Foreign relations of Malaysia
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{{Politics of Malaysia}}File:Diplomatic missions of Malaysia-2010-21-03.PNG
Malaysia is an active member of various international organisations, including the Commonwealth of Nations, the United Nations, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and the Non-Aligned Movement. It has also in recent times been an active proponent of regional co-operation.
Foreign Policy 1957–1969
Malaysia has been a member of the Commonwealth since independence in 1957, when it entered into the Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement (AMDA) with the United Kingdom whereby Britain guaranteed the defence of Malaya (and later Malaysia). The presence of British and other Commonwealth troops were crucial to Malaysia's security during the Malayan Emergency (1948–1960) and the Indonesian Confrontation (1962–1966), which was sparked by Malaya's merger with the British colonies of Singapore, Sarawak and North Borneo to form Malaysia in 1963.
The British defence guarantee ended following Britain's decision in 1967 to withdraw its forces east of Suez, and was replaced in 1971 with the Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA) by which Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore agreed to co-operate in the area of defence, and to "consult" in the event of external aggression or the threat of attack on Malaysia or Singapore. The FPDA continues to operate, and the Five Powers have a permanent Integrated Area Defence System based at RMAF Butterworth, and organise annual naval and air exercises.
Under the leadership of Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman (up to 1970), Malaysia pursued a strongly pro-Commonwealth anti-communist foreign policy. Nonetheless, Malaysia was active in the opposition to apartheid that saw South Africa quit the Commonwealth in 1961, and was a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1967 and the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) in 1969, with the Tunku as its first Secretary-General in 1971.
Foreign policy since 1969
Under Prime Minister Abdul Razak Hussein, Malaysia shifted its policy towards non-alignment and neutrality. Malaysia's foreign policy is officially based on the principle of neutrality and maintaining peaceful relations with all countries, regardless of their ideology or political system, and to further develop relations with other countries in the region.{{cite web | url = http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/foreign_policy | title = Malaysia's Foreign Policy | access-date = 21 September 2010 | work = Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia) | archive-date = 4 July 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180704114645/http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/foreign_policy | url-status = live }} In 1971, ASEAN issued its neutralist and anti-nuclear Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFAN) Declaration. In the same year, Malaysia joined the Non-Aligned Movement. Consistent with this policy Malaysia established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in 1974.
This policy shift was continued and strengthened by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, who pursued a regionalist and pro-South policy with at times strident anti-Western rhetoric. He long sought to establish an East Asian Economic Group as an alternative to APEC, excluding Australia, New Zealand and the Americas, and during his premiership Malaysia signed up to an ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and ASEAN+3, a regional forum with China, Japan and South Korea
A strong tenet of Malaysia's policy is national sovereignty and the right of a country to control its domestic affairs.{{cite web |url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html |title=Malaysia country brief |publisher=dfat.gov.au |date=October 2010 |access-date=19 February 2011 |archive-date=27 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027035312/http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/malaysia/malaysia_brief.html |url-status=live }}
Malaysia views regional co-operation as the cornerstone of its foreign policy. It attaches a high priority to the security and stability of Southeast Asia, and has tried to strengthen relations with other Islamic states.{{cite web |url=http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations |title=Malaysia Foreign Relations | ASEAN – Australia – New Zealand Free Trade Agreement |publisher=Asean.fta.govt.nz |date=4 December 2008 |access-date=18 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526030946/http://www.asean.fta.govt.nz/malaysia-foreign-relations/ |archive-date=26 May 2010 }} Malaysia was a leading advocate of expanding ASEAN's membership to include Laos, Vietnam, and Burma, arguing that "constructive engagement" with these countries, especially Burma, will help bring political and economic changes. Malaysia is also a member of G-15 and G-77 economic groupings.
Despite Mahathir's frequently anti-Western rhetoric he worked closely with Western countries, and led a crackdown against Islamic fundamentalists after the 11 September attacks. The current Minister of Foreign Affairs is Dato' Seri Hishamuddin Hussein, who assumed office on 10 March 2020.{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/03/09/foreign-ministry-portfolio-a-big-responsibility-says-hishammuddin/1844888|title=Foreign ministry portfolio a big responsibility, says Hishammuddin | Malay Mail|date=9 March 2020|access-date=26 March 2020|archive-date=26 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326173740/https://www.malaymail.com/amp/news/malaysia/2020/03/09/foreign-ministry-portfolio-a-big-responsibility-says-hishammuddin/1844888|url-status=live}} with Kamaruddin Jaafar was deputy minister.
Malaysia has never recognised Israel and has no diplomatic ties with it,{{cite web |url=http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=3&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=624&PID=0&IID=1639&TTL=Malaysia:_Anti-Semitism_without_Jews |title=Malaysia: Anti-Semitism without Jews |publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |access-date=5 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802000649/http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=3&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=624&PID=0&IID=1639&TTL=Malaysia:_Anti-Semitism_without_Jews |archive-date=2 August 2010 |url-status=dead }} with the country ever condemning the Israelis action during their raid over a Gaza humanitarian mission and request the International Criminal Court to take any action against them.{{cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/6/7/nation/20100607121340&sec=nation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608200729/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2010%2F6%2F7%2Fnation%2F20100607121340&sec=nation |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 June 2010 |title=Malaysia wants Israel referred to International Criminal Court (Updated) |author=Peng, Lee Yuk |work=The Star |date=7 June 2010 |access-date=21 May 2011 }} Malaysia has stated it will only establish an official relations with Israel once a peace agreement with the State of Palestine been reached and called for both parties to find a quick resolution.{{cite news|url=http://www.nst.com.my/nst/articles/MalaysiacanbeMuslim_thoughtleader_--Clinton/Article/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622053918/http://www.nst.com.my/nst/articles/MalaysiacanbeMuslim_thoughtleader_--Clinton/Article/ |archive-date=22 June 2011 |title=Malaysia can be Muslim 'thought leader' – Clinton |work=New Straits Times |access-date=15 November 2010}}{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2015/10/19/Anifah-restraint-Palestine-Israel/|title=Malaysia calls on Palestine and Israel to demonstrate restraint|work=Bernama|publisher=The Star|date=19 October 2015|access-date=19 October 2015|archive-date=14 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014021327/https://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2015/10/19/Anifah-restraint-Palestine-Israel/|url-status=live}} Malaysian peacekeeping forces have contributed to many UN peacekeeping missions, such as in Namibia, Cambodia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Somalia, East Timor and Lebanon.{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm |title=Malaysia |publisher=State.gov |date=14 July 2010 |access-date=14 September 2010 |archive-date=4 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604190416/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2777.htm |url-status=live }}{{cite news|url=http://www.un.int/malaysia/GA/67/2013-02-12%20Protection%20of%20Civilians.pdf |title=Malaysia – Permanent Missions to the United Nations |publisher=United Nations |date=12 February 2013 |access-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018034708/http://www.un.int/malaysia/GA/67/2013-02-12%20Protection%20of%20Civilians.pdf |archive-date=18 October 2013 }} On July 29, 2024, Malaysia officially applied to join the BRICS economic bloc and geopolitical organization.{{cite web | url = https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/malaysia-applies-for-brics-membership-premier-anwar-ibrahim/3287650 | title = Malaysia applies for BRICS membership: Premier Anwar Ibrahim | access-date = 29 July 2024 | work = aa.com.tr }}
International affiliations
Malaysia is a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation).{{cite web|url=http://www.asean.org/64.htm |title=Overview |publisher=Association of Southeast Asian Nations |access-date=8 November 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109233326/http://www.asean.org/64.htm |archive-date=9 January 2008 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.oic-oci.org/member_states.asp |title=Member States |publisher=Organisation of the Islamic Conference |access-date=26 October 2010 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} It is also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement.{{cite web|url=http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm|title=The Non-Aligned Movement: Member States|publisher=Non-Aligned Movement|access-date=5 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209233514/http://www.nam.gov.za/background/members.htm|archive-date=9 December 2010}} Kuala Lumpur was the site of the first East Asia Summit in 2005, and Malaysia has chaired ASEAN, the OIC, and the NAM in the past. A former British colony, it is also a member of the Commonwealth.{{cite web |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/142227/members/ |title=Commonwealth Secretariat – Member States |publisher=Thecommonwealth.org |access-date=26 October 2010 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225120634/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/member-countries |url-status=live }}
Malaysia is affiliated with the United Nations and many of its specialised agencies, including UNESCO, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, International Atomic Energy Agency; General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. It is also a member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Developing 8 Countries.{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/members/list.shtml |title=List of Member States |publisher=United Nations |access-date=8 November 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024134907/http://www.un.org/members/list.shtml |archive-date=24 October 2007 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.apec.org/apec/member_economies.html |title=Member Economies |publisher=Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation |access-date=5 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917083021/http://apec.org/apec/member_economies.html |archive-date=17 September 2010 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.developing8.org/countries/malaysia/ |title=Malaysia |publisher=Developing 8 Countries |access-date=21 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701095456/http://www.developing8.org/countries/malaysia/ |archive-date=1 July 2010 }} Asian Development Bank, Five-Power Defense Arrangement, G-77, and South Centre.{{cite web|url=https://www.southcentre.int/member-countries/|title=Member Countries of South Centre|publisher=South Centre|access-date=1 July 2017|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117145857/https://www.southcentre.int/member-countries/|url-status=live}} On 31 October 2011 Malaysia became a party to the Antarctic Treaty.{{cite web |url=http://www.ats.aq/devAS/ats_parties.aspx?lang=e |title=Parties |publisher=Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty |access-date=18 November 2011 |archive-date=22 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422184735/http://www.ats.aq/devAS/ats_parties.aspx?lang=e |url-status=dead }}
International disputes
The policy towards territorial disputes by the Malaysian government is one of pragmatism, solving disputes in a number of ways, including some resolved in the International Court of Justice.
=Spratly and other islands in the South China Sea=
{{main|Spratly Islands dispute|Territorial disputes in the South China Sea}}
Malaysia has asserted sovereignty over the Spratly Islands together with China, the Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Brunei. Tensions have eased since 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea". However, it is not the legally binding code of conduct sought by some parties.{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html |title=FIELD LISTING :: DISPUTES – INTERNATIONAL |publisher=CIA |access-date=26 October 2010 |archive-date=14 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514215411/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2070.html |url-status=dead }} Malaysia was not party to a March 2005 joint accord among the national oil companies of China, the Philippines and Vietnam on conducting marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands.{{cite web|url=http://www.cpifa.org/cms/item/view?table=book&id=72|title=南海问题:历史经纬与共赢之道|publisher=中国人民外交学会(Chinese People's Institute of Foreign Affairs )|language=zh|date=25 June 2017|access-date=25 June 2017|archive-date=14 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014023642/http://www.cpifa.org/cms/item/view?table=book&id=72|url-status=live}} Malaysia long maintained a low-key approach to the dispute, maintaining positive relations with China due to strong economic ties, a large ethnic Chinese population, and a desire for a balance of power in the region.{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southchinasea-malaysia-idUSKCN0YM2SV |title=As Beijing flexes muscles in South China Sea, Malaysia eyes harder response |author=Joseph Sipalan |work=Reuters |date=1 June 2016 |access-date=8 June 2016 |archive-date=14 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014032205/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southchinasea-malaysia-idUSKCN0YM2SV |url-status=live }}{{cite news|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/06/25/1338864/why-malaysia-unlike-philippines-keeps-quiet-sea-row|title=Why Malaysia, unlike Philippines, keeps quiet on sea row|author=Camille Diola|newspaper=The Philippine Star|date=25 June 2014|access-date=25 June 2014|archive-date=27 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627165932/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/06/25/1338864/why-malaysia-unlike-philippines-keeps-quiet-sea-row|url-status=live}} However, as Chinese fishing vessels and coast guard ships have become increasingly assertive,{{cite news|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/09/27/presence-of-china-coast-guard-ship-at-luconia-shoals-spooks-local-fishermen/|title=Presence of China Coast Guard ship at Luconia Shoals spooks local fishermen|newspaper=The Borneo Post|date=27 September 2015|access-date=28 September 2015|archive-date=29 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929005731/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/09/27/presence-of-china-coast-guard-ship-at-luconia-shoals-spooks-local-fishermen/|url-status=live}} Malaysia has increased its diplomatic and military responses.{{cite web|url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/08/15/malaysia-lodges-diplomatic-protest-against-intrusion-at-beting-patinggi-ali/|title=Malaysia lodges diplomatic protest against intrusion at Beting Patinggi Ali|work=Bernama|publisher=The Rakyat Post|date=15 August 2015|access-date=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929024442/http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/08/15/malaysia-lodges-diplomatic-protest-against-intrusion-at-beting-patinggi-ali/|archive-date=29 September 2015|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-slams-china-s/2200744.html |title=Malaysia slams China's 'provocation' in South China Sea |author1=Ben Blanchard |author2=Richard Pullin |agency=Reuters |publisher=Channel News Asia |date=18 October 2015 |access-date=20 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019120244/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/malaysia-slams-china-s/2200744.html |archive-date=19 October 2015 }}
=Ligitan, Sipadan and Ambalat=
{{main|Ligitan and Sipadan dispute}}
The ICJ awarded Ligitan and Sipadan islands to Malaysia over Indonesia but left the maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Celebes Sea in dispute,{{cite report|last=Mohamad|first=Kadir|year=2009|title=Malaysia's territorial disputes – two cases at the ICJ : Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Ligitan and Sipadan [and the Sabah claim] (Malaysia/Indonesia/Philippines)|url=http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|publisher=Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia|quote=Map of British North Borneo, highlighting in yellow colour the area covered by the Philippine claim, presented to the Court by the Philippines during the Oral Hearings at the ICJ on 25 June 2001|pages=46|access-date=16 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516042053/http://www.idfr.gov.my/images/stories/publication/2009/inside_pbp.pdf|archive-date=16 May 2016|url-status=dead }} culminating in hostile confrontations in March 2005 over concessions to the Ambalat oil block.
=Singapore=
Singapore was a part of Malaysia for two years (1963–65), but it ultimately was asked by Tunku to secede after increased racial tensions due to the election campaigns in 1964. Today, disputes continue among other things, over the pricing of deliveries of raw untreated water to Singapore, Singapore's land reclamation causing a negative environmental impact in Malaysian waters, a new bridge to replace the Johor-Singapore Causeway which Singapore does not want to pay for, maritime boundaries, the redevelopment of Malayan Railway lands in Singapore and Pedra Branca. Both parties however, agreed to ICJ arbitration on the island dispute. On 24 May 2008, the International Court of Justice ruled that Pedra Branca belonged to Singapore with the nearby Middle Rocks going to Malaysia. Regarding railway land in Singapore, see also Malaysia-Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990. On introducing budget flights between Singapore and Kuala Lumpur, the stumbling block appears to be Malaysia's sympathy towards flag carrier Malaysia Airlines, and preference for the existing near duopoly with Singapore Airlines.
=The Philippines=
{{main|North Borneo dispute}}
The Philippines has a dormant claim to eastern Sabah.
=Brunei=
Malaysia's land boundary with Brunei around Limbang is no longer in dispute. On 16 March 2009, Brunei announced its decision to drop a long-standing claim to Sarawak's Limbang district.{{cite news|url=http://www.bt.com.bn/home_news/2009/03/17/brunei_drops_all_claims_to_limbang |title=Brunei drops all claims to Limbang |author=Ubaidillah Masli |newspaper=The Brunei Times |date=17 March 2009 |access-date=23 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712162447/http://www.bt.com.bn/home_news/2009/03/17/brunei_drops_all_claims_to_limbang |archive-date=12 July 2014 |url-status=dead }} This was the result of the two countries resolving their various land and sea territorial disputes.{{cite web|url=http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90851/6971863.html|title=Border issues between Malaysia, Brunei solved: Official|author=张心意|agency=Xinhua News Agency|work=People's Daily|date=4 May 2010|access-date=5 May 2010|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306173819/http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90851/6971863.html|url-status=dead}} This issue was resolved along with several other disputes with the sealing and signing of letters of exchange by Abdullah and the Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah of Brunei at Istana Nurul Iman. As of 2010, the two countries are working towards resolving disputes over their maritime boundaries.
=Thailand=
According to a source, the areas around Ko Kra and Ko Losin in present-day Thailand are once disputed with Malaysia.{{cite book|author1=John Robert Victor Prescott|author2=Clive H. Schofield|title=Undelimited Maritime Boundaries of the Asian Rim in the Pacific Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-RT2lGdMZucC&pg=PA14|year=2001|publisher=IBRU|isbn=978-1-897643-43-3|pages=14–}}
Diplomatic relations
List of countries which Malaysia maintains diplomatic relations with:
Bilateral relations
=ASEAN=
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style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Formal relations began !Notes | ||
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|{{Flagu|Brunei}} | 1 January 1984 | {{main|Brunei–Malaysia relations}}{{See also|Brunei–Malaysia border}}
Brunei has a High Commission in Kuala Lumpur, and consulates in Kota Kinabalu and Kuching. Malaysia maintains a high commission in Bandar Seri Begawan. Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations. The states of Sarawak and Sabah in East Malaysia are connected to Brunei via the Pan Borneo Highway. Brunei has denounced its claims on Limbang and recognises Malaysia's full sovereignty. In 2003, Brunei and Malaysia ceased gas and oil exploration in their disputed offshore and deep water seabeds and negotiations have stalemated prompting consideration of international adjudication. |
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|{{Flagu|Cambodia}} | 31 August 1957{{cite web|url=http://www.camemb.mys.mfa.gov.kh/?page=detail&menu1=286&menu2=320&ctype=article&id=320&lg=en|title=Royal Embassy of Cambodia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Cambodia|access-date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407053903/http://www.camemb.mys.mfa.gov.kh/?page=detail&menu1=286&menu2=320&ctype=article&id=320&lg=en|archive-date=7 April 2017|url-status=dead}} | {{main|Cambodia–Malaysia relations}}
More than 24,000 Cambodians visited Malaysia since the first half of 2012, while Malaysian visited to Cambodia numbered 54,000.{{cite news|url=http://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/malaysia-cambodia-trade-increases|title=Malaysia-Cambodia trade increases|author=Kun Makara|newspaper=The Phnom Penh Post|date=24 September 2012|access-date=19 November 2013|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108155114/https://www.phnompenhpost.com/business/malaysia-cambodia-trade-increases|url-status=live}} In 2011, bilateral trade between the two countries worth over US$319.5 million and in 2010 Malaysia were consider as one of the biggest investors in the country with the total investments were U$2.19 billion while Malaysian investments in Cambodia during the past two years totalling U$118 million.{{cite web|url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90778/90858/90863/6982055.html|title=Cambodia, Malaysia pledge to further trade, investment relations|work=People's Daily Online|date=12 May 2010|access-date=19 November 2013|archive-date=3 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203103623/http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90778/90858/90863/6982055.html|url-status=live}} |
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|{{Flagu|Indonesia}} | 31 August 1957,{{cite web|url=http://www.kemlu.go.id/Pages/IFPDisplay.aspx?Name=BilateralCooperation&IDP=196&P=Bilateral&l=en |title=Bilateral Cooperation – Malaysia |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Indonesia |access-date=29 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101065239/http://www.kemlu.go.id/Pages/IFPDisplay.aspx?Name=BilateralCooperation&IDP=196&P=Bilateral&l=en |archive-date=1 January 2016 }} severed diplomatic relations 15 September 1963, restored 31 August 1967 | {{main|Indonesia–Malaysia relations}}{{See also|Indonesia–Malaysia border}}
|
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|{{Flagu|Laos}} | 1 July 1966 | {{main|Laos–Malaysia relations}}
During the collapse of the Communist bloc, the Soviet Union could no longer afford aid for the development of Laos.{{cite book|author=Martin Stuart-Fox|title=A History of Laos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VvvevRkX-EC&pg=PA200|date=28 September 1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-59746-3|pages=200–}} This made Laos seek aid from other countries to help develop their country and has led the country to adopt a neutral foreign policy. When this policy of neutrality was adopted, relations with Malaysia were established. |
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|{{Flagu|Myanmar}} | 1 March 1958 | {{main|Malaysia–Myanmar relations}}
Relations between the two countries were established on 1 March 1957 and the first Burmese mission at the legation level was set up in Kuala Lumpur in June 1959 and later raised to the embassy level. |
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|{{Flagu|Philippines}} | October 1959, severed 16 September 1963, restored 18 May 1964, severed 29 November 1968, restored 16 December 1969 | {{main|Malaysia–Philippines relations}}{{See also|Malaysia–Philippines border}}
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|{{Flagu|Singapore}} | 1 September 1965 | {{main|Malaysia–Singapore relations}}{{See also|Malaysia–Singapore border}}
Singapore has a High Commission in Kuala Lumpur and a Consulate in Johor Bahru, Malaysia and Malaysia has a High Commission in Singapore. Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations. |
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|{{Flagu|Thailand}} | 31 August 1957 | {{main|Malaysia–Thailand relations}}{{See also|Malaysia–Thailand border}}
Thailand has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, and consulates in George Town and Kota Bharu. Malaysia maintains an embassy in Bangkok. Recently, Thai-Malay relations have soured considerably due to the ethnically-Malay Pattani separatists in three southern provinces of Thailand. |
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|{{Flagu|Vietnam}} | 30 March 1973 | {{main|Malaysia–Vietnam relations}}{{See also|Malaysia–Vietnam border}}
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=East Asia=
=Middle East=
=South Asia=
=Other parts of Asia=
=Europe=
{{See also|Malaysia–European Union relations}}
=Americas=
=Oceania=
=Africa=
Malaysia and the Commonwealth of Nations
The Federation of Malaya became an independent native elective monarchy within the Commonwealth on 31 August 1957 with the Yang di-Pertuan Agong as head of state.
Malaya united with North Borneo (now Sabah), Sarawak, and Singapore to form Malaysia on 16 September 1963.
Singapore was expelled from Malaysia on 9 August 1965, and became an independent republic in the Commonwealth of Nations.
See also
External links
- [http://www.kln.gov.my/ Malaysia Ministry of Foreign Affairs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525053221/http://www.kln.gov.my/ |date=25 May 2021 }}
- {{Cite journal|author1=Schofield, Clive |author2=Storey, Ian |year=2005 |title=Energy Security and Southeast Asia: The Impact on Maritime Boundary and Territorial Disputes |url=http://www.asiaquarterly.com/content/view/29/43/ |journal=Harvard Asia Quarterly |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=36–46 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055515/https://www.asiaquarterly.com/content/view/29/43/ |archive-date=28 September 2007 }}
- {{cite book |author=Francis Kok Wah Loh |editor=Hans Michelmann |title=Foreign Relations in Federal Countries |date=2009 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press |isbn=9780773576186 |chapter=Federation of Malaysia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U1gZqQQPIEwC&pg=PA189}}
References
{{Reflist}}
{{Foreign relations of the Commonwealth of Nations}}
{{Foreign relations of Malaysia}}
{{Malaysia topics}}
{{Asia topic|Foreign relations of}}