Demographics of the Philippines#Single

File:Historical population of the Philippines.svg

[[File:Philippines Population Density Map.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Philippines population density Map per province as of 2009 per square kilometer:

{{legend|#F9E0D4|0–50}}

{{legend|#feC2a3|51–100}}

{{legend|#fe7733|101–200}}

{{legend|#fa5300|201–300}}

{{legend|#c44100|301–400}}

{{legend|#762700|401–800}}

{{legend|#000000|801–1600}}]]

The first census in the Philippines was in 1591, based on tributes collected. The tributes counted the total founding population of the Spanish-Philippines as 667,612 people.{{Cite journal|last=Pearson|first=M. N.|date=1969|title=The Spanish 'Impact' on the Philippines, 1565-1770|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3596057|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|volume=12|issue=2|pages=165–186|doi=10.2307/3596057|jstor=3596057

| publisher= Brill

|issn=0022-4995|access-date=July 22, 2021|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507033938/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3596057|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}{{rp|177}}The Unlucky Country: The Republic of the Philippines in the 21st Century By Duncan Alexander McKenzie (page xii)[https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2011PY_Demography.pdf Demography Philippine Yearbook 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024185935/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2011PY_Demography.pdf |date=October 24, 2021 }} Page 3 20,000 were Chinese migrant traders,{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC |chapter=Chinese in Thailand |date=2005 |author=Bao Jiemin |pages=759–785 |title=Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures around the World, Volume 1 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-306-48321-9 |editor1=Carol R. Ember |editor2=Melvin Ember |editor3=Ian A. Skoggard |access-date=January 28, 2024 |archive-date=September 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927203729/https://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC |url-status=live }}{{rp|751}} at different times: around 15,600 individuals were Latino soldier-colonists who were cumulatively sent from Peru and Mexico and they were shipped to the Philippines annually,Stephanie Mawson, 'Between Loyalty and Disobedience: The Limits of Spanish Domination in the Seventeenth Century Pacific' (Univ. of Sydney M.Phil. thesis, 2014), appendix 3.{{Cite journal

|url = https://academic.oup.com/past/article/232/1/87/1752419

|title = Convicts or Conquistadores? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth Century Pacific

|first = Stephanie J.

|last = Mawson

|journal = Past & Present

|issue = 232

|date = August 2016

|pages = 87–125

|publisher = Oxford Academic

|doi = 10.1093/pastj/gtw008

|access-date = July 24, 2021

|archive-date = June 3, 2018

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180603111934/https://academic.oup.com/past/article/232/1/87/1752419

|url-status = live

}} 3,000 were Japanese residents,{{Cite journal |title=Japanese Christian |url=http://ph.pagenation.com/mnl/Paco_120.9997_14.5808.map |url-status=dead |location=Philippines |publisher=Google map of Paco district of Manila, Philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507124349/http://ph.pagenation.com/mnl/Paco_120.9997_14.5808.map |archive-date=May 7, 2010}} and 600 were pure Spaniards from Europe.{{cite web| url = http://www.uco.es/aaf/garcia-abasolo/files/63df3.pdf| title = Spanish Settlers in the Philippines (1571–1599) By Antonio Garcia-Abasalo| access-date = November 23, 2020| archive-date = January 17, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210117225634/https://www.uco.es/aaf/garcia-abasolo/files/63df3.pdf| url-status = live}} There was a large but unknown number of South Asian Filipinos, as the majority of the slaves imported into the archipelago were from Bengal and India,[https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/333213/azu_etd_13473_sip1_m.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&title=repository.arizona.edu Peasants, Servants, and Sojourners: Itinerant Asians in Colonial New Spain, 1571-1720 By Furlong, Matthew J.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429034134/https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/333213/azu_etd_13473_sip1_m.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&title=repository.arizona.edu |date=April 29, 2022 }} "Slaves purchased by the indigenous elites, Spanish and Hokkiens of the colony seemed drawn most often from South Asia, particularly Bengal and South India, and less so, from other sources, such as East Africa, Brunei, Makassar, and Java..." Chapter 2 "Rural Ethnic Diversity" Page 164 (Translated from: "Inmaculada Alva Rodríguez, Vida municipal en Manila (siglos xvi-xvii) (Córdoba: Universidad de Córdoba, 1997), 31, 35-36." adding Dravidian and Indo-Aryan speaking South Indians and Indo-European speaking Bengalis into the ethnic mix.

The rest were Austronesians and Negritos. With 667,612 people, during this era, the Philippines was among the most sparsely populated lands in Asia. In contrast, Japan during that era (the 1500s) had a population of 8 Million or Mexico had a population of 4 million, which was huge compared to the Philippine's 600,000. In 1600, the method of population counting was revamped by the Spanish officials, who then based the counting of the population through church records.

Stephanie J. Mawson, by rummaging through records in the archives of Mexico discovered that the Spaniards were not the only immigrant group to the Philippines; Peru and Mexico too sent soldiers to the islands, and in fact outnumbered the Spaniards who immigrated to the Philippines.

In 1798, the population of Luzon or Luconia was estimated to be around 600,000 with the other islands, unknown. 200,000 of the 600,000 population were of mixed-raced descent of either Spanish, Chinese or Latin-American admixture. 5,000 enlisted soldiers on that year, were of South American descent, while 2,500 were pure Spanish officers. There were 20,000 new Chinese immigrants.{{Cite book |last=Jagor |first=Fedor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GydHYs7g6pYC |title=The Former Philippines Through Foreign Eyes |publisher=Echo Library |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4068-1542-9 |chapter=Part VI People and Prospects of the Philippines |display-authors=etal |chapter-url=http://www.authorama.com/former-philippines-b-8.html |access-date=August 9, 2018 |archive-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218075804/https://books.google.com/books?id=GydHYs7g6pYC |url-status=live }} The book, "Intercolonial Intimacies Relinking Latin/o America to the Philippines, 1898–1964 By Paula C. Park" citing "Forzados y reclutas: los criollos novohispanos en Asia (1756–1808)" gave a higher number of later Mexican soldier-immigrants to the Philippines, pegging the number at 35,000 immigrants in the 1700s in a population of only 1.5 Million thus forming 2.33% of the population."Intercolonial Intimacies Relinking Latin/o America to the Philippines, 1898–1964 Paula C. Park" Page 100{{cite journal|url=https://bagn.archivos.gob.mx/index.php/legajos/article/view/1243|title=Forzados y reclutas: los criollos novohispanos en Asia (1756-1808)|last=Garcia|first=María Fernanda|journal=Bolotin Archivo General de la Nación|volume=4|issue=11|year=1998|access-date=July 9, 2022|archive-date=August 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812123617/https://bagn.archivos.gob.mx/index.php/legajos/article/view/1243|url-status=live}}

In 1799, Friar Manuel Buzeta estimated the population of all the Philippine islands as 1,502,574.[https://books.google.com/books?id=67xO2hUwzasC&dq=Friar+Manuel+Buzeta+1,502,574&pg=PR12 "The Unlucky Country The Republic of the Philippines in the 21st Century" By Duncan Alexander McKenzie (2012)(page xii)] Despite the number of Mixed Spanish-Filipino descent being the lowest, they may be more common than expected as many Spaniards often had Filipino concubines and mistresses and they frequently produced children out of wedlock.{{Cite journal|last=Doran|first=Christine|date=1993|title=Spanish and Mestizo Women of Manila|journal=Philippine Studies|volume=41|issue=3|pages=269–286

| publisher= Ateneo de Manila University Press

|jstor=42633385|issn=0031-7837}}{{rp|272}}

In the late 1700s to early 1800s, Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga, an Agustinian Friar, in his Two Volume Book: "Estadismo de

las islas Filipinas"{{Cite web |url=http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf |title=ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO PRIMERO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish) |access-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-date=March 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309030040/http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf |url-status=live }}[https://ia601608.us.archive.org/10/items/bub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ_2/bub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ.pdf ESTADISMO DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS TOMO SEGUNDO By Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (Original Spanish)] compiled a census of the Spanish-Philippines based on the tribute counts (Which represented an average family of seven to ten children[https://www.ncesc.com/geographic-faq/how-big-were-families-in-the-1700s/ "How big were families in the 1700s?" By Keri Rutherford ] and two parents, per tribute){{cite book |last=Newson |first=Linda A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ |title=Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines |date=April 16, 2009 |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn=978-0-8248-6197-1 |access-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308195926/https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }} and came upon the following statistics:

The Spanish-Filipino population as a proportion of the provinces widely varied; with as high as 19% of the population of Tondo province {{rp|539}} (The most populous province and former name of Manila), to Pampanga 13.7%,{{rp|539}} Cavite at 13%,{{rp|539}} Laguna 2.28%,{{rp|539}} Batangas 3%,{{rp|539}} Bulacan 10.79%,{{rp|539}} Bataan 16.72%,{{rp|539}} Ilocos 1.38%,{{rp|31}} Pangasinan 3.49%,{{rp|31}} Albay 1.16%,{{rp|54}} Cebu 2.17%,{{rp|113}} Samar 3.27%,{{rp|113}}

Iloilo 1%,{{rp|113}} Capiz 1%,{{rp|113}} Bicol 20%,{{cite web |author=Maximilian Larena |title=Supplementary Information for Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years (Appendix, Page 35) |publisher=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=January 21, 2021 |url=https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/suppl/2021/03/17/2026132118.DCSupplemental/pnas.2026132118.sapp.pdf |pages=35 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2026132118 |doi-access=free |pmid=33753512 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11826132L |access-date=March 23, 2021}} and Zamboanga 40%. According to the data, in the Archdiocese of Manila which administers much of Luzon under it, about 10% of the population was Spanish-Filipino.{{rp|539}} Summing up all the provinces including those with no Spanish Filipinos, all in all, in the total population of the Philippines, Spanish Filipinos and mixed Spanish-Filipinos composed 5% of the population.

Meanwhile, government records show that 20% of the Philippines' total population were either pure Chinese or Mixed Chinese-Filipinos{{cite news|last=Guanqun |first=Wang |date=August 23, 2009 |title=Chinese lunar new year might become national holiday in Philippines too |work=Xinhua |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-08/23/content_11930729.htm |access-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826194926/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-08/23/content_11930729.htm |archive-date=August 26, 2009}}{{Cite press release |title=Senate declares Chinese New Year as special working holiday |date=January 21, 2013 |publisher=PRIB, Office of the Senate Secretary, Senate of the Philippines |url=http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp |last1=Macrohon |first1=Pilar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516035425/http://legacy.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp |archive-date=May 16, 2021}}

The first official census was in 1878, when the population as of midnight on December 31, 1877, was counted. This was followed by the 1887 census, with the 1898 census not completed. The 1887 census yielded a count of 5,984,727 excluding non-Christians.{{cite web|url=http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Publications/pdf/c-c42.pdf|title=The Population of The Philippines|access-date=|author=Aurora E. Perez|year=1997|archive-date=November 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126093402/http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Publications/pdf/c-c42.pdf|url-status=live}}

In the 1860s to 1890s, in the urban areas of the Philippines, especially at Manila, according to burial statistics, as much as 3.3% of the population were pure European Spaniards and the pure Chinese were as high as 9.9%.{{Cite journal|last=Doeppers|first=Daniel F.|title=Tracing the Decline of the Mestizo Categories in Philippine Life in the Late 19th Century|date=1994|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29792149|journal=Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society|volume=22|issue=2|pages=80–89|jstor=29792149|issn=0115-0243|access-date=July 22, 2021|archive-date=September 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914193642/https://www.jstor.org/stable/29792149|url-status=live}} The Spanish-Filipino and Chinese-Filipino mestizo populations may have fluctuated. Eventually, everybody belonging to these non-native categories diminished because they were assimilated into and chose to self-identify as pure Filipinos.{{rp|82}} Since during the Philippine Revolution, the term "Filipino" included anybody born in the Philippines coming from any race.{{cite book |last1=Hedman |first1=Eva-Lotta |last2=Sidel |first2=John |title=Philippine Politics and Society in the Twentieth Century: Colonial Legacies, Post-Colonial Trajectories |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-75421-2 |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_lDpY3vj60C&pg=PA71 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218075805/https://books.google.com/books?id=X_lDpY3vj60C&pg=PA71 |url-status=live }}{{cite book |quote=The cultural identity of the mestizos was challenged as they became increasingly aware that they were true members of neither the indio nor the Chinese community. Increasingly powerful but adrift, they linked with the Spanish mestizos, who were also being challenged because after the Latin American revolutions broke the Spanish Empire, many of the settlers from the New World, Caucasian creoles born in Mexico or Peru, became suspect in the eyes of the Iberian Spanish. The Spanish Empire had lost its universality. |chapter=Chapter – 3 A SINGULAR AND A PLURAL FOLK |last=Steinberg |first=David Joel |title=THE PHILIPPINES A Singular and a Plural Place |publisher=Routledge |date=2018 |page=47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NFMDwAAQBAJ |doi=10.4324/9780429494383 |isbn=978-0-8133-3755-5 |access-date=July 22, 2021 |archive-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218075805/https://books.google.com/books?id=6NFMDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }} That would explain the abrupt drop of otherwise high Chinese, Spanish and mestizo percentages across the country by the time of the first American census in 1903.

In 1903 the population of the Philippines was recounted by American authorities to fulfill Act 467. The survey yielded 7,635,426 people, including 56,138 who were foreign-born.{{Cite book |last1=United States. Bureau of the Census |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h6QJAAAAIAAJ |title=Census of the Philippine Islands: Taken Under the Direction of the Philippine Commission in the Year 1903, in Four Volumes ... |last2=Joseph Prentiss Sanger |last3=Henry Gannett |last4=Victor Hugo Olmsted |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1905 |access-date=September 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216193417/https://books.google.com/books?id=h6QJAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=February 16, 2017 |url-status=live}}

According to the 1920 United States Census, there were 10,314,310 people in the Philippines.{{Cite book |last=United States. Bureau of the Census |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goxjYZIqi7oC&pg=PA11 |title=Fourteenth Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1920 ... |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1923 |page=11}} 99 percent were Filipino; 51,751 were either Chinese or Japanese; 34,563 were of mixed race; 12,577 were Caucasian; and 7,523 were African.

The 1939 census was undertaken in conformity with Section 1 of Commonwealth Act 170.{{Cite journal |last=Millegan |first=Lloyd S. |date=November 1942 |title=Census of the Philippines: 1939 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S0021911800019410 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |publisher=The Association for Asian Studies, Inc |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=77–79 |doi=10.2307/2049281 |jstor=2049281 |s2cid=162461107 |access-date=September 8, 2014 |archive-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218075836/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/census-of-the-philippines-1939/938189A193D770B6396F7E4CFB3C81D3 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }} The Philippine population figure was 16,000,303.{{Cite web |last= |date=1941 |title=Statistical Abstract of the United States |url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1941-02.pdf |access-date=September 8, 2014 |website=census.gov |publisher=United States Department of Commerce |archive-date=February 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201190643/http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1941-02.pdf |url-status=live }}

In 1941 the estimated population of the Philippines reached 17,000,000.{{Cite book |last=Bailey |first=Rayne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pVcDEfNxEvAC&q=1941%20Philippines%2017%20million%20population&pg=PA107 |title=Immigration and Migration |date=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438109015 |page=107 |access-date=September 8, 2014 |archive-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218075807/https://books.google.com/books?id=pVcDEfNxEvAC&q=1941%20Philippines%2017%20million%20population&pg=PA107 |url-status=live }} Manila's population was 684,000.{{Cite journal |last1=Stinner |first1=William F. |last2=Bacol-Montilla |first2=Melinda |date=October 1981 |title=Population Deconcentration in Metropolitan Manila in the Twentieth Century |journal=The Journal of Developing Areas |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=3–16 |jstor=4190969 |pmid=12338830}}

By then, some 27% of the population could speak English as a second language, while the number of Spanish speakers as first language had further fallen to 3% from 10 to 14% at the beginning of the century. In 1936, Tagalog was selected to be the basis for a national language.{{Cite web |last=Paraluman Aspillera |year=1993 |title=Pilipino: The National Language, a historical sketch |url=http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Academy/3727/tagalog2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091020000334/http://geocities.com/Athens/Academy/3727/tagalog2.htm |archive-date=October 20, 2009 |access-date=March 24, 2007 |publisher=from Basic Tagalog for Foreigners and non-Tagalogs, Charles E. Tuttle Publishing Co., Inc., Tokyo}}{{Unreliable source?|date=September 2014||certain=y|reason=Falls under self published source, also see Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Noticeboard/Archive 28#Internet encyclopedia as sources}} In 1987, the Filipino language, a standard language based on Tagalog, was imposed as the national language and as one of the two official languages alongside English.

The country ranks 18th in the world with 33,704,749 people, an increase of 899,211 people compared to 1965 data.{{Cite web |title=Philippines - Population |url=https://countryeconomy.com/demography/population/philippines?year=1966 |access-date=June 22, 2024 |website=countryeconomy.com}} Comparing the 1941 population of 17,000,000, the increase nearly doubled, reaching 16,704,749 in 25 years.

{{Main|Philippines census}}

In 1960, the government of the Philippines conducted a survey on both population, and housing. The population was pegged at 27,087,685. Successive surveys were again conducted in 1970, 1975, 1980, and 1990, which gave the population as 36,684,948, 42,070,660, 48,098,460, and 60,703,206 respectively. In 1995, the POPCEN was launched, undertaken at the month of September, The data provided the bases for the Internal Revenue Allocation to local government units, and for the creation of new legislative areas. The count was made official by then President Fidel Ramos by Proclamation No, 849 on August 14, 1995, The population was 68,616,536.

{{ChartDisplay|definition=Philippines Total Population.chart|data=Philippines Total Population.tab|Width=600}}

{{ChartDisplay|definition=Philippines Population Change.chart|data=Philippines Population Change.tab|Width=600}}

{{ChartDisplay|definition=Philippines Infant Mortality.chart|data=Philippines Infant Mortality.tab|Width=460}}

{{ChartDisplay|definition=Philippines TFR.chart|data=Philippines TFR.tab|Width=300}}

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority{{cite web| url = https://psa.gov.ph/content/vital-statistics-2020| title = Vital Statistics 2020| access-date = April 2, 2021| archive-date = April 22, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210422061653/https://psa.gov.ph/content/vital-statistics-2020| url-status = live}}{{cite web| url = http://web0.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/crd/article/SUMMARY%20OF%20PRINCIPAL%20VITAL%20STATISTICS.pdf| title = Summary of Principal Vital Statistics in the Philippines: 1903–2010| access-date = February 27, 2015| archive-date = December 21, 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181221140035/http://web0.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/crd/article/SUMMARY%20OF%20PRINCIPAL%20VITAL%20STATISTICS.pdf| url-status = dead}}

{{cite web| url=https://www.bworldonline.com/the-nation/2024/05/02/592520/births-deaths-marriages-decline/|title=Births, deaths, marriages decline|website=BusinessWorld|date=May 2, 2024 }}

As the finalized, instead of provisional, live birth data for 2022 was published on January 5, 2024,{{cite web |title=Registered Live Births in the Philippines, 2022 |url=https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/vital-statistics/node/1684061895 |website=Philippine Statistics Authority |publisher=CLAIRE DENNIS S. MAPA, PhD Undersecretary National Statistician and Civil Registrar General |access-date=15 August 2024}} while the corresponding finalized death data was published on February 6, 2024,{{cite web |title=Registered Deaths in the Philippines, 2022 |url=https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/vital-statistics/node/1684062362 |website=Philippine Statistics Authority |publisher=CLAIRE DENNIS S. MAPA, PhD Undersecretary National Statistician and Civil Registrar General}} it's better to take the monthly provisional updates with a 12-month delay. For example, regarding the latest provisional update at the end of July 2024, the data within the reference period from January through July 2023 would be reliable, while the data from August on would likely be underregistered & would face large revision during future months.

File:Philippines population density.png

{{Cite web |title=MEASURE DHS: Demographic and Health Surveys |url=http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/dhs#_r=&collection=&country=&dtype=&from=1890&page=13&ps=&sk=&sort_by=nation&sort_order=&to=2014&topic=&view=s&vk= |access-date=December 21, 2017 |website=microdata.worldbank.org |archive-date=September 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904173731/http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/dhs#_r=&collection=&country=&dtype=&from=1890&page=13&ps=&sk=&sort_by=nation&sort_order=&to=2014&topic=&view=s&vk= |url-status=live }}

{{Cite web |title=Philippines DHS 2022 - Key Indicators Report (English) |url=https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/PR146/PR146.pdf |access-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308062829/https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/PR146/PR146.pdf |url-status=live }}

Total fertility rate (TFR) (wanted fertility rate) and crude birth rate (CBR):

{{anchor | Single | Nonmarital | Illegitimate | Nonmarital birth rate | Philippines single mother phenomenon | Philippines single parent phenomenon | Philippines illegitimate birth rate}}

{{See also | Abortion in the Philippines | Likhaan | l2= Likhaan - the abortion advocacy NGO and free abortion clinic | Legitimacy (family law) | l3= Law regarding the illegitimate child | Filial responsibility laws | l4 = Filial responsibility laws holding children responsible for parents well being | Legitime#Philippines | l5= Inheritance laws of Philippines | Legitimacy_(family_law)#Nonmarital_births | l6= Nonmarital birth rates by country }}

More than half of the children born every year in the Philippines are illegitimate, and the percentage of illegitimate children is rising by 2% per year.{{Cite web |title=The Last Country in the World Where Divorce Is Illegal |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/01/19/the-last-country-in-the-world-where-divorce-is-illegal-philippines-catholic-church/ |access-date=December 21, 2017 |archive-date=February 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203134732/https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/01/19/the-last-country-in-the-world-where-divorce-is-illegal-philippines-catholic-church/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web|last=Leon|first=Sunshine Lichauco de|date=2014-10-06|title=The fight to make divorce legal in the Philippines|url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/10/06/world/asia/philippines-legal-divorce-battle/index.html|access-date=2023-02-06|website=CNN|language=en|archive-date=February 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206220715/https://www.cnn.com/2014/10/06/world/asia/philippines-legal-divorce-battle/index.html|url-status=live}}{{Cite book

|title = Women's Roles and Statuses the World Over

|author1-first = Stephanie

|author1-last = Hepburn

|author2-first = Rita J.

|author2-last = Simon

|date = 2007

|page = 51

|publisher = Lexington Books

|isbn = 9780739113578

|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vLOE6Rizq68C

|access-date = June 7, 2023

|archive-date = August 4, 2023

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230804042638/https://books.google.com/books?id=vLOE6Rizq68C

|url-status = live

}}{{Cite web|last=Corrales|first=Nestor|date=2015-03-27|title=CBCP: There is no need for divorce in PH|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/681804/cbcp-there-is-no-need-for-divorce-in-ph|access-date=2023-02-06|website=INQUIRER.net|language=en|archive-date=July 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714122319/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/681804/cbcp-there-is-no-need-for-divorce-in-ph|url-status=live}} The percentage of unwed woman in live-in relationship is consistently rising e.g. from 5.2% in 1993 to 18.8% in 2022, i.e. over 30 years the percentage of women in live-in increased nearly 360%; and the percentage of women in a married arrangement is consistently decreasing every year e.g. from 54.4% in 1993 to 36.2% in 2022, i.e. over 30 years 33% less woman chose to marry.

{{Table alignment}}{{mw-datatable}}

The following table, based on the annual official data sourced from Philippine Statistics Authority, shows the growing annual trend of illegitimate child births by percentages:

{{Table alignment}}{{mw-datatable}}

First time single mothers are mainly due to the teenage pregnancy among girls in the 17 to 19 years old age bracket, thus getting trapped in the cycle of poverty and abuse.{{Citation |title="Sex: From Intimacy to "Sexual Labor" or is it a Human Right to Prostitute?" |publisher=Coalition Against Trafficking in Women – Asia Pacific}} Some females become prostitutes in the Philippines after they become unwed single mothers{{Cite news |last=Raymond |first=Janice G. |title=Sex Trafficking is Not "Sex Work |publisher=Conscience XXVI:1 |issue=Spring 2005}} from teenage pregnancy. As of 2016 more than half of Filipina women did not want additional children, but access to contraceptives was limited, and many people were hesitant to use what contraceptives were available due to opposition from the Catholic Church.{{Cite book|last1=Barash|first1=David P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5X1ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT693|title=Peace and Conflict Studies|last2=Webel|first2=Charles P.|date=2016| page= 693|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-5063-4423-2|language=en|access-date=February 6, 2023|archive-date=February 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218075808/https://books.google.com/books?id=5X1ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT693|url-status=live}}Aries C. Rufo, 2013, "Altar of Secrets: Sex, Politics, and Money in the Philippine Catholic Church", Child sexual abuse by clergy Journalism for Nation Building Foundation. The reasons for the high illegitimate birthrate and single motherhood include the unpopularity of artificial contraception{{Cite book |last=Paul II |first=Pope John |title=Man and Woman He Created Them: A Theology of the Body |date=2006 |publisher=Pauline Books and Media |location=Boston}} inadequate sex education, delays in implementing birth control legislation and a machismo attitude among many Filipino males. There are three million household heads without a spouse, two million of whom were female (2015 PSA estimates).

Between 2010 and 2014, 54% of all pregnancies in the Philippines (1.9 million pregnancies) were unintended. Consequently, 9% of women between 15 and 19 years of age have begun childbearing, and every year there are 610 000 unsafe abortions. In 2017, modern contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) in "the Philippines was 40% among married women of reproductive age and 17% among unmarried sexually active women" and "Forty-six percent of married women used no contraceptive method in 2017 and 14% a traditional method." The "unmet need for family planning' which is the lack of access of contraceptives to women do not want to have more children or wish to delay having children was 17% among married women and 49% among unmarried and among unmarried only 22% women were able to access modern contraceptive methods. "As a consequence of the low contraceptive met need, 68% of unintended pregnancies occur in women not using any method and 24% in those using traditional methods" and the rest had to resort to unsafe traditional methods.{{Cite journal|last1=Nagai|first1=Mari|last2=Bellizzi|first2=Saverio|last3=Murray|first3=John|last4=Kitong|first4=Jacqueline|last5=Cabral|first5=Esperanza I.|last6=Sobel|first6=Howard L.|date=2019-07-25|title=Opportunities lost: Barriers to increasing the use of effective contraception in the Philippines|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=14|issue=7|pages=e0218187|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0218187|pmid=31344054 |pmc=6657820 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1418187N |issn=1932-6203|doi-access=free }}

The Catholic Church in Philippines opposes sex before or outside marriage, and the use of modern contraceptive and the passing of laws allowing for divorce. The Catholic religion that was introduced by Spanish colonial era Catholic friars was adapted through a process of enculturation. Hence, there is a gap between the [relatively more orthodox] scriptural Catholic religion and the version practiced by Filipinos in daily life. 84% Filipinos are Catholic, and what Filipinos actually do in practice is different from what they believe in,{{Cite book|last=Rood|first=Steven|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmmtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157|title=The Philippines: What Everyone Needs to Know|date=2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-092062-3|pages=154–158|access-date=February 6, 2023|archive-date=February 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218075808/https://books.google.com/books?id=LmmtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157|url-status=live}} i.e. Filipinos practice a liberal cultural attitude towards sexual relationships while also contrastingly practicing orthodox Catholic religious belief which opposes the modern scientific contraceptives and laws based on the modern values, resulting in lack of access to family planning methods, stigmatization of medical abortions, a high number of unwanted pregnancies, lack of access to safe modern medical abortions, high and still rising trend of illegitimate newborn birth rate.

The law of the Philippines continues to differentiate and discriminate between filiation (recognition of the biological relationship between father and child) and legitimacy (legally considered a legitimate child), national law still continues to label the "nonmarital births" as "illegitimate", which has been criticized by the social and legal activists for the constitutional stigmatization and denial of equal legal rights.

File:Life expectancy in the Philippines.svg in the Philippines since 1938]]

File:Life expectancy by WBG -Philippines -diff.png

Source: UN World Population Prospects{{Cite web |title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations |url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ |access-date=July 15, 2017 |archive-date=August 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824094819/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ |url-status=live }}

{{clear}}

{{Hidden begin

|title= Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 01.VIII.2015) (Excluding 2134 Filipinos in Philippine Embassies, Consulates and Missions Abroad.): {{Cite web|author=United Nations Statistics Division

|title=Demographic and Social Statistics|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics|access-date=2023-02-06|website=unstats.un.org|language=en|archive-date=January 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114172539/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics|url-status=live}}

|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;

}}

{{Hidden end}}

{{Hidden begin

|title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2021) (Estimates or projections based on the 2015 population census.):

|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;

}}

{{Hidden end}}

Total fertility rate (TFR) and other related statistics by region, as of 2013:{{Cite web |title=Philippines DHS, 2013 – Final Report (English) |url=http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR294/FR294.pdf |access-date=December 21, 2017 |archive-date=June 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610201055/http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR294/FR294.pdf |url-status=live }}

{{update|reason=2020 ethnic group statistics by PSA is now available|date=September 2023}}

File:Blumentritt - Ethnographic map of the Philippines, 1890.jpg

{{main|Ethnic groups in the Philippines|Immigration to the Philippines|Genetic and anthropology studies on Filipinos}}

{{further|Filipinos}}

The majority of the people in the Philippines are related to Austronesian peoples. According to the CIA Factbook, the largest ethnic groups as of 2020 are the Tagalogs (26%), the Bisaya people (14.3%), the Ilocano people (8%), the Bicolano people (6.5%), the Waray people (3.8%), the Kapampangan people (3.0%), the Pangasinan people (1.9%), and the Maguindanao people (1.9%), among other local ethnicities (18.5%).{{Citation |title=Country Summary |work=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/philippines/summaries/ |access-date=2024-01-31 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |archive-date=January 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131141214/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/philippines/summaries/ |url-status=live }} The indigenous peoples of the Philippines form a minority of the population. Other large ethnic groups include Filipinos of Japanese, Indian, Chinese, Spanish, and American descent. There are more than 175 ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines, each with their own, identity, literature, tradition, music, dances, foods, beliefs, and history, but which form part of the tapestry of Filipino culture. The latest censuses did not take account of ethnicity, and the only census that included questions on ethnicity is of the 2000 census.

Nevertheless, a 2019 Anthropology Study by Matthew Go, published in the Journal of Human Biology, using physical anthropology, estimated that, 72.7% of Filipinos are Asian, 12.7% of Filipinos can be classified as Hispanic (Latin-American Mestizos or Austronesian-Spanish Mestizos), 7.3% as Indigenous American, African at 4.5% and European at 2.7%.An Inter-University Study published in the Journal of Forensic Anthropology concluded that the bodies curated by the University of the Philippines, representing the country, showed the percentage of the population that's phenotypically classified as Hispanic is 12.7%, while that of Indigenous American is 7.3%. Thus totaling to 20% of the sample representative of the Philippines, are Latino in physical appearance.

{{Cite journal |last1=Dudzik |first1=Beatrix |last2=Go |first2=Matthew C. |date=2019-01-01 |title=Classification Trends Among Modern Filipino Crania Using Fordisc 3.1 |url=https://www.academia.edu/38744342 |journal=Human Biology |language=en |publisher=University of Florida Press |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.5744/fa.2019.1005 |access-date=September 13, 2020 |quote=[Page 1] ABSTRACT: Filipinos represent a significant contemporary demographic group globally, yet they are underrepresented in the forensic anthropological literature. Given the complex population history of the Philippines, it is important to ensure that traditional methods for assessing the biological profile are appropriate when applied to these peoples. Here we analyze the classification trends of a modern Filipino sample (n = 110) when using the Fordisc 3.1 (FD3) software. We hypothesize that Filipinos represent an admixed population drawn largely from Asian and marginally from European parental gene pools, such that FD3 will classify these individuals morphometrically into reference samples that reflect a range of European admixture, in quantities from small to large. Our results show the greatest classification into Asian reference groups (72.7%), followed by Hispanic (12.7%), Indigenous American (7.3%), African (4.5%), and European (2.7%) groups included in FD3. This general pattern did not change between males and females. Moreover, replacing the raw craniometric values with their shape variables did not significantly alter the trends already observed. These classification trends for Filipino crania provide useful information for casework interpretation in forensic laboratory practice. Our findings can help biological anthropologists to better understand the evolutionary, population historical, and statistical reasons for FD3-generated classifications. The results of our studyindicate that ancestry estimation in forensic anthropology would benefit from population-focused research that gives consideration to histories of colonialism and periods of admixture. |doi-access=free |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107133718/https://www.academia.edu/38744342/Classification_Trends_Among_Modern_Filipino_Crania_Using_Fordisc_3_1 |url-status=live }} However, this is only according to an interpretation of the data wherein the reference groups, which were cross checked to the Filipino samples; for the Hispanic category, were Mexican-Americans, and the reference groups for the: European, African, and Indigenous American, categories, were: White Americans, Black Americans, and Native Americans from the USA, while the Asian reference groups were sourced from Chinese, Japanese, and Vietnamese origins.

In contrast, a different anthropology study using Morphoscopic ancestry estimates in Filipino crania using multivariate probit regression models by J. T. Hefner, while analyzing Historic and Modern samples of Philippine skeletons, paint a different picture,{{Cite journal |last1=Go |first1=Matthew C. |last2=Hefner |first2=Joseph T. |date=14 January 2020 |title=Morphoscopic ancestry estimates in Filipino crania using multivariate probit regression models |journal=American Journal of Biological Anthropology |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-4SZJB85wqPf4BhQHeREnHqvUQ6pBE10/view?usp=sharing|volume=172 |issue=3 |pages=386–401 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.24008|pmid=31943139 |url-access=subscription }} in that, when the reference group for "Asian" was Thailand (Southeast Asians) rather than Chinese, Japanese, and Vietnamese; and the reference group for "Hispanic" was Colombians (South Americans) rather than Mexicans, the historical and modern sample results for Filipinos, yielded the following ratios: Asian at 48.6%, African at 32.9%, and only a small portion classifying as either European at 12.9%, and finally for Hispanic at 5.7%.

The total number of immigrants and expats in Philippines as of the 2010 census is 177,365.{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2012 |title=Foreign Citizens in the Philippines (Results from the 2010 Census) |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/foreign-citizens-philippines-results-2010-census |access-date=October 19, 2020 |website=psa.gov.ph |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority |archive-date=October 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020165428/https://psa.gov.ph/content/foreign-citizens-philippines-results-2010-census |url-status=live }} By country:{{Cite web |title=Household Population by Country of Citizenship: Philippines, 2010 |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/Citizenship%20by%20Country.pdf |access-date=October 19, 2020 |website=2010 Census of Population and Housing |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority |archive-date=November 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116101554/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/Citizenship%20by%20Country.pdf |url-status=live }}

{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}

• United States of America: 29,972
• China: 28,705
• Japan: 11,584
• India: 9,007
• Korea, South: 5,822
• Korea, North: 4,846
• Canada: 4,700
• United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: 3,474
• Australia: 3,360
• Germany: 3,184
• Indonesia: 2,781
• Taiwan: 1,538
• Italy: 1,460
• Afghanistan: 1,019
• France: 1,014
• Spain: 1,009
• Switzerland 872
• Turkey: 739
• Singapore: 691
• South Africa: 681
• Malaysia: 673
• Saudi Arabia: 621
• Norway: 550
• Israel: 514
• Sweden: 513
• Iran: 498
• Tunisia: 479
• Belgium: 445
• Congo: 444
• Austria: 424
• Pakistan: 421
• Netherlands: 407
• Algeria: 389
• Ecuador: 387
• Denmark: 374
• United Arab Emirates: 368
• Ireland: 362
• Myanmar: 355
• Vietnam: 351
• Oman: 342
• New Zealand: 325
• Thailand: 286
• Hungary: 206
• Nigeria: 162
• Jordan: 150
• Sri Lanka: 146
• Kuwait: 144
• Egypt: 135
• Brazil: 134
• Bangladesh: 133
• Greece: 129
• Portugal: 127
• Argentina: 125
• Mexico: 123
• Russia: 120
• East Timor: 119
• Armenia: 115
• Lebanon: 110
• Cape Verde: 109
• Colombia: 106
• Suriname: 106
• Qatar: 102
• Others: 1,617

{{div col end}}

{{Main|Languages of the Philippines|Philippine languages}}

According to the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, there are 135 ethnic languages in the Philippine archipelago, each spoken by the respective ethno-linguistic group, except for the national Filipino language which is spoken by all 134 ethno-linguistic groups in the country. Most of the languages have several varieties (dialects), totaling over 300 across the archipelago. In the 1930s, the government promoted the use of the Tagalog language as the national language, and called the new Tagalog-based language as the national Filipino language, becoming the 135th ethnic language of the country.{{Cite journal |last1=Andrew |last2=Gonzalez |year=1998 |title=The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines |url=http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/019/0487/jmmd0190487.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=487–488 |doi=10.1080/01434639808666365 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616101625/http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/019/0487/jmmd0190487.pdf |archive-date=June 16, 2007 |access-date=March 24, 2007}}{{failed verification|date=April 2020}}{{Cite book |last=Thompson |first=Roger M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1h9oF9rj-MC |title=Tagalog English and Taglish |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |year=2003 |isbn=978-90-272-4891-6 |pages=27–29 |chapter=3. Nationalism and the rise of Tagalog Supremacy 1936–1973 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1h9oF9rj-MC&pg=PA27}}, {{ISBN|90-272-4891-5}}, {{ISBN|978-90-272-4891-6}}.{{failed verification|date=April 2020}} Visayan languages (Cebuano, Waray, Hiligaynon, etc.) are widely spoken throughout the Visayas and in most parts of Mindanao. Ilokano is the lingua franca of Northern Luzon excluding Pangasinan. Zamboangueño Chavacano is the official language of Zamboanga City and lingua franca of Basilan.

Filipino and English are the official languages of the country for purposes of communication and instruction. Consequently, English is widely spoken and understood, although fluency has decreased as the prevalence of Tagalog in primary and secondary educational institutions has increased.

{{Main|Religion in the Philippines}}

The Philippine Statistics Authority in October 2015 reported that {{rnd|{{#expr:100 * {{formatnum:74,211,896|R}} / {{formatnum:92,097,978|R}}}}|2}}% of the total Filipino population were Roman Catholics, 10.8% were Protestant and {{rnd|{{#expr:100 * {{formatnum:5,127,084|R}} / {{formatnum:92,097,978|R}}}}|2}}% were Islamic.{{Cite journal |date=October 2015 |title=Table 1.10; Household Population by Religious Affiliation and by Sex; 2010 |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20PSY%20PDF.pdf |journal=2015 Philippine Statistical Yearbook |location=East Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority |pages=1–30 |issn=0118-1564 |access-date=August 15, 2016 |archive-date=October 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011010131/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20PSY%20PDF.pdf |url-status=live }} Although the 2012 International Religious Freedom (IRF) reports that an estimate by the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos (NCMF) in 2011 stated that there were then 10.3 million Muslims, or about 10 percent of the total population however this is yet to be proven officially.[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper International Religious Freedom Report 2012 : Philippines], U.S. Department of State. In 2000, according to the "World Values Survey", 1.8% were Protestant Christians and 10.9% were then irreligious.{{Cite web

| publisher= Dentsu Communication Institute

| date= 2006

| author= Research Centre for Japan

|script-title=ja:世界各国の宗教|url=http://www2.ttcn.ne.jp/~honkawa/9460.html|access-date=2023-02-06|website=www2.ttcn.ne.jp|archive-date=June 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605094510/http://www2.ttcn.ne.jp/~honkawa/9460.html

| language= ja

|url-status=live}}{{dubious|date=August 2016|reason= appears to be prognostication}} Other Christian denominations include the Iglesia ni Cristo (one of a number of separate Churches of Christ generally not affiliated with one another), Aglipayan Church, Members Church of God International, and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Minority religions include Buddhism, Hinduism, and Judaism.

Roman Catholics and Protestants were converted during the four centuries of Western influence by Spain, and the United States. Under Spanish rule, much of the population was converted to Christianity.

Orthodox Christianity also has a presence in the Philippines. The Orthodoxy was brought over by Russian and Greek immigrants to the Philippines. Protestant Christianity arrived in the Philippines during the 20th century, introduced by American missionaries.

Other religions include Judaism, Mahayana Buddhism, often mixed with Taoist beliefs, Hinduism, Sikhism, and Indigenous Philippine folk religions.

{{Main|Education in the Philippines|Higher education in the Philippines}}

Education in the Philippines has been influenced by foreign models, particularly the United States, and Spain.{{Cite book |last1=Altbach |first1=P. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5vXSBgAAQBAJ&pg=PP9 |title=From Dependence to Autonomy: The Development of Asian Universities |last2=Selvaratnam |first2=V. |date=December 6, 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-009-2563-2 |page=7 |language=en |access-date=December 29, 2020 |archive-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218075809/https://books.google.com/books?id=5vXSBgAAQBAJ&pg=PP9 |url-status=live }}{{Cite book |last=Carson |first=Arthur Leroy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EoJtN1_aPSUC&pg=PA192 |title=Higher Education in the Philippines |publisher=U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education |year=1961 |pages=192–193 |language=en |access-date=December 29, 2020 |archive-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218075809/https://books.google.com/books?id=EoJtN1_aPSUC&pg=PA192 |url-status=live }} Philippine students enter public school at about age four, starting from nursery school up to kindergarten. At about seven years of age, students enter elementary school (6 to 7 years). This is followed by junior high school (4 years) and senior high school (2 years). Students then take the college entrance examinations (CEE), after which they enter university (3 to 5 years). Other types of schools include private school, preparatory school, international school, laboratory high school, and science high school. School year in the Philippines starts from June, and ends in March with a two-month summer break from April to May, one week of semestral break in October, and a week or two during Christmas and New Year holidays.

Starting in SY 2011–2012 there has been a phased implementation of a new program. The K to 12 Program covers kindergarten and 12 years of basic education (six years of primary education, four years of junior high school, and two years of senior high school [SHS]).{{Cite news |title=The K to 12 Program |work=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/k-12/ |access-date=August 1, 2012 |archive-date=June 13, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613123323/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/k-12/ |url-status=live }}

• {{Cite journal |last=Cristian Capelli |display-authors=etal |year=2001 |title=A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania |url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2001_v68_p432.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=432–443 |doi=10.1086/318205 |pmc=1235276 |pmid=11170891 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214223039/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2001_v68_p432.pdf |archive-date=February 14, 2010}}
• {{Cite book |last=Frederic H. Sawyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqfeLUwFNh0C&q=southern+Philippine+islands+such+as+Mindanao.73+The+arrival+of+the+Spanish+in+Brunei+and+the+initiated+the+same+kind+of |title=The Inhabitants of the Philippines |publisher=Library of Alexandria |year=1900 |isbn=978-1-4655-1185-0}}
• 1903 Census of the Philippine Islands, Volumes [http://rsso08.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/1903%20CPH%20vol1.pdf 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918052118/http://rsso08.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/1903%20CPH%20vol1.pdf |date=September 18, 2021 }}, [http://rsso08.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/1903%20CPH%20vol2.pdf 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917100535/http://rsso08.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/1903%20CPH%20vol2.pdf |date=September 17, 2021 }}, [http://rsso08.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/1903%20CPH%20vol3.pdf 3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917112748/http://rsso08.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/1903%20CPH%20vol3.pdf |date=September 17, 2021 }}, [http://rsso08.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/1903%20CPH%20vol4.pdf 4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917102914/http://rsso08.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/1903%20CPH%20vol4.pdf |date=September 17, 2021 }}

{{Reflist}}

{{Notelist}}

{{CIA World Factbook|year=2011}}

• {{Cite web |title=Index of Demographic Statistics (principally 2000 Philippine census) |url=https://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/datapop.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604174802/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/datapop.html |archive-date=June 4, 2008 |access-date=December 17, 2005 |website=Philippine Statistics Authority}}
• {{Cite web |title=The Philippines – Demographic Statistics |url=http://www.philippines.hvu.nl/facts2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323034020/http://www.philippines.hvu.nl/facts2.htm |archive-date=March 23, 2007 |access-date=April 3, 2007 |website=The Ultrecht faculty of Education}}
• {{Cite web |title=University of the Philippines population institute |url=http://www.drdf-uppi.net/uppi.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415050738/http://www.drdf-uppi.net/uppi.htm |archive-date=April 15, 2014 |access-date=February 15, 2013}}
• {{Cite web |date=July 1998 |title=Greeks in the Philippines and their contributions to the country |url=http://www.hri.org/forum/life/adamson.html |publisher=hri.org}}

{{Ethnic groups in the Philippines}}

{{Asia in topic|Demographics of}}

{{Philippines topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Demographics of the Philippines}}

Philippines