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Djupadal Formation

{{Short description|Geologic formation in Skåne County, Sweden}}

{{Infobox rockunit

| name = Djupadal Formation

| image = Korsarödssjön 2010.jpg

| caption = About 10 m south of the shore of the Korsaröd lake exposed layers of the unit are known

| type = Formation

| age = Pliensbachian-Toarcian
~{{fossil range|184|175}}A Volcanic neck suggest 176.7 ± 0.5 Ma, Late Toarcian Age

| period = Toarcian

| prilithology = Basalt Tuff, Veined GneissLidmar-Bergström, Olsson, & Olvmo (1997) p. 98

| otherlithology = Sandstone, Clay and Conglomerate

| namedfor = Djupadalsmölla, Ljungbyhed

| namedby = Carita AugustssonAugustsson (2001) p. 23

| year_ts = 2001

| region = Central Skåne County

| country = Sweden

| coordinates = {{coord|55.98|N|13.63|E|display=inline,title}}

| paleocoordinates = Approx. 35°N

| unitof = Central Skåne Volcanic Province

| subunits = (in part) Sapropel at Sandåkra

| underlies = Cuaternary Sediments

| overlies = Höör Sandstone, Brandsberga and Kolleberga erratics and (in part) Sapropel at Sandåkra

| thickness = Up to {{convert|60|m|ft|abbr=on}}

| extent = {{convert|1000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}

| area =

| map = {{Location map+ | Sweden

| relief = 1

| width = 250

| float = center

| places =

{{Location map~ | Sweden

| lat_deg = 55.98

| lon_deg = 13.63

| mark = Blue pog.svg

| marksize = 12

}}

}}

| map_caption = Korsaröd Lagerstätten Location

}}

The Djupadal Formation is a geologic formation in Skåne County, southern Sweden. It is Early Jurassic (probably Pliensbachian-Toarcian, or Late Toarcian) in age. It is part of the Central Skåne Volcanic Province, know by the discovery of basalt tuff layers, including Sandåkra, Korsaröd and Djupadal.

An original analysis of the location of Korsaröd led to a Toarcian-Aalenian age,Tralau (1973) p. 128Sivhed (1984) p. 26 but was dismissed in 2016, when a series of Palynogical samples recovered a Late Pliensbachian and probably Lower Toarcian age for the Korsaröd Outcrop.Vajda, Linderson & McLoughlin (2016) p. 127 The same year this result was also challenged by an in-depth study of the Lilla Hagstad neck that yield a Late Toarcian Age.Tappe, Smart, Stracke, Romer, Prelević & van den Bogaard (2016) p. 30 The formation was deposited in the Central Skane region, linked to the late early Jurassic volcanism. The Korsaröd member includes a volcanic-derived Lagerstatten with exceptional fern finds.Vajda, Linderson & McLoughlin (2016) p. 128 The data provided by fossilized wood rings showed that the location of Korsaröd hosted a middle-latitude Mediterranean-type biome in the late Early Jurassic, with low rainfall ratio, delayed to seasonal events. Superimposed on this climate were the effects of a local active Strombolian Volcanism and hydrothermal activity.Vajda, Linderson & McLoughlin (2016) p. 141

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Description

Djupadalsmölla is a geological site in southern Sweden, notable for its volcanic tuff and related rock types formed from ancient volcanic activity.Augustsson (2001) p. 24 First documented in 1826, the site contains basalts from early volcanic eruptions.Kjellen (1902) p. 208 The Anneklev exposure near Höör revealed the first volcanic neck, with additional volcanic remnants at Jällabjär, Rallate, and Djupadalsmölla itself.Kjellen (1902) p. 209 The rocks here are primarily tuff, containing basaltic bombs with pyroxene, olivine pseudomorphs, and occasional conifer wood fragments ranging from small pieces to large logs.Eichstädt (1883) p. 412 The Rönne River has carved a 20-meter-deep valley through the Precambrian basement, exposing Lower Jurassic strata, including volcanic tuff, on the southern valley side. These strata extend northwest, suggesting the valley follows a partially exhumed sub-Jurassic depression.Lidmar-Bergström, Olsson, & Olvmo (1997) p. 99 The valley floor includes modern sediments from a Late Weichselian meltwater channel and eroded fluvioglacial deposits.Ringberg (1984) p. 59 A nearby roadcut shows kaolinized basement beneath Toarcian sediments, and a borehole penetrated 44 meters of kaolinized gneiss. Small ridges, cupolas in gneiss, and tors in amphibolite are also visible at the valley bottom.

= Geology =

File:Bergarter Sverige.svg

The Djupadalsmölla site lies within the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone (STZ), a 20–60 km wide fracture zone in southern Sweden and the Baltic Sea, part of the larger Tornquist Lineament stretching over 1000 km from the North Sea to the Black Sea.Liboriussen, Ashton & Tygesen (1987) p. 22Berthelsen (1992) p. 154 This zone marks the boundary between the East European Craton and Early Paleozoic terranes of central Europe.Berthelsen (1992) p. 162 The STZ formed through continental rifting from the Permian to Cretaceous, similar to the North Sea system, with complex horst and graben structures from Late Cretaceous–Paleogene tectonics.Erlström, Thomas & Sivhed (1997) p. 210Norling & Bergström (1987) p. 17 Rifting from the Carboniferous to Mesozoic, linked to the breakup of Pangea, led to mafic alkaline magmatism, including a 70 km wide Permo-Carboniferous tholeiitic dyke swarm across Scania and Bornholm.Obst, Solyom & Johansson (2004) p. 261 The Central Skåne Volcanic Province, a 30 by 40 km Mesozoic volcanic field, features around 100 volcanic plugs and necks forming steep hills in central Scania.Tappe (2004) p. 327 This volcanism likely originated from a continental lithospheric mantle reservoir or edge-driven mantle convection.Tappe, Smart, Stracke, Romer, Prelević & van den Bogaard (2016) p. 28

= Stratigraphy =

The Djupadalsmölla pyroclastic deposit is up to 10 meters high and 20 meters wide, extending over 100 meters westward along the Rönne River valley.Eichstädt (1883) p. 413 It consists of a 3-meter-thick Jurassic sequence overlying kaolinized Paleozoic gneiss, starting with 2 meters of sandstone and claystone, topped by 1 meter of green-brownish tuffaceous rocks.Norling, Ahlberg, Erlström & Sivhed (1993) p. 50 The tuff contains mostly lapilli (30–50%) and ash, with some red patches and concretions of coarse ash, calcite, and wood fragments.Augustsson (2001) p. 25 The deposit suggests moderate explosivity, with short transport paths indicated by minimal mechanical weathering, thick layering, and few basaltic bombs. The presence of wood and lapilli points to terrestrial deposition, likely from Strombolian volcanism tied to a regional rift, as evidenced by over 100 volcanic necks in central Scania.Augustsson (2001) p. 27Augustsson (2001) p. 28

A borehole (KBH2) at Djupadalsmölla provides detailed stratigraphy.Wahlquist (2023) p.7 The crystalline basement is 6.32 meters of weathered red-whitish gneiss, transitioning to kaolinite at the top.Wahlquist (2023) p.11 The Jurassic strata include light to dark gray shale with a 30 cm silt/clay layer and coal, showing microfaults and volcanic fragments. The volcanic sequence, 19.50 meters thick, consists of lapilli tuff cemented by calcite or zeolite, with felsic xenoliths and accidental lithics.Wahlquist (2023) p.15 Four subunits include varying textures, cement types, and preserved wood, indicating a dynamic depositional environment.Wahlquist (2023) p.17-19

Other nearby sites, like Karup, show 1–1.5-meter-thick pyroclastic layers with abundant charred and silicified wood.Augustsson (1999) p. 5-6 Koholma features 0.5 meters of green-brown tuff with large clasts and plant remains, likely from volcanic sliding flows.Norling, Ahlberg, Erlström & Sivhed (1993) p. 52 The Korsaröd Lagerstätte, a key outcrop, contains well-preserved fern fossils, linked to the Djupadal Formation and interpreted as a lahar deposit, comparable to modern Rotorua, New Zealand.Bomfleur, McLoughlin & Vajda (2014) p. 1376Vajda, Linderson & McLoughlin (2016) p. 139

= Lithology =

The rocks at Djupadalsmölla are primarily volcanic tuff, composed of ash, sand, lapilli, and partially disintegrated basalt, with colors varying from blue-green to brown depending on weathering.Eichstädt (1883) p. 408 The tuff contains rounded grains, from pea to hazelnut size, cemented mainly by limestone.Eichstädt (1883) p. 409 Cavities are filled with secondary minerals like calcite, zeolites, and viridite, with cement consisting of limnic limestone and sandstone.Svedmark (1883) p. 575 The rocks are classified as either feldspar basalt or limburgite (glass basalt), containing augite, olivine, and minor magnetite and ferrite.Eichstädt (1883b) p. 776Svedmark (1883) p. 576 The glass-like sections are porous, with olivine crystals and minor serpentine, cemented by limestone.Eichstädt (1883) p. 411 Volcanic bombs include red gneiss and amphibolite, alongside mica diorite, limestone, clay slate, and shale sandstone, often containing wood fragments.Svedmark (1883) p. 581

At Lilla Hagstad, the lithology includes nepheline basalt with a dark glass matrix containing nepheline, augite, olivine, and magnetite crystals. Rounded lapilli, from hazelnut to pea size, indicate subaerial eruption products.Henning (1902) p. 357 The KBH2 borehole reveals volcaniclastic grains with swelling clay minerals from degraded ash and lapilli, cemented by calcite, chlorite, zeolites, and iron-rich siderite.Wahlquist (2023) p.20 Siliclastic interbeds, rare and initially linked to the Höör Sandstone, include arkose sandstone with ripple marks and sandstone/claystone layers with coal and plant remains.Norling, Ahlberg, Erlström & Sivhed (1993) p. 51

= Age and Correlations =

File:Grimmen_Formation_distribution.png in the Toarcian, with the extent of the Grimmen Formation and adjacent units, including the Skane Volcanics (marked with a Volcano)|left]]

The Djupadalsmölla deposits are dated to the Late Pliensbachian to Early Toarcian (approximately 184–176 Ma), based on palynology and radiometric data.Bomfleur, McLoughlin & Vajda (2014), Supplementary Material p. 2Vajda, Linderson & McLoughlin (2016) p. 134 A high-precision 40Ar/39Ar age of 176.7 ± 0.5 Ma from Lilla Hagstad confirms a Late Toarcian age.Tappe, Smart, Stracke, Romer, Prelević & van den Bogaard (2016) p. 34 Earlier K–Ar dating yielded a range of 171–179 Ma, while 40Ar/39Ar analyses from volcanic plugs suggest 191–178 Ma.Klingspor (1976) p. 207Bergelin (2009) p. 168 Palynological evidence from KBH2, including marine palynomorphs and specific pollen, supports a Latest Pliensbachian age.Wahlquist (2023) p.30

The formation overlies the Höör Sandstone and correlates with the Rydebäck and Katslösa members of the Rya Formation, the Röddinge Formation, and the Sorthat Formation in Denmark, sharing abundant fern-derived miospores.Ahlberg, Sivhed & Erlström (2003) p. 529 It also aligns with the Fjerritslev and Gassum Formations in the Danish and Øresund Basins.Ahlberg, Sivhed & Erlström (2003) p. 534 Volcanic material was transported by fluvial channels to the Green Series of Grimmen and Dobbertin (Grimmen Formation), with clays likely derived from weathered volcanic deposits.Stumpf, Ansorge & Grimmberger (2016) p. 137 Erosion of the underlying Hettangian–Sinemurian Höör Sandstone contributed sands to the North German Basin.Stumpf, Ansorge & Grimmberger (2016) p. 138

= Basin history =

The Djupadalsmölla deposits formed within the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone (STZ), part of the Trans-European Suture Zone separating Baltica from peri-Gondwanan terranes, active since the Late Ordovician (~445 Ma). At the Carboniferous–Permian boundary (~300 Ma), the Skagerrak-Centered Large Igneous Province influenced the region.Bryan & Ferrari, 2013, p.1058

The basins of southern Sweden and eastern Denmark formed in the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic, coinciding with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), the largest igneous province in Earth’s history. The Central Skåne Volcanic Province was active during the Pliensbachian to Toarcian (184–176 Ma), with Strombolian-style eruptions near Early Jurassic oceans.Bergelin, 2009 p. 166 No correlative pyroclastic beds have been identified in surrounding basins.Ahlberg et al., 2003, p.539

During the deposition of the Rya Formation’s Rydebäck Member, the Toarcian turnover caused widespread extinctions.Harries & Little, 1999

Environment

{{multiple image

| align = right

| perrow = 2/2

| total_width = 350

| image1 = Puy de mercoeur dome.jpg

| image2 = Puy de Pariou 2001-07-30.jpg

| image3 = .00 1137 Waimangu Volcanic Valley - New Zealand.jpg

| image4 = Marble Terrace (sinter terrace) in Waimangu Volcanic Valley.jpg

| footer = The Chaîne des Puys (Massif Central region) volcanoes were formed in a similar "sudden" way of the layers recovered at Djupadalsmölla and Karup.Augustsson (1999) p. 14 Over this landscape environments similar to modern Waimangu Volcanic Rift Valley where developed.Vajda, McLoughlin & Bomfleur (2014) p. 26

}}

The Djupadalsmölla deposits, with moderately sorted lapilli tuff and abundant wood, indicate a terrestrial environment influenced by freshwater. Likely deposited in a fluvial setting with debris flows from nearby volcanoes like Äskekull, the site includes sandstone layers with ripple marks, suggesting coeval deposition with pyroclastics. Barium-enriched zeolites suggest hydrothermal seawater circulation, causing diagenetic changes.Augustsson (1999) p. 15File:The Green Lake, Rotokakahi.jpg of New Zealand]]

The KBH2 borehole indicates a weathered basement, likely altered in the 25 Ma between the Rhaetian and Late Pliensbachian, followed by a dark shale layer suggesting a marine-influenced lagoon or bay.Wahlquist (2023) p.26-27 Palynology reveals a humid, moderately warm climate with conifer-dominated forests, ginkgoes, seed ferns, and fern understories, occasionally disrupted by forest fires.Wahlquist (2023) p.28 Volcanic clasts and charred wood confirm deposition through forested areas into a shallow, low-energy water body, followed by marine transgression.Wahlquist (2023) p.29

At Korsaröd, freshwater algae and fossilized wood suggest a river-influenced, Mediterranean-type biome with low rainfall and active Strombolian volcanism, comparable to modern Rotorua, New Zealand. The vegetation, dominated by Cupressaceae and Erdtmanithecales, faced volcanic disruptions and hydrothermal activity, with rapid wood permineralization.Vajda, Linderson & McLoughlin (2016) p. 142 Well-preserved Osmundastrum ferns indicate a moist gully engulfed by lahar deposits.

=Sandåkra Lake System=

North of the volcanic outcrops, the Sandåkra Sapropel, up to 150 meters thick, includes sandstones, clays, oil shales, and breccias, partly coeval with the Djupadal volcanism.Nilsson (1958) p. 3Tralau (1973) p. 151 Deposited in a 70-meter-deep limnic/lacustrine deposit, likely formed in a tectonic breach or topographic depression, it lacks marine palynomorphs and contains volcanic minerals in its upper sections.Nilsson (1958) p. 5 The lake, fed by ephemeral streams, developed anoxic conditions, similar to modern Lake Rotokakahi in New Zealand or the Toarcian Sichuan Lake (Ziliujing Formation), with upper sections influenced by volcanic material akin to the Waimangu Volcanic Valley.Nilsson (1958) p. 6Tralau (1973) p. 154

Fossils

=Pseudofungi=

{{Paleobiota-key-compact}}

class="wikitable sortable"
Genus

! Species

! Location

! Material

! Notes

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style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

PeronosporomycetesMcLoughlin & Bomfleur (2016) p. 93

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Indeterminate

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Korsaröd

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Oogonia
  • Ellipsoidal spores
  • Reticulum?

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Was recovered from the petiole of the holotype of Osmundastrum pulchellum and interpreted as a peronosporomycete with parasitic or saprotrophic relation with this part of the plant. If the identification of the oogonia of peronosporomycetes is correct, then this implies regularly moist conditions for the growth of Osmundastrum pulchellum and this is consistent with the general habitat preferences of extant Osmundastrum.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:10554 oospore.jpg, a Pseudofungal protist like the ones found Osmundastrum pulchellum]]

=Fungi=

class="wikitable sortable"
Genus

! Species

! Location

! Material

! Notes

! Images

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Fungi

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Indeterminate

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Korsaröd

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Spores
  • Hyphae

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

From the petiole and the root of Osmundastrum pulchellum where recovered thread-like structures, identified as derived from a pathogenic or saprotrophic fungus invading necrotic tissues of the host plant. The fungus' interaction with the plant was probably mycorrhizal.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Microglossum viride (Schrad.) Gillet 845759.jpg, a saprotrophic fungus whose Hypae are similar to the ones found O. pulchellum]]

=Acritarchs=

class="wikitable sortable"
Genus

! Species

! Location

! Material

! Notes

! Images

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Leiofusa

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • L. jurassica

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Bonnarp Volcano

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Acritarch

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Incertae sedis

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

LeiosphaeraBölau & Kockel-Brosius (1965) p. 55

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • L. sp. A (Gross)
  • L. sp. B (Thin)

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Bonnarp Volcano

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Acritarch

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Incertae sedis

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Micrhystridium

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • M. inconspicuum
  • M. stellatum
  • M. cf. fragile

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Bonnarp Volcano

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Acritarch

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Incertae sedis

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Tetraporina

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • T. tetragona

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Acritarch

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Incertae sedis

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Veryhachium

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • V. spp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Acritarch

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Incertae sedis

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

=Dinoflagellates=

class="wikitable sortable"
Genus

! Species

! Location

! Material

! Notes

! Images

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Cymatiosphaera

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • C. sp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Bonnarp Volcano

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Cysts

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A marine/brackish dinoflagellate, member of the family Pterospermopsidaceae inside Gonyaulacales.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Dapcodinium

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • D. priscum

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Cysts

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A marine/brackish Dinoflagellate, considered a primitive member of the order Peridiniales. A possible Fennoscandian endemism

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Mancodinium

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • M. semitabulatum

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Cysts

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A marine/brackish dinoflagellate, member of the family Mancodinioideae.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Maturodinium

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • M. inornatum

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Cysts

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A marine/brackish dinoflagellate, considered a primitive member of the order Peridiniales.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Mendicodinium

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • M. groenlandicum
  • M. reticulatum
  • M. varigranosum
  • M. vermiculatum
  • M. sp. cf. morgenrothum
  • M. spp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Cysts

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A marine/brackish dinoflagellate, member of the order Gonyaulacales.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

NannoceratopsisWahlquist (2023) p.22

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • N. gracilis
  • N. cf. pellucida
  • N. spp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Bonnarp Volcano

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Cysts

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A marine/brackish dinoflagellate, type member of the family Nannoceratopsiaceae.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

=Chlorophyta=

class="wikitable sortable"
Genus

! Species

! Location

! Material

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style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

BotryococcusNilsson (1958) p. 33Vajda, Linderson & McLoughlin (2016) p. 133

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • B. braunii
  • B. spp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Sandåkra Borehole
  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A freshwater algae, type member of Botryococcaceae inside Chlorophyta

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Botryococcus braunii.jpg

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Cymatiosphaera

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • C. spp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A brackish/marine algae, member of Pterospermopsidaceae.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Lecaniella

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • L. korsdoddensis
  • L. spp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A freshwater algae, member of Zygnemataceae inside Charophyceae. On some samples is the only recovered algae.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Leiosphaerida

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • L. spp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A brackish/marine algae, member of Prasinophyceae.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Ovoidites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • O. spp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A brackish/marine algae, member of Zygnemataceae.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Pediastrum

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • P. sp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A freshwater algae, member of Hydrodictyaceae inside Chlorophyceae.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Колония водорослей Pediastrum. 1000х.jpg]]

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Tasmanites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • T. spp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A brackish/marine algae, member of Pyramimonadaceae.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

=Bryophyta=

class="wikitable sortable"
Genus

! Species

! Location

! Material

! Notes

! Images

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Annulispora

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • A. folliculosa

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, incertae sedis inside Sphagnopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Polycingulatisporites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • P. sp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, related with the family Notothyladaceae inside Anthocerotopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Rogalskaisporites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • R. cicatricosus

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, incertae sedis inside Sphagnopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

StereisporitesVajda, Linderson & McLoughlin (2016) p. 132

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • S. antiquasporis
  • S. aulosenensis
  • S. seebergensis
  • S. psilatus
  • S. spp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, member of Sphagnaceae inside Sphagnopsida. The most abundant bryophyte spore

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Flickr - ggallice - Sundew, Drosera rotundifolia, among sphagnum moss.jpg, typical example of Sphagnaceae. Stereisporites probably come from a similar or a related plant]]

=Lycophyta=

class="wikitable sortable"
Genus

! Species

! Location

! Material

! Notes

! Images

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

AequitriraditesNilsson (1958) p. 29

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • A. salebrosaceus
  • A. sp. nov.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, affinities with Selaginellaceae or Lycopodiaceae inside Lycopodiopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Aratrisporites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • A. minimus
  • A. spp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, incertae sedis inside Lycopodiopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

DensoisporitesTralau (1973) p. 130

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

D. crassus

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, affinities with Pleuromeiaceae, Selaginellaceae and Lycopodiaceae inside Lycopodiopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Kraeuselisporites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • K. reissingeri

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, incertae sedis inside Lycopodiopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Lycospora

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • L. salebrosacea

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, incertae sedis inside Lycopodiopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Neoraistrickia

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • N. sp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, affinities with Selaginellaceae or Lycopodiaceae inside Lycopodiopsida. The most abundant Lycopsid spore recovered locally.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Selaginella erythropus kz02.jpg, typical example of Selaginellaceae. Neoraistrickia probably come from a similar or a related plant]]

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Retitriletes

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • R. austroclavatidites
  • R. clavatoides
  • R. semimuris

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, affinities with Lycopodiaceae inside Lycopodiopsida. Diverse, but less abundant

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Austrolycopodium fastigiatum kz3.jpg, typical example of Lycopodiaceae. Retitriletes probably come from a similar or a related plant]]

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Selaginellites?McLoughlin & Bomfleur (2016) p. 88

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • S.? sp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Epiphytic lycopsid roots

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

External exotic roots are preserved within detritus-filled cavities between the petiole bases of Osmundastrum pulchellum, with wall thickenings similar to the vasculature evident in ancient and modern herbaceous lycopsids.McLoughlin & Bomfleur (2016) p. 89

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

=Equisetopsida=

class="wikitable sortable"
Genus

! Species

! Location

! Material

! Notes

! Images

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Calamospora

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • C. tener

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, affinities with Equisetaceae inside Equisetales. Horsetails, herbaceous flora related to high humid environments, flooding tolerant plants.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Equisetum sylvaticum (13).JPG cone, the typical example of the Equisetopsida. Calamospora spores are pretty similar to the extant ones]]

=Filicopsida=

class="wikitable sortable"
Genus

! Species

! Location

! Material

! Notes

! Images

style="background:#f3e9f3;" |

Acanthotriletes

|style="background:#f3e9f3;" |

  • A. ovalis
  • A. trigonis
  • A. varius

|style="background:#f3e9f3;" |

  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#f3e9f3;" |Miospores

|style="background:#f3e9f3;" |

Affinities with the Botryopteridaceae inside Filicopsida. Reworked from primitive ferns found in Devonian and Carboniferous rocks of Europe

|style="background:#f3e9f3;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

ApiculatasporitesNilsson (1958) p. 31

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A. varians

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, affinities with Zygopteridaceae inside Filicopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

AuritulinasporitesNilsson (1958) p. 32

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • A. intrastriatus
  • A. scanicus
  • A. triclavis

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, affinities with Matoniaceae inside Filicopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Matonia pectinata - drawing by M. Seward.png, typical example of the Matoniaceae. Auritulinasporites may have come from a similar genus]]

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

BaculatisporitesTralau (1973) p. 132

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • B. comaumensis

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, affinities with Osmundaceae or Hymenophyllaceae inside Filicopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Hymenophyllum nephrophyllum Kidney Fern Ship Creek Beach 2.JPG, typical example of the Hymenophyllaceae. Baculatisporites may have come from a similar genus]]

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

BracteolinasporitesNilsson (1958) p. 34

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • B. clavatus

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, affinities with Osmundaceae inside Filicopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Cibotiumspora

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • C. jurienensis

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, related with Cyatheaceae and Dicksoniaceae inside Filicopsida. Recovered on the petiole and the root of Osmundastrum puchellum.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Conbaculatisporites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • C. mesozoicus

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, ‘’incertae sedis’’ inside Filicopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

ConcavisporitesNilsson (1958) p. 38

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • C.crassexinius
  • C. Sp

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Bonnarp Volcano
  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, related with Cibotiaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Matoniaceae and Dipteridaceae inside Filicopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

ContignisporitesTralau (1973) p. 134

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • C. problematicus

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, related with Cibotiaceae inside Filicopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Starr 030405-0113 Cibotium sp..jpg, typical example of the Cibotiaceae. Contignisporites may have come from a similar genus]]

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

CorrugatisporitesNilsson (1958) p. 40

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • C. klukiformis
  • C. scanicus

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, related to Schizaeaceae inside Filicopsida. Miospores of the fern Klukia exilis

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

CosmosporitesNilsson (1958) p. 41

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • C. elegans

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, ‘’incertae sedis’’ inside Filicopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Converrucosisporites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • C. Sp

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, affinities with Osmundaceae inside Filicopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Cyathidites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • C. australis
  • C. minor

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
  • Bonnarp Volcano

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, related with Cyatheaceae or Adiantaceae inside Filicopsida. Recovered on the petiole and the root of Osmundastrum puchellum. Cyathidites minor almost certainly belong to well known Mesozoic species Coniopteris hymenophylloides and to other fossil cyatheaceous or dicksoniaceous ferns such as Eboracia lobifolia and Dicksonia mariopteri.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Sarro - Palma boba (Cyathea microdonta) (14820801765).jpg, typical example of the Cyatheaceae. Cyathidites may have come from a similar genus]]

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

CyclinasporitesNilsson (1958) p. 43

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • C. minutus

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, ‘’incertae sedis’’ inside Filicopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

DeltoidosporaMcLoughlin & Bomfleur (2016) p. 91

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • D. toralis
  • D. australis
  • D.minor

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, related with Cyatheaceae, Dicksoniaceae, Gleicheniaceae and Schizaeaceae inside Filicopsida. Recovered on the petiole and the root of Osmundastrum puchellum.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Gleicheniidites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • G. conspiciendus
  • G. senonicus
  • G. Sp

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Bonnarp Volcano

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, related with Gleicheniaceae inside Filicopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Laevigatosporites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • ''L’’. spp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, affinities with Marattiales inside Filicopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

LycopodiaciditesTralau (1973) p. 131

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • L. rugulatus

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, affinities with Ophioglossaceae inside Filicopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Ophioglossum fern (14678080450).jpg, typical example of the Ophioglossaceae. Lycopodiacidites may have come from a similar genus]]

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Marattisporites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • M. scabratus

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, affinities with Marattiaceae inside Filicopsida. The second most abundant spore recovered on the location

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Marattia laevis kz4.jpg, typical example of the Marattiaceae. Marattisporites may have come from a similar genus]]

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Matonisporites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • M. phlebopteroides
  • M. Sp

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, affinities with Matoniaceae inside Filicopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Osmundacidites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • O. wellmanii

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
  • Bonnarp Volcano

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, affinities with Osmundaceae inside Filicopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Osmunda regalis 07.JPG, typical example of the Osmundaceae. Osmundacidites may have come from a similar genus]]

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

OsmundastrumBomfleur, Grimm & McLoughlin (2014) p. 5Bomfleur, Grimm & McLoughlin (2015) p. 6

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Permineralized Rizhome

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A small (50 cm tall) Royal Fern, member of Osmundaceae inside Filicopsida. The most known fossil of the location, thanks to its exceptional fossilized Rhizome, that has preserved Nuclei and Chromosomes, a fine subcellular detail has rarely been documented in fossils.Bomfleur, Grimm & McLoughlin (2015) p. 8 Its Rooted in DNA content was used to extrapolate relative genome, finding relationships with extant Osmundastrum cinnamomeum, and confirmed a monophyletic Osmunda.Bomfleur, McLoughlin & Vajda (2014) p. 1378

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Osmundastrum-Pulchellum-rhizome.jpg

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

PunctatasporitesNilsson (1958) p. 45

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • P. flavus
  • P. globosus

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, ‘’incertae sedis’’ inside Filicopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Skarbysporites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • S. crassexina

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, ‘’incertae sedis’’ inside Filicopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

SimplicesporitesNilsson (1958) p. 47

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • S. granulosus

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, ‘’incertae sedis’’ inside Filicopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Striatella

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • S. seebergensis

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, affinities with Polypodiaceae inside Filicopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Tigrisporites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • T. scurrandus

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, ‘’incertae sedis’’ inside Filicopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

TrachysporitesNilsson (1958) p. 50

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • T. asper
  • T. fuscus
  • T. microclavatus
  • T. punctulosus
  • T. sparsus
  • T. tuberosus
  • T. Sp

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, ‘’incertae sedis’’ inside Filicopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Todisporites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • T. major
  • T. minor

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, affinities with Osmundaceae inside Filicopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Osmunda claytoniana kz01.jpg

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

UndulatisporitesNilsson (1958) p. 51

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • U. arquatus

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, ‘’incertae sedis’’ inside Filicopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

ZebrasporitesTralau (1973) p. 133

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Z. interscriptus

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Miospores

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A miospore, related with Cyatheaceae inside Filicopsida. Arboreal Fern Miospores.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Cyathea microdonta (Desv.) Domin (11453662625).jpg

=Peltaspermales=

class="wikitable sortable"
Genus

! Species

! Location

! Material

! Notes

! Images

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

AlisporitesNilsson (1958) p. 30Tralau (1973) p. 135

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • A. grandis
  • A. thomasii
  • A. robustus
  • A. microsaccus

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Sandåkra Borehole
  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, affinities with Umkomasiaceae, Peltaspermaceae, Corystospermaceae and Caytoniaceae inside Pteridospermae.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Chordasporites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • C. spp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, affinities with Corystospermaceae inside Pteridospermae.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

CaytonipollenitesNilsson (1958) p. 35

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • C. sp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, affinities with Caytoniaceae inside Pteridospermae.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Crassipollenites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • C. classopolloides
  • C. diffusus
  • C. rugosus

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, affinities with Caytoniaceae inside Pteridospermae.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Ovalipollis

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • O. sp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Bonnarp Volcano

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, affinities with Caytoniaceae inside Pteridospermae.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

PityopollenitesNilsson (1958) p. 42

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • P. pallidus

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, affinities with Umkomasiaceae, Peltaspermaceae, Corystospermaceae and Caytoniaceae inside Pteridospermae.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

ProtopinusNilsson (1958) p. 44

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • P. scanicus

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, affinities with Caytoniaceae inside Pteridospermae.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

SchismatosporitesNilsson (1958) p. 46

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • S. ovalis

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, affinities with Umkomasiaceae, Peltaspermaceae, Corystospermaceae and Caytoniaceae inside Pteridospermae.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

VitreisporitesNilsson (1958) p. 52

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • V. bjuvensis
  • V. pallidus

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, afinnities with Caytoniales inside Gymnospermopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

=Erdtmanithecales=

class="wikitable sortable"
Genus

! Species

! Location

! Material

! Notes

! Images

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Eucommiidites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • E. troedssonii
  • E. minor
  • E. spp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
  • Sandåkra Borehole
  • Bonnarp Volcano

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, affinities with Erdtmanithecales inside Spermatophytes. The Gymnosperms that produced Eucommiidites troedsonii pollen possibly dominated the understorey vegetation.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

=Gnetales=

class="wikitable sortable"
Genus

! Species

! Location

! Material

! Notes

! Images

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Equisetosporites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • E. hallei

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, affinities with Ephedraceae inside Gnetopsida. This Pollen grain was thought to be from Equisetaleans, yet was found in Ephedra chinleana

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Pollença - Ma-10 - Mirador de Mal Pas - Ephedra fragilis 02 ies.jpg

=Cycadophyta=

class="wikitable sortable"
Genus

! Species

! Location

! Material

! Notes

! Images

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Bennettitaceaeacuminella

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • B. sp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Bonnarp Volcano

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A Pollen Grain, affinities with Cycadeoidaceae and Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales. A genus used to classify Bennetittalean grains of uncertain provenance

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

ChasmatosporitesNilsson (1958) p. 36Wahlquist (2023) p.21

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • C. apertus
  • C. elegans
  • C. hians
  • C. crassus
  • C. flavus
  • C. latus
  • C. magnolioides
  • C. major
  • C. minor
  • C. radiatus
  • C. rimatus
  • C. scaber

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, incertae sedis inside Cycadopsida, Corystospermaceae and Araucariaceae. Is among the most abundant flora recovered on the upper section of the coeval Rya Formation, and was found to be similar to the pollen of the extant Encephalartos laevifolius.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Encephalartos laevifolius, habitus, Pretoria NBT, b.jpg

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

ClavatipollenitesWahlquist (2023), p23

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • C. hughesii

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, incertae sedis inside Cycadopsida, Bennettitales, and Axelrodiales

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

CycadidaeTullberg & Nathorst (1880) p. 232

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Indeterminate

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Coalified Cuticles

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A Cycad, afinnities with Cycadidae inside Cycadopsida.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Entylissa

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • E. pyriformis
  • E. reticulata
  • E. tecta
  • E. tenuis

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, incertae sedis inside Cycadopsida. It also can be pollen from Ginkgoaceae.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Encephalartosnatalensis.jpg, typical example of the Cycas. Monosulcites pollen is pretty similar to the extant ones of this genus]]

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Monocolpopollenites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • M. acerrimus
  • M. cotidianus
  • M. fusiformis
  • M. magnus
  • M. ovalis

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, incertae sedis inside Cycadopsida. It also can be pollen from Ginkgoaceae.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Monosulcites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • M. punctatus
  • M. magnolioides
  • M. echinatus
  • M. spp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, incertae sedis inside Cycadopsida. It also can be pollen from Ginkgoaceae.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

PtilophyllumMcLoughlin & Bomfleur (2016) p. 87

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • P. sp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Leaf Impression

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A Bennetite, afinnities with Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales. This single impression of a bennettitalean leaf fragment found in a fine ash layer constituted the only foliar remains identified within the volcaniclastic deposit of Korsaröd

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Ptilophyllum sp.jpg

=Ginkgophyta=

class="wikitable sortable"
Genus

! Species

! Location

! Material

! Notes

! Images

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Ginkgoites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • G. nitidus

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, affinities with Ginkgoales inside Ginkgophyta. Ginkgoales trend to spike towards the Toarcian in the Northern European region, as seen in the coeval Sorthat Formation of Bornholm

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Ginkgo-biloba-male.JPG, only surviving example of the Ginkgoaceae. Ginkgoites Pollen is pretty similar to the extant ones of this genus]]

=Coniferophyta=

class="wikitable sortable"
Genus

! Species

! Location

! Material

! Notes

! Images

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Araucariacites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • A. australis

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, affinites with the family Araucariaceae inside Pinales.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Callialasporites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • C. turbatus
  • C. sp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, affinites with the family Araucariaceae inside Pinales.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Cedripites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • C. sp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, affinities with Pinaceae inside Coniferophyta.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Cedrus deodara India02.jpg Cone, example of the Pinidae. Cedripites is similar to the pollen found on this genus]]

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Cerebropollenites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • C. mesozoicus
  • C. macroverrucosus
  • C. thiergartii

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
  • Sandåkra Borehole
  • Bonnarp Volcano

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, affinities with both Sciadopityaceae and Miroviaceae inside Pinopsida. This Pollen resemblance with extant Sciadopitys suggest that Miroviaceae can be an extinct lineage of sciadopityaceaous-like plants

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Sciadopitys verticillata cones.jpg. Cerebropollenites likely come from a related plant]]

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

ClassopollisNilsson (1958) p. 37

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • C. classoides
  • C. meyerianus

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd
  • Sandåkra Borehole
  • Bonnarp Volcano

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, affinities with Cheirolepidiaceae inside Coniferophyta.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Exesipollenites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • E. tumulus

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, affinities with Cupressaceae inside Coniferophyta. Lowland (coastal) indicator

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Granulonapites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • G. baculatus
  • G. punctatus

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, affinites with the family Araucariaceae inside Pinales.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Inaperturopollenites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • I. flavus
  • I. globulus
  • I. irregularis
  • I. orbiculatus
  • I. sublevis
  • I. triangularis

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, affinities with Taxodiaceae and Cupressaceae inside Coniferophyta. Its abundance at Sandåkra Borehole can indicate the presence of a Taxodium Swamp-like habitat

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

ParvisaccitesTralau (1973) p. 136

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • P. enigmatus

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A Pollen grain, affinities with Podocarpaceae and Cupressaceae inside Coniferophyta.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Podocarpus macrophyllus (seed s2).jpg Cone, example of the Podocarpaceae. Parvisaccites is similar to the pollen found on this genus]]

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Perinopollenites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • P. elatoides

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, affinities with Taxodiaceae and Cupressaceae inside Coniferophyta. Affiliated with extant genera such as Thuja plicata

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Thuja occidentalis - Flickr - S. Rae.jpg Cone, example of the Cupressaceae. Perinopollenites is similar to the pollen found on this genus]]

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

PiceoideaeEichstädt (1883) p. 115

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Indeterminate

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Coalified cuticles

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A conifer, affinities with Piceoideae inside Pinaceae. One of the branched leaves found wears ano organic structure that resembles extant Spruces. Likely belong to the common Picea-like foliage of Pityocladus

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

PinoideaeEichstädt (1883) p. 114

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Indeterminate A
  • Indeterminate B

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Coalified cuticles

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A conifer, afinnities with Pinoideae inside Pinaceae. In the initial revision of Djupadalsmölla Nathorst determined that some of the plant remains come from conifers. Latter revision showed that three clearly distinct species are represented and two resemble the genus Pinus. Likely belong to Schizolepidopsis, as is the most common Pinaceae in the Eurasian region in the Jurassic

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Pinuspollenites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • P. minimus
  • P. pinoides

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, affinities with Pinaceae inside Coniferophyta.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Mono Lake - Pinyon Pine (Pinus monophylla) near Lee Vining Creek - needles and pollen cones.jpg

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

ProtocedroxylonTralau (1973) p. 121

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • P. lindleyanum
  • P. spp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Korsaröd
  • Karup
  • Färingtofta
  • Snalleröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Fossil wood

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A conifer, affinities with Pinaceae (Probably Abietoideae) inside Coniferophyta. Referred originally to the genus Cedroxylon, using it as reference to establish an Eocene age for the volcanic deposits, as similar wood from Eocene age was recovered from Jutland. This genus has been found to not be suitable to Mesozoic woods, and material similar to the one recovered on the volcanic deposits has been assigned to Tiloxylon (=Protocedroxylon), also known in the Toarcian of Greenland.Philippe & Bamford (2008) p. 193

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

ProtopiceoxylonEichstädt (1883) p. 415

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • P. spp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" | Fossil Wood

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A conifer, affinities with Piceoideae inside Coniferophyta. Various Pinus-like woods are identified in Djupadalsmölla, they indicate that the lava flows flowed from a nearby forest setting.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

ProtophyllocladoxylonVajda, Linderson & McLoughlin (2016) p. 138

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • P. spp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Korsaröd
  • Djupadal
  • Karup
  • Färingtofta
  • Snalleröd
  • Sjöberga
  • Säte
  • Knutshög
  • Bonnarp

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Fossil wood

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A conifer, affinities with Cupressaceae inside Coniferophyta. The main diagnostic wood recovered locally, identified based on the possession of uniseriate rays with smooth walls, pointed oblique oopores, absence of axial parenchyma, and tracheid radial walls. It resembles the extant Thuja plicata, but hosts a mean rings more similar to Juniperus thurifera. A few fossil wood specimens clearly represent portions of large trunks, with at least one fragment derived from a trunk of 1.68 m in diameter (with estimated c.5.3 m). Although, most specimens represent lateral branches or even roots of small size (10 cm long and 5 cm wide).Vajda, Linderson & McLoughlin (2016) p. 136 Its growth rings are distinct in all wood samples.Vajda, Linderson & McLoughlin (2016) p. 137

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

File:Permineralized-Wood-Korsaröd.jpg

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Podocarpidites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • P. spp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, affinities with Podocarpaceae inside Coniferophyta.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Phyllocladiidites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • P. spp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, incertae sedis affinities inside Coniferophyta.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Quadraeculina

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Q. anaellaeformis

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, affinities with Podocarpaceae and Pinaceae inside Coniferophyta.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Rugaletes

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • R. sp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, incertae sedis inside Coniferophyta.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

Spheripollenites

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • S. psilatus
  • S. subgranulatus
  • S. spp.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • KBH2 Borehole at Djupadalsmölla
  • Korsaröd

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, affinities with Cheirolepidiaceae inside Coniferophyta.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

SulcatisporitesNilsson (1958) p. 48

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • S. pinoides
  • S. quadratus

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, affinities with Pinaceae inside Coniferophyta.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

TaedaepollenitesNilsson (1958) p. 49

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • T. scaurus
  • T. kraeuseli

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

  • Sandåkra Borehole

| style="background:#D1FFCF;" |Pollen

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

A pollen grain, affinities with Pinaceae inside Coniferophyta.

|style="background:#D1FFCF;" |

=Arachnida=

class="wikitable sortable"
Genus

! Species

! Location

! Material

! Notes

! Images

Oribatida

|

Indeterminate

|

  • Korsaröd

|

  • Excavated areas filled with coprolites

|

On the petiole of Osmundastrum puchellum excavations up to 715 μm in diameter are evident, filled with pellets that resemble the coprolites of Oribatid mites found also on Paleozoic and Mesozoic Woods.

|

File:Phthiracarid.jpg mite]]

See also

{{div col|colwidth=25em}}

{{div col end}}

References

{{Reflist}}

Bibliography

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{{Mesozoic Sweden|state=expanded}}

Category:Geologic formations of Sweden

Category:Jurassic System of Europe

Category:Early Jurassic Europe

Category:Jurassic Sweden

Category:Pliensbachian Stage

Category:Toarcian Stage

Category:Sandstone formations

Category:Coal formations

Category:Coal in Sweden

Category:Paleontology in Sweden