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February 1918

{{short description|Month in 1918}}

{{Events by month|1918}}

{{calendar|year=1918|month=February}}

File:Brest-litovsk-feb-9-1918a.jpg, ending the fighting between Ukraine and the Central Powers.]]

File:Swedes, Germans, Russians in Åland 1918.jpg off Finland.]]

The following events occurred in February 1918:

Friday, February 1, 1918

  • Sailors of the Austro-Hungarian Navy Fifth Fleet mutinied in the Gulf of Cattaro of the Adriatic Sea near Montenegro.{{cite web |title=Cattaro, Mutiny of |url=http://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/cattaro_mutiny_of}}
  • Soviet–Ukrainian War – The Central Council of Ukraine called for an end to an armed workers uprising at an arsenal factory in Kiev with a promise to negotiate immediate socioeconomic reforms.{{cite web |title=Arsenal (1929): Ukraine in Revolution |url=http://uwf.edu/ruzwyshyn/dovzhenko/Arsenal.htm |access-date=2018-02-14 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324065158/http://uwf.edu/ruzwyshyn/dovzhenko/Arsenal.htm}}
  • Royal Navy submarine {{HMS|E50}} struck a mine and sank in the North Sea with all 31 crew lost.{{cite book |first1=Innes |last1=McCartney |author1-link=Innes McCartney |first2=Tony |last2=Bryan |title=British Submarines of World War I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JWFapIxWZSUC&pg=PA11 |date=20 February 2013 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-4728-0035-0 |pages=11–12 |via=Google Books}}
  • The Imperial German Army established the 17th Army to serve on the Western Front.{{cite book |last=Cron |first=Hermann |year=2002 |title=Imperial German Army 1914–18: Organisation, Structure, Orders-of-Battle |orig-year=First published 1937 |publisher=Helion & Co |isbn=978-1-874622-70-3 |page=82}}
  • The Royal Flying Corps established air squadrons No. 123,{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=58}} No. 124,{{cite web |title=History of 124 Squadron |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/history/124squadron.cfm |website=Royal Air Force |access-date=13 December 2017}} No. 125,{{cite web |title=History of 125 Squadron |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/history/125squadron.cfm |website=Royal Air Force |access-date=13 December 2017}} No. 126,{{cite web |title=History of 126 Squadron |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/history/126squadron.cfm |website=Royal Air Force |access-date=13 December 2017}} and No. 128.{{cite web |title=History of 128 Squadron |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/history/128squadron.cfm |website=Royal Air Force |access-date=13 December 2017}}
  • The Luftstreitkräfte, the air arm of the Imperial German Army, established air squadrons Jagdstaffel 68 and 69.{{sfn|Franks|Bailey|Guest|1993|p=[https://archive.org/details/abovelines00fran/page/n27 52]}}
  • Movie western star William S. Hart was both director and star of 'Blue Blazes' Rawden, released through Paramount Pictures. The film has been preserved and is available in several formats.{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/85495/Blue-Blazes-Rawden/overview |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227134744/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/85495/Blue-Blazes-Rawden/overview |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 February 2015 |department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=The New York Times |first=Hal |last=Erickson |title=Blue-Blazes-Rawden - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes |author-link=Hal Erickson (author) |year=2015 |access-date=6 January 2015}}{{cite web |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/489426/blue-blazes-rawden |title=Blue Blazes Rawden (1918) - Overview |website=Turner Classic Movies |access-date=6 January 2015}}
  • The musical Oh, Lady! Lady!!, written by Guy Bolton and P. G. Wodehouse with music by Jerome Kern, was released on Broadway at the Princess Theatre in New York City where it ran for 219 performances.{{cite book |last1=Green |first1=Stanley |author-link1=Stanley Green (historian)|last2=Green |first2=Kay |title=Broadway musicals, show by show |publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation |year=1996 |page=26 |isbn=0-7935-7750-0}}
  • The U-boat War Badge was established to award German submarine crews that completed more than three patrols during wartime.{{cite book |last=Ailsby |first=Christopher |title=Combat Medals of the Third Reich |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1987 |isbn=978-0850598223 |page=118}}{{cite book |last=Angolia |first=John |title=For Führer and Fatherland: Military Awards of the Third Reich |publisher=R. James Bender Publishing |year=1987 |isbn=978-0912138145 |page=118}}
  • The football Club Sportivo was established in Buenos Aires.[http://futbolextinto.blogspot.com.ar/search/label/Argentina Futbol Extinto – Argentine teams]
  • Born:
  • Carlos Fayt, Argentine politician, Minister of the Supreme Court of Argentina from 1983 to 2015; in Salta, Argentina (d. 2016){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
  • Muriel Spark, Scottish writer, author of The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie; as Muriel Sarah Camberg, in Edinburgh, Scotland (d. 2006){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
  • Died:
  • William Melville, 67, British law enforcer and intelligence officer, first chief of the British Secret Bureau (b. 1850){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
  • Leonilla Bariatinskaya, 101, Russian noble, wife to Ludwig zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, subject of various portraits by German artist Franz Xaver Winterhalter (b. 1816){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
  • Juho Halme, 29, Finnish Olympic track and field athlete; executed by Red Guards during the Finnish Civil War (b. 1888){{cite web |title=Juho Halme |url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/67565 |website=Olympedia |publisher=OlyMADMen |access-date=8 May 2024}}

Saturday, February 2, 1918

File:Brighton-tornado.jpg, Australia destroyed by a tornado.]]

Sunday, February 3, 1918

  • The Austro-Hungarian Navy Third Fleet put down a mutiny within the Fifth Fleet off Montenegro. About 800 sailors were imprisoned and dozens faced court-martial (with four later executed).{{cite book|title=Naval Mutinies of the Twentieth Century An International Perspective|pages=[https://archive.org/details/navalmutiniesoft00cbel/page/54 54]–79|isbn=978-0-7146-5460-7 |doi=10.4324/9780203508008.ch3 |chapter=The Cattaro Mutiny, 1918|series=Naval Policy & History|year=2003 |last1=Halpern|first1=Paul|volume=20035144 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/navalmutiniesoft00cbel |url=https://archive.org/details/navalmutiniesoft00cbel|url-access=limited}}
  • The Twin Peaks Tunnel, the longest ({{convert|11920|ft|disp=or}}) streetcar tunnel in the world, opened in San Francisco.{{cite web|url=http://www.outsidelands.org/wotp.php|title=West of Twin Peaks|work=Western Neighborhood Projects|year=2008|access-date=July 28, 2008}}{{cite web |url=http://www.sfgenealogy.com/sf/history/hgtun.htm| access-date=July 14, 2008|last=Wallace|first=Kevin |date=March 27, 1949|title=The City's Tunnels: When S.F. Can't Go Over, It Goes Under Its Hills|work=San Francisco Chronicle|url-status=live|archive-date=15 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615010617/http://www.sfgenealogy.com/sf/history/hgtun.htm}}
  • Born:
  • Joey Bishop, American entertainer, member of the "Rat Pack", host of The Joey Bishop Show; as Joseph Abraham Gottlieb, in New York City, United States (d. 2007){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
  • Helen Stephens, American runner, two-time gold medalist in the 1936 Summer Olympics; in Fulton, Missouri, United States (d. 1994){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
  • Died: Ernest Hoben, 54, New Zealand sports executive, co-founder of New Zealand Rugby (b. 1864){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Monday, February 4, 1918

File:Halifax explosion - Imo.jpg in December 1917.]]

Tuesday, February 5, 1918

  • Soviet–Ukrainian War – Soviet soldiers totaling 7,000 marched on Kiev but met little resistance from the Ukrainian garrison.{{cite journal |last1=Timchenko |first1=Yaroslav|title=Fight for Kyiv: Petliura v. Muravev|journal=II Epcohaj - All-Ukrainian All-Ukrainian Educational Weekly|date=March 13, 2008|volume=10|issue=262 |url=http://www.personal-plus.net/262/3048.html |access-date=6 February 2018}}
  • The Decree on Separation of Church and State was adopted by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.[http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=ESU;n=1777 ДЕКРЕТ от 23 января 1918 года ОБ ОТДЕЛЕНИИ ЦЕРКВИ ОТ ГОСУДАРСТВА И ШКОЛЫ ОТ ЦЕРКВИ]
  • British troopship {{SS|Tuscania|1914|6}}, the first ship carrying American troops to Europe, was torpedoed and sunk off the coast of Ireland with 210 killed on board.Massie, Robert K. Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea. New York: Ballantine Books, 2004. {{ISBN|0-345-40878-0}}
  • American fighter pilot Stephen W. Thompson achieved the first aerial victory for the United States Army in World War I, shooting down an attacking German Albatros fighter while part of a bombing raid over Saarbrücken, Germany.{{cite journal| last = Frey| first = Royal D.| year = 1968| title = Air Service Relived| journal = Air University Review| volume = 22| issue = Nov–Dec| url = http://www.airpower.au.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1968/nov-dec/frey.html#frey| access-date = 23 March 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130221112004/http://www.airpower.au.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1968/nov-dec/frey.html#frey| archive-date = 21 February 2013| url-status = dead}}{{cite book| last = Thayer| first = Lucien H.| title = America's First Eagles: The Official History of the U.S. Air Service, A.E.F. (1917–1918)| publisher = R. James Bender Publishing| year = 1983| isbn = 978-0-912138-24-4| pages = 114–115}}{{cite book| last = Boyne| first = Walter J.| author-link = Walter J. Boyne| title = Silver Wings: A History of the United States Air Force| publisher = Simon & Schuster| year = 1993| isbn = 978-0-671-78537-6| pages = 57}}{{cite book| last = Sloan| first = James J.| title = Wings of Honor: American Airmen in World War I| publisher = Schiffer Publishing Ltd.| year = 1994| isbn = 978-0-88740-577-8| pages = 136–140}}{{cite book| last = Daso| first = Dirk A.| title = U. S. AIR FORCE A Complete History| publisher = The Air Force Historical Foundation| year = 2006| isbn = 978-0-88363-453-0| pages = 67–69}}
  • Born: Gara Garayev, Azerbaijani composer, known for works including Symphony No. 3 and The Path of Thunder, two-time recipient of the Order of Lenin; in Baku, Transcaucasian Commissariat (present-day Azerbaijan) (d. 1982){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Wednesday, February 6, 1918

File:Klimt.jpg]]

Thursday, February 7, 1918

File:Владимир (Богоявленский).jpg]]

  • Vladimir Bogoyavlensky, Bishop of Kiev, was executed in front of his monks by Red Army soldiers under command of Mikhail Artemyevich Muravyov. His death made him a martyr and was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1998.{{Cite web|url=https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2014/01/25/100311-saint-vladimir-metropolitan-of-kiev-and-gallich|title=Saint Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich|website=www.oca.org|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-10}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.pravmir.com/martyrdom-the-crown-of-the-humble-hieromartyr-vladimir-of-kiev/|title=Martyrdom - the Crown of the Humble. Hieromartyr Vladimir of Kiev|website=www.pravmir.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-10}}
  • The sports club Centro Asturiano de México was established in Mexico City initially as a football club called Club Asturia.[http://www.centroasturianomexico.com/el-equipo-asturias.html Historia] on Club's website
  • Born:
  • Peter Blau, Austrian-American sociologist, developed social exchange theory; in Vienna, Austria-Hungary (present-day Austria) (d. 2002){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
  • Lin Lanying, Chinese chemist, developed the chemical gallium arsenide that is used in circuits, semiconductors and solar panels; in Putian, Republic of China (present-day China) (d. 2003){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Friday, February 8, 1918

  • Soviet–Ukrainian War – Soviet forces occupied Kiev, forcing the Ukrainian government to relocate to Zhytomyr, Ukraine.
  • German submarine {{SMU|UB-38||6}} struck a mine and sank in the North Sea with the loss of all 27 crew.{{cite web | url=http://uboat.net/wwi/boats/index.html?boat=UB+38 |title=UB 38 |publisher=Uboat.net |access-date=26 September 2012}}
  • Royal Navy destroyer {{HMS|Boxer|1894|6}} collided with another ship in the English Channel and sank with all but one crew rescued.{{cite book|last1=Gardiner|first1=Robert|last2=Gray|first2=Randal|title=Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921|year=1985|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-85177-245-5|page=18}}
  • The Lafayette Escadrille, the American volunteer squadron serving in the French Army, was transferred to the United States Army to become the 103rd Aero Squadron.{{cite web | last =103d Aero Squadron| year = 1918| url= http://www.fold3.com/image/#19741122| title = Operations Summary| work =Gorrell's History - AEF Air Service| publisher = fold3| access-date= 16 March 2012}}
  • The United States replaced the star insignia for its military aircraft adopted in 1917 with a roundel that contained an outer red ring, an inner blue ring, and a white center. The Allies requested the change out of a fear that the star could be mistaken for a German cross.Angelucci, Enzo, with Peter Bowers, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1985, {{ISBN|0-517-56588-9}}, p. 19
  • The York Daily Record in York, Pennsylvania, released a news article on Jim McIlherron, a son of a black landowner in Estill Springs, Tennessee, who was lynched and burned alive by a mob following a manhunt and shootout with local police.{{cite news| title=NEGRO DIES AT STAKE Red Hot Irons Force Confession From Slayer of Two White Men Still Springs| url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/65960742/|access-date=26 September 2015| agency=York Daily Record}} McIlherron was on the run after shooting three young white men he accused of throwing rocks at him. A grand jury later concluded there was little substantial evidence to charge any members of the lynch mob.{{cite journal|last1=White|first1=Walter F.|title=Burning of Jim McIlherron: An N.A.A.C.P. Investigation|journal=The Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races|date=1 May 1918| volume=16| issue=May| pages=16–20 | url=https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/workers/civil-rights/crisis/0500-crisis-v16n01-w091.pdf|access-date=26 September 2015}}
  • The British Army established the 4th Guards Brigade when it reorganized its brigades from four to three battalions for the Western Front.{{cite book | last = Becke | first = Major A.F. | year = 1935 | title = Order of Battle of Divisions Part 1. The Regular British Divisions | publisher = His Majesty's Stationery Office | location = London | isbn = 978-1-871167-09-2 | pages=28–29}}
  • Tbilisi State University was established in Tbilisi, Georgia, the first post-secondary education institution of its time in the Caucasus region.{{cite web |url=http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=1297&info_id=6933 |title=New Tbilisi.Gov.Ge - თბილისის მერიის ოფიციალური ვებ გვერდი |publisher=Tbilisi.gov.ge |access-date=2014-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220042201/http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=1297&info_id=6933 |archive-date=2012-02-20 }}
  • Born: Freddie Blassie, American professional wrestler, prominent early member of the World Wrestling Federation; as Frederick Kenneth Blassie, in St. Louis, United States (d. 2003){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
  • Died: Louis Renault, 74, French lawyer, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize for his working on developing international law (b. 1843){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Saturday, February 9, 1918

  • The Central Powers signed an exclusive protectorate treaty with the Ukrainian People's Republic as part of the negotiations that took place in Brest-Litovsk, Belarus."Heute am 9. Februar 1918, 2 Uhr morgens wurde der Friede zwischen dem Vierbund und der Ukrainischen Volksrepublik unterzeichnet."
  • A violent rail strike grounded much of Argentina, with federal troops mobilized to prevent anarchists from destroying rail tracks and train cars carrying grain.{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yQteAAAAIBAJ&pg=3282,3532019&dq= |title=Anarchy Reigns in Argentina When General Rail Strike Brings Riots |work=The Telegraph-Herald |date=10 February 1918 |location=Dubuque, Iowa}}
  • German agricultural equipment manufacturer Fella-Werke was established in Feucht, Germany.{{cite web|title=Fella History| url=http://www.fella.eu/fileadmin/inhalt_alteseite/Prospekte/deutschland/FELLAHIST.pdf| website=fella.eu| publisher=Fella-Werke| access-date=27 November 2017| language=de}}

Sunday, February 10, 1918

File:Sultan Abdulhamid.jpg]]

  • Marco Fidel Suárez won the presidential election in Colombia over opponent Guillermo Valencia with 54% of the vote, becoming the ninth President of Colombia.{{cite book |author-link=Dieter Nohlen |last=Nohlen |first=Dieter |year=2005 |title=Elections in the Americas: A data handbook |volume=II |isbn=978-0-19-928358-3 |page=350}}
  • Invasion of Åland – A squad of 460 Finnish White Guards landed on the Åland Islands in the Baltic Sea in an attempt to discourage a local group from advocating secession from Finland and union with Sweden during the Finnish Civil War.{{sfn|Harjula|2010|pp=86–87}}
  • A shootout between a group of lawmen and the Powers, a family of miners, at their cabin in the Galiuro Mountains of Arizona resulted in four deaths and the start of the largest manhunt in the state's history. Jeff Power, Sheriff Robert F. McBride, Undersheriff Martin R. Kempton and Deputy Sheriff Thomas Kane Wooten of the Graham County, Arizona Sheriff's Office were killed in the shootout.{{cite book |last=Thrapp |first=Dan L. |title=Encyclopedia of frontier biography |volume=4 |publisher=A.H. Clark |year=1993 |isbn=9780870622229 |pages=421–422}}{{Cite web |title=Guns and Gold: History of the Galiuro Wilderness (The Power Family) |url=http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/3/coronado/galiuro_wilderness/contents.aspx |access-date=January 30, 2022 |publisher=Forest History Society |date=November 24, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622051811/http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Publications/region/3/coronado/galiuro_wilderness/contents.aspx |archive-date=June 22, 2013 |url-status=dead}}{{cite web |url=https://www.odmp.org/officer/8774-sheriff-robert-f-mcbride |title=Sheriff Robert F. McBride, Graham County Sheriff's Office, Arizona |publisher=The Officer Down Memorial Page, Inc |access-date=January 30, 2022}}{{cite web |url=https://www.odmp.org/officer/7449-undersheriff-martin-r-kempton |title=Undersheriff Martin R. Kempton, Graham County Sheriff's Office, Arizona |publisher=The Officer Down Memorial Page, Inc |access-date=January 30, 2022}}{{cite web |url=https://www.odmp.org/officer/14502-deputy-sheriff-thomas-kane-wooten |title=Deputy Sheriff Thomas Kane Wooten, Graham County Sheriff's Office, Arizona |publisher=The Officer Down Memorial Page, Inc |access-date=January 30, 2022}}
  • The Ministry of Information was established for the Government of the United Kingdom, with Lord Beaverbrook appointed as minister.{{London Gazette|issue=30557|page=2775|date=5 March 1918}}
  • The Royal Flying Corps established air squadron No. 148 at RAF Andover, England.{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=62}}
  • The sports club Raufoss was established in Raufoss, Norway.{{cite web |title=Historie/Raufoss |url=http://www.raufossfotball.no/om-klubben/historie |website=Raufoss Fotball |publisher=Raufoss Fotball |access-date=22 December 2017 |language=no}}
  • Born: Albert Geyser, South African theologian, member of the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa and anti-apartheid activist; as Albertus Geyser, in Naboomspruit, Union of South Africa (present-day Mookgophong, South Africa) (d. 1985){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
  • Died:
  • Abdul Hamid II, 75, Turkish noble, 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1842){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
  • Johannes Wilhelm Colenbrander, 62, Natal-born British soldier and colonial official, drowned with two other actors during filming of Symbol of Sacrifice (b. 1855){{cite book |last=Jones |first=Huw M. |title=A Biographical Register of Swaziland to 1902 |location=United Kingdom |publisher=University of Natal Press |year=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfsvAQAAIAAJ&q=Colenbrander |page=71 |isbn=9780869808801 |access-date=January 29, 2022 |via=Google Books}}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Mi3J2f17hcC&q=Colenbrander |last=Maingard |first=Jacqueline |title=South African National Cinema |location=London and New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |pages=36–37 |isbn=978-0-415-21679-1 |access-date=January 29, 2022 |via=Google Books}}
  • Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, 84, Italian activist, founder of the Lombard Association for Peace and Arbitration, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1833){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Monday, February 11, 1918

File:White Artillery in Hannila.jpg artillery men during the Battle of Antrea in Finland.]]

  • Battle of Antrea – The Finnish Reds marched on Antrea, Finland, which held an important rail hub for the east half of the country. They captured the villages of Seistola and Ahvola west of the rail town of Hannila but failed to take the community itself.{{cite journal |last1=Seitsonen |first1=Oula |last2=Kunnas |first2=Liisa |title=Ahvola 1918: Archaeological Reconnaissance of a Finnish Civil War Battlefield |url=https://www.academia.edu/597748 |journal=Journal of Conflict Archaeology |date=2009 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=63–68 |doi=10.1163/157407709X12634580640254 |s2cid=161842966 |access-date=14 December 2016}}
  • German submarine {{SMU|U-53||6}} torpedoed and sank British cargo ship SS Merton Hall in the Atlantic Ocean, killing 57 crew.{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/4105.html |title=Merton Hall |publisher=Uboat.net |access-date=10 October 2012}}
  • Royal Navy Q-ship HMS Westphalia was sunk by German submarine {{SMU|U-97||6}} with the loss of 46 crew.{{cite web | url=http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/6511.html |title=Westphalia |publisher=Uboat.net |access-date=24 October 2012}}
  • An internal explosion sank the French submarine {{ship|French submarine|Diane|1916|2}} in the Bay of Biscay, killing all 43 crew.{{cite web| url=http://www.naval-history.net/WW1NavyFrench.htm |title=French Navy |publisher=Naval History |access-date=21 February 2013}}
  • The Defence Command of Finland established its own Intelligence Division.{{Cite book|title=Salaisen sodan sivut : tiedustelua, vakoilua ja salatoimintaa jatkosodassa| last=Elfvengren| first=Eero| publisher=National Defence University| year=2003| isbn=978-9512514861| editor-last=Karjalainen| editor-first=Mikko| location=Helsinki| pages=11–29| trans-title=Birth of Military Intelligence| chapter=Sotilastiedustelun synty| oclc=58339565}}
  • The Luftstreitkräfte established air squadrons Jagdstaffel 72 and 73.{{sfnp|Franks|Bailey|Guest|1993|pp=52-53}}
  • The roof of the Portland–Lewiston Interurban electric rail car barn in Gray, Maine, collapsed under heavy snow.{{cite web | url=http://digicom.bpl.lib.me.us/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1042&context=books_pubs |title=Portland-Lewiston Interurban: a history of the finest electric interurban railway to run in the State of Maine |last=Cummings |first=Osmond Richard |publisher=Bangor Public Library |access-date=5 September 2014 }}
  • Composer Carl Nielsen premiered his symphonic poem Pan and Syrinx in Copenhagen.Peter Hauge, "Pan and Syrinx", Orchestral Works 2, [http://www.kb.dk/en/kb/nb/mta/cnu/forord_kilder.html Carl Nielsen Edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409070144/http://www.kb.dk/en/kb/nb/mta/cnu/forord_kilder.html |date=2010-04-09 }}, Royal Danish Library. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
  • Former employees for Thomas Edison formed the Edison Pioneers society on the same day as the inventor's 71st birthday, although Edison himself was unavailable to attend as he was "engaged in important government service" (rumored to be a secret government weapons project for use in World War I).{{cite news |title= Edison, 71, Honored by Old Associates; "Edison Pioneers," at Luncheon, Express Their Pride in Inventor's Patriotic Occupation |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/02/12/102668533.pdf |quote= The "Edison Pioneers," an organization composed of the oldest associates of Thomas A. Edison... |newspaper=The New York Times |date= February 12, 1918 |access-date= January 13, 2011 }}
  • Born:
  • Anne Stine Ingstad, Norwegian archaeologist, co-discoverer of Viking artifacts at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland; as Anne Kirstine Moe, in Lillehammer, Norway (d. 1997){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
  • Lawrence H. Johnston, American physicist, member of the Manhattan Project, only man to witness all three atomic explosions in 1945 including the Trinity nuclear test and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; in Shandong, Republic of China (present-day China) (d. 2011){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
  • Died:
  • Alexey Kaledin, 56, Russian army officer, commander of the Don Cossacks during the Kaledinschina counterrevolution against the Soviet government; died by suicide (b. 1861){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
  • Taytu Betul, 66-67, Ethiopian noble, Consort for the Ethiopian Empire from 1889 to 1913 (b. 1851){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Tuesday, February 12, 1918

Wednesday, February 13, 1918

Thursday, February 14, 1918

  • Russia switched from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar, with the date skipping from January 31 to February 14. As a result, the October Revolution was to have occurred in November following the conversion.{{cite web |url= http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-38556/Russia |title= Russia: The October (November) Revolution |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Online |year= 2007 |access-date=18 March 2007}}
  • Invasion of Åland – A White Guards unit took the Russian-held villages of Prästö and the telegraph station in Sund on the Åland Islands.{{sfn|Harjula|2010|pp=86–87}}
  • The United States Army established the 278th Aero Squadron at Love Field, Dallas, Texas.Series "E", Volume 22, History of the 222d-376th Aero Squadrons. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
  • A U.S. Army air naval station was established at Aghada, Ireland, but closed the following year.{{cite book |author=Treadwell, T.C. |date=2000 |title=America's First Air War: The United States Army, Naval and Marine Air Services In The First World War |publisher=MBI Publishing Company |isbn=978-1840371130 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/americasfirstair0000trea }}
  • The Broadway musical Sinbad, by Harold R. Atteridge with music by Sigmund Romberg, opened at the Winter Garden Theatre in New York City with Al Jolson in the lead role. It ran for 164 performances.Everett, William A. and Geoffrey Holden Block. [https://books.google.com/books?id=POXH4_IE7ooC&pg=PA63 "Finding a Voice: Operetta, Revue and Musical Comedy"], Sigmund Romberg, p. 63, Yale University Press, 2007 {{ISBN|0300138350}}[http://www.museumoffamilyhistory.com/ajolson-onstage.htm "Jolson on Stage!"], The Museum of Family History, 2008, accessed November 18, 2013
  • Died: Cecil Spring Rice, 58, British diplomat, Ambassador of the United Kingdom to the United States from 1912 to 1918 (b. 1859){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Friday, February 15, 1918

  • Invasion of Åland – Sweden landed forces at Eckerö on the Åland Islands to safeguard Swedish-held territory from the White Guards.{{sfn|Harjula|2010|pp=86–87}}
  • Battle of Rarańcza – Polish forces under the command of Józef Haller attempted to break through Austrian lines at Rarancza, Bukovina in Eastern Europe.Piotr Galik, [http://fakty.interia.pl/news/chwalebna-zdrada-rarancza-1918,1113387 Chwalebna zdrada: Rarańcza 1918] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212135548/http://fakty.interia.pl/news/chwalebna-zdrada-rarancza-1918%2C1113387 |date=February 12, 2012}}
  • A German navy squadron of Korvettenkapitän Heinecke's 2nd Flotilla of the High Seas Fleet clashed with patrolling British ships in the Strait of Dover, resulting in nine lost ships and 22 sailors and officers killed, 13 wounded, and 54 missing. There were no German casualties.{{cite news |title= The Dover Strait Raid|first= R.C.C.|last=Dunn|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/4726055|newspaper=The Argus (Melbourne) Vol. 1, no. 1 (Sept. 15, 1848)-Jan. 19, 1957.|location=Australia Victoria Melbourne|issn=1833-9719 |date=25 March 1933|page=9 |access-date= 16 February 2018 }}
  • Mortar Board, the first American honor society for female college students, held its inaugural meeting at Syracuse University, New York.{{cite web|title=Mortar Board - History|url=http://www.mortarboard.org/About/History/|website=Mortar Board|access-date=6 December 2017|archive-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023548/http://www.mortarboard.org/About/History/|url-status=dead}}
  • The Metal Central of the State was established to manage imports and exports in Norway affected by World War I.{{cite web|url=http://www.arkivportalen.no/arkivportalen-web/side/aktor/detaljer;jsessionid=0e938f348fb0dffb022d2ca9dc1d?aktorId=no-a1450-01000000205365|title=Arkivskaper: Statens metallsentral|publisher=National Archival Services of Norway|language=no|access-date=2 June 2011}}
  • The football club Skarphedin was established in Osterøy, Norway. It merged in 1946 with clubs Mjeldalen and Skarpodder to become Osterøy. It now offers football, handball, track and field, gymnastics and Nordic skiing.{{cite web| url=http://www.osteroyil.no/dokumenter/oil-historie80kort.doc| format=doc| title=Osterøy I.L.| publisher=Osterøy IL| author=Simmenes, Vidar| language=no| access-date=30 September 2011}}{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
  • Born:
  • Allan Arbus, American actor, best known for the role of Dr. Sidney Freeman on M*A*S*H; in New York City, United States (d. 2013){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
  • Hank Locklin, American country music songwriter, known for country hits including "Please Help Me, I'm Falling" and "Send Me the Pillow You Dream On"; as Lawrence Hankins Locklin, in McLellan, Florida, United States (d. 2009){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
  • Joël Le Tac, French resistance fighter, key player in Operation Savanna and Operation Josephine B during World War II; in Paris, France (d. 2005){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
  • Died: Vernon Castle, 30, American dancer, noted for his partnership with wife Irene in promoting modern ballroom dancing; died in a plane crash (b. 1887){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Saturday, February 16, 1918

File:Signatarai.Signatories of Lithuania.jpg after signing the Act of Independence of Lithuania.]]

Sunday, February 17, 1918

File:GeneralMaxHoffmann.jpg]]

  • German General Chief of Staff Max Hoffmann announced an end of the cease-fire with Russia following a breakdown in peace talks.{{Cite book| last1=Tucker| first1=Spencer C.| last2=Roberts| first2=Priscilla Mary| title=World War I: A Student Encyclopedia| url=https://archive.org/details/worldwariistuden05tuck| url-access=limited| year=2005| publisher=ABC-CLIO| isbn=9781851098798| page=[https://archive.org/details/worldwariistuden05tuck/page/n719 663]}}
  • Notified that the ceasefire with the Central Powers was ending, Vladimir Lenin ordered the Baltic Fleet of the Imperial Russian Navy to leave Tallinn, Estonia and sail to Helsinki.{{cite web| url=http://www.rusnavy.ru/d03/150.htm| title=History of the Soviet Navy| access-date=20 April 2014| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503092154/http://www.rusnavy.ru/d03/150.htm| archive-date=3 May 2014}}
  • Invasion of Åland – A Finnish Red Guard unit of 150 men landed on the Åland Islands to help the Russians posted defend against the White Guards and the Swedes already in the region. Meanwhile, the White Guards captured the village of Godby in Finström while the Russians retained the village Jomala and the artillery fort of Sålis.{{sfn|Harjula|2010|pp=86–87}}
  • A single German bomb attack hit St Pancras railway station in London, killing 21 people and injuring 32.Cole, Christopher and Cheesman, E. F., The Air Defence of Great Britain 1914–1918, London: Putnam, 1984, {{ISBN|0-370-30538-8}}, pp. 400-401
  • Born: William Bronk, American poet, known for his poetry collection Life Supports, recipient of the National Book Award for Poetry; in Fort Edward, New York, United States (d. 1999){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Monday, February 18, 1918

  • Operation Faustschlag – The Central Powers launched a final offensive code-named "Operation Fist Punch" on the Eastern Front to take advantage of crumbling Russian resistance. A total 53 divisions were involved in a three-pronged attack, with the northern force advancing on Pskov, Russia and Narva, Estonia, the central force pushing towards Smolensk, and the southern force towards Kiev. Daugavpils, Latvia was captured on the first day of the offense.{{Cite book| last1=Woodward| first1=David R.| title=World War I Almanac| year=2009| publisher=Infobase Publishing| isbn=9781438118963| page=295}}
  • Local White Guard military staff met in Pieksämäki, Finland to discuss plans to capture Varkaus from the Red Guard.{{cite book| last=Harjula| first=Mirko| date=2014| title=Ryssänupseerit| location=Helsinki| publisher=Books on Demand| page=270| isbn=978-952-28614-2-9}}
  • British authorities began operations against the Marri and Khetran tribes in Balochistan, British India.{{cite book |last1=Battles Nomenclature Committee |title=The Official Names of the Battles and other Engagements fought by the Military Forces of the British Empire during the Great War, 1914–1919, and the Third Afghan War 1919 |date=1922 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office (Cmd. 1138) |location=London |page=45}}
  • The Sisters of Mercy founded Villa Maria College in Christchurch, New Zealand with 14 students.Mary Declan Burke RSM, Mercy through the years : the centennial history of the Sisters of Mercy, Christchurch Diocese, 1878–1978, Sisters of Mercy Trust Board, Christchurch, 1978Villa Maria College, seventy-five years, 1918–1993, Villa Maria College, Christchurch, 1993
  • The main train station for Poughkeepsie, New York, was opened.{{cite web|last=Howe|first=Patricia|author2=Katherine Moore|title=National Register of Historic Places nomination, Poughkeepsie Railroad station|url=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=1951|date=February 25, 1976|access-date=2008-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724052359/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=1951|archive-date=July 24, 2011|url-status=dead}}

Tuesday, February 19, 1918

Wednesday, February 20, 1918

Thursday, February 21, 1918

File:Conuropsis carolinensis (Carolina parakeet).jpg dies at the Cincinnati Zoo.]]

  • The Egyptian Expeditionary Force occupied Jericho, beginning the British occupation of the Jordan Valley in Palestine. The British force lost 510 casualties but captured 144 Ottoman prisoners and eight machine guns.{{cite book |chapter=The Palestine Campaigns |last=Wavell |first=Field Marshal Earl| author-link=Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|editor-last=Sheppard|editor-first=Eric William |edition=4th |title=A Short History of the British Army |year=1968|orig-year=1933|publisher=Constable & Co. |location=London|oclc=35621223|pages=177–178}}
  • Operation Faustschlag – The Central Powers captured Minsk during "Operation Fist Punch".{{Cite book| last1=Mawdsley| first1=Evan| title=The Russian Civil War| year=2007| publisher=Pegasus Books| isbn=9781933648156| url=https://archive.org/details/russiancivilwar00evan| page=[https://archive.org/details/russiancivilwar00evan/page/35 35]}}
  • Battle of Rautu – Fighting commenced between the White Guards against the Red Guards at Rautu Finland (now Russia). Russia provided much support for the Red Guards as the rail station at Rautu was located 60 kilometers north of Petrograd and had the potential to be a staging area for an attack on the Russian capital.{{cite book| last=Jäske| first=Eros| date=1991| title=Rautu ja rautulaiset III: Historiaa ja kansanelämää| chapter=Vapaussodan ajoilta| chapter-url=http://www.rautu.fi/Tallenne/RR-III/RR-III.htm| location=Mikkeli| publisher=Rautulaisten pitäjäseura| pages=395–398| isbn=978-952-90322-1-1| access-date=2018-02-14| archive-date=2016-08-28| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828083124/http://www.rautu.fi/Tallenne/RR-III/RR-III.htm| url-status=dead}}
  • Battle of Varkaus – The Red Guards, outgunned, retreated from Varkaus, Finland, with 700 holed up in a pulp mill in Ahlström. After running out of ammo, the force surrendered at 10:00 pm. A total of 20 Red Guards were killed, along with a dozen men from the White Guard force.{{sfn|Roselius|2014|p=100}}
  • Austrian submarine {{SMU|U-23|Austria-Hungary|6}} was sunk in the Strait of Otranto by an Italian destroyer, killing all 18 crew.{{cite book | last = Grant | first = Robert M. | title = U-boats Destroyed: The Effect of Anti-submarine Warfare, 1914–1918 | location = Penzance | publisher = Periscope | orig-year = 1964 | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-1-904381-00-6 | oclc = 50215640 | page=163 }}
  • Incas the last captive Carolina parakeet (the only parrot species native to the eastern United States) died at the Cincinnati Zoo in the same enclosure where Martha, the last passenger pigeon, died in 1914.{{cite web|title=The Last Carolina Parakeet| url=http://johnjames.audubon.org/last-carolina-parakeet| website=John James| date=22 December 2015| publisher=The Audubon Society| access-date=6 February 2018}}
  • The Charles Cuvillier operetta The Lilac Domino opened for its second run at the Empire Theatre in London."The Theatres", The Times, September 22, 1919, p. 8
  • Died: William H. Workman, 79, American politician, 18th Mayor of Los Angeles (b. 1839){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Friday, February 22, 1918

Saturday, February 23, 1918

  • The first drafting of new recruits for Soviet Russia were held in Petrograd and Moscow while the first professional infantry units fought occupying German forces, marking it as the unofficial birth of the Red Army.{{Citation | first = SS | last = Lototskiy | title = The Soviet Army | place = Moscow | publisher = Progress Publishers | year = 1971 | page = 25}} cited in {{Citation | last1 = Scott | first1 = Harriet Fast | first2 = William F. | last2 = Scott | title = The Armed Forces of the USSR | publisher = Westview | place = Boulder, CO | year = 1979 | isbn = 0891582762 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Xt8dAAAAMAAJ}}.
  • Battle of Rautu – The force of 1,0000 Finnish Red Guards were forced to retreat from Rautu, Finland and were encircled on three sides by Finnish White Guards days later, with the only escape route leading back to Petrograd. The Red Guards dug trenches and began holding off White Guard attacks for several weeks.
  • Newfoundland passenger ship {{SS|Florizel||2}} ran aground in a winter sea storm at Cappahayden, Newfoundland, killing 94 passengers and crew. An SOS was sent out as the 44 survivors took shelter in the undamaged part of the ship until rescue the following day.{{cite web|title=The Florizel Disaster| url=http://www.newfoundlandshipwrecks.com/Florizel/Documents/the_florizel_disaster.htm| website=Newfoundland Shipwrecks| publisher=Trinity Historical Society Archives| access-date=13 February 2018}}
  • The Estonian Red Riflemen were established.{{cite book|title= "Foreign Rule" during the Estonian War of Independence 1918-1920: The Bolshevik Experiment of the "Estonian Worker's Commune"}}
  • Arthur Scherbius applied to patent the Enigma machine.{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Simon|author-link=Simon Singh|year=1999|title=The Code Book: the Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography|location=London|publisher=Fourth Estate|page=[https://archive.org/details/codebooksecrethi00sing/page/n141 127]|isbn=978-1-85702-879-9|title-link=The Code Book: the Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography}}
  • Pompton Township, New Jersey, was split up into three separate boroughs including Bloomingdale, Ringwood, and Wanaque.Snyder, John P. [http://www.state.nj.us/dep/njgs/enviroed/oldpubs/bulletin67.pdf The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606–1968], Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p. 211. Accessed December 11, 2012.
  • Born: Robert T. Smith, American air force officer, member of the Flying Tigers squadron and commander of the 337th Fighter Squadron during World War II, recipient of the Distinguished Flying Cross from both the United States and United Kingdom, the Air Medal and Silver Star; in York, Nebraska, United States (d. 1995){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
  • Died:
  • Adolphus Frederick, 35, German royalty, last monarch for the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; died by suicide (b. 1882){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
  • Noman Çelebicihan, 32-33, Crimean state leader, president of the Crimean People's Republic; executed (b. 1885){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
  • Thomas Brassey, 82, British politician, 9th Governor of Victoria (b. 1836){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Sunday, February 24, 1918

  • Estonia declared its independence from Russia after seven centuries of foreign rule.{{cite news |first=Küllo |last=Arjakas |title=23. ja 24. veebruar 1918: kuidas iseseisvust kuulutati | url=http://www.postimees.ee/230208/esileht/ak/313571.php |publisher=Postimees |date=2008-02-23 |access-date=2008-02-24 |url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226122729/http://www.postimees.ee/230208/esileht/ak/313571.php |archive-date=2008-02-26}}{{cite news |first=Lauri |last=Vahtre |title=89 aastapäeva – sinimustvalgega ja ilma |url=http://www.postimees.ee/240207/esileht/ak/246513.php |publisher=Postimees |date=2007-02-23 |access-date=2008-02-24 |url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302071247/http://www.postimees.ee/240207/esileht/ak/246513.php |archive-date=2007-03-02}}
  • The Imperial Russian Navy completed their evacuation of the Baltic Fleet from Tallinn, Estonia.
  • Operation Faustschlag – The Central Powers captured Zhytomyr, Ukraine during "Operation Fist Punch".
  • Battle of Antrea – A front line between the White Guards and the Red Guards formed around the villages of Ahvola and Pullila east of Antrea. Both sides, evenly matched at 1,500 men, engaged in trench warfare that dragged the battle out for several weeks, long enough that it was nicknamed "Verdun of Finland" in reference to the 1916 battle at Verdun, France.
  • Invasion of Åland – Sweden landed a second force at Eckerö and took control of the entire Åland Islands by March 2, although there were still 1,200 disarmed Russian soldiers present on the islands.{{sfn|Harjula|2010|pp=86–87}}
  • A general election began in Spain to elect the 17th Cortes Generales, with final results tallied on March 10.{{cite web|url=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1918/011/A00102-00102.pdf |title=Real decreto declarando disueltos el Congreso de los Diputados y la parte electiva del Senado, de 10 de enero de 1918 |language=es |publisher=boe.es |access-date=2017-01-07}}
  • The United States Army established the Second Corps for action on the Western Front.{{cite book| last1=Yockelson| first1=Mitchell A.| author-link = Mitchell Yockelson | title=Borrowed Soldiers: Americans under British Command, 1918| date=2008| publisher=University of Oklahoma Press| location=Norman, OK| isbn=978-0-8061-3919-7| page=34}}
  • Born: Hans Berglund, Swedish canoeist, gold medalist at the 1948 Summer Olympics; in Stockholm, Sweden (d. 2006){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
  • Died: Voltaire P. Twombly, 76, American army officer, recipient of the Medal of Honor for action at Battle of Fort Donelson during the American Civil War (b. 1842){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Monday, February 25, 1918

  • Operation Faustschlag – German forces captured Tallinn, Estonia. Rather than recognize the country's declaration of independence the day before, Germany overthrew the Estonian government and made the country part of the German Empire.{{cite book |title=The Baltic States: the years of independence ; Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, 1917-1940|last=von Rauch |first=Georg |year=1974 |publisher=C. Hurst |isbn=978-0-903983-00-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emBIdi4LPz8C }}
  • Finnish White Guards commander Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim declared officers could carry out executions of Red Guard prisoners at their discretion. The "shoot on the spot" declaration lead to the massacre of 180 communist Finns following the Battle of Varkaus in what was referred to as the "Lottery of Huruslahti".{{sfn|Roselius|2014|p=100}}
  • The film romantic comedy Headin' South, starring Douglas Fairbanks and directed by Arthur Rosson, was released to become one of the top 10 grossing films for the year. The film is now considered lost.{{cite book| last=Vance| first=Jeffrey| author-link=Jeffrey Vance| editor=Cushman, Robert| title=Douglas Fairbanks| year=2008| publisher=University of California Press| isbn=978-0-520-25667-5| page=[https://archive.org/details/douglasfairbanks0000vanc/page/57 57]| url=https://archive.org/details/douglasfairbanks0000vanc/page/57}}
  • Born:
  • Barney Ewell, American runner, two-time silver medalist and gold medalist at the 1948 Summer Olympics; as Henry Norwood Ewell, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, United States (d. 1996){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}
  • Bobby Riggs, American tennis player, held the top world ranking in tennis in 1939, 1946 and 1947; as Robert Larimore Riggs, in Los Angeles, United States (d. 1995){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Tuesday, February 26, 1918

File:HappyvalleyfireHK1918.jpg at the Happy Valley Racecourse in Hong Kong.]]

Wednesday, February 27, 1918

Thursday, February 28, 1918

References

{{reflist}}

Sources

  • {{cite book |last1=Franks |first1=Norman L. R. |author-link1=Norman Franks |last2=Bailey |first2=Frank W. |last3=Guest |first3=Russell F. |title=Above The Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps 1914-1918 |location=London, UK |publisher=Grub Street |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-948817-73-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/abovelines00fran |url-access=limited}}
  • {{cite book |last=Harjula |first=Mirko |year=2010 |title=Itämeri 1914-1921: Itämeren laivastot maailmansodassa sekä Venäjän vallankumouksissa ja sisällissodassa |trans-title=Baltic Sea 1914-1921: Baltic Fleets in World War I, Russian Revolutions and Civil War |location=Helsinki |publisher=Books on Demand |language=fi |isbn=978-952-49838-3-9}}
  • {{cite book| last=Jefford| first=C.G.| title=RAF Squadrons| year=1988| publisher=Airlife Publishing Ltd| isbn=978-1-85310-053-6}}
  • {{cite book| last=Roselius| first=Aapo| date=2014| title=The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill Publishers|isbn=978-900-42436-6-8| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2xCJBAAAQBAJ}}

{{Events by month links}}

1918

*1918-02