주합루|hanja=宙合樓|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Place Open to the Universe}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=269–270}}) A large two-story building on the top of a hill. It was completed on the 26th day, 9th month of 1776.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=33–34}} The name "Juhamnu" originally applied only to the second floor; the first floor was named "Kyujanggak" and contained the royal library.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=217}} In 1781, the library's collection was moved to Imunwon.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=208}} During the reign of Sunjong, the building was used as a reception hall for Japanese dignitaries. For example, Sunjong hosted Itō Hirobumi here in 1908.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=217}} |
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|Sajeonggibigak ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^사정기비각|hanja=四井記碑閣|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Four Wells Record Stele Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=10}}) A pavilion surrounding a stone stele. It is also called Sulseonggak ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^술성각|hanja=述盛閣|mr=yes|labels=no}}).{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=221}} It memorializes an event that happened in this area. King Sejo commanded four of his nephews to find wells in the area. To Sejo's delight, they located four. Over time and amidst wars, two of the wells were destroyed. In 1690, King Sukjong repaired the remaining two wells and had the stele and pavilion to commemorate the remaining wells.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=221}}{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=10}} |
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|Seohyanggak ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^서향각|hanja=書香閣|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Book Fragrance Building}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=219}}) Building used for various purposes over time. It was used to air out books for Kyujanggak, to paint and store royal portraits, and to raise silkworms.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=284–285}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=217}} It was built in 1776.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=217}} |
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|Huiujeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^희우정|hanja=喜雨亭|mr=yes|labels=no}}) A small one-room pavilion. It was first built in 1645{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=44}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=219}} or 1646{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=34}} as a thatched roof building named Chwihyangjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^취향정|hanja=醉香亭|mr=yes|labels=no}}{{Citation |last=정 |first=재훈 |script-title=ko:창덕궁 후원 (昌德宮 後苑) |work=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0025210 |access-date=2025-03-29 |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |language=ko}}). It received its current name in 1690, after King Sukjong wished for rain after a drought at this location and the rain came.{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=44}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=219}} |
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|Cheonseokjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^천석정|hanja=千石亭|mr=yes|labels=no}}) A small building to the northeast of Juhamnu.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=220}} It is also called Jewolgwangpunggwan ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^제월광풍관|hanja=霽月光風觀|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Enjoying the Moonlight and Wind on a Rainy Day}}).{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=44}} |
== Yeongyeongdang area ==
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|{{Ill|Yeongyeongdang|ko|연경당}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^연경당|hanja=演慶堂|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Extending Congratulations Hall}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=313}}) A residence used for ceremonies and events. It was built in 1828.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=313}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=231}} It consists of an anchae, sarangchae, and kitchen building ({{Korean/auto|hangul=반빗간|rr=yes|mr=yes|labels=no}}).{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=231}} It does not have dancheong (traditional elaborate paintwork), and more closely resembles a nobleman's residence. This was intentional; while residing here, King Sunjo dressed like a regular nobleman and lived more simply. King Gojong sought refuge here during the 1884 Kapsin Coup, and Emperor Sunjong temporarily resided here after the 1917 fire.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=316–318}} |
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|Seonhyangjae ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^선향재|hanja=善香齋|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Good Fragrance [From Books] Hall}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=232}}) A study building used to receive guests.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=330–331}} The angle of the awning is adjustable to let in more or less sunlight.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=232}} |
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|Nongsujeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^농수정|hanja=濃繡亭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Embroidered with Colors Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=330–331}}) A small pavilion.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=332}} |
== Ongnyucheon area ==
The stream {{Ill|Ongnyucheon|ko|옥류천}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=옥류천|hanja=玉流川|labels=no|lit=Jade Stream}}) flows through the north side of the Secret Garden.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=240}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=365}} It was created in 1636.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=240}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=32}} This area was closed for access beginning in 1979, in order to protect the ecology of the area. It was reopened to the public on May 1, 2004 on a reservation only basis.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=365}} The pavilions Soyojeong, Taegeukjeong, and Cheonguijeong are collectively called the "Three Pavilions of the Royal Grove" ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^상림삼정|hanja=上林三亭|mr=yes|labels=no}}) and have been described as scenic.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=374}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=240}}
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|Soyojeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^소요정|hanja=逍遙亭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Living Without Worldly Cares Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=369}}) A small pavilion used for leisure. It was completed in 1636 and was originally called Tanseojeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^탄서정|hanja=歎逝亭|mr=yes|labels=no}}).{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=240}} A large rock in front of the pavilion has calligraphy by King Injo (written in 1636{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=34}}) and a poem by King Sukjong.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=369–370}} The pavilion was especially loved by a many kings; several wrote poems about it.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=240}} Injo and his subjects held wine drinking parties here, where cups of wine would be floated down the nearby stream.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=369–370}} |
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|Cheonguijeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^청의정|hanja=淸漪亭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Clear Ripples Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=242}}) The only extant thatched-roof building in the palace. It was completed in 1636. In accordance with Taoist ideals of heaven being round and the earth square, its roof is round and floor square.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=242}} In recent years, the agricultural ritual Ch'in'gyŏngnye ({{Korean/auto|hangul=친경례|hanja=親耕禮|labels=no}}) has been reenacted here. The ritual involves the king participating in agriculture and a banquet in order to appease the agricultural deity Hou Ji.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=378–380}} |
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|Taegeukjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^태극정|hanja=太極亭|mr=yes|labels=no}}) A small pavilion. It is named for the symbol taegeuk, which is also engraved in a nearby cistern.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=374–375}} It was completed in 1636 and originally called Unyeongjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^운영정|hanja=雲影亭|mr=yes|labels=no}}).{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|pp=241–242}} |
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|Chwigyujeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^취규정|hanja=聚奎亭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Stars Gather in Kui Xing Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|pp=243–244}}) A pavilion that was completed in either 1640{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=32}} or 1647.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|pp=243–244}} It was repaired in 1688.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|pp=243–244}} |
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|Chwihanjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^취한정|hanja=翠寒亭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Blue Cold Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=367–368}}) A pavilion. Its name comes from the phrase "{{Lang-zh|t=蒼翠凌寒|labels=no}}", meaning "blue pines despise the cold of winter".{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=367–368}} It was built before 1720.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=243}} |
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|Nongsanjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^농산정|hanja=籠山亭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Mountainside Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=60}}) A pavilion. It was used for a variety of purposes over time.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=243}} It was built in 1636.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=243}} It has a kitchen that was used to prepare food and drink for the king during his visits.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=381–382}} |
== Aeryeonjeong area ==
class="wikitable"
!Image !Structure |
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|Aeryeonjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^애련정|hanja=愛蓮亭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Love for Lotuses Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=295}}) A small pavilion to the north of the pond Aeryeonji ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^애련지|hanja=愛蓮池|mr=yes|labels=no}}{{Cite web |last=김 |first=문석 |date=2009-10-16 |script-title=ko:[포토뉴스]창덕궁의 가을 |url=https://www.khan.co.kr/article/200910161802445 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Kyunghyang Shinmun |language=ko}}). It and its pond were first built in 1692.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=34}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=227}} There is a record of a pavilion of this name being constructed on an islet in the pond; it was rebuilt at its current location at some point.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=295–296}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=227}} |
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|Gioheon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^기오헌|hanja=寄傲軒|mr=yes|labels=no}}) A study hall for Uiduhap.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=226}} |
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|Uiduhap ({{Korean/auto|hangul=의두합|hanja=倚斗閤|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Relying on the Big Dipper Gate}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=303}}) A small hall used as a study room.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=303}} It is attested to in 1827. It is likely erroneously labeled as "Yeoganjae" ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^역안재|hanja=易安齋|mr=yes|labels=no}}) in the 18th-century map Donggwoldo.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=225}} |
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|Ungyeonggeo ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^운경거|hanja=韻磬居|mr=yes|labels=no}}) A storage building and annex to Uiduhap.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=226}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=307}} It has two rooms.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=226}} |
== Gwallamjeong area ==
class="wikitable"
!Image !Structure |
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|Gwallamjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^관람정|hanja=觀纜亭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Watching Sailing Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=237}}) A small pavilion uniquely shaped like a fan. It was also known as Seonjajeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^선자정|hanja=扇子亭|mr=yes|labels=no}}). It has a unique name plaque shaped like a banana leaf. It is located next to the pond Bandoji ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^반도지|hanja=半島池|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Peninsula Pond}}); that pond is said to resemble the shape of the Korean peninsula.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=351–352}} The building was possibly built during the reigns of Gojong or Sunjong.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=238}} |
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|Pyeomusa ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^폄우사|hanja=砭愚榭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Vigilance Against Folly Pavilion}}) A small pavilion near Jondeokjeong. Crown Prince Hyomyeong read books here. Joseon noblemen used to practice walking gracefully here.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=348}} The building's name literally means "pelt naive person with stones"; this is a metaphor for being cautious.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=239}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=348}} |
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|Seungjaejeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^승재정|hanja=勝在亭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Outstanding Scenery Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=358}}) A small pavilion.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=358}} It was possibly built around the same time as Gwallamjeong (around the reigns of Gojong or Sunjong).{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=238}} |
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|Jondeokjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^존덕정|hanja=尊德亭|mr=yes|labels=no}}) A hexagonal pavilion that is elaborately painted.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=342–343}} It was built in 1644{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=32}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=342–343}} and originally named Yukmyeonjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=육면정|hanja=六面亭|labels=no|lit=Six-sided Pavilion}}). It has a two-tiered roof.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=342–343}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=237}} Inside is calligraphy by King Jeongjo.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=237}} It is near the pond Banwolji ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^반월@지|hanja=半月池|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Half Moon Pond}}).{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=345}} |
== Other structures ==
class="wikitable"
!Image !Structure |
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|Gajeongdang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^가정당|hanja=嘉靖堂|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Beautiful Comfortable Hall}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=167}}{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=28}}) It was moved from Deoksugung{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=28}} to this location some time between 1911 and 1921.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=21}} |
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|Neungheojeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^능허정|hanja=凌虛亭|mr=yes|labels=no}}) A small pavilion. It was first built in 1691. A number of kings have written poems about this pavilion.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=244}} It is not accessible to the general public; visitors must be guided to the pavilion on an organized tour.{{Cite news |last=Yi |first=Hwang-woo |date=2022-01-30 |script-title=ko:[더오래]정조가 해질녁 눈 내리는 광경을 시로 읊던 능허정 |url=https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/25044727 |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=JoongAng Ilbo |language=ko}} |
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|Cheongsimjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^청심정|hanja=淸心亭|mr=yes|labels=no}}) A small pavilion first built in 1688.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=390}}{{Citation |last=정 |first=재훈 |script-title=ko:창덕궁 후원 (昌德宮 後苑) |work=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0025210 |access-date=2025-04-07 |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |language=ko}} |
= Nakseonjae area =
class="wikitable"
!Image !Structure |
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|{{Ill|Nakseonjae|ko|낙선재}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^낙선재|hanja=樂善齋|mr=yes|labels=no}}) A hall used for various purposes over time. It has a relatively austere design, reflecting the Taoist frugality valued by King Heonjong.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=198–202}} It was built in 1847,{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=24}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=17}} on the former site of the building Nakseondang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^낙선당|hanja=樂善堂|mr=yes|labels=no}}).{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=17}} Sunjong temporarily resided here after the 1917 fire.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=63}} Aoon afterwards, its interior was remodeled to be in a Japanese style.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=199}} Princess Euimin resided here from 1963 return to Korea until her death in 1989. Yi Un died here on May 1, 1970.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=237}} Its interior was reverted to its pre-colonial state in 1997.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=200}} |
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|Seokbokheon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^석복헌|hanja=錫福軒|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Bestowing Blessings Hall}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=211}}) A residence for palace women.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=211}} It was built in 1848.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=24}} After Emperor Sunjong's death, Empress Sunjeonghyo continued to reside in this complex. She vacated it in 1950, during the Korean War, and only returned to it in 1960. She died in this hall in February 1966.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=235–237}} |
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|Sugangjae ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^수강재|hanja=壽康齋|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Longevity Hall}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=217}}) Originally built as a study for the king.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=36}} Used as a residence for royal women.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=217}} It was built in 1785.{{Sfn|김지영|2022|p=171}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=17}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=35}} It named for and located on the former site of Suganggung (which developed into Changgyeonggung).{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=36}} It was renovated in 1847.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=17}} It was the residence of Queen Sunwon.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=217}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=17}} Princess Deokhye resided here from her 1962 return to Korea until her 1989 death.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=237}} |
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|Sangnyangjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^상량정|hanja=上凉亭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Rising to a Cool Place Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=34}}) A hexagonal pavilion with an intricately painted ceiling decorated with auspicious symbols.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=229}} It was originally named Pyeongwollu ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^평원루|hanja=平遠樓|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Peace With Far Lands Building}}).{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=34}} |
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|Hanjeongdang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^한정당|hanja=閒靜堂|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Quiet and Peaceful Hall}}{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=35}}) An annex to Seokbokheon.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=232}} It was built some time after 1917.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=24}}{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=35}} It has glass windows.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=232}} |
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|Chwiunjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^취운정|hanja=翠雲亭|mr=yes|labels=no}}) Built in 1686{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=35}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=233}} or 1640,{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=44}} it is the oldest extant building in the Nakseonjae complex.{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=35}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=233}} It has ondol heated floors.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=233}} |
= Old Seonwonjeon area =
class="wikitable"
!Image !Structure |
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|Seonwonjeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^선원전|hanja=璿源殿|mr=yes|labels=no}}) A royal ritual portrait hall used for ancestor worship. Portraits of past kings were enshrined here.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=67–68}} It is also called Jinjeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=진전|hanja=眞殿|mr=yes|labels=no}}).{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=84}} A hall with the same name and function used to exist in Gyeongbokgung, but was destroyed along with that palace in 1592, during the Imjin War.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=45}} Changdeokgung's Seonwonjeon was built in 1695{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=45}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=203}} and dedicated to the Chinese Wanli Emperor, in thanks for China's support during the Imjin War.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=389}} It was renovated in 1725.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=46}} The spirit tablets of the first and last Chinese Ming emperors were enshrined here in 1749.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=389}} It was expanded in 1754,{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=34}} 1778, 1846, 1851,{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=46}} and 1900.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=20}} It was vacated during the early colonial period, and the new Seonwonjeon was completed in 1921. The portraits were moved there.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=389}}{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=23}} |
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|Uipunggak ({{Korean/auto|hangul=의풍각|hanja=儀豊閣|mr=yes|labels=no}}) A warehouse building. It was constructed during the colonial period to store the possessions of the royal household.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=63}} The area it now occupies was formerly used for facilities for queen dowagers.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=64}} |
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|Yangjidang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^양지당|hanja=養志堂|mr=yes|labels=no}}) Where the king would stay before rituals at Seonwonjeon.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=68}} It was demolished some time between 1911 and 1921.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=21}} |
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|Yeonguisa ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^영의사|hanja=永依舍|mr=yes|labels=no}}) A building possibly used for the storage of funerary materials.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=207}} It was demolished some time between 1911 and 1921.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=21}} |
= New Seonwonjeon area =
class="wikitable"
!Image !Structure |
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|New Seonwonjeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^신선원전|hanja=新璿源殿|mr=yes|labels=no}}) A royal portrait hall completed in 1921. It took over the function of the previous Seonwonjeon.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=23}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=389–391}} It is located far north and separate from the rest of the palace. Lee et al. have argued the hall was moved further away from the rest of the palace in order to deemphasize the former royal family's ritual connection to their royal ancestors.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=23}} Previously, the building Daebodan occupied this site,{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=389–391}} but was demolished some time between 1911 and 1921.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=21}} The New Seonwonjeon is the last portrait hall to be constructed in Korea.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=389–391}} Most of the portraits stored here were destroyed in the 1954 Busan Yongdusan fires.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=215}}{{Cite web |author=김석 |date=24 June 2020 |script-title=ko:화마에 쓸려간 '왕의 얼굴'…전쟁이 남긴 상처 |url=https://news.kbs.co.kr/news/pc/view/view.do?ncd=4477951 |access-date=4 July 2024 |website=KBS News |language=ko}} |
|Uirojeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=의로전|hanja=懿老殿|mr=yes|labels=no}})
An annex building to the New Seonwonjeon. It is believed that this building is actually Uihyojeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=의효전|hanja=懿孝殿|mr=yes|labels=no}}), a building that was moved from Gyeongbokgung to Gyeongungung in 1904, then to Changdeokgung in 1921. It was then used to hold spirit tablets.{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=216}} |
|Jaesil ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^재실|hanja=齋室|mr=yes|labels=no}})
An office building and annex to the New Seonwonjeon.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=391}} |
= Other =
class="wikitable"
!Image !Structure |
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|Bigungdang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=비궁당|hanja=匪躬堂|mr=yes|labels=no}}) A guesthouse and hall for meetings. Also called Bincheong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^빈청|hanja=賓廳|mr=yes|labels=no}}){{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=172}} or Eochago ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^어차고|mr=yes|labels=no}}).{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=127–128}} It has eight rooms.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=172}} In 1910, it began to be used as a garage.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=172}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=127–128}} Several of Sunjong and his wife's vehicles were stored in the building after the liberation. The building and cars were opened to public display in 2001;{{Cite web |last=김 |first=수현 |date=2001-11-27 |script-title=ko:복원된 '순종 어차', 일반 공개 |url=https://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N0311163093 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Seoul Broadcasting System |language=ko}} the cars were moved to the National Palace Museum in 2007.{{Cite web |last= |date=2007-10-28 |script-title=ko:현대차, 순종황제ᆞ황후 어차 복원 및 이전 금액 14억 원 전액 후원|url=https://www.newswire.co.kr/newsRead.php?no=292761 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website= |publisher=Hyundai Motor Company |language=ko |via=www.newswire.co.kr}} In 2010,{{Cite news |url=https://news.kbs.co.kr/news/pc/view/view.do?ncd=2109968 |script-title=ko:창덕궁 문화재에 카페가 들어서 |language=ko |date=2010-06-10 |newspaper=Korean Broadcasting System |access-date=2025-04-10 |last=박 |first=대기}}{{Cite news |url=https://www.news1.kr/life-culture/cultural-policy/2428072 |script-title=ko:카페로 쓰는 창덕궁 빈청…"문화재청, 복원약속 안 지켜" |language=ko |first=박 |last=창욱 |date=2015-09-17 |access-date=2025-04-10 |newspaper=News1}} the building began operating as a cafe called Donggwolmaru ({{Korean/auto|hangul=동궐마루|labels=no}}).{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=127–128}} The use of the building as a cafe has been criticized by several politicians and journalists. The Changdeokgung Palace Management Office responded that the building had been replaced during the colonial period and was not an original, and was thus not disrespecting the legacy of the palace. |
|Mongdapjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^몽답정|hanja=夢踏亭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Dream Walking Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=397}})
A pavilion. Named for a dream King Sukjong had about the pavilion.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=397}} |
|Gwaegungjeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^괘궁정|hanja=挂弓亭|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Firing an Arrow Pavilion}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=393}})
A pavilion used for practicing archery.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|p=393}} |
== Geumcheon and Geumcheongyo ==
Geumcheon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=금천|hanja=錦川|labels=no|lit=silky water}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=40–41}}) is the {{ill|Kŭmch'ŏn (streams)|ko|금천 (하천)|lt=kŭmch'ŏn}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=금천|hanja=禁川|labels=no}}; different Hanja but same Hangul spelling) that previously flowed through the palace. Water no longer flows through the stream.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=40–41}}
The {{Ill|Changdeokgung Geumcheongyo|lt=Changdeokgung Geumcheongyo|ko|창덕궁 금천교}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^창덕궁 금천교|hanja=昌德宮 錦川橋|mr=yes|labels=no}}) is a kŭmch'ŏn'gyo (bridge over a kŭmch'ŏn) that crosses over Geumcheon. It was completed on the 18th day, 3rd month of 1411{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=27}} and is the oldest extant kŭmch'ŏn'gyŏ of all Joseon palaces.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=40–41}}{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=9}}{{Cite web |script-title=ko:창덕궁 금천교 (昌德宮 錦川橋) |url=https://www.heritage.go.kr/heri/cul/culSelectDetail.do;jsessionid=Eq0481fwg0wawPkOEz01Jw8bL8gA25HvnqHAdKl0CUyAeTiUv9xAQv3peHL0PqIa.cpawas_servlet_engine1?pageNo=1_1_2_0&ccbaCpno=1121117620000 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Korea Heritage Service |language=ko}} It has two arches. It has a number of stone statues of mythological creatures. On its northern baluster is a statue of the Black Turtle-Snake, mythological guardian of the north. The statue on the south baluster is the Bai Ze, guardian of the south. On each of the bridge's four newels is a statue of a Xiezhi. The bridge also has engravings of a dokkaebi (Korean goblin) called nati on both sides.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=40–42}}
Former landmarks
= ''Naejo'' =
== ''Naejŏn'' ==
Jinggwangnu ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^징광루|hanja=澄光樓|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a two-story pavilion to the northeast of Daejojeon. It was built in 1647 using materials from In'gyŏnggung. It had blue roof tiles. It was destroyed in the 1917 fire. Gyeonghungak was rebuilt in Jinggwangnu's former location in 1920.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=76}}
Yeonghwidang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^영휘당|hanja=永輝堂|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a building to the west of Gyeonghungak. It was closely linked with another building Okhwadang. It was destroyed by fire in 1833 and restored. It was destroyed in the 1917 fire and never rebuilt.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=186}}
Yeonyangnu ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^연양루|hanja=延陽樓|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a small pavilion to the southeast of Yeonghwidang. It burned down in 1833, was restored, then was again burned down in 1917 and never rebuilt.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=186}}
Okhwadang ({{korean/auto|hangul=옥화당|hanja=玉華堂|labels=no}}) was a building to the west of Yeonghwidang. It was named in 1461. It was destroyed by fire in 1833 and restored. It was destroyed in the 1917 fire and never rebuilt.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=186}}
Bogyeongdang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^보경당|hanja=寶慶堂|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was the living quarters of Royal Noble Consort Sukbin Choe. It was the birthplace of King Sukjong.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=127–128}} It was named in 1461.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=28}}{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=178}} After being destroyed in 1592 during the Imjin War, it was rebuilt in 1647.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=31}}
Sodeokdang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^소덕당|hanja=昭德堂|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a northern annex to Seonjeongjeon. It received the name "Sodeokdang" in 1461. It is attested to in 1565 but is not depicted in the 19th-century map Donggwoldo.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=179}}
Taehwadang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^태화당|hanja=泰和堂|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a building to the north of Seonjeongjeon. It is not known when it was built; it is attested to in 1647.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=178}}
Jaedeokdang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^재덕당|hanja=才德堂|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a building to the north of Seonjeongjeon and to the east of Taehwadang.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=178}}
== East Palace ==
File:Junghuidang_(Donggwoldo).jpeg
{{Ill|Junghuidang|ko|중희당}} ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^중희당|hanja=重熙堂|mr=yes|labels=no|lit=Continuously Shining Hall}}{{Sfn|김지영|2022|p=167}}) was the East Palace's main hall and the residence of the crown prince. It was originally built in 1782, likely for Crown Prince Munhyo.{{Sfn|김지영|2022|pp=164–166}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=189–190}} It was meant to replace older facilities in the East Palace that had previously burned down.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=35}} After Munhyo's premature death, it was used as a council hall.{{Sfn|김지영|2022|pp=167–169}}{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=189–190}} It was relocated to an unknown location in 1891; its former location has remained empty ever since.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=37–38}}{{Sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=196}} A number of its former buildings still stand, including the crown prince's library Seunghwaru ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^승화루|hanja=承華樓|mr=yes|labels=no}}), the gazebo Samsamwa ({{Korean/auto|hangul=삼삼와|hanja=三三窩|labels=no}}),{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=189–190}} and the building Chilbunseo ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^칠분서|hanja=七分序|mr=yes|labels=no}}).{{Sfn|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007|p=10}}
= Old East Palace =
Simindang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=시민당|hanja=時敏堂|labels=no}}), Jeoseungjeon, and Nakseondang (later replaced by Nakseonjae) were together considered the East Palace. Simindang was destroyed by fire in 1780. Rather than rebuild Simindang and the rest of the East Palace, Junghuidang was built in what became the current East Palace area inside the naejŏ.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=63}}
= Old Seonwonjeon area =
Mansujeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^만수전|hanja=萬壽殿|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a building behind Injeongjeon. It was completed on the 2nd day, 4th month of 1657.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=65}} It had an annex building Chunhwijeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^춘휘전|hanja=春暉殿|mr=yes|labels=no}}) that was completed that same year.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=67}} Mansujeon burned down on the 2nd day, 9th month of 1687. In its place was later built Gyeongbokjeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^경복전|hanja=景福殿|mr=yes|labels=no}}).{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=32}} Chunhwijeon was then converted to a portrait hall. In 1695, it was renamed "Seonwonjeon" and became a part of the Seonwonjeon complex.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=67}} Queen Jeongsun died here in 1805.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=16}} Gyeongbokjeon burned down on the 24th day, 8th month of 1824.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=36}}
Yeongmodang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^영모당|hanja=永慕堂|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a hall. It was a residence of Queen Jeongsun.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=63–64}}
= New Seonwonjeon area =
Daebodan ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^대보단|hanja=大報壇|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a building constructed to hold rituals honoring the Chinese Ming Emperor, in thanks for their assistance during the Imjin War.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=32}}{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=160}} It was first built in 1704 and was significantly renovated in 1749.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=160}} The building was demolished to make way for the New Seonwonjeon some time between 1911 and 1921.{{Sfn|Yi|2015|pp=389–391}}
= Other buildings =
Sujeongjeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^수정전|hanja=壽靜殿|mr=yes|labels=no}}). It was originally called Sujeongdang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^수정당|hanja=壽靜堂|mr=yes|labels=no}}) and received its final name in 1794.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=32}} Repairs were completed on the 8th day, 12th month of 1794. In 1796, the crown prince began to reside here. Queen Jeongsun and Queen Hyoui resided here. A fire broke out here on the 13th day, 12th month of 1813, but the main building was mostly undamaged. Hyoui died here in the 3rd month of 1821.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|pp=16–17}} It was repaired in the 3rd month of 1881 and renamed to Hamnyeongjeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^함녕전|hanja=咸寧殿|mr=yes|labels=no}}; different from the {{Ill|Hamnyeongjeon (Deoksugung)|lt=building of the same name|ko|덕수궁 함녕전}} in Deoksugung). It was destroyed by fire only months later, on the 7th day, 11th month of 1881.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=20}} It was nearly finished being rebuilt when its progress was interrupted by the 1895 assassination of Empress Myeongseong.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=37}} Hamnyeongjeon was then relocated to Gyeongbokgung, where it became the building Jibokjae.{{Sfn|신혜원|2007b|p=130}}
Jibokjae and Hyeopgildang. They were originally built as annex buildings to Sujeongjeon in 1881.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=18}} They were spared by the Hamnyeongjeon fire that year. In 1891, they were disassembled and moved to Gyeongbokgung.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=20}}Jipsangjeon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^집상전|hanja=集祥殿|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a residence hall. It was built in either 1647{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=187}} or 1667,{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=68}} originally for Queen Inseon.{{sfn|이강근|이혜원|이경미|안병찬|2011|p=68}}
Cheonhangak ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^천한각|hanja=天翰閣|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a building. It was previously named Gyeongsojae ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^경소재|hanja=敬所齋|mr=yes|labels=no}}) but was renamed in 1694. It was possibly located to the north of Jipsangjeon.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=186}}
Maewoljeong ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^매월@정|hanja=梅月亭|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a pavilion to the north of Jipsangjeon. It was demolished when Jipsangjeon was constructed.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=187}}
Yeonhwadang ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^연화당|hanja=讌和堂|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a building to the east of Seonjeongjeon. It is attested to existing in 1647 and 1784.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=179}}
Jangchunheon ({{Korean/auto|hangul=^장춘헌|hanja=長春軒|mr=yes|labels=no}}) was a building. It is presumed the building was used as a living quarters for concubines. Queen Danui died here in 1718. The building was gone by the 1790–1834 reign of King Sunjo.{{sfn|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009|p=179}}
Notes
{{Notelist}}
References
{{Reflist}}
= Sources =
== In Korean ==
- {{Cite book |url=https://www.cha.go.kr/cop/bbs/selectBoardArticle.do?nttId=1539&bbsId=BBSMSTR_1021&pageIndex=6&pageUnit=10&searchCnd=tc&searchWrd=%ea%b2%bd%eb%b3%b5%ea%b6%81&ctgryLrcls=&ctgryMdcls=&ctgrySmcls=&ntcStartDt=&ntcEndDt=&searchUseYn=Y&mn=NS_03_08_01 |date=August 2007 |publisher=Cultural Heritage Administration |language=ko |script-title=ko:경복궁 변천사 (上) |ref={{SfnRef|Cultural Heritage Administration|2007}}}}
- {{harvc|author=이강근|year=2007|c=창건이후의 변천과정 고찰|in=Cultural Heritage Administration}}
- {{harvc|author=이규철|year=2007|c=고종 중건과 대한제국 말기까지의 변화 고찰|in=Cultural Heritage Administration}}
- {{harvc|author=신혜원|year=2007|c=일제시대의 변화 고찰|in=Cultural Heritage Administration|anchor-year=2007a}}
- {{harvc|author=신혜원|year=2007|c=1945년 이후의 경복궁|in=Cultural Heritage Administration|anchor-year=2007b}}
- {{Cite book |url=https://www.cha.go.kr/cop/bbs/selectBoardArticle.do?nttId=14457&bbsId=BBSMSTR_1021&pageIndex=26&pageUnit=10&searchCnd=tc&searchWrd=%ea%b6%81&ctgryLrcls=&ctgryMdcls=&ctgrySmcls=&ntcStartDt=&ntcEndDt=&searchUseYn=Y&mn=NS_03_08_01 |date=2009-12-07 |publisher=Korea Heritage Service |isbn=978-89-6325-247-6 |language=ko |script-title=ko:조선시대 궁궐 용어해설 |trans-title=Glossary of Joseon-era Palaces |ref={{SfnRef|Cultural Heritage Administration|2009}}}}
- {{Cite book |url=https://www.cha.go.kr/cop/bbs/selectBoardArticle.do?nttId=21290&bbsId=BBSMSTR_1021&pageIndex=4&pageUnit=10&searchCnd=tc&searchWrd=%ec%b0%bd%eb%8d%95%ea%b6%81&ctgryLrcls=&ctgryMdcls=&ctgrySmcls=&ntcStartDt=&ntcEndDt=&searchUseYn=Y&mn=NS_03_08_01 |title= |date=2007-12-04 |publisher=Cultural Heritage Administration Changdeokgung Palace Management Office |isbn= |language=ko |script-title=ko:창덕궁 해설문 |ref={{SfnRef|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2007}}}}
- {{Cite book |url=https://history.seoul.go.kr/archive/ebook/view.do?bookguid=CC822E1F-5A3E-4011-A96A-245F90EE1425&codeId=&key=&pageIndex=1&orderBy=registDe+desc&sw=%EA%B6%81%EA%B6%90&arrSc=&period=&sc_wDateS=2025.01.25&sc_wDateE=2025.02.01&sw=&separator=and&sw=&separator=and |date=2022-11-14 |publisher=Seoul Historiography Institute |isbn=979-11-6071-148-6 |editor1=박명호 |location=Seoul |language=ko |script-title=ko:서울 역사 답사기 6: 종묘사직, 궁궐, 성균관 |ref={{SfnRef|Seoul Historiography Institute|2022}} |editor2=김현정 |editor3=최동녕}}
- {{harvc|author=김지영|year=2022|c=걷다보면 마주치는 선정의 흔적들|in=Seoul Historiography Institute}}
- {{harvc|author=김웅호|year=2022|c=조선왕조를 대표하는 공간|in=Seoul Historiography Institute}}
- {{Cite book |author1=이강근 |url=https://www.cha.go.kr/cop/bbs/selectBoardArticle.do?nttId=21660&bbsId=BBSMSTR_1021&pageIndex=3&pageUnit=10&searchCnd=tc&searchWrd=%ec%b0%bd%eb%8d%95%ea%b6%81&ctgryLrcls=&ctgryMdcls=&ctgrySmcls=&ntcStartDt=&ntcEndDt=&searchUseYn=Y&mn=NS_03_08_01 |author2=이혜원 |author3=이경미 |author4=안병찬 |date=August 2011 |publisher=National Palace Museum of Korea |script-title=ko:조선왕실의 건축, 창덕궁 학술연구 |via=Korea Heritage Service |language=ko}}
== In English ==
- {{Cite book |last=Yi |first=Hyang-woo |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Koran_Royal_Palace_Changdeokgung/GwN7BgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Korean Royal Palace: Changdeokgung |date=2015-01-30 |publisher=인문산책 |isbn=978-89-98259-06-8 |editor-last=Na |editor-first=Gak-sun |language=en |translator-last=Won |translator-first=Hyeon-suk |editor-last2=Mark |editor-first2=Patton |translator-last2=Yi |translator-first2=Choonsun}}
Additional reading
- {{Cite book |url=https://www.cha.go.kr/cop/bbs/selectBoardArticle.do?nttId=20693&bbsId=BBSMSTR_1021&pageIndex=5&pageUnit=10&searchCnd=tc&searchWrd=%ec%b0%bd%eb%8d%95%ea%b6%81&ctgryLrcls=&ctgryMdcls=&ctgrySmcls=&ntcStartDt=&ntcEndDt=&searchUseYn=Y&mn=NS_03_08_01 |title= |date=2005-11-20 |publisher=Cultural Heritage Administration Changdeokgung Palace Management Office |isbn=9788981245290 |language=ko |script-title=ko:창덕궁 육백년 |ref={{SfnRef|Changdeokgung Palace Management Office|2005}}}}
- {{Cite journal |last=Chang |first=Pil-Gu |last2=Jeon |first2=Bong-Hee |date=December 2013 |script-title=ko:고종 장례 기간 신선원전의 조성과 덕수궁·창덕궁 궁역의 변화 |trans-title=Construction of Sin-Seonwonjeon Shrine and Transformation of Deoksoogung and Changdeokgung Palaces' Area During King Kojong's Funeral |url=https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE02328869 |journal=Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea – Planning & Design |language=ko |volume=29 |issue=12 |pages=197–208 |issn=1226-9093 |via=DBpia}}
External links
{{Portal|South Korea|History|Architecture
}}
- {{Commons category-inline}}
- {{Official website|https://royal.cha.go.kr/ENG/contents/E102010000.do}}
- [https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=816 UNESCO: Changdeokgung Palace Complex]
{{Five Grand Palaces (Joseon)}}
{{Joseon}}
{{World Heritage Sites in South Korea}}
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Category:Gardens in South Korea
Category:Royal residences in South Korea
Category:Tourist attractions in Seoul