Gaza genocide#Genocidal intent

{{See also|Israeli apartheid|Blockade of the Gaza Strip}}

File:OCHA OpT September 2023 map of the Gaza Strip.pdf map of Gaza, showing its border barrier and checkpoints into Israel and Egypt and Israel's Maritime Exclusion Zone —illustrating the geographic scope of the preexisting blockade and the physical constraints on movement and access.]]

Since 2007, the Gaza Strip has been governed by Hamas, an Islamist militant group, while the West Bank remained under the control of the Fatah-led Palestinian Authority. After Hamas took over, Israel imposed a blockade of the Gaza Strip{{harvnb|Perry|McDowall|2023}}; {{harvnb|Kane|Cohen|Shamir|Scher|2023}}; {{harvnb|Salam Y.|2023}} that significantly damaged Gaza's economy.{{cite web |url=https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/14e309cd34e04e40b90eb19afa7b5d15-0280012024/original/Gaza-Interim-Damage-Assessment-032924-Final.pdf |title=Gaza Strip: Interim Damage Assessment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501171634/https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/14e309cd34e04e40b90eb19afa7b5d15-0280012024/original/Gaza-Interim-Damage-Assessment-032924-Final.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2024 |website=World Bank/European Union/United Nations |date=29 March 2024 |page=5}} Israel justified the blockade by citing security concerns,{{sfn|Meakem|2023}} but international rights groups have called the blockade a form of collective punishment.{{bulleted list|

| {{harvnb|Nebehay|2011}}: "A panel of five independent U.N. rights experts [said] the blockade had subjected Gazans to collective punishment in 'flagrant contravention of international human rights and humanitarian law.'"

| {{#invoke:Cite|book|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/5670/2023/en/ |title=Amnesty International Report 2022/23: The State of the World's Human Rights |publisher=Amnesty International |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-86210-502-0 |location=London |pages=206–211 |chapter=Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories |access-date=15 October 2023 |quote=This compounded the impact of a 15-year ongoing Israeli blockade that amounts to illegal collective punishment |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016210727/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/5670/2023/en/ |url-status=live}}

| {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=13 January 2009 |title=Deprived and Endangered: Humanitarian Crisis in the Gaza Strip |publisher=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/01/13/deprived-and-endangered-humanitarian-crisis-gaza-strip |access-date=15 October 2023 |quote=The blockade is a form of collective punishment in violation of international law. |archive-date=4 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404041422/http://www.hrw.org/news/2009/01/12/deprived-and-endangered-humanitarian-crisis-gaza-strip |url-status=live}}

| {{harvnb|BBC News|2017}}

}}{{harvnb|Ackerman|2024}}: "The unemployment rate soared to "probably the highest in the world", four-fifths of the population were forced to rely on humanitarian assistance, three-quarters became dependent on food aid, more than half faced "acute food insecurity", one in ten children were stunted by malnutrition, and over 96 percent of potable water became unsafe for human consumption."{{sfn|Abdulrahim|2023}} UNRWA reported that, due to the blockade, 81% of Gazans were living below the poverty level in 2023, with 63% food insecure and dependent on international assistance.{{sfn|Alfonseca|2023}}{{cite web |date=June 2022 |title=The Gaza Strip: The humanitarian impact of 15 years of blockade |url=https://www.unicef.org/mena/documents/gaza-strip-humanitarian-impact-15-years-blockade-june-2022 |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=UNICEF |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115160019/https://www.unicef.org/mena/documents/gaza-strip-humanitarian-impact-15-years-blockade-june-2022 |url-status=live}}

Since 2007, Israel and Hamas, along with other Palestinian militant groups based in Gaza, have engaged in conflict,{{sfn|Meakem|2023}}{{sfn|Kane|Cohen|Shamir|Scher|2023}}{{sfn|Beauchamp|2023}} including four wars in 2008–2009, 2012, 2014, and 2021.{{sfn|Courty|2023}}{{sfn|Tan|2023}} Soon after the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis began, Hamas's military wing, the Al-Qassam Brigades, started planning the 7 October 2023 operation against Israel.{{sfn|Klein|2023}}{{sfn|AbdulKarim|Adnan|2023}} According to diplomats, Hamas had repeatedly said in the months preceding October 2023 that it did not want another military escalation in Gaza as it would worsen the humanitarian crisis that occurred after the 2021 conflict.{{sfn|Abdulrahim|2023}}

On 7 October 2023, Hamas led an attack into Israel from Gaza,{{harvnb|Arab News|2023}}: "The leader of Hamas' military wing, Mohammed Deif, said Saturday's assault was in response to the 16-year blockade of Gaza, Israeli raids inside West Bank cities over the past year, violence at Al-Aqsa and increasing attacks by settlers on Palestinians, and growth of settlements."{{sfn|CBC|2023}}{{sfn|Shaw|2024|p=1}} resulting in at least 1,139{{sfn|Semerdjian|2024|p=1|ref=Semerdjian2024a}}{{sfn|Marsi|Siddiqui|2024b}}{{efn|It is unclear how many of the deaths were a result of friendly fire or of the Hannibal Directive. An Ynet article stated that there was an "immense and complex quantity" of friendly-fire incidents on the part of IDF during the 7 October attack.{{harvnb|Zitun|2023}}: "Casualties fell as a result of friendly fire on October 7, but the IDF believes that beyond the operational investigations of the events, it would not be morally sound to investigate these incidents due to the immense and complex quantity of them that took place in the kibbutzim and southern Israeli communities due to the challenging situations the soldiers were in at the time."{{harvnb|Bergman|Zitun|2024a}}: {{lang|he|"ההערכות הן כי בשטח שבין יישובי העוטף לרצועה נהרגו כאלף מחבלים ומסתננים. לא ברור בשלב זה כמה מהחטופים נהרגו בשל הפעלת הפקודה הזו."}} [It is estimated that about a thousand terrorists and infiltrators were killed in the area between the settlements of the encirclement and the Strip. It is not clear at this stage how many of the hostages were killed as a result of the operation of this order.]{{harvnb|Bergman|Zitun|2024b}}: [orders to open fire on terrorist vehicles that were racing to Gaza, even if there were concerns that they contained hostages – a kind of renewed version of the "Hannibal Procedure"]{{sfn|Cook|2023}}}} deaths, most of them civilians.{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Israel social security data reveals true picture of Oct 7 deaths |date=15 December 2023 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231215-israel-social-security-data-reveals-true-picture-of-oct-7-deaths |work=France 24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304185753/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231215-israel-social-security-data-reveals-true-picture-of-oct-7-deaths |archive-date=4 March 2024}} Israel responded with a highly destructive{{sfn|Dyer|2023}} bombing campaign followed by an invasion of the Gaza Strip on 27 October.{{sfn|Segal|Daniele|2024|p=6}} Some scholars argued that there was genocide against Palestinians before the 7 October attacks, but the Israeli military campaign in Gaza has been characterised as genocidal by South Africa and other supporters of the genocide argument.{{sfn|Jamshidi|2024a|pp=1–4}}{{sfn|Semerdjian|2024|pp=3–4|ref=Semerdjian2024a}}

Hamas officials said that the attack was a response to the Israeli occupation of the West Bank, the blockade of the Gaza Strip, Israeli settler violence against Palestinians, restrictions on the movement of Palestinians, and the detainment of thousands of Palestinians, many without charges, whom Hamas sought to release by taking Israeli hostages.{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2023a}}{{sfn|McKernan|Michaelson|Graham-Harrison|Kierszenbaum|2023}}{{sfn|Pacchiani|2023}} Numerous commentators have identified the broader context of Israeli occupation as a cause of the war.{{sfn|Matar|2023}}{{sfn|Schenker|2023}}{{sfn|Barghouti|2023}} The Associated Press wrote that Palestinians are "in despair over a never-ending occupation in the West Bank and suffocating blockade of Gaza".{{sfn|Federman|Adwan|2023}} Several human rights organisations, including Amnesty International,{{sfn|Amnesty International|2022|pp=266–267}} B'Tselem,{{harvnb|B'Tselem|2021}}: "A regime that uses laws, practices and organized violence to cement the supremacy of one group over another is an apartheid regime. Israeli apartheid, which promotes the supremacy of Jews over Palestinians, was not born in one day or of a single speech. It is a process that has gradually grown more institutionalized and explicit, with mechanisms introduced over time in law and practice to promote Jewish supremacy. These accumulated measures, their pervasiveness in legislation and political practice, and the public and judicial support they receive – all form the basis for our conclusion that the bar for labeling the Israeli regime as apartheid has been met." and Human Rights Watch{{sfn|Holmes|2021}} have likened the Israeli occupation to apartheid; Israel's supporters dispute this characterisation.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=4 May 2023 |title=Israël: l'Assemblée nationale rejette une résolution communiste dénonçant un "régime d'apartheid" |language=fr |trans-title=Israel: National Assembly rejects communist resolution denouncing 'apartheid regime' |work=Le Figaro |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/israel-l-assemblee-nationale-rejette-une-resolution-communiste-denoncant-un-regime-d-apartheid-20230504 |url-status=live |access-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614002231/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/israel-l-assemblee-nationale-rejette-une-resolution-communiste-denoncant-un-regime-d-apartheid-20230504 |archive-date=14 June 2023}}{{sfn|Hutzler|Peller|2023}} An advisory opinion by the International Court of Justice published in July 2024 affirmed the occupation as illegal and said it violated Article 3 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, which prohibits racial segregation and apartheid.{{sfn|Siddique|2024}} In its annual report published on 20 September 2024, the UN's "Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People and Other Arabs of the Occupied Territories" wrote, "The developments in this report lead the Special Committee to conclude that the policies and practices of Israel during the reporting period are consistent with the characteristics of genocide."{{sfn|OHCHR|2024d|pp=25–26}}

{{main|Genocide definitions}}

The 1948 Genocide Convention defines genocide as acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group, including killing, causing harm, preventing births, and forcibly transferring children.{{sfn|United Nations|2014}}{{cite web |title=United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect |url=https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/genocide.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201103920/https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/genocide.shtml |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=3 January 2024 |website=United Nations}} Legal accountability for genocide has faced significant obstacles, with the ICJ never holding a state liable{{sfn|Núñez|2025}} and the ICC facing political pressure and sanctions, particularly from Israel and the U.S. during the Gaza war.{{bulleted list|

| {{harvnb|Iraqi|2024}}

| {{harvnb|Davies|McKernan|Abraham|Rapoport|2024}}

| {{cite web |author1=Team Zeteo |last2=Hasan |first2=Mehdi |author2-link=Mehdi Hasan |title="You Have Been Warned": Republican Senators Threaten the ICC Prosecutor over Possible Israel Arrest Warrants |url=https://zeteo.com/p/exclusive-you-have-been-warned-republican |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211020511/https://zeteo.com/p/exclusive-you-have-been-warned-republican |archive-date=11 February 2025 |access-date=28 February 2025 |website=zeteo.com |language=en}}

| {{cite web |date=7 February 2025 |title=US: Trump Authorizes International Criminal Court Sanctions |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/02/07/us-trump-authorizes-international-criminal-court-sanctions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214060838/https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/02/07/us-trump-authorizes-international-criminal-court-sanctions |archive-date=14 February 2025 |access-date=28 February 2025 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}

}} The legal threshold for genocidal intent remains a major barrier to prosecution.{{sfn|Gehani|2024}} Raphael Lemkin's broader definition included cultural and social destruction, while scholarly definitions emphasize large-scale, organised actions targeting a group’s survival.{{sfn|Semerdjian|2024|p=14|ref=Semerdjian2024b}}{{sfn|McDoom|2024|p=3}} Genocide is often considered the apex of criminality, worse than other atrocities that lead to as much civilian death and destruction.{{sfn|Moses|2023a|p=19}} No minimum number of victims is required for a genocide ruling, as seen in the Gambia v Myanmar Rohingya genocide case.{{cite web |title=Large number of victims" ICTR/ICTY/IRMCT Case Law Database |url=https://cld.irmct.org/notions/show/508/large-number-of-victims# |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825165026/https://cld.irmct.org/notions/show/508/large-number-of-victims |archive-date=25 August 2024 |website=International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals}}{{cite web |title=Legal concepts and questions |url=https://iimm.un.org/legal-concepts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808100717/https://iimm.un.org/legal-concepts/ |archive-date=8 August 2024 |website=Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar}}{{sfn|UNHR|2024|pp=24–25}}

{{Multiple image

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| image1 = Destruction caused by Israeli bombing of Jabalia camp, Gaza Strip.jpg

| image2 = Tasnim News Agency - Report from child casualties in Gaza.webm

| image3 = Relatives of Palestinians who died in Israeli airstrikes gathering around the bodies taken from the morgue of Al-Aqsa Martyrs hospital in Deir el-Balah, Gaza.jpg

| image4 = An aerial view of Al-Mawasi area where displaced Palestinians live in tents, Gaza Strip.jpg

| image5 = A newborn baby was killed as a result of the Israeli airstrike of Nuseirat camp, Gaza Strip.jpg

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| footer = Clockwise from top: {{flatlist|

• Destruction caused by Israeli bombing of Jabalia refugee camp
• Relatives of Palestinians who died in Israeli airstrikes gathering around the bodies
• A newborn baby killed as a result of an Israeli airstrike
• An aerial view of Al-Mawasi, where displaced Palestinians live in tents, Gaza Strip
• Video interviews conducted with several survivors of October 2023 Israeli airstrikes.

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{{see also|War crimes in the Gaza war#By Israel|Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)|Casualties of the Gaza war}}

File:Palestinian injured including children as a result of an Israeli bombing of Gaza Strip.jpg]]

During the first two months of bombing, Israel dropped 25,000 tonnes of explosives on the Gaza Strip. Many of these were unguided "dumb bombs" dropped in densely populated areas obliterating entire neighborhoods.{{sfn|Albanese|2024|pp=6–7}}

Since 7 October 2023, the IDF has been accused of extrajudicial killing of unarmed Palestinian detainees,{{sfn|Debre|Shurafa|2023}}{{sfn|Frankel|2023}} doctors,{{sfn|Salman|Khadder|2023}} and healthcare workers. Israeli soldiers have summarily executed Palestinian civilians, often in front of their families.{{sfn|UNHR|2024|pp=37–38}} They have killed Palestinians waving white flags.{{sfn|UNHR|2024|pp=37–38}} In April 2024, mass graves were found containing corpses with their hands tied.{{sfn|UNHR|2024|p=40}} The corpses included women and the elderly.{{sfn|UNHR|2024|p=40}}

The UN and many news outlets have estimated that about 70% of Palestinians killed in Gaza are women and children, with at least 20,000 Palestinians having been killed in Gaza by December 2023.{{bulleted list|

| {{harvnb|Faddoul|Shannon|Asghar|Boukari|2023|pp=25–26}}

| {{harvnb|Saric|2024}}

| {{harvnb|Thomas|2023}}

| {{harvnb|AP News|2023a}}

| {{harvnb|Sawafta|Fick|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Burga|2023}}

}}{{efn|Per the Gaza Health Ministry and Government Information Office by 3 January 2024, over 22,300 people had been confirmed dead.{{#invoke:Cite|magazine|title=Health Ministry In Hamas-run Gaza Says War Death Toll Hits 22,313 |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/health-ministry-in-hamas-run-gaza-says-war-death-toll-hits-22-313-584e999b?refsec=topics_afp-news |access-date=3 January 2024 |magazine=Barron's |date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103101715/https://www.barrons.com/news/health-ministry-in-hamas-run-gaza-says-war-death-toll-hits-22-313-584e999b?refsec=topics_afp-news |archive-date=3 January 2024}}}} By 14 January 2024, 100 days after Israel began its assault on Gaza, over 23,900 people had been confirmed killed.{{sfn|Nashed|Cordall|2024}} By 10 May, deaths had topped 35,000, a third of them unidentified bodies, with over 10,000 additional bodies estimated to be buried under the rubble. Within the first three weeks, the Israeli assault killed more children in Gaza than were killed worldwide across all conflict zones in any year since 2019.{{sfn|Save the Children|2023}}{{sfn|Qutami|2023|p=531}} Over 52,000 people had been wounded by December 2023,{{sfn|Thomas|2023}}{{sfn|AP News|2023a}} and by May 2024 this had risen to over 77,700.{{sfn|United Nations in Palestine|2024}}{{sfn|Adler|Uras|2024}}

Citing multiple Israeli field and intelligence officers from the war in Gaza, +972 Magazine and Local Call reported that, according to two sources, the IDF decided in the first weeks of the war to authorise killing up to 15 to 20 civilians per low-ranking militant, while for a senior militant such as a brigade or battalion commander, killing more than 100 civilians was authorised. An intelligence officer also said that Israel was not interested in killing Palestinian operatives when they were engaged in a military activity or in a military building only, but preferred to bomb them in their family homes "without hesitation" as a first option, saying "It's much easier to bomb a family's home" where they are easier to locate and target.{{harvnb|Abraham|2024}}: ""It was very surprising for me that we were asked to bomb a house to kill a ground soldier, whose importance in the fighting was so low" said one source." Another intelligence officer said that in targeting junior militants, Israel used only dumb bombs, which can destroy entire buildings, to not "waste expensive bombs on unimportant people".{{sfn|Abraham|2024}}

In March 2024, Haaretz reported that some Israeli commanders had set up "kill zones" ("extermination zones" in Hebrew) in which soldiers were commanded to shoot and kill anyone on sight, even if they were unarmed.{{sfn|Kubovich|2024}}{{sfn|Sultany|2024|p=11}} In June 2024, the Associated Press found that Israel's campaign in Gaza was killing entire bloodlines of Palestinian families to a "degree never seen before".{{sfn|El Deeb|2024}}

According to testimony given to the Israeli Knesset, Israeli soldiers driving 62-ton D9 armoured bulldozers have been ordered to "run over terrorists, dead and alive, in the hundreds".{{bulleted list|

| {{harvnb|The Jerusalem Post|2024b}}

| {{harvnb|Cook|2024}}

| {{harvnb|Ebrahim|2024}}

| {{harvnb|The New Arab|2024}}

}}

The proportion of women and children among the dead has been disputed.{{sfn|Horton|Sardarizadeh|Durbin|2024}}{{sfn|Ioanes|2024}} As of 7 May 2024, total deaths quoted by the UN were 34,735, of which 24,686 were fully identified. Among the fully identified, 52% were women and children, 8% were elderly of all genders, and 40% were men.{{sfn|Horton|Sardarizadeh|Durbin|2024}} In November 2024, the UN published an analysis covering only victims verified by at least three independent sources over six months between November 2023 and April 2024. It found that 70% of the 8,119 verified fatalities were women and children.{{sfn|Saric|2024}}

As of 31 August 2024, per the Gaza Ministry of Health, the number of fatalities had risen to 40,691 and the number of fatalities identified by name to 34,344. Among the fatalities identified by name, 17,652 (51%) were women and children, 2,955 (9%) were elderly of all genders, and 13,737 (40%) were men.{{sfn|Zerrouky|2024}}{{sfn|Graham-Harrison|2024b}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=31 August 2024 |title=Health official says polio vaccine campaign begins in war-torn Gaza |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240831-health-official-says-polio-vaccine-campaign-begins-in-war-torn-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923003419/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240831-health-official-says-polio-vaccine-campaign-begins-in-war-torn-gaza |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=23 September 2024 |work=France 24 |agency=Agence France-Presse}}

In November 2024, the Gaza Health Ministry reported that 1,410 Gazan families had been completely erased from the civil registry as a result of Israeli bombings.{{sfn|Saab|2024}}

File:Al-Tabieen school massacre 05.jpg]]

As the conflict has gone on, data collection has become increasingly difficult for the Gaza Ministry of Health (MoH) due to the destruction of infrastructure. The ministry has had to supplement its usual reporting based on hospital dead with other sources of information, including reports by the media and first responders as well as bereaved families and widows, who must formally register their husbands' deaths to qualify for government assistance.{{sfn|van der Merwe|2024}} Professor of economics Mike Spagat analysed the ministry's reports and found an urgent need for a transparent methodology to reconcile its top-line death numbers—34,535 as of 30 April—with its detailed breakdowns summing to 24,653 on the same date.{{sfn|Spagat|2024a}} The ministry's figures for the total number killed have also been contested by Israeli authorities, but have been accepted as accurate by Israeli intelligence services, the UN, and the WHO.

In January 2025, a peer-reviewed analysis of deaths in the Gaza war between October 2023 and 30 June 2024 was published in The Lancet. The paper estimated 64,260 deaths from traumatic injury during this period, and likely exceeding 70,000 by October 2024, with 59.1% of them being women, children and the elderly. It concluded that the GHM undercounted trauma-related deaths by 41% in its report, and also noted that its findings "underestimate the full impact of the military operation in Gaza, as they do not account for non-trauma-related deaths resulting from health service disruption, food insecurity, and inadequate water and sanitation."{{sfn|Jamaluddine|Abukmail|Aly|Campbell|2025}}

As of January 2025, a comparable estimate for traumatic injury deaths would be around 80,000.{{sfn|Bloxham|2025|p=23}}

A February 2025 study published in The Lancet estimated that life expectancy in the Gaza Strip between October 2023 and September 2024 decreased by 34.9 years, excluding indirect deaths, such as from malnutrition or disruption to health services. The study also used census and registration data to assess the reliability of the Gaza Health Ministry's death count, and found no substantial errors.{{sfn|Guillot|Draidi|Cetorelli|Monteiro Da Silva|2025|pp=478–485}}

File:Mother cries for her 4-year-old daughter, who lost her life due to malnutrition and lack of treatment due to the war on Gaza, Gaza Strip.jpg and lack of treatment]]

Rasha Khatib, Martin McKee, and Salim Yusuf published in the correspondence section of The Lancet an estimate of the number of deaths that the conflict may indirectly cause in the coming months and years. Indirect Palestinian deaths from disease are expected to be much higher due to the intensity of the conflict, destruction of health care infrastructure, lack of food, water, shelter, and safe places for civilians to flee, and reduction in UNRWA funding. Using other conflicts as a reference point, they estimated that the total number of conflict-related deaths in Gaza will likely be three to 15 times higher than the reported death toll. By multiplying the reported deaths by five, they argued that according to a conservative estimate "186,000 or even more deaths could be attributable to the current conflict in Gaza".{{harvnb|Khatib|McKee|Yusuf|2024}}: "Armed conflicts have indirect health implications beyond the direct harm from violence. Even if the conflict ends immediately, there will continue to be many indirect deaths in the coming months and years from causes such as reproductive, communicable, and non-communicable diseases. The total death toll is expected to be large given the intensity of this conflict; destroyed health-care infrastructure; severe shortages of food, water, and shelter; the population's inability to flee to safe places; and the loss of funding to UNRWA, one of the very few humanitarian organisations still active in the Gaza Strip. In recent conflicts, such indirect deaths range from three to 15 times the number of direct deaths. Applying a conservative estimate of four indirect deaths per one direct death to the 37,396 deaths reported, it is not implausible to estimate that up to 186,000 or even more deaths could be attributable to the current conflict in Gaza. Using the 2022 Gaza Strip population estimate of 2,375,259, this would translate to 7.9% of the total population in the Gaza Strip." Spagat wrote that their estimate "lacks a solid foundation and is implausible".{{sfn|Spagat|2024b}}{{sfn|Bigg|2024}} Even so, Spagat allowed it was "fair to call attention to the fact that not all of the deaths are going to be direct violent ones" and has called the death toll in Gaza "staggeringly high".{{sfn|Horton|Sardarizadeh|Durbin|2024}}{{sfn|Bigg|2024}}

According to a 2 October 2024 letter{{sfn|Gaza Healthcare Letters|2024}} to president Joe Biden, vice president Kamala Harris, and others by 99 American healthcare workers who had served in Gaza since 7 October 2023, the most conservative estimate based on the available data was that at least 62,413 people in Gaza had died from starvation (based on starvation standards by the United States-funded Integrated Food Security Phase Classification), most of them young children, and at least 5,000 people had died from lack of access to care for chronic diseases.{{sfn|Hurwitz|2024}}{{harvnb|Stamatopoulou-Robbins|2024}}: "In addition to killing people directly through traumatic injuries, wars cause "indirect deaths" by destroying, damaging, or causing deterioration of economic, social, psychological and health conditions. Most expansively, this report describes the causal pathways that can be expected to lead to far larger numbers of indirect deaths. These deaths result from diseases and other population-level health effects that stem from war's destruction of public infrastructure and livelihood sources, reduced access to water and sanitation, environmental damage, and other such factors. This report builds on a foundation of previous Costs of War research for its framework and methodology in covering the most significant chains of impact, or causal pathways, to indirect war deaths in Gaza and the West Bank. Unlike in combat, these deaths do not necessarily occur immediately or in the close aftermath of the battles which many observers focus on. While it will take years to assess the full extent of these population-level health effects, they will inevitably lead to far higher numbers of deaths than direct violence."{{cite web |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/66e083452b3cbf4bbd719aa2/t/66fcd754b472610b6335d66f/1727846228615/Appendix+20241002.pdf |title=Appendix to letter of October 2, 2024 re: American physicians observations from the Gaza Strip since October 7, 2023 |author= |date=2 October 2024 |website=gazahealthcareletters.org |publisher=Gaza Healthcare Letters |access-date=17 October 2024 |quote=These are the most conservative estimates of the death toll that can be made with the given available data as of September 30, 2024. It is highly likely that the real number of deaths in Gaza from this conflict is far higher than this most conservative estimate. Without an immediate ceasefire the death toll will only continue to mount, especially among young children. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007173405/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/66e083452b3cbf4bbd719aa2/t/66fcd754b472610b6335d66f/1727846228615/Appendix+20241002.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2024}}

{{main|Gaza Strip famine|Blockade of the Gaza Strip}}

{{Multiple image

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| image1 = A 4-year-old Palestinian girl, lost her life due to malnutrition and lack of treatment due to the war on Gaza.jpg

| image2 = Displaced Palestinians in Deir el-Balah line up to receive food provided by charitable organizations.jpg

| image3 = Displaced Palestinians gather to receive food from a charity in Deir el-Balah, Gaza Strip.jpg

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• 4-year-old Palestinian girl, died due to malnutrition and lack of treatment
• Displaced Palestinians gather to receive food from a charity in Deir el-Balah, Gaza Strip
• Displaced Palestinians in Deir el-Balah line up to receive food provided by charitable organisations.

}}

}}

On 26 February 2024, Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International both released statements declaring Israel had failed to comply with the International Court of Justice's 26 January ruling to prevent genocide by blocking aid from entry into Gaza.{{sfn|Human Rights Watch|2024b}}{{cite web |date=26 February 2024 |title=Israel defying ICJ ruling to prevent genocide by failing to allow adequate humanitarian aid to reach Gaza |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/02/israel-defying-icj-ruling-to-prevent-genocide-by-failing-to-allow-adequate-humanitarian-aid-to-reach-gaza/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227035450/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/02/israel-defying-icj-ruling-to-prevent-genocide-by-failing-to-allow-adequate-humanitarian-aid-to-reach-gaza/ |archive-date=27 February 2024 |publisher=Amnesty International}}{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2024f}} Both statements reference the 16-year-long blockade of Gaza,{{sfn|Human Rights Watch|2024b}} which has intensified since 9 October 2023.{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2023b}} A Refugees International report found that Israel had "consistently and groundlessly impeded aid operations within Gaza".{{sfn|Johnson|2024b}} Historian Melanie Tanielian argues that starvation, famine, and blockade should be foregrounded as methods of genocide alongside mass bombing. She references A. Dirk Moses's appeal not to ignore less spectacular forms of violence in the destruction of populations,{{sfn|Tanielian|2024|p=2}} and highlights multiple other genocides where famine and starvation were used as methods of destruction.{{sfn|Tanielian|2024|pp=3–4}} In an April report, B'Tselem called the unfolding famine "the product of a deliberate and conscious Israeli policy".{{sfn|Sultany|2024|p=7}}{{cite report |url=https://www.btselem.org/publications/202404_manufacturing_famine |title=Manufacturing Famine: Israel is Committing the War Crime of Starvation in the Gaza Strip |date=April 2024 |publisher=B'Tselem |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719222458/https://www.btselem.org/publications/202404_manufacturing_famine |archive-date=19 July 2024}}

In October 2023, the World Food Program warned of Gaza's dwindling food supply,{{sfn|Tanielian|2024|pp=6–7}} and in December, alongside the United Nations, it reported that more than half of Gaza's population was "starving", fewer than one in ten were eating every day, and 48% were suffering "extreme hunger".{{sfn|Singh|2023}}{{sfn|Siddiqui|Pietromarchi|Quillen|2023}}{{sfn|Ebrahim|2023}} Palestinian Foreign Minister Riyad al-Maliki, who is part of the Palestinian Authority, said Israel was using starvation as a weapon: "they are starving because of Israel's deliberate use of starvation as a weapon of war against the people it occupied". An Israeli official called the charge "blood-libellous" and "delusional".{{sfn|Tétrault-Farber|2023}} In December 2023, Human Rights Watch similarly found that Israel was using starvation as a weapon of war by deliberately denying access to food and water.{{cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307221127/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza |archive-date=7 March 2024 |access-date=1 January 2024 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}} On 16 January 2024, U.N. experts accused Israel of "destroying Gaza's food system and using food as a weapon against the Palestinian people".{{cite web |date=16 January 2024 |title=Over one hundred days into the war, Israel destroying Gaza's food system and weaponising food, say UN human rights experts |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/01/over-one-hundred-days-war-israel-destroying-gazas-food-system-and |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226103315/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/01/over-one-hundred-days-war-israel-destroying-gazas-food-system-and |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=OHCHR |publisher=United Nations}} In February 2024, Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich personally blocked U.S.-funded shipments of flour from entering Gaza, in violation of promises Israel had made to the U.S. government.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/finance-minister-blocks-flour-shipments-from-reaching-gaza/ |title=Smotrich blocks flour shipments from reaching Gaza, in breach of Israeli pledge to US |newspaper=Times of Israel |date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319130727/https://www.timesofisrael.com/finance-minister-blocks-flour-shipments-from-reaching-gaza/ |archive-date=19 March 2024}}

Law professor and United Nations special rapporteur on the right to food Michael Fakhri said that Israel is "culpable" of genocide because "Israel has announced its intention to destroy the Palestinian people, in whole or in part, simply for being Palestinian" and because Israel was denying food to Palestinians by halting humanitarian aid and "intentionally" destroying

small-scale fishing vessels, greenhouses and orchards in Gaza ... We have never seen a civilian population made to go so hungry so quickly and so completely, that is the consensus among starvation experts. Israel is not just targeting civilians, it is trying to damn the future of the Palestinian people by harming their children.{{sfn|Lakhani|2024a}}

On 11 March 2024, 12 Israeli human rights organisations signed an open letter accusing Israel of failing to abide by the ICJ ruling to prevent genocide by facilitating the delivery of humanitarian aid.{{sfn|Beaumont|Burke|2024}}{{sfn|Johnson|2024a}} In April, U.N. special rapporteur on the right to health Tlaleng Mofokeng said it was obvious that Israel was "killing and causing irreparable harm against Palestinian civilians with its bombardments", adding, "They are also knowingly and intentionally imposing famine, prolonged malnutrition and dehydration" and accusing Israel of "genocide".{{cite web |date=22 April 2024 |title=Gaza health system 'completely obliterated': UN expert |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/04/gaza-health-system-completely-obliterated-un-expert |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518013104/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/04/gaza-health-system-completely-obliterated-un-expert |archive-date=18 May 2024 |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=Al-Monitor |language=en |agency=Agence France-Presse}}

File:Palestinians_during_the_Flour_massacre.png captured by an Israeli drone. Aid trucks and Palestinian pedestrians (some dead) are visible.{{bulleted list|

| {{harvnb|Mraffko|2024}}

| {{harvnb|OHCHR|2024a}}

| {{harvnb|Polglase|Mahmood|Mezzofiore|2024}}

| {{harvnb|Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor|2024}}

| {{harvnb|Lakhani|2024b}}

| {{harvnb|Radnofsky|Almendral|Sackur|2024}}

}}]]

In October 2024, Israel had reportedly adopted a modified version of the Generals' Plan.{{sfn|Krever|2024}}{{sfn|Bowen|2024}}{{efn|Some Israeli officials denied the plan had been adopted; however, an official familiar with the situation stated that some aspects of the plan were already in progress.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=13 October 2024 |title=Netanyahu mulls plan to empty northern Gaza of civilians |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/10/13/netanyahu-mulls-plan-to-empty-northern-gaza-of-civilians-00183574 |work=Politico |agency=Associated Press |access-date=14 October 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241014042030/https://www.politico.com/news/2024/10/13/netanyahu-mulls-plan-to-empty-northern-gaza-of-civilians-00183574 |archive-date=14 October 2024}}}} The proposed plan included orders for all residents of northern Gaza to leave within a week; the implementation of a full siege on water, food, and fuel; and then the arrest or killing of all who remained.{{sfn|Rapoport|2024}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=North Gaza siege: Netanyahu considers plan to starve out Hamas fighters |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-821301 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=23 September 2024 |access-date=14 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002192315/https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-821301 |archive-date=2 October 2024}} By mid-October 2024, Israel had ordered the evacuation of northern Gaza and prevented the entry of humanitarian aid for almost two weeks.{{sfn|Rémy|2024}}{{sfn|Khadder|Salman|Kourdi|Lockwood|2024}} According to Stephen Devereux, avoidable deaths due to starvation as a result of Israeli policies "almost certainly constitutes a war crime and a crime against humanity".{{sfn|Devereux|2024}}

On 21 November 2024, the International Criminal Court issued arrest warrants for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and former defence minister Yoav Gallant, asserting that the two "bear criminal responsibility for the war crime of starvation as a method of warfare".{{sfn|Borger|Roth|2024}}{{sfn|Shotter|Ralph|2024}}{{sfn|El Abdallah|2024}}

Israel lifted restrictions on aid flowing into Gaza in January and February 2025 during the first stage of the January ceasefire. But on 2 March, Israel announced that all humanitarian aid would be blocked indefinitely unless Hamas agreed to alter the terms of the ceasefire deal, which Hamas refused to do.{{sfn|Rowlands|Adler|Quillem|Motamedi|2025}}{{sfn|Doucet|2025}} Within four days of the decision, food supplies in Gaza had rapidly depleted while the price of food had more than doubled. Aid agencies such as Oxfam and UNICEF warned of mass starvation if the aid freeze continued. Oxfam policy lead Bushra Khalidi predicted "the total collapse of systems that sustain life".{{sfn|Frankel|Magdy|2025}} Lawyer and human rights activist Salah Abdel-Ati said Israel's actions were illegal under Protocol I of the Geneva Conventions, which prohibits the destruction or withholding of essentials such as food in combat zones.{{sfn|Jalal|2025}}

{{see also|Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip}}

File:Images of war 23-25 from Gaza, by Jaber Badwen, IMG 6185.jpg

Mark Levene and Elyse Semerdjian locate the mass destruction of infrastructure within Israel's Dahiya doctrine that has been implemented against Gaza since 2006, with Levene calling it urbicide and a tool of genocide.{{sfn|Levene|2024|pp=6–7}}{{sfn|Semerdjian|2024|p=2|ref=Semerdjian2024a}}

In October 2024, after monitoring and analyzing Israel's war conduct in Gaza for more than a year, Forensic Architecture published a map detailing Israel's campaign in Gaza titled "A Cartography of Genocide", accompanied by an 827-page text report that concludes that "Israel's military campaign in Gaza is organised, systematic, and intended to destroy conditions of life and life-sustaining infrastructure".{{sfn|Forensic Architecture|2024}}

In a December 2024 report, Human Rights Watch accused Israel of committing acts of genocide in Gaza by targeting water and sanitation infrastructure and depriving Palestinians of adequate access to water. The report alleges that Israel intentionally damaged and targeted solar panels powering treatment plants, a reservoir, and warehouses, while blocking repair materials and fuel for generators, cutting electricity supplies, and attacking workers.{{sfn|Berg|2024}} Over the winter, at least 15 children died of hypothermia due to Israel's destruction of housing and power facilities.{{sfn|Shurafa|Magdy|2025}}

File:Cardiff Solidarity for Palestine protest, 25 November 2023 142309 (redacted).jpg

{{main|Attacks on health facilities during the Gaza war}}

In articles published in November 2023 in The Lancet and in February 2024 in the journal BMJ Global Health, multiple doctors detailed how, in their professional opinions, the targeting of Gazan health infrastructure and medical personnel coupled with various Israeli politicians' openly genocidal rhetoric amounts to genocide.{{bulleted list|

| {{harvnb|Khwaja|Bell|Hadley|Price|2023|p=1975}}

| {{harvnb|Hanbali|Kwong|Neilson|Smith|2024|p=e014942}}

| {{harvnb|Sathar|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Sankar|2024}}

}} Legal scholars have also supported this assessment.{{sfn|Mahomed|2023|pp=77–79}}{{sfn|Sultany|2024|p=11}} Gaza's healthcare system faced several humanitarian crises as a result of Israel's assault: hospitals faced a lack of fuel{{sfn|Browne|2023}} and began shutting down by 23 October as they ran out of fuel.{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2023d}} When hospitals lost power completely, multiple premature babies in NICUs died.{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=3 premature babies die at Al-Shifa Hospital: Doctor |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/live-updates/israel-gaza-hamas/3-premature-babies-die-at-gazas-alshifa-hospital-doctor-says-104834155?id=104617602 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301023917/https://abcnews.go.com/International/live-updates/israel-gaza-hamas/3-premature-babies-die-at-gazas-alshifa-hospital-doctor-says-104834155?id=104617602 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |access-date=18 November 2023 |work=ABC News}}{{sfn|Magdy|Shurafa|Kullab|2023}}{{sfn|Soni|2023|p=80}} Israeli airstrikes have killed numerous medical staffers, and ambulances, health institutions, medical headquarters, and hospitals have been destroyed.{{bulleted list|

| {{harvnb|Romo|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Debre|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Picheta|Khadder|Rebane|Zabadne|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Baker|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Kekatos|Beaule|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Basu|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Moolla|Jacub|2024}}

| {{harvnb|Sultany|2024|p=11}}

}} {{lang|fr|Médecins Sans Frontières}} reported that scores of ambulances and medical facilities were damaged or destroyed,{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Gaza war inflicts catastrophic damage on infrastructure and economy |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-war-inflicts-catastrophic-damage-infrastructure-economy-2023-11-17/#:~:text=HOSPITALS%20AND%20SCHOOLS&text=OCHA%20said%2055%20ambulances%20in,of%20drugs%20and%20blood%20products. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20240303120357/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-war-inflicts-catastrophic-damage-infrastructure-economy-2023-11-17/#:~:text=HOSPITALS%20AND%20SCHOOLS&text=OCHA%20said%2055%20ambulances%20in,of%20drugs%20and%20blood%20products. |archive-date=3 March 2024 |access-date=18 November 2023 |work=Reuters|date=17 November 2023 }}{{sfn|Riash|Marsi|2023}} including the deaths of {{lang|fr|Médecins Sans Frontières}} staff.{{bulleted list|

| {{harvnb|Médecins Sans Frontières|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Médecins Sans Frontières|2024a}}

| {{harvnb|Médecins Sans Frontières|2024b}}

}}{{sfn|Khan|Tinua|2024}} In late October, the Gaza Health Ministry said the healthcare system had "totally collapsed".{{sfn|The Peninsula Qatar|2023}}

File:Palestine ambulance strike.png in Khan Younis, Gaza Strip, after it was heavily damaged by an Israeli military airstrike]]

In April 2024, U.N. special rapporteur on the right to health Tlaleng Mofokeng said, "The destruction of healthcare facilities continues to catapult to proportions yet to be fully quantified."

As of February 2025, at least 160 healthcare workers from Gaza were believed to be detained by Israel, with another 24 missing after being taken from hospitals in Gaza. Al-Shifa hospital director Mohammed Abu Selmia, who was detained for seven months and released without charges, detailed many of the abuses he faced and said that "no day passes without torture" in Israeli prisons.{{sfn|Kelly|Osman|Jallad|2025}}

On 13 March 2025, a UN investigation concluded that Israel had committed genocidal acts in Gaza by systematically destroying its reproductive healthcare facilities while at the same time imposing a siege preventing necessary medications for deliveries, pregnancies, and neonatal care, causing "irreversible" harm to Palestinians' reproductive prospects in Gaza. The commission also found that Israeli forces intentionally attacked and destroyed Al-Basma IVF{{efn|In vitro fertilisation}} Centre, Gaza's main in-vitro fertility clinic, which served 2,000 to 3,000 patients a month. Israel destroyed about 4,000 embryos and 1,000 specimens of sperm and unfertilised eggs in the attack.{{cite web |last1=Shubailat |first1=Nadine |last2=Alcini |first2=Camilla |title=Over 4,000 IVF embryos destroyed in 1 shelling at Gaza's largest fertility center, director says |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/4000-ivf-embryos-destroyed-1-shelling-gazas-largest/story?id=109350404 |website=abcnews.com |publisher=ABC News Network |access-date=11 May 2025}}{{cite web |last1=Salem |first1=Saleh |last2=Creidi |first2=Imad |last3=Mills |first3=Andrew |title=Gaza's IVF embryos destroyed by Israeli strike |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/5000-lives-one-shell-gazas-ivf-embryos-destroyed-by-israeli-strike-2024-04-17/ |website=reuters.com |date=17 April 2024 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=11 May 2025}} No evidence that the building was used for military purposes was found. The commission concluded that the destruction of the fertility clinic "was a measure intended to prevent births among Palestinians in Gaza, which is a genocidal act".{{#invoke:Cite|news|title="Genocidal Acts": UN Slams Israel's Attacks On Gaza Reproductive Centres |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/genocidal-acts-un-slams-israels-attacks-on-gaza-reproductive-centres-7915048 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250314093302/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/genocidal-acts-un-slams-israels-attacks-on-gaza-reproductive-centres-7915048 |archive-date=14 March 2025 |access-date=13 March 2025 |work=NDTV |language=en |agency=Agence France-Presse}}{{sfn|Le Poidevin|2025}}

In March 2025, United Nations experts reported that they had found that Israel had targeted and systematically destroyed women's health care facilities and used sexual violence as a war strategy, therefore carrying out genocidal acts against Palestinians.{{sfn|Le Poidevin|2025}}

{{See also|Gaza Strip evacuations}}File:Palestine refugees enforced to flee Hamad quarter in Khan Younis, southern Gaza Strip, after receiving an evacuation warning from Israeli army.jpg, southern Gaza Strip]]

On 6 October 2024, Israel designated all of northern Gaza as a combat zone and ordered the entire civilian population to evacuate.{{sfn|Rasgon|2024}}{{sfn|Keller-Lynn|2024}} Both Israeli military analysts and the Al-Mezan Center for Human Rights alleged that this was the first stage of the "Generals' Plan", a policy proposed by former Israeli general Giora Eiland to force Palestinians out of Gaza on pain of death.{{sfn|Monks|2024}}

Human Rights Watch reports that Israel's systematic forced displacement of Palestinians in Gaza amounts to war crimes and crimes against humanity. Since October 2023, Israel's evacuation orders have displaced 1.9 million people—nearly Gaza's entire population—through unclear, inconsistent directives, often issued amid bombings, leaving civilians with no safe routes or destinations. Humanitarian zones like al-Mawasi and Salah al-Din Road evacuation routes were repeatedly attacked, while Israel blocked humanitarian aid, leading to starvation, destroyed infrastructure, and uninhabitable conditions. Senior Israeli officials openly declared intentions to reduce Gaza's territory and push Palestinians out, reinforcing policies of ethnic cleansing and permanent displacement.{{cite web |last=Hardman |first=Nadia |date=14 November 2024 |title="Hopeless, Starving, and Besieged" |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/11/14/hopeless-starving-and-besieged/israels-forced-displacement-palestinians-gaza |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328094008/https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/11/14/hopeless-starving-and-besieged/israels-forced-displacement-palestinians-gaza |archive-date=28 March 2025}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Gritten |first=David |date=15 November 2024 |title=Gaza: HRW accuses Israel of war crime with displacements |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8ygyem84jo |access-date=25 March 2025 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323051248/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8ygyem84jo |archive-date=23 March 2025}} The UN Human Rights Office said that Israel may be causing the "destruction of the Palestinian population in Gaza's northernmost governorate through death and displacement."{{cite web |date=20 October 2024 |title=UN Human Rights Office is concerned over the potential destruction of the Palestinian population in north Gaza |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/un-human-rights-office-concerned-over-potential-destruction-palestinian-population-north-gaza |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241021081250/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/un-human-rights-office-concerned-over-potential-destruction-palestinian-population-north-gaza |archive-date=21 October 2024 |access-date=23 October 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=United Nations Human Rights Council}} South Africa and others have criticised the Gaza Strip evacuations as a key component of the genocide.{{sfn|Jamshidi|2024a|pp=14–16}}

{{main|Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip}} {{also|Attacks on schools during the Israeli invasion of Gaza}}

File:A mosque destroyed in the Jabalia area of the Gaza Strip.jpg |language=en-EN}}]]

In its investigation, Amnesty International notes that "while the destruction of historical, cultural and religious property or heritage is not considered a prohibited act under the Genocide Convention, the ICJ has established that such destruction can provide evidence of intent to physically destroy the group when carried out deliberately."{{sfn|Amnesty International report|2024|p=32}}

{{external media

| topic = External video

| title = Al Jazeera video of the 9 July 2024
Al-Awda School massacre

| video1 = [https://x.com/AJArabic/status/1810756046446547245 Video of the air strike and its aftermath taken by a spectator filming a schoolyard football game. Contains graphic images of severe injury.]{{sfn|Tondo|2024}}

|width=260px| video2 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uakDDnaO1dQ NBC News video on YouTube incorporating parts of the Al Jazeera footage and featuring comments from survivors]}}

Since 7 October 2023, the IDF has been accused of using excessive force against dozens of schools{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2024a}} and hospitals;{{cite web |date=19 October 2023 |title=Gaza: UN experts decry bombing of hospitals and schools as crimes against humanity, call for prevention of genocide |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/gaza-un-experts-decry-bombing-hospitals-and-schools-crimes-against-humanity |website=OHCHR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131100935/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/gaza-un-experts-decry-bombing-hospitals-and-schools-crimes-against-humanity |archive-date=31 January 2024}} theft;{{sfn|Kottasová|Salman|Alkhaldi|Bashir|2023}} cruel and unnecessary desecration and mutilation of deceased Palestinians;{{sfn|Salman|Khadder|2023}} and making no, or an inadequate, distinction between Hamas forces and civilians.{{bulleted list||{{cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=Damning evidence of war crimes as Israeli attacks wipe out entire families in Gaza |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/damning-evidence-of-war-crimes-as-israeli-attacks-wipe-out-entire-families-in-gaza/ |publisher=Amnesty International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105011959/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/damning-evidence-of-war-crimes-as-israeli-attacks-wipe-out-entire-families-in-gaza/ |archive-date=5 November 2023}}|{{cite web |author=B'Tselem |author-link=B'Tselem |date=6 December 2023 |title=Israel is not fighting against Hamas but against civilians, implementing a criminal policy of bombings [EN/AR/HE] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/israel-not-fighting-against-hamas-against-civilians-implementing-criminal-policy-bombings-enarhe |website=Reliefweb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312143816/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/israel-not-fighting-against-hamas-against-civilians-implementing-criminal-policy-bombings-enarhe |archive-date=12 March 2024}}|{{harvnb|Gvaryahu|2024}}|{{harvnb|Marsi|Mohamed|2024b}}|{{harvnb|Bateman|2024b}}|{{harvnb|Sultany|2024|pp=11–12}}|{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=19 June 2024 |title=Laws of war likely 'consistently violated' in Israeli strikes on Gaza: UN rights office |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/06/1151196 |work=UN News |publisher=United Nations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703075536/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/06/1151196 |archive-date=3 July 2024}}}} The targeting and destruction of a variety of cultural and educational sites have also been cited as genocidal acts, as has the use of unconventional weapons such as white phosphorus.{{efn|The use of white phosphorus against military targets located among civilians is contrary to Protocol III of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, of which Israel is not a signatory.{{sfn|Reuters|2023a}}}}{{sfn|Üngör|2024|p=8}}

On 18 April 2024, UN experts in Geneva condemned Israel for its "scholasticide" in the Gaza Strip, finding that Israel had destroyed more than 80% of schools, killed 5,000 students, 261 teachers, and dozens of university professors.{{cite web |date=18 April 2024 |title=UN experts deeply concerned over 'scholasticide' in Gaza |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/04/un-experts-deeply-concerned-over-scholasticide-gaza |website=OHCHR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512051059/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/04/un-experts-deeply-concerned-over-scholasticide-gaza |archive-date=12 May 2025 |access-date=28 February 2025 |language=en}}

Amnesty identified at least four instances in which there was "no imperative military necessity" for the deliberate destruction of Gazan cultural and religious sites.{{sfn|Amnesty International report|2024|p=216}} These were the destruction of the Al-Mughraqa campus of Al-Azhar University in Gaza City, the Al-Zahra campus of Israa University, the Al-Dhilal mosque and the adjacent Bani Suheila cemetery in Khan Younis, and the Al-Istiqlal mosque in Khan Younis.{{sfn|Amnesty International report|2024|pp=222–233}} Amnesty pointed to the attitudes and behavior of Israeli soldiers involved in the demolitions of these sites in videos posted on social media as evidence that these actions demonstrated genocidal intent. Amnesty also noted in its report the overall volume of destruction of Gazan cultural, historical and religious sites, including Gaza's central archives and a number of archaeological sites, museums, and monuments.{{sfn|Amnesty International report|2024|pp=216–219}} Amnesty was not able to verify the lawfulness of the attacks on these sites at the time of the report.{{sfn|Amnesty International report|2024|pp=217–218}}

{{main|Sexual and gender-based violence against Palestinians during the Gaza war}}

Israel has been accused of indiscriminate mass arrests and detainments{{sfn|Marsi|Mohamed|2024a}}{{cite report |url=https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g24/032/34/pdf/g2403234.pdf?token=7vgSXpmdnRsfIeetwu&fe=true |title=Written statement* submitted by Al-Haq, Law in the Service of Man, a non-governmental organisation in special consultative status |author=Al-Haq |date=27 February 2024 |publisher=United Nations}}{{Dead link|date=July 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} and has been documented making threats of mutilation,{{sfn|Berger|Harb|2024}} death, arson, and rape;{{sfn|Shawer|2024}} and torturing Palestinians detained without legal charges.{{harvnb|Masarwa|Osman|2023}}; {{harvnb|Kottasová|Salman|Alkhaldi|Bashir|2023}}; {{harvnb|Doucet|2024}}; {{harvnb|Cordall|Pedrosa|2024}}

By March 2024, it was estimated that 17,000 children were part of the category of "wounded child, no surviving family" (WCNSF), a new medical term used to describe wounded orphan children with no surviving family members.{{bulleted list|

| {{Cite news |last=Haidar |first=Dalia |date=4 December 2023 |title='Wounded child, no surviving family': The pain of Gaza's orphans |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67614139 |work=BBC News |access-date=22 July 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

| {{Cite news |last=Horn |first=Allyson |date=5 December 2023 |title=Inside Gaza's overwhelmed hospital system, doctors have coined a new term for wounded children arriving alone |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-12-06/inside-gaza-a-devastating-new-term-has-emerged-wcnsf/103161184 |access-date=22 July 2024 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

| {{Cite news |last=Ali |first=Soraya |date=20 April 2024 |title=Gaza hospitals coin WCNSF acronym: Wounded child, no surviving family |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2024-04-20/gaza-hospitals-coin-wcnsf-acronym-wounded-child-no-surviving-family.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |work=El País English |language=en-us |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

| {{Cite news |date=7 November 2023 |title=Gaza coins a new acronym: WCNSF - Wounded Child No Surviving Family |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231107-gaza-coins-a-new-acronym-wcnsf-wounded-child-no-surviving-family/ |work=Middle East Monitor |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

| {{Cite news |last=O'Reilly |first=Gem |date=17 October 2023 |title=In Gaza, wounded children with no surviving family |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67121414 |work=BBC News |access-date=22 July 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

| {{Cite web |last=Grim |first=Ryan |date=2 March 2024 |title=WCNSF: The Most Haunting Acronym the World Has Produced |url=https://theintercept.com/2024/03/02/gaza-flour-massacre-propaganda/ |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

}}

In August 2024, the UN OHCHR reported being in receipt of testimony from Palestinians imprisoned at Sde Teiman detention camp about rape and sexual assault perpetrated on detainees. The Lemkin Institute considers this and other, similar reports to be indicative of "Sexualized Violence During Genocide", or sexual violence being used to destroy a group.

As of 25 August 2024, the United Nations estimated that most of Gaza's 2.2 million people were confined to a humanitarian area of roughly {{convert|15|sqmi}}, which causes crowded conditions and a critical lack of basic services, like clean water, and diseases spreading widely across the population, such as Hepatitis C.{{sfn|Clayton|2024b}}

The number of injured since 7 October 2023 due to actions by the Israeli military is greater than 100,000,{{sfn|Khadder|Haq|2024}} and Gaza has the most child amputees per capita in the world.{{sfn|UN News|2024}}

In its December 2024 report, Amnesty wrote that the pattern of abuses inside Israeli prisons "underscores the systematic dehumanization and mental and physical abuse of Palestinians in Gaza and may also be taken into account with a view to inferring genocidal intent from pattern of conduct."{{sfn|Amnesty International report|2024|p=296}}

{{see also|Genocidal intent|Incitement to genocide}}

File:A_Palestinian_man_mourns_his_family_members_who_were_killed_in_the_Israeli_bombing_of_the_Nuseirat_refugee_camp,_Gaza_Strip.jpg]]

As part of the case Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al, Holocaust historian Barry Trachtenberg testified that there is a consensus among genocide historians that the situation in Gaza is a genocide, mainly because Israeli officials' statements make this clear. He said: "We are watching the genocide unfold as we speak. We are in this incredibly unique position where we can intervene to stop it, using the mechanisms of international law that are available to us."{{sfn|Gessen|2024}}

In an open letter published on 15 October on Opinio Juris and the website of the Third World Approaches to International Law Review, scholars wrote that Israeli officials' statements since 7 October indicate intent to commit genocide.{{harvnb|"Public Statement: Scholars Warn"|2023}} On 11 June 2024, the official Israeli X (formerly Twitter) account tweeted that "Gazan civilians participated in the horrific events of October 7", later citing a statement in a clip that "there are no innocent civilians there".{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-gaza-social-media-account-no-innocent-civilians |work=Middle East Eye |access-date=13 June 2024 |date=12 June 2024 |title='There are no innocent civilians' in Gaza, official Israel account declares |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626182543/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-gaza-social-media-account-no-innocent-civilians |archive-date=26 June 2024}}

On 7 October, Netanyahu said that Israel would "exact a huge price from the enemy" and turn Hamas hideouts "into rubble".{{#invoke:Cite|news|title='We Are at War; We Will Win' – Netanyahu: First Goal Is to Purge Israel From Enemies, Then Exact Huge Price |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-07/ty-article/.premium/israeli-prime-minister-netanyahu-we-are-at-war-we-will-win/0000018b-0978-dc5d-a39f-9f7cb7ee0000 |work=Haaretz |access-date=3 September 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231120203217/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-07/ty-article/.premium/israeli-prime-minister-netanyahu-we-are-at-war-we-will-win/0000018b-0978-dc5d-a39f-9f7cb7ee0000 |archive-date=20 November 2023}}{{#invoke:Cite|magazine|title=Israel PM Vows To Turn Gaza's Hamas Hideouts Into 'Rubble' |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/israel-pm-vows-to-turn-gaza-s-hamas-hideouts-into-rubble-6be65e2d |magazine=Barron's |agency=Agence France-Presse |access-date=3 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903203302/https://www.barrons.com/news/israel-pm-vows-to-turn-gaza-s-hamas-hideouts-into-rubble-6be65e2d |archive-date=3 September 2024}} Omer Bartov, a Holocaust and genocide professor, interprets these statements as genocidal intent.{{sfn|Bartov|2023}} In discussing genocidal actions and intent since 7 October, genocide scholar Mark Levene noted the increasing rhetoric of genocide and ethnic cleansing under the preceding Netanyahu governments.{{sfn|Levene|2024|p=5}} This was supported by Tia Goldenberg in AP News, who highlighted statements by Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich as increasingly genocidal rhetoric under Netanyahu's government.{{sfn|Goldenberg|2024a}} Israeli historian Raz Segal and legal scholar Luigi Daniele also pointed to increasing genocidal rhetoric before October 2023,{{sfn|Segal|Daniele|2024|p=2}} highlighting a May 2023 Times of Israel article that said that the only way to achieve peace is to "obliterate" Palestine and that Palestine's existence is "an affront to society, morality, humanity".{{sfn|Segal|Daniele|2024|p=1}} The article further calls for re-education of Palestinians and declares that they can enjoy rights only if they no longer exist as a nation. Segal and Daniele draw parallels between that article's rhetoric and scholarship that points to Russian media outlets' equivalent rhetoric in the Russian invasion of Ukraine as genocidal.{{sfn|Segal|Daniele|2024|p=1}} Segal and Daniele also point to previous comments by National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir, former Knesset member Ayelet Shaked, and Smotrich, who in February 2023 called for the destruction of Palestinian villages in the West Bank.{{sfn|Segal|Daniele|2024|pp=1–2}} Genocide scholar Shmuel Lederman detailed how these comments by Smotrich, alongside others denying Palestinian nationhood and calling for their destruction or removal from territory claimed by Israel, was in the forefront of political discussions by Hamas leadership in Gaza before the events of October 2023.{{sfn|Lederman|2024|pp=1–2}} News outlets at the time of Smotrich's comments also highlighted their genocidal nature.{{sfn|Mack|2023}}{{sfn|Barnett|2023}}

File:A Palestinian refugee carries his injured grandchildren from the Israeli bombing of Nuseirat Camp, Gaza Strip.jpg, Gaza Strip]]

Anatomy of a Genocide, a report{{sfn|Albanese|2024|p=2}} presented to the UNHRC on 26 March 2024 by Francesca Albanese, Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, concluded that Israel was committing acts of genocide.{{sfn|Foulkes|2024}}{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2024g}} Albanese wrote that genocidal intent can be inferred from "the totality of conduct targeting the totality of Palestinians, in the totality of the occupied Palestinian territory".{{sfn|Gurmendi Dunkelberg|2025|p=21}} Israel rejected the report.{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240326-countries-at-un-rally-behind-expert-who-accused-israel-of-genocide |title=Countries at UN rally behind expert who accused Israel of 'genocide' |date=26 March 2024 |work=France 24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327025758/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240326-countries-at-un-rally-behind-expert-who-accused-israel-of-genocide |archive-date=27 March 2024}}{{sfn|Foulkes|2024}}{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2024g}} In a second report, Genocide as colonial erasure, released on 28 October for the UNGA, the rapporteur accused Israel of "carrying out a systematic campaign of forced displacement, destruction, and genocidal acts against Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank".{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.newarab.com/news/un-rapporteur-says-israel-committing-settler-colonial-genocide |title=UN rapporteur says Israel committing 'settler-colonial genocide' |work=New Arab |date=29 October 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241102232452/https://www.newarab.com/news/un-rapporteur-says-israel-committing-settler-colonial-genocide |archive-date=2 November 2024}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2024/10/29/un-expert-says-israel-genocide-seeks-eradication-of-palestinians-from-their-land- |title=UN expert says Israel 'genocide' seeks 'eradication' of Palestinians from their land |work=Al Arabiya English |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=29 October 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241102232504/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2024/10/29/un-expert-says-israel-genocide-seeks-eradication-of-palestinians-from-their-land- |archive-date=2 November 2024}} In the ICJ's Rohingya genocide case, several states (including the UK and Germany) supported a looser standard of evidence for supporting genocidal intent than the ICJ has used in the past—which is often the most difficult part of proving genocide in a court of law. The states contended that the ICJ should "adopt a balanced approach that recognizes the special gravity of the crime of genocide, without rendering the threshold for inferring genocidal intent so difficult to meet so as to make findings of genocide near-impossible".{{sfn|Jamshidi|2024a|p=13}}

According to scholars Mark Levene and Abdelwahab El-Affendi, since 7 October 2023, a variety of official and semi-official sources and outlets have engaged in rhetoric suggestive of genocidal intent.{{sfn|El-Affendi|2024|p=6}}{{sfn|Levene|2024|pp=5–6}} Israeli human rights lawyer Michael Sfard told The New Arab that the 7 October attacks, the Gaza war hostage crisis, and Hamas's war crimes "generated rage that transformed what has been the rhetoric of marginalised groups into a flood of statements now made by politicians, journalists and celebrities,{{nbsp}}... provid[ing] a tailwind" for others to find such speech acceptable. He added, "We have become accustomed to genocidal rhetoric that comes from Hamas. The Hamas covenant has obvious severe antisemitic articles, and also some that could be interpreted as expressing desire to eliminate the Jews in Israel.{{nbsp}}... In the past, it was seen inside Israel as something that was beyond the borders of legitimacy to talk that way about Palestinians.{{nbsp}}... But October 7th broke that red line."{{sfn|Buxbaum|2023}}

On 9 October 2023, Israeli Minister of Defense Yoav Gallant said,

I have ordered a complete siege on the Gaza Strip. There will be no electricity, no food, no fuel, everything is closed. We are fighting human animals and we are acting accordingly.{{sfn|Fabian|2023}}{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2023c}}

The statement was characterised as an example of dehumanisation.{{sfn|Bartov|2023}}{{sfn|Khan|Tinua|2024}} According to Kenneth Roth, while some excuse this remark as referring only to Hamas, the context makes clear that "human animals" refers to everyone in Gaza.{{sfn|Schifrin|Sagalyn|Kopelev|Warsi|2024}} The remarks have also been connected to the Gaza famine.{{sfn|Mitrovica|2024}} On 10 October, Gallant said: "Gaza won't return to what it was before. There will be no Hamas. We will eliminate everything."{{harvnb|"Public Statement: Scholars Warn"|2023}} ("Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant declared on 9 October that 'we are fighting human animals and we act accordingly'. He subsequently announced that Israel was moving to 'a full-scale response' and that he had 'removed every restriction' on Israeli force.").{{sfn|The New York Times|2024}}{{sfn|Rosenberg|2024}}

Israeli Minister of Agriculture Avi Dichter called for the war to be "Gaza's Nakba" on Channel 12.{{sfn|Da Silva|2023}} Minister of Heritage Amihai Eliyahu called for dropping an atomic bomb on Gaza.{{sfn|Da Silva|2023}}{{sfn|Semerdjian|2024|p=5|ref=Semerdjian2024a}} Minister of Communications Shlomo Karhi advocated for the forced removal of civilians from Gaza and for Israel to settle the region, a position that other ministers such as Ben-Gvir and Bezalel Smotrich endorsed.{{sfn|Sharon|2023b}} Dov Waxman, director of UCLA's Y&S Nazarian Center for Israel Studies, said that some of the rhetoric right-wing ministers use can be seen as "potentially genocidal" in its dehumanisation of Palestinian civilians. He added that these statements can have only limited impact on Israeli policy as they were made by ministers "not in the war cabinet", but that the suggestions were still concerning.{{sfn|Da Silva|2023}}

Israeli energy minister Israel Katz said: "All the civilian population in Gaza is ordered to leave immediately. We will win. They will not receive a drop of water or a single battery until they leave the world."{{sfn|Morris|2024}}{{cite web |title=ישראל כ"ץ Israel Katz on X: "Indeed, Madam Congresswoman. We have to … |website=X |date=17 June 2024 |url=https://x.com/Israel_katz/status/1712876230762967222 |access-date=12 December 2024 |archive-date=17 June 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240617030248/https://x.com/Israel_katz/status/1712876230762967222 |url-status=live}}

On 29 April 2024, Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich said, "There are no half measures ... Rafah, Deir al-Balah, Nuseirat – total annihiliation. 'Thou shalt blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven.' There is no place for them under heaven."{{sfn|Shpigel|2024}} The Israeli newspaper Haaretz described his comments as a call to genocide.{{sfn|Haaretz|2024b}} In August, Smotrich said that "it might be justified and moral" to "starve 2 million people", lamenting that the world would not allow it.{{sfn|The Guardian Staff|2024}}{{sfn|Rosensaft|2024}} Knesset member Ofer Cassif claims the plan for genocide dates back to Smotrich's Subjugation Plan in 2017. Cassif argues that, "In the ongoing disputation as to what extent the actions of Israel constitute the crime of genocide, this plan should serve as the prime exhibit for the prosecution."{{sfn|Cassif|2025}}

President of Israel Isaac Herzog blamed the "entire nation" of Palestine for the 7 October attack.{{sfn|Burga|2023}} He added: "It is not true, this rhetoric about civilians being not aware, not involved. It is absolutely not true." Herzog later claimed that his remarks had been taken out of context, saying that he was attempting to highlight "the involvement of many residents of Gaza in the slaughter, in the looting, and in the riots of October 7" and that he accepted that there are innocent Palestinians in Gaza.{{sfn|Lis|2024}}

Deputy Speaker of the Knesset Nissim Vaturi wrote on social media that the government was allowing too much aid to enter Gaza and that the IDF should "burn Gaza now".{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/deputy-knesset-speaker-calls-for-burning-gaza/ |title=Deputy Knesset speaker calls for burning Gaza |date=17 November 2023 |newspaper=Times of Israel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203132210/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/deputy-knesset-speaker-calls-for-burning-gaza/ |archive-date=3 December 2024}} In a separate post he remarked that Israel's goal was "erasing the Gaza Strip from the face of the Earth."{{sfn|Merzougui|Rashed|2024}} When asked to clarify his statements by Kol BaRama, Vaturi reiterated that Gaza and its inhabitants must be destroyed, saying: "I don't think there are any innocent people there now... If there is an innocent person there, we will know about them. Whoever stays there should be eliminated, period."{{sfn|The Jerusalem Post|2024a}} In 2025, Vaturi called Palestinians "scoundrels" and "subhumans" and called for the adult men in Gaza to be separated from women and children and killed.{{sfn|Aladam|2025}}{{cite web |script-title=he:ח"כ ניסים ואטורי במתקפה קשה: "הם נבלות, אף אחד בעולם לא רוצה אותם" |title=ch"k nisim vatori bemitkafa ksha: "hem nivlot, af achad be'ulam le rotza otem" |trans-title=MK Nissim Vaturi launches a harsh attack: "They are scum, no one in the world wants them" |url=https://kol-barama.co.il/item/%D7%97%D7%9B-%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%95%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99-%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%94-%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%94-%D7%94%D7%9D-%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%A3/ |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=Kol BaRama |language=he-IL |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250225-065607/https://kol-barama.co.il/item/%D7%97%D7%9B-%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%95%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99-%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%94-%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%94-%D7%94%D7%9D-%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%A3/ |archive-date=25 February 2025}}

Yitzhak Kroizer, who represents the extreme-right Otzma Yehudit party in the Knesset, said in a radio interview that the "Gaza Strip should be flattened, and for all of them there is but one sentence, and that is death."{{sfn|Graham-Harrison|Kierszenbaum|2024}} Tally Gotliv of the Likud party called for the use of nuclear weapons against Gaza.{{sfn|Graham-Harrison|Kierszenbaum|2024}} Moshe Saada, also of the Likud party, approvingly quoted an acquaintance who told him that everyone in Gaza should be killed.{{sfn|Haaretz|2024a}} Ariel Kallner, MK for the Likud party, wrote on social media that there is "one goal: Nakba! A Nakba that will overshadow the Nakba of [1948]. Nakba in Gaza and Nakba to anyone who dares to join".{{sfn|Krauss|2023}}

In February 2024, May Golan, who serves as the Minister for Social Equality and Minister for Women's Empowerment, made a speech in the Knesset in which she said:

I am personally proud of the ruins of Gaza, and that every baby, even 80 years from now, will tell their grandchildren what the Jews did when they murdered their families, raped them and kidnapped their citizens! Neither a dove nor an olive leaf, only a sword—to cut off Sinwar's head!{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Israeli minister May Golan boasts she is 'proud' of Gaza's destruction |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/israeli-minister-may-golan-proud-gazas-destruction |work=The New Arab |date=22 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218155459/https://www.newarab.com/news/israeli-minister-may-golan-proud-gazas-destruction |archive-date=18 February 2025}}

In January 2025, eight members of the Knesset's Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee signed a letter to Defense Minister Israel Katz proposing that Katz order the destruction of all of Gaza's food and power supplies and "kill anyone without a white flag".{{sfn|Shpigel|2025}}{{sfn|Gjevori|2025a}} Palestinian official Rawhi Fattouh said of the letter, "The Knesset has become a den for bloodthirsty extremists...now they are astonished that Palestinians in Gaza are still alive".{{sfn|Yeni Şafak English|2025}}

In a May 2025 discussion of the Gaza humanitarian crisis, Knesset members Amit Halevi and Limor Son Har-Melech disagreed with a doctor who argued that suffering children in Gaza should receive "painkillers or minimal medical treatment". Halevi said, "When fighting a group like this, the distinctions that exist in a normal world don't exist." Son Har-Melech told the doctor, "The only treatment needed here is for you." Halevi and Son Har-Melech both also claimed that reports of starvation in Gaza were Hamas lies.{{sfn|Hasson|2025}}

File:Davidster Dick Stins The Hague.jpg) by Dick Stins, a.k.a. "the Amalek monument", is a Holocaust memorial in The Hague. The text at the side (in Dutch and Hebrew) is from Deuteronomy 25:17, 19 – "Remember what Amalek has done to you ... do not forget."{{sfn|Rosenberg|2024}}{{sfn|Dunkelgrün|2018}}]]

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's repeated invocation of Amalek during the war has been considered evidence of genocidal intent by many critics,{{harvnb|Bartov|2023}}; {{harvnb|Jones|2024}}; {{harvnb|Levene|2024|pp=4–5}}; {{harvnb|Coghill|2024}} including South Africa.{{sfn|Coghill|2024}} In a speech on 28 October 2023, Netanyahu said (in Hebrew) "You must remember what Amalek has done to you, says our Holy Bible", quoting from Deuteronomy 25:17 in the Hebrew Bible.{{sfn|Netanyahu|2023a}}{{sfn|El-Affendi|2024|p=2}}{{efn|"Remember what Amalek did unto thee by the way as ye came forth out of Egypt; how he met thee by the way, and smote the hindmost of thee, all that were enfeebled in thy rear, when thou wast faint and weary; and he feared not God. Therefore it shall be, when the Lord thy God hath given thee rest from all thine enemies round about, in the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee for an inheritance to possess it, that thou shalt blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven; thou shalt not forget." (Deuteronomy 25:17–19, Jewish Publication Society of America Version)}} The phrase "Remember what Amalek did to you"{{efn|{{langx|he|זכור את אשר עשה לך עמלק}}}} is used in Holocaust memorials, including Yad Vashem and the Hague Jewish Monument.{{sfn|Rosenberg|2024}} Netanyahu used this phrase again in a 3 November 2023 letter to soldiers.{{bulleted list|

| {{harvnb|Marin|West|2024}}

| {{harvnb|Bybelezer|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Jones|2024}}

| {{harvnb|Netanyahu|2023b}}

}}

Critics have connected Netanyahu's allusion to Amalek with 1 Samuel 15:3: "Now go and smite Amalek, and utterly destroy all that they have, and spare them not; but slay both man and woman, infant and suckling, ox and sheep, camel and ass."{{efn|The Jewish Publication Society of America Version and King James Version give an identical translation for this verse.}} Noah Lanard of Mother Jones called verses discussing Amalek among the Bible's most violent and wrote that they have a long history of being used by Jews on the far-right, such as Baruch Goldstein, to justify killing Palestinians.{{sfn|Lanard|2023}} Amalek was "the foe that God ordered the ancient Israelites to genocide",{{sfn|Narea|Samuel|2023}} and scholars have called the verse an instance of 'divinely mandated genocide'.{{sfn|McGreal|2023}}{{sfn|Coghill|2024}}{{sfn|Bartov|2023}}

Major General Ghassan Alian, Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories, said: "There will be no electricity and no water [in Gaza], there will only be destruction. You wanted hell, you will get hell."{{sfn|Buxbaum|2023}}

Former IDF Major general Giora Eiland wrote, "Gaza will become a place where no human being can exist" and "Creating a severe humanitarian crisis in Gaza is a necessary means to achieving the goal."{{sfn|Bartov|2023}} Israeli historian and Holocaust scholar Omer Bartov noted that no Israeli politician nor anyone in the IDF denounced this statement.{{sfn|Bartov|2023}}

Of Israel's bombing of Gaza, Israeli army spokesperson Daniel Hagari said, "while balancing accuracy with the scope of damage, right now we're focused on what causes maximum damage".{{sfn|McKernan|Kierszenbaum|2023}} Legal scholars interpreted this as intention to destroy Gaza.

Far-right politician and former Knesset member Moshe Feiglin said: "There is one and only solution, which is to completely destroy Gaza before invading it. I mean destruction like what happened in Dresden and Hiroshima, without nuclear weapons."{{sfn|Alam|2023}}{{sfn|Assi|2024}} Minister of Economy Nir Barkat later said, "I don't remember Britain or the United States, at the tail end of the Second World War bombing Dresden, thinking about the residents."{{sfn|Assi|2024}} Academics, non-Israeli politicians, and news organisations have also invoked the bombing of Dresden in justifying Israel's bombing of Gaza.{{harvnb|Malsin|Shah|2023}}: "The destruction resembles that left by Allied bombing of German cities during World War II. "The word 'Gaza' is going to go down in history along with Dresden and other famous cities that have been bombed," said Robert Pape, a political scientist at the University of Chicago and the author of a history of aerial bombing. "What you're seeing in Gaza is in the top 25% of the most intense punishment campaigns in history.""{{harvnb|Lazaroff|2023}}: "We have sort of forgotten that in war, very sadly people lose their lives. When Britain bombed Dresden 35,000 people lost their lives. When you have an organization like Hamas hiding and shielding itself with and under the civilian population [in Gaza] it's a sad fact that some people will lose their lives."

Israel's UK ambassador Tzipi Hotovely, a close ally of Netanyahu, was accused of inciting genocide for comments she made during a radio interview with Iain Dale. Hotovely said the IDF was targeting "every school, every mosque, every second house" to destroy the Hamas tunnel network in Gaza.{{sfn|Brawn|2024a}} Dale objected that this was an argument for destroying all of Gaza. Hotovely replied, "Do you have another solution?"{{sfn|Conley|2024b}}

Legal scholar Nimer Sultany highlights statements by various Israeli army commanders leading ground operations in northern Gaza that call for depopulation and a "scorched earth" approach.{{sfn|Sultany|2024|pp=1–2}} Soldiers have echoed such sentiments on social media.{{sfn|Sultany|2024|pp=1–2}} Historian Yoav Di-Capua also points to the increasing number of officers and soldiers who are part of Hardal,{{sfn|Di-Capua|2024|pp=13–14}} which Di-Capua identifies as following a genocidal ideology.{{sfn|Di-Capua|2024|pp=3–4}}

Former Israeli defense minister Moshe Ya'alon said, "The path we are currently being led down involves conquering, annexing, and ethnic cleansing."{{sfn|The Jerusalem Post|2024c}}

Speaking with the Austrian Jewish community in March 2025, Israeli ambassador to Austria David Roet suggested that Palestinian children "holding a gun" in Gaza should be executed, but gave no evidence this had occurred, and dismissed concerns over civilian casualties in Gaza.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Gjevori |first=Elis |date=23 March 2025 |title=Israeli envoy to Austria suggests executing Gaza children in secret recording |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israeli-envoy-austria-suggests-executing-minors-gaza-secret-recording |work=Middle East Eye |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328205723/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israeli-envoy-austria-suggests-executing-minors-gaza-secret-recording |archive-date=28 March 2025}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Eichner |first=Itamar |date=23 March 2025 |title=Isarel's Austria envoy says Gaza armed teens should face death sentence |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/syweq110hje# |work=Ynet News |access-date=23 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324150500/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/syweq110hje |archive-date=24 March 2025}}

Amit Halevi, a Knesset member from the Likud party, said that he wants to "cleanse Gaza of the enemy" before they can launch another attack. In March 2025, he said on Radio 103fm, "We want to occupy the territory to cleanse it of the enemy; otherwise, it will kill your children and kidnap your grandchildren again."{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=30 March 2025 |title=Israel wants to occupy and 'cleanse' Gaza, Likud lawmaker says |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-848138 |work=The Jerusalem Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401171421/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-848138 |archive-date=1 April 2025}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=31 March 2025 |title=Israeli MP says he wants to 'cleanse' Gaza of Palestinians |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israeli-mp-says-they-want-cleanse-gaza-strip-palestinians |work=Middle East Eye |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401052340/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israeli-mp-says-they-want-cleanse-gaza-strip-palestinians |archive-date=1 April 2025}}

Maryam Jamshidi, a professor at University of Colorado Law School, cites Israel's stated goal to "destroy Hamas including both the extermination of its political and administrative leadership and the annihilation of its civilian police force and military wing", and its actual targeting of the "intellectual, cultural, and religious leadership of Gaza". Citing previous arguments made relating to the Bosnian genocide, she writes that genocidal intent can be proven "through evidence that the protected group's civilian leadership, as well as its military and law enforcement, have been targeted for elimination" when this renders the rest of the group more vulnerable to various illegal abuses such as forced migration. Targeting civilian organisations controlled by Hamas is illegal under international law.{{sfn|Jamshidi|2024b}}

Elsewhere, Jamshidi argues that "the long-standing pattern of Israeli conduct towards Palestinians generally and in Gaza"—such as the blockade of Gaza, and destruction of civilian infrastructure during previous wars—high number of civilian deaths during the war, "mass forced displacement and ethnic cleansing" under the guise of humanitarian safe zones, "IDF practices that undercut Israel's claim that its 'war' is only against Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups rather than against Palestinian civilians", the abundance of atrocities recorded by smartphones and published by media, and UN expert reports supporting a finding of genocide increase the likelihood that the ICJ will rule in South Africa's favor.{{sfn|Jamshidi|2024a|p=10}}

In an article for the blog of the European Journal of International Law, John B. Quigley, a professor of law, argued that the conditions of life the war has inflicted on Gaza could be used as proof of genocidal intent in the absence of direct evidence, as they are so destructive that Israel should have known they would result in the extermination of Palestinians in Gaza.{{sfn|Quigley|2024a}}

{{see also|Palestinian genocide accusation#Academic discourse|Palestinian genocide accusation#Legal discourse{{!}}§{{nbsp}}Legal discourse}}

In late 2023, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation reported that "A growing number of academics, legal scholars and governments are accusing the Israeli government of carrying out a genocide against Palestinians in Gaza."{{sfn|Komnenic|2023}} Human rights lawyer Susan Akram, commenting on a May 2024 report by the University Network for Human Rights and on the resistance to labelling Israel's actions as genocide, said, "The opposition is political, as there is consensus amongst the international human rights legal community, many other legal and political experts, including many Holocaust scholars, that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza".{{harvnb|Bouranova|2024}}: "The opposition is political, as there is consensus amongst the international human rights legal community, many other legal and political experts, including many Holocaust scholars, that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza."

While Israel and its supporters, including the U.S., deny the accusation, "a growing list of genocide scholars and international law experts" use the word genocide to describe Israeli actions.{{sfn|Mohyeldin|2024}} A December 2024 Amnesty International report "adds an influential voice to a growing list of players that have accused Israel of committing genocide",{{sfn|Magdy|2024}} reflecting how "human rights groups and international lawyers increasingly believe its actions in Gaza constitute genocide under the narrowed definition adopted in 1948"{{sfn|Lanard|2024}} Law professor Adil Ahmad Haque has said that the report describes serious violations of international humanitarian law, that Amnesty "correctly applies existing law", and that "Amnesty's legal conclusions can only be fully assessed in light of its extensive factual findings, which readers should carefully examine for themselves".{{sfn|Haque|2024b}} Following the Amnesty report, Human Rights Watch became "the latest among a growing number of critics to accuse Israel of genocidal acts" in Gaza, but it did not say definitively whether the intent required for the crime of genocide existed.{{sfn|Geller|2024}}

File:TAG 1- Internationale Konferenz BEYOND 1.36.58.jpg, a leading Israeli Holocaust and genocide scholar who has written extensively about Israel's actions in Gaza]]

The opinions expressed in late 2023 of scholars of Holocaust and genocide studies (HGS) varied.{{sfn|McDoom|2024|pp=2–3}} In late 2024, The Guardian reported a continuing split in the field, with "many keeping to the sidelines".{{sfn|Speri|2024}} Raz Segal, who called Israeli acts a "textbook case of genocide" early on, said the war "exacerbated the fundamental fissure that has long divided the community".{{sfn|Speri|2024}}{{sfn|Segal|2023a}}{{sfn|Burga|2023}}

Other academics also called Israel's attacks on infrastructure, food, and water genocidal.{{bulleted list|

| {{harvnb|Semerdjian|2024|p=3|ref=Semerdjian2024a}}

| {{harvnb|Samudzi|2024|pp=6–7}}

| {{harvnb|Stacey|2023}}

}}{{sfn|Zarni|2023}} On 19 October 2023, 100 civil society organisations and six genocide scholars sent Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court Karim Khan a letter calling on him to issue arrest warrants to Israeli officials for cases already before the prosecutor; to investigate new crimes committed since 7 October in the Palestinian territories, including incitement to genocide; to issue a preventative statement against war crimes; and to remind all states of their obligations under international law. The letter said that Israeli officials' statements had shown "clear intent to commit war crimes, crimes against humanity and incitement to commit genocide, using dehumanizing language to describe Palestinians". The genocide scholars who signed the document were Raz Segal, Barry Trachtenberg, Robert McNeil, Damien Short, Taner Akçam, and Victoria Sanford.{{bulleted list|

| {{harvnb|Wafa|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Al-Haq et al.|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Addameer|2023}}

}} In October 2024, Segal, Adam Jones, Ernesto Verdeja, and Michael Becker said there was evidence of genocide in Gaza, while Dov Waxman said there was not enough evidence of an "intent to destroy", though the Vox Media journalist who interviewed him noted that he was the only scholar who still held this opinion.{{efn|"Of the scholars we cited in our previous story, he [Waxman] was the only one who responded to my request for new comment who still did not think Israel's actions qualify as genocide."{{sfn|Narea|2024}}}}{{sfn|Narea|2024}}

In a 3 November 2023 interview on MSNBC, Holocaust and genocide scholar Omer Bartov said, "the possibility of genocide is staring us in the face",{{sfn|Segal|Daniele|2024|p=6}} and on 10 November 2023, he wrote: "My greatest concern watching the Israel-Gaza war unfold is that there is genocidal intent, which can easily tip into genocidal action."{{sfn|Bartov|2023}} In a response to Bartov's article, a group of five Holocaust scholars, while acknowledging Israeli officials' "despicable statements that cannot be ignored",{{sfn|Friling|Jockusch|Steir-Livny|Patt|2023}} said that only a few officials made such statements and justified them by pointing to Hamas's crimes.{{sfn|Segal|Daniele|2024|p=7}} The five scholars argued that the dehumanising language was "not evidence of genocidal intent".{{sfn|Segal|Daniele|2024|p=7}} Bartov later said that as of May 2024 it was "no longer possible to deny that Israel was engaged in systematic war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocidal actions", while noting that very few people in Israel (apart from Palestinians) were willing to entertain this view.{{sfn|Bartov|2024}} In November 2024, Bartov called recent operations in Jabalia "blatantly genocidal".{{sfn|Mahdawi|2024}}

Sociologist and genocide scholar Martin Shaw argues that the term "genocide" is underused, as states wish "to avoid the responsibilities to 'prevent and punish'" the convention imposes; moreover, he argues, there is "a special aversion to investigating its implications for Israel's conduct. Western states continue to protect it out of a misplaced belief that Jews, having been prime historical victims of genocide, cannot also be its perpetrators."{{sfn|Shaw|2023}}{{sfn|Moses|2023b}} In January 2024, Shaw's article "Inescapably Genocidal", published in the Journal of Genocide Research, noted that while the application of the framework of genocide to Palestine had, in the words of one commentator, "habitually evoked fanatical pushback", the nature of Israel's assault on Gaza "represented a strategic choice" rather than an inadvertent consequence, and thus calling it genocide was both warranted and inescapable.{{sfn|Shaw|2024|pp=3, 5}}{{sfn|El-Affendi|2024|pp=5–6}}{{sfn|El-Affendi|2024b}}

Victoria Sanford, a professor at City University of New York, compared the events in Gaza to the 1960–1996 killing and disappearance of 200,000 Maya in Guatemala, known as the Guatemalan genocide.{{sfn|Burga|2023}} Sanford and the Holocaust and genocide scholars Barry Trachtenberg and John Cox detailed the similarities between statements Israeli government officials and ministers made and those made during the genocides in Guatemala, Rwanda, Bosnia, Darfur, northern Iraq, and Myanmar.{{sfn|Segal|Daniele|2024|p=6}}

Shmuel Lederman has called Israel's actions genocidal violence, but does not use the term "genocide", critiquing the simplification of intent in the term. He locates the situation in Gaza within a long and ongoing history of oppression, including mass surveillance, collective punishment, restrictions on travel and work, and settler-colonialism.{{sfn|Lederman|2024|pp=1–2, 5}} He cites sociologist Eva Illouz's discussions of Gaza and human rights attorney Rabea Eghbariah's determination that Israel is conducting a genocide to highlight that even specialists using the same frame of analysis (the U.N. genocide convention) can disagree.{{sfn|Lederman|2024|p=4}} Lederman has been criticised for not citing specialist genocide scholars' analysis of whether there is disagreement about whether Israel is conducting a genocide.{{sfn|Segal|Daniele|2024|p=8}}

The anthropologist and sociologist Didier Fassin highlights three rhetorical formations that he identifies as repeatedly occurring: presenting 7 October 2023 as the beginning of events, ignoring any history before that;{{sfn|Fassin|2024|p=4}} hyperbolic claims, such as calling the events of 7 October "a new Holocaust";{{sfn|Fassin|2024|pp=4–5}} and distortion, where actions taken in Gaza are disputed and the statement that Israel has "the most moral army in the world" is frequently repeated.{{sfn|Fassin|2024|p=5}} Holocaust historian {{ill|Tal Bruttmann|fr}},{{sfn|Bou|2024}} sociologist Luc Boltanski, and others have criticised Fassin's arguments.{{sfn|Karsenti|Ehrenfreund|Christ|Heurtin|2023}}

Holocaust historian Amos Goldberg has said that Israel's actions in Gaza exhibit all the elements of genocide, citing explicit intent from high-ranking officials, widespread incitement, and a pervasive dehumanisation of Palestinians in Israeli society. He also said, "Yes, it is genocide" of Israel's actions in Gaza.{{sfn|Feroz|2024}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|title='Yes, it is genocide' in Gaza says Israeli professor of Holocaust studies |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240430-yes-it-is-genocide-in-gaza-says-israeli-professor-of-holocaust-studies/ |work=Middle East Monitor |access-date=3 August 2024 |date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430142313/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240430-yes-it-is-genocide-in-gaza-says-israeli-professor-of-holocaust-studies/ |archive-date=30 April 2024}} In an interview, Goldberg said, "What is happening in Gaza is a genocide because Gaza does not exist anymore."{{sfn|Le Bars|2024}} His colleague Daniel Blatman agreed.{{sfn|Goldberg|Blatman|2025a}}{{sfn|Goldberg|Blatman|2025b}}

Genocide scholar Mark Levene applied A. Dirk Moses's analysis that "absolute securitization lends itself to collective targeting of human groups, more precisely civilians, regardless of issues of ethnos or genos".{{sfn|Levene|2024|p=2}} In January 2024, Levene detailed how Israel's actions are ethnic cleansing at the very least, in line with the Israeli intelligence ministry's policy paper for a forcible and permanent transfer of all Gazans, supported by Netanyahu's government.{{sfn|Levene|2024|p=5}} Levene also argues that Israel's actions and its politicians' and officials' statements show that it is engaging in genocide.{{sfn|Levene|2024|pp=5–7}} Historian Donald Bloxham writes that he is uninterested in the debate as "it makes no moral difference", "though much of what has transpired is eminently consistent with genocide".{{sfn|Bloxham|2025|pp=3–4, 15–16}}

Holocaust historians Norman J. W. Goda and Jeffrey Herf reject claims that Israel is perpetrating a genocide and consider them a tactic to delegitimise Israel as a state.{{sfn|Klein|2025|p=20}} Goda claims that the charge of genocide against Israel is laden with antisemitic tropes, calling it the "The Genocide Libel".{{sfn|Goda|2025}}

In March 2024, the Middle East Studies Association released a statement condemning the "accelerating scale of genocidal violence being inflicted on the Palestinian population of Gaza" while also saying that Israel's conduct constitutes cultural genocide.{{sfn|Motamedi|Siddiqui|2024b}}

A 23 May to 6 June 2024 Brookings Institution survey asked 758 Middle East scholars and experts, most in the U.S.: "How would you define Israel's current military actions in Gaza?" The responses were: "major war crimes akin to genocide", 41%; "genocide", 34%; "major war crimes but not akin to genocide", 16%; "unjustified actions but not major war crimes", 4%; "justified actions under the right to self-defense", 4%; and "I don't know", 2%.{{sfn|Lynch|Telhami|2024}}{{cite web |author= |title=2021 Middle East Scholar Barometer #7 (May 23 – June 6, 2024) |url=https://criticalissues.umd.edu/middle-east-scholar-barometer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626215735/https://criticalissues.umd.edu/middle-east-scholar-barometer |archive-date=26 June 2024 |access-date=29 June 2024 |publisher=University of Maryland}}

The sociologist and genocide scholar Uğur Ümit Üngör views the 2023 Israeli assault on Gaza as continuation of a history of "asymmetrical power relations, and annihilatory attitudes towards civilians".{{sfn|Üngör|2024|p=6}} He calls Israeli actions "unmistakably counter-genocidal in terms of the quantity, quality, and dynamic of mass violence".{{sfn|Üngör|2024|p=7}} Norman Finkelstein has argued that Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's description of the Palestinians as "Amalek" was a call for genocide;{{sfn|Hains|2023}} he accused Israel of engaging in "genocidal war".{{sfn|GV Wire|2023}}

British-Israeli historian Ilan Pappé said, "What we see now are massacres which are part of the genocidal impulse, namely to kill people in order to downsize the number of people living in Gaza."{{sfn|Adler|Quillen|2024}} Historian Yoav Di-Capua charted a history of increasing genocidal ideology among Hardal, identifying Smotrich and Ben-Gvir as politicians who seek the adoption of this ideology as national policy and are using the Gaza war to implement their plan.{{sfn|Di-Capua|2024|pp=5, 12–13}}

Israeli historian Benny Morris contended that Israel was not committing genocide:{{sfn|Morris|2025}}

{{Quote|Israel is not committing genocide in Gaza. The prosecutor in The Hague and all the learned professors, from Omer Bartov on down, who talk about a genocide, are wrong. The government has no policy of genocide, there is no decision by Israeli leaders to commit genocide, there is no deliberate intention to wipe out the Palestinians, and there are no orders coming from the government to the army or from the army chiefs to the operative ranks to murder "the Palestinians." Many of them have been killed, but this is no policy.}}

But Morris added that given the dehumanisation of Palestinians by the Israeli civilian populace and dehumanisation of Israelis by Palestinians, genocide against Palestinians was possible in the future unless certain steps were taken.{{sfn|Morris|2025}}

File:Gaza death graph.png

In November 2023, international law scholar David Crane argued that Netanyahu had not expressly stated an intent to destroy Palestinians in whole or in part, and without this, it could not be considered a genocide.{{sfn|Fadel|2023}}

In December 2023, Luis Moreno Ocampo, former chief prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, told Al Jazeera that the siege of Gaza was a form of genocide due to Israel's imposing conditions of life on Gaza that would lead to the deaths of Palestinians.{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2023h}} In January 2024, a number of prominent Israelis, represented by human rights lawyer Michael Sfard, sent Israel's attorney general and state prosecutor an open letter detailing examples of "the discourse of annihilation, expulsion and revenge".{{sfn|Graham-Harrison|Kierszenbaum|2024}} The signatories said that the Israeli judiciary was ignoring incitement to genocide in Gaza.{{sfn|Graham-Harrison|Kierszenbaum|2024}}

William Schabas, an expert in international criminal law,{{sfn|Currie|2010}} wrote in January 2024: "To me it is increasingly clear that Israel is not aiming to defeat Hamas, but rather to uproot or erase the population of Gaza."{{sfn|Sansour|2024}} In June 2024, Schabas said that of all recent genocide cases at the International Court of Justice, the case brought by South Africa was the strongest, citing the destruction of Gazan infrastructure and statements made by Israeli politicians that Gazans are inhuman or "human animals" and that Israel would deny them electricity, water, and medical care.{{sfn|CBC|2024}}{{sfn|Marin|2024}} In a May 2024 interview, Human Rights Watch co-founder Aryeh Neier detailed how Israel's blocking of aid and the subsequent starvation of Gaza's population is indicative of genocide.{{sfn|Zakaria|2024}} Barry Trachtenberg, a professor at Wake Forest University, said, "What Israel has been doing since October 7 is clearly in strong violation of international law—of the Conventions on Genocide, and Geneva Conventions on the pursuit of war."{{sfn|Siddiqui|Stepansky|2024}} A June 2024 joint report by the University Network for Human Rights and Boston University School of Law found that "Israel has committed genocidal acts, namely killing, seriously harming, and inflicting conditions of life calculated, and intended to, bring about the physical destruction of Palestinians in Gaza."

In May 2024, the legal scholar Nimer Sultany detailed and supported Forensic Architecture's assessment that Israel had weaponised international humanitarian law into "humanitarian violence".{{sfn|Sultany|2024|pp=10–11}} This was further supported in July by professor of international humanitarian law Neve Gordon and anthropologist Nicola Perugini, who argued that Israel used "the law itself as a tool legitimizing genocide".{{sfn|Perugini|Gordon|2024}} Luigi Daniele, an International Humanitarian Law lecturer at Nottingham Law School, noted a link between the IDF's justification for its conduct in Gaza and the Rapid Support Forces rationale in the Sudanese civil war, saying, "The fact that the claims made by the RSF in Sudan resemble the claims Israel is making in Gaza … reveals the emergence of a template to commit mass extermination and even genocide".{{sfn|Nashed|2025}}

In April 2024, the German legal scholar Stefan Talmon told {{lang|de|Süddeutsche Zeitung}} that Israel was not committing genocide in Gaza, but conceded that Israel had committed war crimes.{{sfn|Steinke|2024}} International law professor Sabine Swoboda also argued that although Israel may have broken international law, it had not committed genocide because its intent was not genocidal.{{sfn|Ruhr-Universität Bochum|2024}} In January 2024, Israeli lawyer Eugene Kontorovich called the genocide allegations "absolutely absurd" and a "farce", and called for Israel to immediately end its acceptance of the ICJ's jurisdiction in response to South Africa's case.{{sfn|Kontorovich|2024}} In an August 2024 op-ed in the New York Daily News, lawyer Eli Rosenbaum wrote that Israel's actions in Gaza are not genocidal but in fact seeking to "prevent genocide" by Hamas.{{sfn|Rosenbaum|2024}}

In December 2023, Kai Ambos, a professor of international and criminal law in Göttingen and judge at the Kosovo Special Tribunal, warned that statements by politicians, while potentially beneficial for proving specific intent, could not necessarily be applied to the evaluation of military decisions.{{sfn|Ambos|2023}} In January 2024, {{ill|Christian Walter|de|Christian Walter (Jurist)}}, a professor of Public Law and Public International Law at the LMU, argued in the Verfassungsblog that the extent of harm to both civilians and infrastructure were inconclusive, and that attempts to evacuate civilians were an indication against genocidal intent.{{sfn|Walter|2024}}

Marco Sassoli and {{ill|Oliver Diggelmann|de|Oliver Diggelmann}}, professors of international law in Gevena and Zurich, argued in May 2024 that while some statements by politicians may be genocidal, the same did not apply to the actions of the Israeli military; Diggelmann believes a conviction for genocide is unlikely.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=20 May 2024 |title=Proteste an Schweizer Unis - Vorwürfe gegen Israel: Das steckt hinter Pro-Palästina-Parolen |trans-title=Protests at Swiss Universities - Accusations against Israel: This is what lies behind pro-Palestine slogans |url=https://www.srf.ch/news/international/proteste-an-schweizer-unis-vorwuerfe-gegen-israel-das-steckt-hinter-pro-palaestina-parolen |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen |language=de-CH |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228083128/https://www.srf.ch/news/international/proteste-an-schweizer-unis-vorwuerfe-gegen-israel-das-steckt-hinter-pro-palaestina-parolen |archive-date=28 December 2024}} {{ill|Andreas Th. Müller|lt=Andreas Müller|de|Andreas Th. Müller}}, a professor of international law in Basel, said that the term "genocide" was being used as a criticism instead of according to its legal definition, adding, "there was no sufficient ground of genocide if one takes the legal term seriously".{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Stula |first=Bojan |date=16 May 2024 |title=Was ist dran am Genozid-Vorwurf gegen Israel? Die Definition ist eindeutig |trans-title=Is Israel now committing genocide or not? This is what the fact check says |url=https://www.watson.ch/international/analyse/261386012-betreibt-israel-in-gaza-genozid-das-sagt-der-faktencheck |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=Watson |language=de-CH |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220115441/https://www.watson.ch/international/analyse/261386012-betreibt-israel-in-gaza-genozid-das-sagt-der-faktencheck |archive-date=20 February 2025}} {{ill|Daniel-Erasmus Khan|de|Daniel-Erasmus Khan}}, professor of international law at the University of the Bundeswehr in Munich, said in June that there was no clear evidence of a special intent among Israeli leadership.{{sfn|Henrich|2024}}

In an October 2024 speech at the London School of Economics, professor of human rights law Conor Gearty called Israel genocidal, pointing to the continued attacks on schools and hospitals and the lack of internal investigations by Israeli authorities into potential crimes.{{sfn|Gearty|2024}} In April 2025, human rights barrister Michael Mansfield said there was "no question" that genocide was occurring in Gaza.{{sfn|Safdar|2025}}

Some scholars, particularly those associated with Third World approaches to international law (TWAIL), have argued that the international community's failure to treat Israel's actions in Gaza as a genocide and respond accordingly has harmed the principles of the international order and international law itself, and exposed the deficiencies of international governance.{{sfn|Baars|2024}}{{sfn|Barreto|2024}}{{sfn|Englert|Bhattacharyya|2024|p=}}

José Manuel Barreto argues that "the Palestinian genocide has unveiled the deep colonial structure of the international legal order" and identifies events in Gaza with the history of genocides in the colonized world, which he says the Westphalian liberal international order has historically failed to prevent.{{sfn|Barreto|2024}}

On 13 November 2023, the German philosopher and social theorist Jürgen Habermas and three of his colleagues at Goethe University Frankfurt published a statement in which they said that attributing genocidal intent to Israel's actions in Gaza was a misjudgment,{{sfn|Ivison|2024}} triggering public debate in Germany.{{sfn|Oltermann|2023}} Also in November 2023, historian Verena Buser argued that "The IDF is building corridors for the civilian population and allowing aid supplies into Gaza. This is not genocide."{{sfn|Buser|2023}}

In December, in correspondence published in The Lancet, multiple specialists in international medicine and humanitarian aid reiterated warnings of the risk of genocide, while detailing how Israel's blocking of humanitarian support and aid were leading to unnecessary deaths, and how the death rate would only continue to worsen. They called signatories to the Genocide Convention to enforce a ceasefire on Israel.{{sfn|Faddoul|Shannon|Asghar|Boukari|2023|pp=25–26}} Nimer Sultany argues that, by mid-2024, a growing consensus among legal scholars suggested that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza.{{sfn|Sultany|2024|p=4}} Multiple public declarations from various journals and academic organisations have been released warning of a potential genocide and declaring opposition to an ongoing genocide.{{bulleted list|

| {{harvnb|Segal|Daniele|2024|pp=5–6}}

| {{harvnb|Narea|Samuel|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Johnson|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Segal|2023b}}

| {{harvnb|Middle East Studies Association|2024}}

}}{{sfn|International State Crime Initiative|2023}}

Others, such as the historians Michael Berenbaum and Polly Zavadivker, claim that discussing the Israeli assault on Gaza as a potential genocide is a threat to the future successful prosecution of the crime of genocide and a threat to Holocaust and genocide studies as a field,{{harvnb|Preston|2023}}: "threaten future attempts to identify, prevent, and prosecute that crime. It is equally damaging to the legitimacy of Holocaust and Genocide Studies as a field when such false claims are presented in the guise of scholarly expertise." and that describing the assault as "engaged in ethnic cleansing, war crimes, crimes against humanity or has genocidal intentions" actively inhibits the ability to resolve the conflict.{{sfn|Friling|Jockusch|Steir-Livny|Patt|2023}} In an interview with the editor-in-chief of Jewish Currents on her decision to publish Raz Segal's work, the New Left Review opined that disagreement over use of the term "genocide" stemmed partly from tensions between the goals of being "emotionally powerful" and "analytically precise".{{sfn|Angel|2024}}

According to intellectual and Holocaust historian Enzo Traverso, the Genocide Convention's definition of genocide "describes exactly what is happening in Gaza today".{{sfn|Traverso|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7-8PEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 8]}} Holocaust historian Tal Bruttmann has criticised Traverso's analysis saying he lacks expertise on the subject.{{sfn|Bou|2024}}

In January 2024, American political scientist and international relations scholar John Mearsheimer wrote that, while he had believed during the first two months of the war that Israel was "guilty of serious war crimes", once the 2023 Gaza war ceasefire ended, it "became clear" to him "that Israeli leaders were in fact seeking to physically destroy a substantial portion of Gaza’s Palestinian population".{{cite web |last=Mearsheimer |first=John J. |date=2024-01-04 |title=Genocide in Gaza |url=https://mearsheimer.substack.com/p/genocide-in-gaza |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=John’s Substack}}

{{main|South Africa's genocide case against Israel}}

File:International_stances_on_South_Africa_v._Israel_lawsuit.svg

South Africa has instituted proceedings at the International Court of Justice pursuant to the Genocide Convention, to which both Israel and South Africa are signatories, accusing Israel of committing genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity against Palestinians in Gaza.{{sfn|Chao-Fong|Belam|Ahmad|2023}}[https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20231228-app-01-00-en.pdf Application Instituting Proceedings] (PDF), Application of Convention on Prevention and Punishment of Crime of Genocide (S. Afr. v. Isr.), No. 192 (ICJ 29 December 2023), [https://web.archive.org/web/20240105144115/https://www.icj-cij.org/index.php/node/203394 archived] from the original on 5 January 2024.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=29 December 2023 |title=South Africa launches case at top UN court accusing Israel of genocide in Gaza |url=https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-israel-un-court-palestinians-genocide-ffe672c4eb3e14a30128542eaa537b21 |access-date=3 January 2024 |work=Associated Press |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122062939/https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-israel-un-court-palestinians-genocide-ffe672c4eb3e14a30128542eaa537b21 |archive-date=22 January 2024}} South African president Cyril Ramaphosa compared Israel's actions to apartheid.{{sfn|Carl|2023}} South Africa's application was brought pursuant to Article IX of the convention. Several human rights organisations, international organisations, and other nations supported South Africa's suit.{{bulleted list|

| {{harvnb|Roelf|Sterling|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Rifai|2024}}

| {{harvnb|Conley|2024a}}

| {{harvnb|Jimoh|2024}}

| {{harvnb|The Palestine Chronicle|2024a}}

| {{harvnb|Shamim|2024}}

}}{{cite web |title=We Support South Africa's Genocide Convention Case Against Israel |publisher=Progressive International |date=8 January 2024 |url=https://progressive.international/wire/2024-01-08-we-support-south-africas-genocide-convention-case-against-israel/en/ |access-date=8 January 2024 |archive-date=8 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108224921/https://progressive.international/wire/2024-01-08-we-support-south-africas-genocide-convention-case-against-israel/en/ |url-status=live}}

In an application filed on 29 December 2023, South Africa argued that Israel's actions "are genocidal in character because they are intended to bring about the destruction of a substantial part of the Palestinian national, racial and ethnical group".{{sfn|Corder|2024}} South Africa requested that the ICJ issue a legal order on an interim basis (i.e., before hearing the merits of the application) requiring Israel to "immediately suspend its military operations in and against Gaza".{{sfn|Corder|2024}} Adjudication of the merits of the case may take years, but such an order could be issued within weeks. In a statement to the ICJ during the proceedings, the South African ambassador to the Netherlands argued that the current assault on Gaza is not an individual event but the escalation of "Israel's 25-year apartheid, 56-year occupation, and 16-year siege imposed on the Gaza Strip".{{sfn|Tanielian|2024|p=2}}

Balkees Jarrah, associate international justice director at Human Rights Watch, notes that the ICJ case is not a prosecution of individuals, and does not involve the International Criminal Court, which is a separate body.{{sfn|Human Rights Watch|2024a}} Jarrah said that the case presents an opportunity to "provide clear, definitive answers on the question of whether Israel is committing genocide against the Palestinian people".

On 26 January 2024, the ICJ issued a preliminary ruling finding that the rights asserted in South Africa's filing were "plausible", and issued an order to Israel requiring it to take all measures in its power to prevent acts of genocide, to prevent and punish incitement to genocide, and to allow basic humanitarian services into Gaza.Order, S. Afr., No. 192 (ICJ 26 January 2024).

On 6 March 2024, South Africa asked the ICJ to order additional measures against Israel because Gazans are facing mass starvation.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=6 March 2024 |title=South Africa asks World Court for more measures against Israel |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-asks-world-court-more-measures-against-israel-2024-03-06/ |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240306223624/https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-asks-world-court-more-measures-against-israel-2024-03-06/ |archive-date=6 March 2024}} In May, the court issued what some experts considered to be an ambiguous order but which was widely understood as requiring Israel to immediately halt its offensive in Rafah.{{bulleted list|

| {{harvnb|Taub|2024}}

| {{harvnb|Wintour|2024}}: "a directive widely seen to have instructed Israel to completely stop its military offensive"

| {{harvnb|Clayton|2024a}}: "It was widely viewed as an unambiguous statement: The top United Nations court ordered Israel to immediately halt its military assault on Rafah — a dramatic intervention that left the nation and its chief ally, the U.S., increasingly isolated on the world stage."

| {{harvnb|Haque|2024a}}

}} Israel rejected this interpretation and continued with its offensive operations.{{sfn|Casciani|2024b}}

Israeli government spokesman Eylon Levy rejected the allegations "with disgust" and accused South Africa of cooperating with Hamas,{{sfn|Chao-Fong|Belam|Ahmad|2023}} calling South Africa's claims "blood libel"{{sfn|The Herald|2024}} that abets "the modern heirs of the Nazis".{{sfn|Lazaroff|2024a}} On 2 January 2024, Israel decided to appear before the ICJ in response to South Africa's case, despite a history of ignoring international tribunals.{{sfn|Corder|2024}} On 13 January, Netanyahu said, "No one will stop us. Not The Hague, not the Axis of Evil, no one."{{sfn|Al-Mughrabi|2024}} Israeli officials called the court antisemitic.{{sfn|McKernan|2024}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|title='Not only false, it's outrageous': Netanyahu rejects Gaza genocide charges |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/video/netanyahu-rejects-outrageous-icj-charges-of-gaza-genocide-203021381942 |work=NBC News |date=26 January 2024 |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130123637/https://www.nbcnews.com/video/netanyahu-rejects-outrageous-icj-charges-of-gaza-genocide-203021381942 |archive-date=30 January 2024}} Israel's position is that "while unfortunate, the mass killing of thousands of Palestinian civilians is necessary, unavoidable, and justifiable self-defense."{{sfn|McDoom|2024|pp=5–6}} South Africa's actions found support from some Israeli politicians, including Ofer Cassif.{{#invoke:Cite|news|author=Jerusalem Post Staff |title=MK Ofer Cassif joins lawsuit against Israel in the ICJ |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-781194 |access-date=8 January 2024 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108060131/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-781194 |archive-date=8 January 2024}}

{{main|International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Israeli leaders}}

On 20 May 2024, Khan applied for arrest warrants against Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu and Minister of Defence Yoav Gallant, saying he had reasonable grounds to believe they bore criminal responsibility for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in the Gaza strip from at least 8 October 2023.{{cite press release |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-kc-applications-arrest-warrants-situation-state |title=Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A.A. Khan KC: Applications for arrest warrants in the situation in the State of Palestine |publisher=International Criminal Court |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620045322/https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-kc-applications-arrest-warrants-situation-state |archive-date=20 June 2024}} The list of crimes did not include genocide, which is legally distinct from extermination.{{sfn|Luban|2024}} The arrest warrants against Netanyahu and Gallant were issued on 21 November 2024.{{sfn|El Abdallah|2024}}

As part of a December 2024 report accusing Israel of genocide, Amnesty International called on the ICC "to urgently consider the commission of the crime of genocide by Israeli officials since 7 October 2023 in the ongoing investigation into the situation in the State of Palestine".{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/12/amnesty-international-concludes-israel-is-committing-genocide-against-palestinians-in-gaza/ |title=Amnesty International concludes Israel is committing genocide against Palestinians in Gaza |date=5 December 2024 |website=Amnesty International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119110531/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/12/amnesty-international-concludes-israel-is-committing-genocide-against-palestinians-in-gaza/ |archive-date=19 January 2025}}{{sfn|Ferrer|2024}} Also in December 2024, Israeli law professor Omer Shatz filed a complaint with the ICC naming eight Israeli political and media figures he believed were responsible for incitement to genocide.{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Nechin |first=Etan |date=24 January 2025 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-01-24/ty-article-magazine/.premium/the-israeli-lawyer-filing-a-landmark-genocide-case-against-israel-at-the-icc/00000194-59bf-d76e-a7dd-7bff42610000 |title=The Israeli Lawyer Filing a Landmark Incitement to Genocide Case Against Israel at the ICC |newspaper=Haaretz |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250124105917/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-01-24/ty-article-magazine/.premium/the-israeli-lawyer-filing-a-landmark-genocide-case-against-israel-at-the-icc/00000194-59bf-d76e-a7dd-7bff42610000 |archive-date=24 January 2025}}

{{Main|Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al}}

On 13 November 2023, the Center for Constitutional Rights sued U.S. President Joe Biden, Secretary of State Antony Blinken, and Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin.{{sfn|Mansoor|2023}}{{sfn|Haigh|2023}}{{sfn|Segal|Daniele|2024|p=6}} The suit alleges that Israel's "mass killings", targeting of civilian infrastructure, and forced expulsions amount to genocide,{{sfn|McGreal|2023}}{{sfn|Mansoor|2023}} writing: "As Israel's closest ally and strongest supporter, being its biggest provider of military assistance by a large margin and with Israel being the largest cumulative recipient of US foreign assistance since World War II, the United States has the means available to have a deterrent effect on Israeli officials now pursuing genocidal acts against the Palestinian people in Gaza."{{sfn|McGreal|2023}} Genocide expert William Schabas supported the lawsuit, saying he believed there was a "serious risk of genocide" and the U.S. was "in breach of its obligation, under both the 1948 Genocide Convention to which it is a party as well as customary international law, to use its position of influence with the government of Israel and to take the best measures within its power to prevent the crime taking place".{{sfn|Hanson|2023}} On 16 November, the scholars Victoria Sanford, Barry Trachtenberg, and John Cox filed a declaration in support of the CCR's lawsuit.{{sfn|Segal|Daniele|2024|p=6}} During the court case, Trachtenberg testified that the U.S. must act and not repeat its failure to take a stand against the violence against Jews in Nazi Germany leading up to the Holocaust.{{sfn|Segal|Daniele|2024|p=9}}

A federal judge dismissed the case Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al on 31 January 2024, saying the Constitution prevented his court from determining foreign policy, which is reserved to the government's political branches, but he wrote that "as the ICJ has found, it is plausible that Israel's conduct amounts to genocide"{{sfn|Hubler|2024}} and also commented that he would have preferred to have issued the injunction and urged Biden to rethink U.S. policy, writing that the court "implores defendants to examine the results of their unflagging support of the military siege against the Palestinians in Gaza".{{sfn|Borger|2024}}{{sfn|Hanson|2023}}{{sfn|Mansoor|2023}}

In the legal consequences arising from the policies and practices of Israel in the occupied Palestinian territory including East Jerusalem,{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2024c}} Qatar said, "Israel's genocidal war on the people of Gaza has shown that the situation in Palestine is the most pressing threat to international peace and security".{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2024e}}

In February 2024, lawyers representing Palestinians in Germany filed a criminal complaint against various senior politicians, including Chancellor Olaf Scholz, Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock, Economic Minister Robert Habeck, and Finance Minister Christian Lindner, for "aiding and abetting" genocide in Gaza.{{sfn|Schaer|2024}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=23 February 2024 |title=Gaza victims sue German government for 'aiding genocide against Palestinians' |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240223-gaza-victims-sue-german-government-for-aiding-genocide-against-palestinians/ |work=Middle East Monitor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224115453/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240223-gaza-victims-sue-german-government-for-aiding-genocide-against-palestinians/ |archive-date=24 February 2024}}

{{main|Nicaragua v. Germany}}

On 1 March 2024, Nicaragua initiated proceedings against Germany at the ICJ under the Genocide Convention concerning Germany's support for Israel in the Gaza war.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=1 March 2024 |title=Nicaragua files application to World Court, accusing Germany of complicity in Gaza genocide |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/nicaragua-files-application-world-court-accusing-germany-complicity-gaza |work=Middle East Eye |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302035942/https://www.middleeasteye.net/live-blog/live-blog-update/nicaragua-files-application-world-court-accusing-germany-complicity-gaza |archive-date=2 March 2024}}{{sfn|van den Berg|2024}} It sought the indication of provisional measures of protection, including resumption of suspended German funding of the UNRWA and cessation of military supplies to Israel.{{sfn|van den Berg|2024}}

In March 2024, Sydney-based firm Birchgrove Legal referred Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese, Foreign Minister Penny Wong, Opposition Leader Peter Dutton, and others to the ICC as accessories to genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, citing the defunding of UNRWA, the provision of military aid, and "unequivocal political support" for Israel's actions during the Gaza war.{{sfn|Wedesweiler|2024}}{{sfn|Rothwell|2024}}

{{See also|Complicity in genocide}}

Third states are obliged "to employ all means reasonably available to them, so as to prevent genocide so far as possible" and must not provide "means to enable or facilitate the commission of the crime".{{sfn|Bastaki|2024}}

In January 2024, former UNRWA spokesperson Chris Gunness said that the U.S. and U.K. are complicit in genocide against Gaza.{{sfn|Walker M.|2024}} In March, OXFAM released a statement detailing its intention, alongside several other NGOs,{{efn|{{bulleted list|Amnesty International|Mellemfolkeligt Samvirke|Al-Haq}}}} to sue Denmark to prevent arms sales to Israel, warning that by selling arms Denmark is "complicit in violations of international humanitarian law ... and a plausible genocide".{{sfn|Oxfam|2024}}{{sfn|Mohamed|Siddiqui|2024}} In August, legal academic Shahd Hammouri said there was a "very strong" case for Western countries, particularly the U.S., being complicit in genocide against Palestinians.{{sfn|Lakhani|Niranjan|2024}}

Legal scholar Matiangai Sirleaf has written that Gaza "is the first 'live-streamed' genocide in history" but that clear information about what is happening has not translated into effective action by the international community.{{sfn|Sirleaf|2024|p=182}} The Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Palestine said, "States may be complicit in failing to prevent genocide if they do not act in compliance" with the International Court of Justice's orders, or if they directly aided or assisted in "the commission of genocide".{{sfn|Larson2024}} Other journalists and scholars around the world have written that the actions of the US and other western countries are giving implicit permission for genocide.{{bulleted list|

| {{harvnb|Beaklini|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Porras|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Scahill|Grim|2024}}

| {{harvnb|Levitz|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Ayyash|2023}}

}}

{{see also|United States support for Israel in the Gaza war|3=Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al}}

File:Pro Palestine Rally7 Austin Texas 2023.jpg, United States, 2023]]

In November 2023, critics of President Joe Biden nicknamed him "Genocide Joe" for his support for Israel.{{sfn|Forbes Breaking News|2023}} National Security Council spokesman John Kirby, described by Israeli media outlet Ynet as "an exceptionally accomplished Israeli advocate",{{sfn|Shmilovitz|2023}} said: "Israel's trying to defend itself against a genocidal terrorist threat. So if we're going to start using that word, fine, let's use it appropriately."{{sfn|Forbes Breaking News|2023}} On 13 November 2023, the New York-based Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) sued Biden for allegedly failing in his duty, defined under national and international laws, to prevent Israel from committing genocide in Gaza in the Gaza war.{{sfn|McGreal|2023}}

In February 2024, the Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention said the Biden administration was complicit in genocide in Gaza: "None of the Biden Administration's tactics to deny genocide and avoid accountability will withstand the test of time. President Biden and key administration officials are on a path to be remembered as the principal enablers of one of the worst genocides in the 21st century."{{sfn|Marsi|Varshalomidze|Harb|Osgood|2024}} Ali Harb wrote, "US weapons have continued to flow to Israel to arm a military carrying out a suspected genocide in Gaza. At the same time, Biden is pushing to secure $14bn in additional aid for the US ally."{{sfn|Harb|2024b}} In February 2024, after the U.S. vetoed a U.N. ceasefire resolution, Cuban president Miguel Diaz-Canel Bermudez said, "They are accomplices of this genocide of Israel against Palestine."{{sfn|Harb|Osgood|2024}} Karen Wells et al. also point to the $14.3 billion in their article in the journal Children's Geographies as evidence of U.S. complicity in Israel's "genocidal war".{{sfn|Wells|Cortés-Morales|Esson|Horgan|2024|pp=2–3}} Research conducted in 2024 showed that Israel's military relies heavily on fuel imports from the U.S. for its operations in Gaza. Francesca Albanese said that America's provision of fuel to Israel after the ICJ's provisional ruling was "a breach of the Genocide Convention".{{sfn|Lakhani|Niranjan|2024}}

In the Florida legislature, Democratic Representative Angie Nixon sponsored a resolution calling for "de-escalation" and a ceasefire to end the killing of Palestinians. She said: "We are at 10,000 dead Palestinians. How many will be enough?" Republican Representative Michelle Salzman replied, "All of them." Nixon then interrupted her speech, saying, "One of my colleagues just said 'All of them'. Wow." Some commentators have called Salzman's remark a call for genocide. Nixon and the Florida chapter of the Council on American–Islamic Relations called for her to be censured or resign.{{sfn|Mitrovica|2023}}{{sfn|Salam E.|2023}} CAIR-Florida Executive Director Imam Abdullah Jaber said: "This chilling call for genocide by an American lawmaker is the direct result of decades of dehumanization of the Palestinian people by advocates of Israeli apartheid and their eager enablers in government and the media."{{sfn|Hooper|2023}} Executive director of the U.S. Campaign for Palestinian Rights (USPCR) Ahmad Abuznaid said, "There is a bipartisan effort to dehumanize the Palestinian people", referring especially to Biden voicing doubt about the accuracy of the Palestinian death count and attacks on Palestinian-American Congresswoman Rashida Tlaib for her criticism of Israel's military offensive.{{sfn|Harb|2023}}

Republican U.S. Representative and former Donald Trump aide Max Miller said that Palestine is "about to get eviscerated... to turn that into a parking lot". He previously called on the Biden administration "to get out of Israel's way and to let Israel do what it needs to do best" and said there should be "no rules of engagement" during Israel's bombardment of Gaza.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=26 October 2023 |title=US congressman: 'Palestine will be turned into a parking lot' |work=Middle East Monitor |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231026-us-congressman-palestine-will-be-turned-into-a-parking-lot/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028030424/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231026-us-congressman-palestine-will-be-turned-into-a-parking-lot/ |archive-date=28 October 2023}} Miller also questioned the accuracy of the Gaza Health Ministry's claim that 10,000 people had been killed in Gaza, saying he believed many of those killed were "Hamas terrorists", not innocent civilians, and that the U.S. does not "trust an entity that puts munitions in mosques, and churches and in hospitals".{{sfn|Eaton|2023}}

In December, former Republican U.S. Representative Michele Bachmann said on The Charlie Kirk Show:

So it's time that Gaza ends. The two million people who live there, they are clever assassins. They need to be removed from that land. That land needs to be turned into a national park. And since they're the voluntary mercenaries for Iran, they need to be dropped on the doorstep of Iran. Let Iran deal with those people.

File:74.Rally.AaronBushnellVigil.WDC.26February2024 (53561571421).jpg with a sign accusing the United States of supporting genocide.]]

Republican U.S. Representative Brian Mast compared all Palestinians to Nazis in November on the House floor.{{sfn|Otten|2023}} On 31 January 2024, he said that Palestinian babies are not innocent civilians but "terrorists" who should be killed, that more infrastructure in Gaza needs to be destroyed, and "It would be better if you kill all the terrorists and kill everyone who are supporters."{{sfn|Otten|2024}}

When asked by an activist about the deaths of Palestinian children, Republican Representative Andy Ogles said: "I think we should kill 'em all...Hamas and the Palestinians have been attacking Israel for 20 years. It's time to pay the piper."{{sfn|Reid|2024}} Supporters of Palestine, including the American Muslim Advisory Council, denounced his comments as a call for genocide.{{sfn|Brown|Gang|2024}}{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240221-we-should-kill-them-all-us-congressmans-shocking-comment-on-gaza-children/ |title=US Congressman's shocking comment on Gaza children |newspaper=Middle East Monitor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320003254/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240221-we-should-kill-them-all-us-congressmans-shocking-comment-on-gaza-children/ |archive-date=20 March 2024}} Ogles responded that his remarks were directed at Hamas rather than Palestinians in general.{{sfn|Bacallao|2024}}

In an interview with Fox News on 5 March 2024, former president and presumptive Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump said that Biden "dumped Israel" due to being overly influenced by pro-Palestinian protests, that "the Democrats are very bad for Israel", that he supports Israel's ongoing offensive in Gaza, that Israel has to "finish the problem", and that the Biden administration "got soft", which some commentators viewed as a call to continue and "double down" on genocidal acts. Trump's campaign also said that, if elected, he would bar Gaza residents from entering the U.S. as part of an expanded travel ban.{{bulleted list|

| {{harvnb|Johnson|2024a}}

| {{harvnb|McCann Ramirez|2024}}

| {{harvnb|Hillyard|Smith|2024}}

| {{harvnb|Samuels|2024a}}

| {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=6 March 2024 |title=Trump calls on Israel to 'finish the problem' in Gaza, suggesting intensification of genocide |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240306-trump-calls-on-israel-to-finish-the-problem-in-gaza-suggesting-intensification-of-genocide/ |work=Middle East Monitor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306233613/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240306-trump-calls-on-israel-to-finish-the-problem-in-gaza-suggesting-intensification-of-genocide/ |archive-date=6 March 2024}}

| {{harvnb|Walker C.|2024}}

}}

In a town hall meeting on 25 March 2024, Republican U.S. Representative Tim Walberg said that Palestinian civilians should have nuclear weapons used against them, "like Nagasaki and Hiroshima", to "get it over quick".{{sfn|Vargas|2024}}{{sfn|Fossum|2024}}{{sfn|Vigdor|2024}}

Democratic U.S. Representative Rashida Tlaib accused Biden of supporting "the genocide of the Palestinian people".{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=4 November 2023 |title=US Representative Tlaib accuses Biden of supporting genocide against Palestinians |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-representative-tlaib-accuses-biden-supporting-genocide-against-palestinians-2023-11-04/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126213309/http://www.reuters.com/world/us-representative-tlaib-accuses-biden-supporting-genocide-against-palestinians-2023-11-04/ |archive-date=26 November 2023 |publisher=Reuters}}{{sfn|Narea|Samuel|2023}}{{sfn|Demirjian|2023}} Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene sponsored a resolution to censure Tlaib.{{sfn|Demirjian|2023}} Craig Mokhiber of the UN High Commission for Human Rights resigned, criticising the organisation for its response to the Gaza war.{{sfn|Houghtaling|2023|ps=: "Once again, we are seeing a genocide unfolding before our eyes, and the Organization that we serve appears powerless to stop it."}}{{sfn|Narea|Samuel|2023}} He later said that Israel's actions against Gaza are a "classic case of textbook genocide".{{sfn|The Palestine Chronicle|2024b}}

In an op-ed in Newsweek calling for an arms embargo on Israel, U.S. Representative Bonnie Watson Coleman wrote: "We are not merely witnessing a genocide in Gaza. We are participating in it. We are complicit."{{sfn|Watson Coleman|2025}}{{bsn|date=May 2025}}

{{See also|United Kingdom support for Israel in the Gaza war}}

File:Reminding Keir Starmer that he's could be complicit in genocide (53334628181).jpg leader Keir Starmer supports genocide]]

On 12 December 2023, Human Rights Watch said that selling weapons to Israel could make the UK complicit in war crimes. UK law says that licences cannot be granted where there is a clear risk that the items might be used to commit or facilitate a serious violation of international humanitarian law, for example a complete siege of Gaza or indiscriminate shelling of civilians.{{sfn|Ahmed|2023}} Additionally, James Denselow, Head of Conflict and Humanitarian at Save the Children UK, said, "By failing to push for a permanent end to the fighting or speak out against the weaponisation of aid, Rishi Sunak and his government are complicit in the horror that is unfolding."{{cite web |date=8 December 2023 |title=STATEMENT: 'We are failing the Children of Gaza' |url=https://www.savethechildren.org.uk/news/media-centre/press-releases/conditions-to-provide-humanitarian-assistance-to-children-in-gaz |website=Save the Children |access-date=11 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215080729/https://www.savethechildren.org.uk/news/media-centre/press-releases/conditions-to-provide-humanitarian-assistance-to-children-in-gaz |archive-date=15 December 2023}} In December, Scottish First Minister Humza Yousaf condemned the UK's abstention from a draft UN resolution calling for a ceasefire in Gaza, saying this would lead to the deaths of more children.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=10 December 2023 |title=Humza Yousaf says UK 'complicit' in killing Gaza children |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/humza-yousaf-says-uk-complicit-killing-gaza-children |work=The New Arab |access-date=11 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215080728/https://www.newarab.com/news/humza-yousaf-says-uk-complicit-killing-gaza-children |archive-date=15 December 2023}}

In April 2024, Guy Goodwin-Gill said: "There is a serious risk of genocide, as the International Court of Justice has found. If the UK, with that knowledge in mind, carries on exporting arms to Israel, there is a risk that those arms will be used in the conduct of aggressive activities and in the conduct of genocide."{{sfn|Adler|Najjar|2024}} The same month, more than 600 lawyers and legal academics, including Jonathan Sumption and Brenda Hale, published a legal opinion warning that the government risked complicity in genocide by continuing to arm Israel.{{sfn|Lawless|2024}}{{sfn|Brown|2024}} The opinion was eventually signed by 1,101 lawyers.{{cite web |url=https://lawyersletter.uk/#signatories |date=3 April 2024 |title=UK Judges' and Lawyers' Open Letter Concerning Gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909070817/https://lawyersletter.uk/#signatories |archive-date=9 September 2024}}

The human rights groups Al-Haq and Global Legal Action Network took legal action against the British government in December 2023, saying that the government risked violating the Genocide Convention by granting export licenses for the sale of military equipment to Israel.{{sfn|Abdul|2023}} The High Court of Justice was initially scheduled to heard the case on 2 September 2024, but 90 minutes before the hearing was to begin,{{sfn|Wintour|2025}} foreign secretary David Lammy announced that he was suspending approximately 30 arms export licenses, including aircraft and drone components, to Israel after a government review concluded that there was a high risk that these exports were being used for severe violations of international humanitarian law.{{sfn|Cecil|2024}} At the time of the suspension, Israel had around 350 arms export licenses in the UK.{{sfn|Fisher|2024}}

In May 2025, a four-day hearing began at the High Court to determine whether the UK had violated arms export control laws by continuing to supply Israel with components for F-35 jets even after other licenses were suspended. In papers filed with the court, government lawyers said the components were not being supplied directly to Israel and that withholding them could threaten international security by disrupting the global stockpile of F-35s.{{sfn|Wintour|2025}}{{#invoke:cite|news|date=12 May 2025 |title=UK to argue F-35 exports outweighs Gaza genocide risk in landmark case |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/uk-will-argue-f-35-exports-outweighs-gaza-genocide-risk |newspaper=The New Arab |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513144120/https://www.newarab.com/news/uk-will-argue-f-35-export-outweighs-gaza-genocide-risk |archive-date=13 May 2025}}

{{see also|German support for Israel in the Gaza war}}

File:Pro-Palestine demonstration in Frankfurt 2024 (4).jpg

In October 2023, political analyst and PhD candidate Lena Obermaier argued that Germany is complicit in Israel's war crimes against Gaza.{{sfn|Obermaier|2023}} She detailed how most of Germany's most prominent news outlets have "been silent on Israeli genocidal policies in the past" and still are. She also highlighted police suppression of pro-Palestine protests throughout Germany{{bulleted list|

| {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=16 October 2023 |title=Berlin police break up banned pro-Palestinian rally |url=https://www.dw.com/en/berlin-police-break-up-banned-pro-palestinian-rally/a-67104373 |work=Deutsche Welle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221073758/https://www.dw.com/en/berlin-police-break-up-banned-pro-palestinian-rally/a-67104373 |archive-date=21 February 2024}}

| {{harvnb|Jamal|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Sharma G.|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Marsh|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Schaer|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Boffey|2023}}

| {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=30 December 2023 |title=Police in Berlin ban pro-Palestinian New Year rally |url=https://www.dw.com/en/police-in-berlin-ban-pro-palestinian-new-year-rally/a-67858991 |work=Deutsche Welle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222200733/https://www.dw.com/en/police-in-berlin-ban-pro-palestinian-new-year-rally/a-67858991 |archive-date=22 February 2024}}

}} as evidence of state complicity.{{sfn|Obermaier|2023}} According to Germany's Federal Commissioner for the Fight against Antisemitism, accusing Israel of genocide is antisemitic.{{sfn|Kuras|2023}} Publicly accusing Israel of genocide can lead to arrest in Germany, even when the accusers are Jewish or Israeli.{{sfn|Varoufakis|2024}}{{sfn|Frankfurter Rundschau|2024}} In February 2024, a criminal complaint was filed in German courts accusing various senior politicians of complicity in genocide.{{sfn|Schaer|2024}} In March, Nicaragua sued Germany for complicity at the ICJ.

{{See also|List of companies involved in the Gaza genocide}}

Multiple corporations have been accused of profiting from the Gaza genocide.{{sfn|Ackerman|2024b}} Executives from Lockheed Martin, General Dynamics, and RTX have described the war in Gaza as a source of increased demand and profits during earnings calls.{{sfn|Goodkind|2023}}{{sfn|French|2024}}

On 20 June 2024, UN experts warned that continued arms transfers to Israel could amount to violations of international law and risk state and corporate complicity in potential genocide. They called for an immediate halt to all direct and indirect weapons transfers to Israel, including by such major arms manufacturers as BAE Systems, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, and Caterpillar. They also warned institutions investing in these companies, such as Bank of America, BlackRock, Citigroup, and Wells Fargo.{{sfn|OHCHR|2024c}}

File:International recognition of Gaza genocide.svg case South Africa v. Israel}}{{Legend|#cfcfcf|No data}}]]

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In February 2024, African Union president Moussa Faki said: "Gaza is being completely annihilated and its people are deprived of all their rights. We denounce the Israeli operation, which has no parallel in the history of humanity."{{sfn|Marsi|Siddiqui|2024a}} The official communiqué of the 38th summit of the African Union, which represents 55 member states, stated that "Israel is committing genocide against the Palestinians and must be prosecuted internationally."{{Sfn|Ahraminfo|2025}}

In March 2024, the EU's top diplomat, Josep Borrell, told the U.S. Secretary of State, "The very survival of the population in Gaza is at stake today."{{sfn|Siddiqui|2024a}} In May 2025, after his retirement as an EU diplomat, Borrell spoke out against Israel's actions while collecting the Charles V European Award, saying, "We're facing the largest ethnic cleansing operation since the end of the second world war in order to create a splendid holiday destination once all the millions of tonnes of rubble have been cleared from Gaza and the Palestinians have died or gone away." Borrell also explicitly accused Israel of genocidal intent, saying, "We all know what's going on there, and we've all heard the objectives stated by Netanyahu's ministers, which are clear declarations of genocidal intent. Seldom have I heard the leader of a state so clearly outline a plan that fits the legal definition of genocide."{{sfn|Jones|2025}}

On 26 March, Pakistan's OIC representative said that Israel's desire for a "final solution to the Palestinian question is plain for all to see, as its forces encircle Rafah like vultures and its ravenous land grab continues unabated".{{sfn|Marsi|Siddiqui|2024c}} In May 2024, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation called on member states to end "the export of weapons and ammunition used by its army to perpetrate the crime of genocide in Gaza".{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=5 May 2024 |title=Islamic Cooperation Denounces Gaza 'Genocide', Urges Sanctions Against Israel |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/islamic-cooperation-denounces-gaza-genocide-urges-sanctions-against-israel-c8c7ac87 |magazine=Barron's |agency=Agence France-Presse |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510024352/https://www.barrons.com/news/islamic-cooperation-denounces-gaza-genocide-urges-sanctions-against-israel-c8c7ac87 |archive-date=10 May 2024}}

{{see also|List of U.S. officials who resigned over Biden's support for Israel in the Gaza war}}

On 2 February 2024, it was reported that more than 800 civil servants from the U.S., U.K., and the European Union, including many senior officials, had signed an open letter criticising their governments' "public, diplomatic and military support" of Israel as "given without real conditions or accountability", and warning that their governments' policies on Gaza "are contributing to grave violations of international law, war crimes and even ethnic cleansing or genocide".{{sfn|Popli|2024}}{{sfn|Bateman|2024a}}{{sfn|Commonspace|2024}}

On 5 April 2024, Elizabeth Warren became the first senator from the United States, Israel's closest military ally,{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2023f}}{{sfn|Aikman|2024}} to publicly say that the assault on Gaza would be legally ruled a genocide.{{sfn|Samuels|2024b}}{{sfn|Garrity|2024}} According to her office, Warren was expressing a legal analysis rather than her personal view.{{sfn|Puzzanghera|2024}} U.S. Representative Ilhan Omar said that she feared the U.S. government and its citizens were "going to be complicit in genocide".{{sfn|Groves|2024}} In May 2024, Senator Fatima Payman became the first member of the Australian Labor Party to call Israel's actions a genocide, saying, "This is a genocide and we need to stop pretending otherwise."{{sfn|Hurst|2024}}

After Israel started its military operation against Hamas, both Genocide Watch and the Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention issued statements warning of the imminent risk of genocide.{{cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=Active Genocide Alert – Israel-Palestine: There is No Justification for Genocide |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/genocide-emergency-alert-israel-and-gaza |publisher=Genocide Watch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112112817/https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/genocide-emergency-alert-israel-and-gaza |archive-date=12 January 2024}}{{cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=Genocide Emergency Alert: Israel and Gaza |url=https://www.lemkininstitute.com/active-genocide-alert-1/active-genocide-alert---israel-palestine%3A-there-is-no-justification-for-genocide |publisher=Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227220339/https://www.lemkininstitute.com/active-genocide-alert-1/active-genocide-alert---israel-palestine%3A-there-is-no-justification-for-genocide |archive-date=27 December 2023}} In December 2023, the Lemkin Institute said that it viewed Israel's continuing actions as genocide.{{cite web |date=29 December 2023 |title=Statement on Why We Call the Israeli Attack on Gaza Genocide |url=https://www.lemkininstitute.com/statements-new-page/statement-on-why-we-call-the-israeli-attack-on-gaza-genocide |publisher=Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214051547/https://www.lemkininstitute.com/statements-new-page/statement-on-why-we-call-the-israeli-attack-on-gaza-genocide |archive-date=14 February 2024}} In December 2024, Genocide Watch said that Israel was conducting genocide against the Palestinian people.{{sfn|Condon|Condon|Harris|Stanton|2024}}

In November 2023, Defence for Children International (DCI) accused the U.S. of complicity in Israel's "crime of genocide".{{sfn|Mohamed|Stepansky|Najjar|2023}} In March 2024, DCI addressed the famine affecting Gaza: "The starvation of children is a hallmark of genocide and a deliberate political choice by Israel, backed by the Biden administration."{{sfn|Motamedi|Siddiqui|2024a}} Three Palestinian rights groups, Al-Haq, Al Mezan, and the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights, filed a lawsuit with the International Criminal Court (ICC) urging it to investigate Israel for apartheid and genocide and issue arrest warrants for Israeli leaders.{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2023g}} In a statement commemorating Land Day, the Arab Parliament wrote that Israel "aims to destroy the identity of an entire people".{{sfn|Quillen|Uras|Marsi|2024}}

In December 2023, the International Federation for Human Rights said Israel's actions in Gaza constituted an unfolding genocide.{{cite web |title=The unfolding genocide against the Palestinians must stop immediately |url=https://www.fidh.org/en/region/north-africa-middle-east/israel-palestine/the-unfolding-genocide-against-the-palestinians-must-stop-immediately |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216191823/https://www.fidh.org/en/region/north-africa-middle-east/israel-palestine/the-unfolding-genocide-against-the-palestinians-must-stop-immediately |archive-date=16 December 2023 |access-date=13 December 2023 |publisher=International Federation for Human Rights}} In February 2024, ahead of Israel's announced military assault on Rafah, Amnesty International head Agnes Callamard wrote: "Amnesty is reiterating that Palestinians in Gaza are at grave risk of genocide. The international community has an obligation to act to prevent genocide."{{sfn|Alsaafin|Osgood|2024b}} In March 2024, Callamard said the international community "must uphold their obligations under the Genocide Convention and take concrete measures to protect Palestinians in Gaza today".{{cite web |title=UN Special Rapporteur report on Gaza provides crucial evidence that must spur international action to prevent genocide |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/03/un-special-rapporteur-report-on-gaza-provides-crucial-evidence-that-must-spur-international-action-to-prevent-genocide/ |publisher=Amnesty International |date=26 March 2024 |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328063114/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/03/un-special-rapporteur-report-on-gaza-provides-crucial-evidence-that-must-spur-international-action-to-prevent-genocide/ |archive-date=28 March 2024}} In October 2024, Medical Aid for Palestinians released a statement calling for the protection of Palestinians against potential genocide that said, "Gaza is being erased in front of our eyes."{{cite web |title=After a year of catastrophic failure, the international community must act urgently to protect Palestinian survival in Gaza |date=7 October 2024 |url=https://www.map.org.uk/news/archive/post/1636-after-a-year-of-catastrophic-failure-the-international-community-must-act-urgently-to-protect-palestinian-survival-in-gaza#:~:text=Frequent%20mass%20killings%20of%20civilians,in%20front%20of%20our%20eyes." |website=Medical Aid for Palestinians |access-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008075000/https://www.map.org.uk/news/archive/post/1636-after-a-year-of-catastrophic-failure-the-international-community-must-act-urgently-to-protect-palestinian-survival-in-gaza |archive-date=8 October 2024}} Later that month, Oxfam and 37 other humanitarian organisations warned that Israel was failing to comply with Article II of the Genocide Convention as it wiped Northern Gaza "off the map".{{cite web |date=15 October 2024 |title=Northern Gaza is being erased – global leaders must act now to end Israel's atrocities |url=https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/urgent-joint-statement-northern-gaza-being-erased-global-leaders-must-act-now-end |publisher=Oxfam International |access-date=17 October 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241103100653/https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/urgent-joint-statement-northern-gaza-being-erased-global-leaders-must-act-now-end |archive-date=3 November 2024}} Oxfam added that it was "impossible not to believe" that Israel's aim was the forced displacement of Palestinians from the Gaza Strip.{{cite web |title=Oxfam reaction to Israel's banning of UNRWA |url=https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/oxfam-reaction-israels-banning-unrwa |publisher=Oxfam |access-date=30 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108155725/https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/oxfam-reaction-israels-banning-unrwa |archive-date=8 November 2024}}

Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor documented evidence of executions committed by the IDF.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=26 December 2023 |title=Euro-Med submits findings on Israeli army executions in Gaza to ICC, UN, calling them 'genocide' |work=Middle East Monitor |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231226-euro-med-submits-findings-on-israeli-army-executions-in-gaza-to-icc-un-calling-them-genocide/ |access-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104213949/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231226-euro-med-submits-findings-on-israeli-army-executions-in-gaza-to-icc-un-calling-them-genocide/ |archive-date=4 January 2024}} It submitted the evidence and documentation to the International Criminal Court and the U.N. special rapporteur. Jewish Voice for Peace said: "The Israeli government has declared a genocidal war on the people of Gaza. As an organization that works for a future where Palestinians and Israelis and all people live in equality and freedom, we call on all people of conscience to stop imminent genocide of Palestinians."{{sfn|Jewish Voice for Peace|2023}}

On 5 December 2024, Amnesty International concluded its investigation into Gaza and issued a 296-page report declaring that Israel had "committed and is continuing to commit genocide against Palestinians in the occupied Gaza Strip".{{cite web |date=5 December 2024 |title=Amnesty International concludes Israel is committing genocide against Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/12/amnesty-international-concludes-israel-is-committing-genocide-against-palestinians-in-gaza/ |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=Amnesty International |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211204759/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/12/amnesty-international-concludes-israel-is-committing-genocide-against-palestinians-in-gaza/ |archive-date=11 December 2024}}{{sfn|Bashir|2024}} The report, using evidence gathered over nine months, asserted that in multiple instances Israeli forces and government authorities had committed three of five acts prohibited under the United Nations' Genocide Convention, "namely killing, causing serious bodily or mental harm, and deliberately inflicting on Palestinians in Gaza conditions of life calculated to bring about their physical destruction" with the "specific intent to destroy Palestinians".{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=5 December 2024 |title=Israel's war in Gaza amounts to genocide, Amnesty International report finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/dec/05/israels-war-in-gaza-amounts-to-genocide-amnesty-international-report-finds |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212055139/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/dec/05/israels-war-in-gaza-amounts-to-genocide-amnesty-international-report-finds |archive-date=12 December 2024}} In its 2025 State of the World's Human Rights report, Amnesty called Israel's actions a "live-streamed genocide" and criticized the complicity of Israel's allies, chiefly the United States, who it said "claimed that or acted as if international law did not apply to them" by "willfully ignoring" the orders and proceedings of the ICC and ICJ.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=29 April 2025 |title=Israel committing 'live-streamed genocide' in Gaza, says Amnesty International |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20250429-israel-perpetrating-live-streamed-genocide-against-palestinians-in-gaza |access-date=8 May 2025 |work=France 24 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429105640/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20250429-israel-perpetrating-live-streamed-genocide-against-palestinians-in-gaza |archive-date=29 April 2025}}

Law professor and senior fellow of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies Orde Kittrie claimed that Amnesty had altered or otherwise made up a new definition of genocide,{{sfn|Kittrie|2024}} while law professor Amichai Cohen and human rights scholar Yuval Shany called the report an "attempt to move the normative goalposts regarding these evidentiary standards".{{harvnb|Cohen|Shani|2024}}: "In this contribution, we explain why, in our view, Amnesty International has been unable to meet these high evidentiary standards; why its attempt to move the normative goalposts regarding these evidentiary standards undermines the utility of the report as a pronouncement on the application of lex lata (the law as it exists); and why even under the more relaxed standards that the report utilizes, some of its key conclusions are questionable." Other experts defended the report, telling TheJournal.ie that Amnesty was using the term consistently with international law. Genocide scholar A. Dirk Moses called the accusation against Amnesty International "vexatious".{{sfn|MacRedmond|2024}} The Israeli branch of Amnesty International rejected the report and a "group of Jewish employees, in Israel and in several branches around the world" said that its authors "reached a predetermined conclusion". A minority of Amnesty Israel members said that "according to the available information, it can be determined that Israel is committing or has committed genocide in Gaza".{{sfn|Sharon|Magid|2024}}{{sfn|Kashti|2024}} In January 2025, Amnesty International suspended its Israeli branch for two years, in part because of disagreements about research and findings Amnesty published.{{sfn|Fink|2025}}

On 10 December 2024, the European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights announced that it had been investigating the question of genocide in Gaza and concluded that there was a "legally sound argument that Israel is committing genocide against the Palestinians in Gaza".{{sfn|ECCHR|2024}}

A December 2024 {{lang|fr|Médecins Sans Frontières}} report said its "firsthand observations of the medical and humanitarian catastrophe inflicted on Gaza are consistent with the descriptions provided by an increasing number of legal experts and organisations concluding that genocide is taking place in Gaza."{{harvnb|Médecins Sans Frontières|2024c|p=5}}: "Our firsthand observations of the medical and humanitarian catastrophe inflicted on Gaza are consistent with the descriptions provided by an increasing number of legal experts and organisations concluding that genocide is taking place in Gaza. While we don't have legal authority to establish intentionality, the signs of ethnic cleansing and the ongoing devastation—including mass killings, severe physical and mental health injuries, forced displacement, and impossible conditions of life for Palestinians under siege and bombardment—are undeniable."{{sfn|Security Council Report|2024}}

In November 2023, a group of UN special rapporteurs wrote, "We remain convinced that the Palestinian people are at grave risk of genocide."{{sfn|Najjar|Stepansky|2023}}{{sfn|Narea|Samuel|2023}} UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation Pedro Arrojo said that based on article 7 of the Rome Statute, which counts "deprivation of access to food or medicine, among others" as a form of extermination, "even if there is no clear intention, the data show that the war is heading towards genocide".{{sfn|Stacey|2023}} A group of U.N. human rights experts said there was "evidence of increasing genocidal incitement" against Palestinians.{{sfn|Reuters|2023b}}{{sfn|OHCHR|2023}}

In response to a January 2024 Times of Israel report that the Israeli government was in talks with the Congolese government to take Palestinian refugees from Gaza, U.N. special rapporteur Balakrishnan Rajagopal said, "Forcible transfer of Gazan population is an act of genocide."{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Israeli officials said in talks with Congo, others on taking in Gaza emigrants |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israeli-officials-said-in-talks-with-congo-others-on-taking-in-gaza-emigrants/ |access-date=3 January 2024 |work=The Times of Israel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117160315/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israeli-officials-said-in-talks-with-congo-others-on-taking-in-gaza-emigrants/ |archive-date=17 January 2024}}{{sfn|Harb|2024a}}

In May 2024, UN Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women Reem Alsalem said that Palestinian women "are experiencing a full-blown genocide. They are being exterminated. There are few places in the world where we've seen something like this."{{sfn|Siddiqui|2024b}}{{sfn|Middle East Monitor|2025|ps=: ""Israel's attacks on Palestinian women are part of a systematic genocide strategy," said Alsalem on Sunday. "When looking at Israel's actions overall, it is clear that targeting the reproductive capacity of Palestinians in particular serves this purpose.""}} The UNHCR Special Rapporteur on adequate housing, Balakrishnan Rajagopal, said that Israel's destruction of Gaza "constitutes an act of genocide as well because the purpose of that destruction, exceeding 70 to 80 percent across Gaza, is to make the place uninhabitable for the people of Gaza".{{sfn|Rowlands|Rasheed|Adler|Khalid|2024}}

In October 2024, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights released a report that accused the Israeli military of "the crime against humanity of extermination" for killing health workers and targeting health facilities.{{sfn|OHCHR|2024e}}{{sfn|Reuters|2024}}

On 8 November 2024, the United Nations human rights office condemned many violations of international law that "could amount to war crimes, crimes against humanity and possibly even 'genocide'", calling on third states to prevent "atrocity crimes".{{sfn|News Wires|2024}}{{sfn|OHCHR|2024f}} On 14 November 2024, the UN Special Committee to investigate Israeli practices published a report for presentation to the UN General Assembly, concluding that Israeli practices in Gaza are consistent with the characteristics of genocide.{{sfn|OHCHR|2024g}}{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2024j}}{{sfn|OHCHR|2024d}}

In February 2025, UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food Michael Fakhri said that Israel is committing a genocide and is working to "slow down its genocide through a starvation campaign," concluding that the United States and Germany were complicit in the ensuing famine.{{cite web |last=Fakhri |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Fakhri |title="This Is Not a Ceasefire—It's a Slowing of Israel's Genocide and Starvation Campaign" says UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/special-rapporteur-on-the-right-to-food-briefing-5feb2025/ |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=United Nations |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250227094415/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/special-rapporteur-on-the-right-to-food-briefing-5feb2025/ |archive-date=27 February 2025}}

In May 2025, twenty UN independent experts and four working groups issued a statement accusing Israel of genocide and criticizing the debate over the genocide terminology:

While States debate terminology—is it or is it not genocide?—Israel continues its relentless destruction of life in Gaza, through attacks by land, air and sea, displacing and massacring the surviving population with impunity... States must act swiftly to end the unfolding genocide, dismantle apartheid, and secure a future in which Palestinians and Israelis coexist in freedom and dignity.{{sfn|OHCHR|2025}}

Various public figures have said Israel is committing genocide in Gaza, including Kid Cudi,{{sfn|Meara|2023}} Macklemore,{{sfn|Iasimone|2023}} Kneecap,{{sfn|Jefferson|2025}} Massive Attack,{{sfn|Pilley|2025}} and Summer Walker.{{sfn|Moorman|Robinson|2023}} Melissa Barrera was fired from the Scream franchise for reposting on social media an article accusing Israel of genocide.{{sfn|Stern|2023}} Time mentioned Barrera's firing in the context of a "growing divide" within Hollywood over the war.{{sfn|Ewe|2023}} Raz Segal's "textbook genocide" verdict has been quoted approvingly by climate activist Greta Thunberg{{sfn|Thunberg|2023}} and BBC football presenter Gary Lineker.{{sfn|Percival|2023}}

In December 2023, Olly Alexander, who represented the United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest 2024,{{sfn|Penna|2023a}} signed a letter by the LGBT association Voices4London that accuses Israel of genocide against the Palestinians.{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=UK Eurovision act Olly Alexander criticised for signing statement calling Israel an 'apartheid state' and accusing it of genocide |url=https://news.sky.com/story/uk-eurovision-act-olly-alexander-criticised-for-signing-statement-calling-israel-an-apartheid-state-and-accusing-it-of-genocide-13035601 |work=Sky News |date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103135440/https://news.sky.com/story/uk-eurovision-act-olly-alexander-criticised-for-signing-statement-calling-israel-an-apartheid-state-and-accusing-it-of-genocide-13035601 |archive-date=3 January 2024}} The Israeli government and the Campaign Against Antisemitism (CAA) condemned his views and asked the BBC not to allow him to perform at the contest. The BBC rejected Israel's request to cut ties with Alexander over his views.{{sfn|Penna|2023b}}

When asked whether what is happening in Gaza is a genocide, Russian-American author Masha Gessen said, "I think there are some fine distinctions between genocide and ethnic cleansing and I think that there are valid arguments for using both terms."{{sfn|Gessen|2023b}} When pressed further, they said, "it is at the very least ethnic cleansing". Controversy surrounded Gessen's reception of the Hannah Arendt Prize over remarks in a New Yorker article critical of Israeli actions in Gaza in which Gessen compared them to Nazis liquidating an Eastern European ghetto.{{sfn|Gessen|2023a}}

At the 96th Academy Awards, after accepting the award for Best International Feature Film for The Zone of Interest, Jonathan Glazer drew parallels between the depiction of the Holocaust in his film and Israel's ongoing bombardment and siege of Gaza.{{sfn|Pulver|Shoard|2024}}{{sfn|Li|2024}} Journalist Naomi Klein expanded on the parallels between Gaza and the film's depiction of the Holocaust, highlighting the normalisation of genocidal action.{{sfn|Klein|2024}}

Nobel Peace Prize winner Malala Yousafzai said: "When we see alarming signs of genocide, we cannot wait to take decisive action. We must work together to urge our leaders to stop these war crimes and hold perpetrators to account."{{sfn|Irwin|2024}} Nobel Peace Prize winner Tawakkol Karman said, "The world is silent in front of the genocide and the ethnic cleansing of the Palestinian people in Gaza."{{sfn|Balmer|2024}}

Novelist Omar El Akkad has called the Gaza war a genocide and wrote the book One Day, Everyone Will Have Always Been Against This about Western complicity in it.{{sfn|Sheehan|2025}} He has said that people are reluctant to call what is happening a genocide because "When something is defined as a genocide there is an obligation on the international community to do something about it."{{sfn|Kaur|2025}}

On the first day of the 2025 Cannes Film Festival, over 350 members of the film industry signed a letter that read, "As artists and cultural players, we cannot remain silent while genocide is taking place in Gaza and this unspeakable news is hitting our communities hard." The letter was dedicated to Palestinian journalist Fatma Hassona, who was killed by an Israeli airstrike. Hassona is featured in the film Put Your Soul on Your Hand and Walk, which was selected to be screened at the festival.{{sfn|Ritman|2025}}

Numerous musicians have withdrawn from music festivals for the festivals' relationships with companies alleged to be complicit in genocide. Over 100 acts dropped out of The Great Escape Festival in Brighton and Hove in protest against the event's sponsor, Barclays, which they said was "bankrolling genocide".{{sfn|Skinner|2024}} Several artists also dropped out of the Latitude Festival in Suffolk over its Barclays sponsorship.{{sfn|Savage|2024}} Over 80 musicians boycotted the 2024 South by Southwest festival because of the event's partnership with the US Army and Raytheon. Several of those musicians directly accused the companies of being linked to genocide.{{sfn|Aubrey|2024}}{{sfn|Duran|2024}} In May 2025, over 50 artists, including Brian Eno and Massive Attack's Robert Del Naja, signed a letter urging Field Day to cut ties with private equity firm KKR. The letter says that, due to its acquisition by KKR, "the festival is now implicated in the crimes against humanity of apartheid and genocide."{{sfn|Dunworth|2025}}

The case against Israel in the ICJ has drawn some criticism from publications and individuals who argue that claims that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza cheapen the term and undermine its serious nature as defined by the UN Genocide Convention.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=18 January 2024 |title=Charging Israel with genocide makes a mockery of the ICJ |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2024/01/18/charging-israel-with-genocide-makes-a-mockery-of-the-icj |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122144011/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2024/01/18/charging-israel-with-genocide-makes-a-mockery-of-the-icj |archive-date=22 January 2024 |access-date=22 January 2024 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}

{{bulleted list|

| {{harvnb|Bob|2024}}

| {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=11 January 2024 |title=Genocide Gets Political at the U.N. |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-n-international-court-of-justice-south-africa-israel-genocide-hamas-596dcd8a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122213551/https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-n-international-court-of-justice-south-africa-israel-genocide-hamas-596dcd8a |archive-date=22 January 2024 |access-date=22 January 2024 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}

| {{harvnb|Hausdorff|2024}}

}}

In January 2024, The Economist argued that South Africa's charge of genocide against Israel at the ICJ weakens the legal definition of genocide and diverts focus from the actual humanitarian crisis in Gaza, calling it "a mockery of the ICJ". It emphasised that Israel's actions, while destructive, are aimed at Hamas militants rather than targeting Palestinians for their ethnicity. The article criticised South Africa's legal case as politically motivated, warning that such claims undermine genuine efforts to prevent genocide. It added that the court's potential rulings could overshadow legitimate concerns about breaches of international war laws. "Genocide requires that Israel is killing people in Gaza simply for being Palestinian", The Economist wrote, adding that Israel is instead targeting Hamas fighters.

In a 12 January 2024 NPR interview, former US ambassador for war-crimes issues David Scheffer acknowledged Israeli war crimes in Gaza and claimed that Israel was not committing genocide but "responding to a genocidal act in order to prevent further genocide against Israel".{{sfn|Burnett|Fox|Shapiro|2024}} Writing for The Times of Israel, Jeremy Sharon claimed that Israel's actions are defensive responses to Hamas, characterizing calls for Gaza's destruction and other statements by Israeli officials (later found by the ICJ to be "incitement to genocide"{{cite web |date=26 February 2024 |title=Israel defying ICJ ruling to prevent genocide by failing to allow aid into Gaza |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/02/israel-defying-icj-ruling-to-prevent-genocide-by-failing-to-allow-adequate-humanitarian-aid-to-reach-gaza/ |access-date=1 September 2024 |publisher=Amnesty International |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010044822/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/02/israel-defying-icj-ruling-to-prevent-genocide-by-failing-to-allow-adequate-humanitarian-aid-to-reach-gaza/ |archive-date=10 October 2024}}) as "intemperate comments of some of its political leaders".{{sfn|Sharon|2023a}} Meanwhile, writer Susan Abulhawa wrote about going to Gaza, stating, "Israel is committing the holocaust of our time."{{sfn|Abulhawa|2024}}

A May 2025 editorial in The Guardian urging the United States to end the war endorses the genocide charge against Israel. It cites the civilian death toll, obliteration of civilian infrastructure, aid blockages, and Bezalel Smotrich's threats to destroy all of Gaza as evidence of genocide. It reads, "Openly envisioning the total destruction of Gaza, pursuing the removal of its population as a goal rather than a battlefield consequence, and destroying the means by which life is sustained, looks not merely like brutality but a deliberate project of elimination." The editorial also claims that while the legal cases will take time to resolve, "The court of public opinion is reaching its own conclusion."{{sfn|The Guardian|2025}}

Israeli media outlets like Channel 12 and Channel 14 have been accused of incitement to genocide.{{sfn|Merzougui|Rashed|2024}} In September 2024, Zulat for Equality and Human Rights and two other Israeli organisations compiled a list of statements made on Channel 14, which included over 50 advocating for genocide against Palestinians and more than 150 calling for or supporting war crimes and crimes against humanity, including ethnic cleansing, mass expulsion and the use of starvation as a weapon of war, and submitted it to Israel's Attorney General. The channel frequently referred to Gazan civilians as terrorists and legitimate targets in its broadcasts and on social media, with its website displaying a statistic labeled "the number of terrorists we've eliminated", reflecting the total number of Palestinians reported killed by Gaza's Health Ministry. {{ill|Shimon Riklin|he|שמעון ריקלין (איש תקשורת)}}, a Channel 14 journalist and anchor, publicly advocated for Israel to commit more war crimes. This rhetoric has been referenced in South Africa's genocide case against Israel at the International Court of Justice.{{bulleted list|

| {{harvnb|Cohen|2024}}

| {{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.newarab.com/news/israels-channel-14-aired-dozens-calls-gaza-genocide |title=Israel's Channel 14 aired more than 50 calls for genocide in Gaza |date=25 September 2024 |work=The New Arab |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003061040/https://www.newarab.com/news/israels-channel-14-aired-dozens-calls-gaza-genocide |archive-date=3 October 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=20 October 2024}}

| {{harvnb|Lurie-Pardes|2024}}

}}{{sfn|Segal|2023a}}

Various, mainly western, media and news outlets have been accused of complicity in genocide against Gaza through media imperialism.{{sfn|Moallem|2023|pp=542–543}}{{sfn|Qutami|2023|p=532}}{{sfn|Khouri|2023}} Others have situated the biases of western media outlets within a long history of downplaying and excusing the oppression of Palestinians.{{sfn|Roth|Huff|2023}} According to a report published by the Muslim Council of Britain's Centre for Media Monitoring analysing the language used in coverage of the Israeli assault on Gaza, "occupied territories" appeared more often in Al Jazeera English's coverage than in all U.S. or U.K. news outlets combined, and that emotive language was 11 times more likely to be used in descriptions of Israeli victims than of Palestinian victims.{{cite web |date=24 March 2024 |url=https://mcb.org.uk/the-centre-for-media-monitoring-cfmm-latest-report-media-bias-gaza-2023-24-exposing-significant-biases-in-media-coverage/ |website=Muslim Council of Britain |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421165931/https://mcb.org.uk/the-centre-for-media-monitoring-cfmm-latest-report-media-bias-gaza-2023-24-exposing-significant-biases-in-media-coverage/ |archive-date=21 April 2024 |title=The Centre for Media Monitoring (CFMM) latest report, 'Media Bias Gaza 2023–24', exposing significant biases in media coverage.}}{{sfn|Hanif|2024|ps=: "an analysis of the X (Twitter) feeds of ITV, BBC, Channel 4, Guardian and Sky show[s] very few mentions of stories relating directly to allegations of genocide in Gaza. In comparison Al Jazeera English posted claims of Israeli genocide a total of 45 times. One example in our report shows a BBC news anchor challenging a U.N. representative by saying can we be clear genocide "is not what is happening here"}} On 14 March 2024, protesters blocked access to the offices of The New York Times, accusing the paper of complicity in genocide.{{sfn|Maltz|2024}} Sultany highlights that, despite a preponderance of Israeli statements that amount to incitement to genocide, mainstream commentary has portrayed the destruction of Gaza as "an incidental outcome of urban warfare rather than the predictable outcome of a policy".{{sfn|Sultany|2024|p=2}}

A Tel Aviv University poll of 502 Israeli Jews conducted during the second week of January 2024 found that 51% believed the IDF was using an appropriate amount of force in Gaza and 43% believed it was not using enough force.{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=26 January 2024 |title=Jewish Israelis believe IDF is using appropriate force in Gaza, Arab Israelis broadly do not – poll |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-783849 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708135501/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-783849 |archive-date=8 July 2024 |work=The Jerusalem Post}}{{cite web |date=January 2024 |title=The International MA Program in Conflict Resolution and Mediation |url=https://en-social-sciences.tau.ac.il/sites/socsci-english.tau.ac.il/files/media_server/social/peaceindex/2024-01-findings.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629073506/https://en-social-sciences.tau.ac.il/sites/socsci-english.tau.ac.il/files/media_server/social/peaceindex/2024-01-findings.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2024 |website=The Gershon H. Gordon Faculty of Social Sciences |publisher=Tel Aviv University}} In an Israel Democracy Institute survey of 510 Israeli citizens in early February, 68% of respondents supported preventing all international aid from entering Gaza.{{sfn|Hermann|Kaplan|2024}}

In an interview with The New Statesman, the Israeli journalist and author Gideon Levy said:

Israel is deteriorating horribly. The most important thing, and you mentioned it, is how unanimous it is. It's not only the right-wingers. You cannot even show some empathy to Gaza, to the suffering of Gaza, which Israel doesn't see at all. The average Israeli saw nothing [of what has unfolded in] Gaza, only the soldiers there see it. The bravery, the sacrifice, the hostages and families, this is shown nonstop, but not a single image of the suffering of two million people in Gaza. I think it's the darkest time of Israel, maybe ever.{{sfn|Maçães|Levy|2024}}

Antisemitism scholar Matthew Bolton argues that investigating potential genocidal acts is not inherently antisemitic, but that swiftly embracing the genocide label for Israel’s actions—relying on mistranslated or incomplete statements rather than substantive military evidence, and previously utilized by anti-Israel movements—raises questions about the objectivity of the analysis.{{sfn|Bolton|2024|p=431}}

Israeli ministers responded to the ICJ's genocide ruling by accusing the court of "antisemitic bias".{{sfn|McKernan|2024}} Antony Lerman, writing in Declassified UK, pointed to this claim being echoed by some of Israel's supporters, noting the officials' "deployment of weaponised antisemitism to deflect criticism" and that "using past experience of anti-Jewish persecution to neutralise criticism of, and generate sympathy for, the Jewish state [...] is decades old."{{sfn|Lerman|2024}}{{sfn|Simons|2024}} Netanyahu has frequently "compared accusations that Israel's war is causing starvation in Gaza or that the war is genocidal to blood libels"; critics say this is to deflect blame or for political ends.{{sfn|Goldenberg|2024b}}

Some argue that this is a weaponisation of antisemitism, intended to shield Israel from such allegations.{{sfn|Lerman|2024}}{{sfn|Segal|2024}}

On 15 December 2024, citing Ireland's decision to join South Africa's genocide case, Netanyahu ordered the closure of Israel's embassy in Ireland and Foreign Minister Gideon Sa'ar accused Taoiseach Simon Harris of antisemitism.{{sfn|McGee|Power|Leahy|2024}} Harris said that Netanyahu was using the closure as "a ploy to distract attention from the thousands of children killed by his armed forces in Gaza".{{sfn|McGee|Power|Leahy|2024}}

{{div col}}

• Gaza–Israel conflict
• Casualties of the Gaza war
• Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip
• Timeline of the Gaza war
• Allegations of genocide in the October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel
• Effect of the Gaza war on children in the Gaza Strip
• Animal stereotypes of Palestinians in Israeli discourse
• Gaza Strip mass graves
• Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel
• Israeli war crimes in the Gaza war
• Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany

{{end div col}}

{{notelist}}

{{reflist|22em}}

{{refbegin|indent=yes|colwidth=30em}}

• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Abdallah |first=Maha |date=22 March 2024 |title=Palestina en de genocidezaak tegen Israël |url=https://lavamedia.be/palestina-en-de-genocidezaak-tegen-israel/ |trans-title=Palestine and the genocide case against Israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209032204/https://lavamedia.be/palestina-en-de-genocidezaak-tegen-israel/ |archive-date=9 December 2024 |access-date=1 April 2025 |magazine={{Ill|Lava (Belgian magazine)|lt=Lava|nl|Lava (Belgisch tijdschrift)}} |language=nl |issue=28 |issn=2565-7127}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last=Abdo |first=Nahla |date=13 May 2024 |title=Israel's settler colonialism and the genocide in Gaza: Alternatives |journal=Studies in Political Economy |volume=105 |number=1 |pages=94–106 |doi=10.1080/07078552.2024.2325298}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Abdul |first=Geneva |date=6 December 2023 |title=UK government faces legal challenge over arms exports to Israel |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/06/uk-government-faces-legal-challenge-over-arms-exports-to-israel |access-date=11 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213060015/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/06/uk-government-faces-legal-challenge-over-arms-exports-to-israel |archive-date=13 December 2023}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=AbdulKarim |first1=Fatima |last2=Adnan |first2=Ghassan |title=Hamas Says Its Attack on Israel Was Planned for Two Years |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-hamas-war-gaza-strip/card/hamas-says-its-attack-on-israel-was-planned-for-two-years-1VCaFNgV3H2e4bGsBUAm |access-date=4 December 2023 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113232117/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/israel-hamas-war-gaza-strip/card/hamas-says-its-attack-on-israel-was-planned-for-two-years-1VCaFNgV3H2e4bGsBUAm |url-status=live}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Abdulrahim |first=Raja |date=7 October 2023|title=Gaza Has Suffered Under 16-Year Blockade |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/gaza-blockade-israel.html |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024053734/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/gaza-blockade-israel.html |url-status=live}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Abraham |first=Yuval |author-link=Yuval Abraham |date=3 April 2024 |title='Lavender': The AI machine directing Israel's bombing spree in Gaza |url=https://www.972mag.com/lavender-ai-israeli-army-gaza/ |access-date=29 October 2024 |magazine=+972 Magazine |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010022042/https://www.972mag.com/lavender-ai-israeli-army-gaza/ |archive-date=10 October 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Abulhawa |first1=Susan |author1-link=Susan Abulhawa |date=18 October 2024 |title=I Went to Gaza. What I Saw Was a Holocaust |url=https://novaramedia.com/2024/10/18/i-went-to-gaza-what-i-saw-was-a-holocaust/ |work=Novara Media |access-date=21 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108160030/https://novaramedia.com/2024/10/18/i-went-to-gaza-what-i-saw-was-a-holocaust/ |archive-date=8 November 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Ackerman |first=Seth |date=4 January 2024 |title=There was an Iron Wall in Gaza |url=https://jacobin.com/2024/01/IRON-WALL-GAZA-ISRAEL-DEFENSE-FORCES-REALPOLITIK-PALESTINE-HISTORY?MC_CID=3B53D49205&MC_EID=B7EDF81030 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105010623/https://jacobin.com/2024/01/IRON-WALL-GAZA-ISRAEL-DEFENSE-FORCES-REALPOLITIK-PALESTINE-HISTORY?MC_CID=3B53D49205&MC_EID=B7EDF81030 |archive-date=5 January 2024 |access-date=8 January 2024 |magazine=Jacobin}}
• {{#invoke:cite|magazine|last=Ackerman |first=Spencer |author-link=Spencer Ackerman |date=9 July 2024 |title=These Corporations Are the True "Winners" of the War on Gaza |magazine=The Nation |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/economy/gaza-war-profiteers-corporations/ |access-date=16 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422070627/https://www.thenation.com/article/economy/gaza-war-profiteers-corporations/ |archive-date=22 April 2025 |ref={{harvid|Ackerman|2024b}} }}
• {{cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=Reprint of the full letter and signatories |url=https://www.addameer.org/news/5172 |website=Addameer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103181141/https://www.addameer.org/news/5172 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |ref={{harvid|Addameer|2023}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Adler |first1=Nils |last2=Najjar |first2=Farah |date=4 April 2024 |title='The risk must be taken into account now' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/4/4/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-accused-of-ai-assisted-genocide-in-gaza?update=2817755 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416141416/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/4/4/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-accused-of-ai-assisted-genocide-in-gaza?update=2817755 |archive-date=16 April 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Adler |first1=Nils |last2=Uras |first2=Umut |date=5 May 2024 |title=Israel's war on Gaza live: Netanyahu accused of 'sabotaging' truce talks – Gaza death toll reaches 34,683 as Israeli offensive continues |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/5/israels-war-on-gaza-live-neither-side-willing-to-budge-in-truce-talks?update=2880155 |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505130049/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/5/israels-war-on-gaza-live-neither-side-willing-to-budge-in-truce-talks?update=2880155 |archive-date=5 May 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Adler |first1=Nils |last2=Quillen |first2=Stephen |date=15 May 2024 |title='Ethnic cleansing a terrible crime, but genocide even worse: Ilan Pappe |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/15/israels-war-on-gaza-live-new-nakba-as-hundreds-of-thousands-flee-attacks?update=2902013 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522172430/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/15/israels-war-on-gaza-live-new-nakba-as-hundreds-of-thousands-flee-attacks?update=2902013 |archive-date=22 May 2024}}
• {{cite web |date=10 January 2024 |title=Paraguay rejects accusations presented against Israel at the International Court of Justice |url=https://www.ip.gov.py/ip/2024/01/10/paraguay-rejects-accusations-presented-against-israel-at-the-international-court-of-justice/ |website=Agencia de Información Paraguaya |access-date=17 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228130538/https://www.ip.gov.py/ip/2024/01/10/paraguay-rejects-accusations-presented-against-israel-at-the-international-court-of-justice/ |archive-date=28 December 2024 |ref={{harvid|Agencia de Información Paraguaya|2024}} }}
• {{cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Yasmine |date=12 December 2023 |title=Selling Weapons to Israel Could Make UK Complicit in War Crimes |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/12/selling-weapons-israel-could-make-uk-complicit-war-crimes |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=11 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218005339/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/12/selling-weapons-israel-could-make-uk-complicit-war-crimes |archive-date=18 December 2023}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=16 February 2025 |title=Palestine - L'Union africaine dénonce le "génocide" commis par Israël et appelle à mettre fin à la normalisation des relations avec Tel Aviv |trans-title=Palestine - The Africa Union denounces the "genocide" committed by Israel and calls for an end to relations with Tel Aviv |url=https://french.ahram.org.eg/News/59809.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401121443/https://french.ahram.org.eg/News/59809.aspx |archive-date=1 April 2025 |access-date=1 April 2025 |work=Ahraminfo |language=fr |ref={{harvid|Ahraminfo|2025}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Aikman |first1=Ian |date=7 April 2024 |title=Israel 'can handle' any threat from Iran, says military chief |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68757080 |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=BBC News |quote=Israel and its closest ally, the US, have been anticipating an Iranian attack ever since. |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240409072859/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68757080 |archive-date=9 April 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|author=AJLabs |date=22 January 2025 |title=Mapping 1,800 Israeli settler attacks in the West Bank since October 2023 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/22/mapping-1800-israeli-settler-attacks-in-the-occupied-west-bank-since-october-7 |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207235626/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/22/mapping-1800-israeli-settler-attacks-in-the-occupied-west-bank-since-october-7 |archive-date=7 February 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Aladam |first=Mera |date=24 February 2025 |title=Senior Israeli official says all Palestinian adults in Gaza 'should be eliminated' |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/senior-israeli-official-says-palestinian-adults-gaza-should-be-eliminated |access-date=25 February 2025 |work=Middle East Eye |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225025956/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/senior-israeli-official-says-palestinian-adults-gaza-should-be-eliminated |archive-date=25 February 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Alam |first=Anam |title=Israel diplomat calls for 'destruction' of Gaza in TV rant |work=The New Arab |date=27 October 2023 |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/israel-diplomat-calls-destruction-gaza-tv-rant |access-date=12 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208055326/https://www.newarab.com/news/israel-diplomat-calls-destruction-gaza-tv-rant |archive-date=8 December 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|report|last1=Albanese |first1=Francesca |author1-link=Francesca Albanese |date=25 March 2024 |title=Anatomy of a Genocide: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Francesca Albanese |url=https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g24/046/11/pdf/g2404611.pdf |publisher=United Nations Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128173148/https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g24/046/11/pdf/g2404611.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Alfonseca |first1=Kiara |date=11 October 2023 |title=Palestinian civilians suffer in Israel–Gaza crossfire as death toll rises |work=ABC News |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/palestinian-civilians-suffer-israel-hamas-crossfire-death-toll/story?id=103828889 |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012150320/https://abcnews.go.com/International/palestinian-civilians-suffer-israel-hamas-crossfire-death-toll/story?id=103828889 |archive-date=12 October 2023}}
• {{cite web |author1=Al-Haq |author1-link=Al-Haq |author2=Al Mezan Center for Human Rights |author2-link=Al Mezan Center for Human Rights |others=et al. |title=Urgent: Issue Arrest Warrants, Investigate Israeli Crimes and Intervene to Deter Incitement to Commit Genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.addameer.org/sites/default/files/icc-letter-1697782247-pdf.pdf |via=Addameer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031174452/https://www.addameer.org/sites/default/files/icc-letter-1697782247-pdf.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2023 |ref={{harvid|Al-Haq et al.|2023}} }} - {{cite web |title=Reprint of the full letter and signatories |url=https://www.mezan.org/public/en/post/46295 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026192122/https://www.mezan.org/public/en/post/46295 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |website=Al Mezan Center for Human Rights}}

• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=7 October 2023 |title=Fears of a ground invasion of Gaza grow as Israel vows 'mighty vengeance' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/world-is-watching-fears-grow-of-a-massive-gaza-invasion-by-israel |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008024318/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/world-is-watching-fears-grow-of-a-massive-gaza-invasion-by-israel |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Al Jazeera|2023a}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=9 October 2023 |title=Israel announces 'total' blockade on Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel-announces-total-blockade-on-gaza |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009105304/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel-announces-total-blockade-on-gaza |archive-date=9 October 2023 |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |ref={{harvid|Al Jazeera|2023b}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Israeli defence minister orders 'complete siege' on Gaza |work=Al Jazeera |date=9 October 2023 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2023/10/9/israeli-defence-minister-orders-complete-siege-on-gaza |access-date=12 December 2024 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009184220/https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2023/10/9/israeli-defence-minister-orders-complete-siege-on-gaza |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Al Jazeera|2023c}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=24 October 2023 |title=Gaza hospital generators to run out of fuel in 48 hours: Health Ministry |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/24/gaza-hospital-generators-to-run-out-of-fuel-in-48-hours-health-ministry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024082858/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/24/gaza-hospital-generators-to-run-out-of-fuel-in-48-hours-health-ministry |archive-date=24 October 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |ref={{harvid|Al Jazeera|2023d}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=2 November 2023 |title='Genocide', Colombia says as Latin American states condemn Israel over Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/2/genocide-colombia-says-as-latin-american-states-condemn-israel-over-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120090306/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/2/genocide-colombia-says-as-latin-american-states-condemn-israel-over-gaza |archive-date=20 November 2023 |publisher=Al Jazeera |ref={{harvid|Al Jazeera|2023e}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|title=US House passes $14.5bn military aid package for Israel |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/3/us-house-passes-14-5bn-military-aid-package-for-israel |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |date=3 November 2023 |language=en |quote=The US has given Israel more military assistance than any other country since World War II, providing aid worth more than $124bn. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408142957/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/3/us-house-passes-14-5bn-military-aid-package-for-israel |archive-date=8 April 2024 |ref={{harvid|Al Jazeera|2023f}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=9 November 2023 |title=ICC receives lawsuit over Israel's 'apartheid', 'genocide' in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/9/three-rights-groups-file-icc-lawsuit-against-israel-over-gaza-genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125014617/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/9/three-rights-groups-file-icc-lawsuit-against-israel-over-gaza-genocide |archive-date=25 November 2023 |access-date=9 November 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |ref={{harvid|Al Jazeera|2023g}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/upfront/2023/12/1/former-icc-chief-prosecutor-israels-siege-of-gaza-is-a-genocide |title=Former ICC chief prosecutor: Israel's siege of Gaza is a 'genocide' |work=Al Jazeera |date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710195403/https://www.aljazeera.com/program/upfront/2023/12/1/former-icc-chief-prosecutor-israels-siege-of-gaza-is-a-genocide |archive-date=10 July 2024 |ref={{harvid|Al Jazeera|2023h}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=24 January 2024 |title=How Israel has destroyed Gaza's schools and universities |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/24/how-israel-has-destroyed-gazas-schools-and-universities |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206045355/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/24/how-israel-has-destroyed-gazas-schools-and-universities |archive-date=6 February 2024 |ref={{harvid|Al Jazeera|2024a}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=18 February 2024 |title=Brazil's Lula compares Israel's war on Gaza with the Holocaust |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/18/brazils-lula-compares-israels-war-on-gaza-with-the-holocaust |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219084811/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/18/brazils-lula-compares-israels-war-on-gaza-with-the-holocaust |archive-date=19 February 2024 |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |ref={{harvid|Al Jazeera|2024b}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=19 February 2024 |title=ICJ to hold hearings on Israel's occupation of Palestinian territories |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/19/icj-to-hold-hearings-on-israels-occupation-of-palestinian-territories |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226061814/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/19/icj-to-hold-hearings-on-israels-occupation-of-palestinian-territories |archive-date=26 February 2024 |ref={{harvid|Al Jazeera|2024c}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=21 February 2024 |title=Colombia, Bolivia back Brazil's Lula in Israel row over Gaza war comments |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/21/colombia-bolivia-back-brazils-lula-in-israel-row-over-gaza-war-comments |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709233505/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/21/colombia-bolivia-back-brazils-lula-in-israel-row-over-gaza-war-comments |archive-date=9 July 2024 |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |ref={{harvid|Al Jazeera|2024d}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=23 February 2024 |title=Qatar to ICJ: Israel carrying out 'genocidal war' on people of Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2024/2/23/qatar-to-icj-israel-carrying-out-genocidal-war-on-people-of-gaza |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224063836/https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2024/2/23/qatar-to-icj-israel-carrying-out-genocidal-war-on-people-of-gaza |archive-date=24 February 2024 |ref={{harvid|Al Jazeera|2024e}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=26 February 2024 |title=Has Israel complied with ICJ order in Gaza genocide case? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/26/has-israel-complied-with-icj-order-in-gaza-genocide-case |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305002212/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/26/has-israel-complied-with-icj-order-in-gaza-genocide-case |archive-date=5 March 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |ref={{harvid|Al Jazeera|2024f}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=27 March 2024 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/27/un-expert-says-she-faces-threats-after-israel-gaza-genocide-report |title=UN expert says she faces threats after Israel-Gaza genocide report |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618090800/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/27/un-expert-says-she-faces-threats-after-israel-gaza-genocide-report |archive-date=18 June 2024 |ref={{harvid|Al Jazeera|2024g}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=19 May 2024 |title=Malaysian PM: Can't deny US complicity in Gaza genocide |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/talk-to-al-jazeera/2024/5/19/malaysian-pm-cant-deny-us-complicity-in-gaza-genocide |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718090843/https://www.aljazeera.com/program/talk-to-al-jazeera/2024/5/19/malaysian-pm-cant-deny-us-complicity-in-gaza-genocide |archive-date=18 July 2024 |ref={{harvid|Al Jazeera|2024h}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=24 September 2024 |title=Maldives leader says Israel must be held to account for 'genocide' in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/24/maldives-leader-says-israel-must-be-held-to-account-for-genocide-in-gaza |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924191951/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/24/maldives-leader-says-israel-must-be-held-to-account-for-genocide-in-gaza |archive-date=24 September 2024 |ref={{harvid|Al Jazeera|2024i}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=14 November 2024 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/11/14/israels-warfare-methods-in-gaza-consistent-with-genocide-un-committee |title=Israel's warfare methods in Gaza 'consistent with genocide': UN committee |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203061957/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/11/14/israels-warfare-methods-in-gaza-consistent-with-genocide-un-committee |archive-date=3 December 2024 |ref={{harvid|Al Jazeera|2024j}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=17 November 2024 |title=Pope Francis urges inquiry into Gaza genocide allegations |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/11/17/pope-francis-urges-inquiry-into-gaza-genocide-allegations |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118072543/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/11/17/pope-francis-urges-inquiry-into-gaza-genocide-allegations |archive-date=18 November 2024 |ref={{harvid|Al Jazeera|2024k}} }}

• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Al-Khalidi |first=Suleiman |date=12 January 2024 |title=Jordan blames Israel for regional tensions, backs S.Africa in 'genocide' case |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/jordan-says-failure-curb-israel-endangers-wider-region-2024-01-12/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313190110/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/jordan-says-failure-curb-israel-endangers-wider-region-2024-01-12/ |archive-date=13 March 2024 |access-date=16 July 2024 |work=Reuters}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Al-Mughrabi |first1=Nidal |date=13 January 2024 |title=Israel pushes ahead with Gaza offensive approaching 100 days of war |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-presses-with-gaza-offensive-approaching-100-days-war-2024-01-13/ |work=Reuters |access-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127095016/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-presses-with-gaza-offensive-approaching-100-days-war-2024-01-13/ |archive-date=27 January 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Al Nassim |first=Hommamm |date=10 June 2024 |title=Senegal: Palestine is being subjected to genocide with the complicity of all the world's powers |url=https://nan.media/en/senegal-palestine-is-being-subjected-to-genocide-with-the-complicity-of-all-the-worlds-powers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712204214/https://nan.media/en/senegal-palestine-is-being-subjected-to-genocide-with-the-complicity-of-all-the-worlds-powers/ |archive-date=12 July 2024 |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=Northern Africa News}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Alsaafin |first1=Linah |last2=Osgood |first2=Brian |date=9 February 2024 |title=Turkey: World's silence on Gaza 'complicity in genocide' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/9/israels-war-on-gaza-live-fear-in-rafah-as-israel-prepares-ground-attack?update=2694794 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211130227/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/9/israels-war-on-gaza-live-fear-in-rafah-as-israel-prepares-ground-attack?update=2694794 |archive-date=11 February 2024 |access-date=11 February 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |ref={{harvid|Alsaafin|Osgood|2024a}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Alsaafin |first1=Linah |last2=Osgood |first2=Brian |date=9 February 2024 |title=Amnesty International director says Palestinians in Gaza at 'grave risk' of genocide |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/9/israels-war-on-gaza-live-fear-in-rafah-as-israel-prepares-ground-attack?update=2695243 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=10 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209192033/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/9/israels-war-on-gaza-live-fear-in-rafah-as-israel-prepares-ground-attack?update=2695243 |archive-date=9 February 2024 |ref={{harvid|Alsaafin|Osgood|2024b}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Alsaafin |first1=Linah |last2=Siddiqui |first2=Usaid |date=10 February 2024 |title=Qatar strongly condemns Israeli threats to storm Rafah |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/10/israels-war-on-gaza-live-death-toll-nears-28000-as-rafah-assault-looms?update=2697418 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211130345/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/10/israels-war-on-gaza-live-death-toll-nears-28000-as-rafah-assault-looms?update=2697418 |archive-date=11 February 2024 |access-date=11 February 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}}
• {{cite web |last=Ambos |first=Kai |author-link=Kai Ambos |date=22 December 2023 |title=German law professor assesses possibility of war crimes in Palestine and Israel |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/hamas-breaking-law-does-not-allow-israel-do-same-says-expert-international-humanitarian-law |access-date=21 February 2025 |website=D+C - Development + Cooperation |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219101602/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/hamas-breaking-law-does-not-allow-israel-do-same-says-expert-international-humanitarian-law |archive-date=19 December 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|report|date=January 2022 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/MDE1551412022ENGLISH.pdf |title=Israel's Apartheid Against Palestinians: Cruel System of Domination and Crime Against Humanity |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201215719/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/MDE1551412022ENGLISH.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2022 |url-status=live|ref={{harvid|Amnesty International|2022}} }}
• {{cite report |date=4 December 2024 |title='You Feel Like You Are Subhuman': Israel's Genocide Against Palestinians In Gaza |url=https://amnesty.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Amnesty-International-Gaza-Genocide-Report-December-4-2024.pdf |publisher=Amnesty International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205121850/https://amnesty.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Amnesty-International-Gaza-Genocide-Report-December-4-2024.pdf |archive-date=5 December 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Amnesty International report|2024}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last=Angel |first=Arielle |date=24 September 2024 |title=Leaving Zion |url=https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii148/articles/arielle-angel-leaving-zion |journal=New Left Review |issue=148 |pages=23–40 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926154348/https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii148/articles/arielle-angel-leaving-zion |archive-date=26 September 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=11 January 2024 |title=Israel has hit civilians in Gaza but no genocide - Tajani |url=https://www.ansa.it/english/news/politics/2024/01/11/israel-has-hit-civilians-in-gaza-but-no-genocide-tajani_05247bb7-3385-42c9-a907-565bdba33c12.html |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228130536/https://www.ansa.it/english/news/politics/2024/01/11/israel-has-hit-civilians-in-gaza-but-no-genocide-tajani_05247bb7-3385-42c9-a907-565bdba33c12.html |archive-date=28 December 2024 |ref={{SfnRef|ANSA Editorial|2024}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Antonio |first1=Raymund |date=23 October 2023 |title=Civilians not a target: Envoy decries 'genocide' tag of Israel–Hamas war |work=Manila Bulletin |url=https://mb.com.ph/2023/10/23/civilians-not-a-target-envoy-decries-genocide-tag-of-israel-hamas-war |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101160309/https://mb.com.ph/2023/10/23/civilians-not-a-target-envoy-decries-genocide-tag-of-israel-hamas-war |archive-date=1 November 2023 |quote=Israeli Ambassador to the Philippines Ilan Fluss rejected the notion that his country is committing genocide in Gaza City, where a two-week war has erupted ... their measures were targeting Hamas members, and they were 'taking all measures to avoid having civilians affected" by attacks. 'We are informing civilians even before attacks: keep away from Hamas' infrastructure and Hamas' facilities,' ... Hamas attacked Israel on Oct. 7, and killed at least 1,400 people, mostly civilians.}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=8 October 2023 |title=Hamas leader Haniyeh: Battle 'will spread to West Bank, Jerusalem' |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2387276/middle-east |agency=Associated Press and Reuters |work=Arab News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018143356/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2387276/middle-east |archive-date=18 October 2023 |ref={{harvid|Arab News|2023}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=14 July 2024 |title=Saudi foreign ministry condemns continued genocide against Palestinian people |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2549146/saudi-arabia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716011009/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2549146/saudi-arabia |archive-date=16 July 2024 |access-date=17 July 2024 |work=Arab News |ref={{harvid|Arab News|2024}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=2 December 2023 |title=Israeli offensive shifts to crowded southern Gaza, driving up death toll despite evacuation orders |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-12-2-2023-f300e8dac70d5309bf5f5a75bace7689 |access-date=4 December 2023 |work=Associated Press |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216054613/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-12-2-2023-f300e8dac70d5309bf5f5a75bace7689 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |ref={{harvid|AP News|2023a}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=13 October 2023 |title=Iran Accuses Israel of 'Genocide' Against the Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/4602621-iran-accuses-israel-'genocide'-against-palestinians-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031095402/https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/4602621-iran-accuses-israel-%E2%80%98genocide%E2%80%99-against-palestinians-gaza |archive-date=31 October 2023 |work=Asharq Al-Awsat |ref={{harvid|Asharq Al-Awsat|2023}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Assi |first=Seraj |date=20 February 2024 |title=Lula Is Right About Israel's Genocide in Gaza |url=https://jacobin.com/2024/02/lula-israel-gaza-genocide |magazine=Jacobin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225230416/https://jacobin.com/2024/02/lula-israel-gaza-genocide |archive-date=25 February 2024}}
• {{#invoke:cite|magazine|last=Aubrey |first=Elizabeth |date=12 March 2024 |title=NewDad, Cardinals, Enola Gay and Rachel Chinouriri issue statements on SXSW 2024 boycott: "Support victims of war" |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/newdad-cardinals-enola-gay-and-rachel-chinouriri-issue-statements-on-sxsw-2024-boycott-support-victims-of-war-3600184 |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=NME |archive-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604161442/https://www.nme.com/news/music/newdad-cardinals-enola-gay-and-rachel-chinouriri-issue-statements-on-sxsw-2024-boycott-support-victims-of-war-3600184 |url-status=live}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Ayyash |first=M. Muhannad |date=2 November 2023 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/11/2/a-genocide-is-under-way-in-palestine# |title=A genocide is under way in Palestine |publisher=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121162240/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/11/2/a-genocide-is-under-way-in-palestine |archive-date=21 November 2023}}

• {{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Baars |first=Grietje |date=19 February 2024 |title=The uses of Marxist theory of law during a genocide |url=https://criticallegalthinking.com/2024/02/19/the-uses-of-marxist-theory-of-law-during-a-genocide/ |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Critical Legal Thinking |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508014644/https://criticallegalthinking.com/2024/02/19/the-uses-of-marxist-theory-of-law-during-a-genocide/ |archive-date=8 May 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Bacallao |first=Marianna |date=21 February 2024 |title='We should kill them all': TN Congressman Andy Ogles responds to questions on US involvement in Gaza |url=https://wpln.org/post/we-should-kill-them-all-tn-congressman-andy-ogles-responds-to-questions-on-us-involvement-in-gaza/ |newspaper=WPLN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807051852/https://wpln.org/post/we-should-kill-them-all-tn-congressman-andy-ogles-responds-to-questions-on-us-involvement-in-gaza/ |archive-date=7 August 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Baisalov |first=Edil |author1-link=Edil Baisalov |date=18 March 2024 |title=Kirgiziya prizvala Izrail' i SShA prekratit' genotsid v Gaze |script-title=ru:Киргизия призвала Израиль и США прекратить геноцид в Газе |trans-title=Kyrgyzstan calls on Israel and the US to stop genocide in Gaza |url=https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/20270189 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318135748/https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/20270189 |archive-date=18 March 2024 |access-date=28 March 2024 |work=TASS |language=ru}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Baker |first1=Graeme |title=Israel Gaza: Hospitals caught on front line of war |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67401064 |work=BBC News |date=13 November 2023 |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228234514/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67401064 |archive-date=28 February 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Balmer |first1=Crispian |date=13 May 2024 |title=Israel protests after Nobel laureate denounces Gaza invasion at Vatican |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/israel-protests-after-nobel-laureate-denounces-gaza-invasion-vatican-2024-05-13/ |work=Reuters |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240513211940/https://www.reuters.com/world/israel-protests-after-nobel-laureate-denounces-gaza-invasion-vatican-2024-05-13/ |archive-date=13 May 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Barghouti |first1=Mariam |author1-link=Mariam Barghouti |date=14 October 2023 |title=On October 7, Gaza broke out of prison |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/10/14/on-october-7-gaza-broke-out-of-prison |access-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128015454/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/10/14/on-october-7-gaza-broke-out-of-prison |archive-date=28 November 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Barnett |first=Michael |author-link=Michael N. Barnett |date=6 March 2023 |title=Is Israel on the Precipice of Genocide? |url=https://politicalviolenceataglance.org/2023/03/06/is-israel-on-the-precipice-of-genocide/ |website=Political Violence at a Glance |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226230834/https://politicalviolenceataglance.org/2023/03/06/is-israel-on-the-precipice-of-genocide/ |archive-date=26 December 2023}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Barreto |first=José Manuel |date=8 October 2024 |title=Rethinking International Law After Gaza Symposium: The Palestinian Genocide and the Colonial Core of International Law |url=https://opiniojuris.org/2024/10/08/rethinking-international-law-after-gaza-symposium-the-palestinian-genocide-and-the-colonial-core-of-international-law/ |access-date=8 May 2025 |website= Juris |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508014645/https://opiniojuris.org/2024/10/08/rethinking-international-law-after-gaza-symposium-the-palestinian-genocide-and-the-colonial-core-of-international-law/ |archive-date=8 May 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Bartov |first=Omer |author-link=Omer Bartov |date=10 November 2023 |title=Opinion {{!}} What I Believe as a Historian of Genocide |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/10/opinion/israel-gaza-genocide-war.html |access-date=16 December 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218055737/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/10/opinion/israel-gaza-genocide-war.html |archive-date=18 December 2023}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Bartov |first1=Omer |author-link=Omer Bartov |date=13 August 2024 |title=As a former IDF soldier and historian of genocide, I was deeply disturbed by my recent visit to Israel |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/13/israel-gaza-historian-omer-bartov |work=The Guardian |access-date=13 August 2024 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814194520/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/13/israel-gaza-historian-omer-bartov |archive-date=14 August 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Bashir |first=Nada |date=5 December 2024 |title=Amnesty International says there is 'sufficient evidence' to accuse Israel of genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/04/world/amnesty-international-israel-genocide-gaza-intl/index.html |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=CNN |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209011431/https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/04/world/amnesty-international-israel-genocide-gaza-intl/index.html |archive-date=9 December 2024}}
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• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Basu |first1=Brishti |date=1 November 2023 |title=Dwindling supplies, damaged hospitals in Gaza prompt growing calls for aid, ceasefire |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/hospitals-supplies-gaza-aid-ceasefire-1.7014512 |work=CBC |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205062514/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/hospitals-supplies-gaza-aid-ceasefire-1.7014512 |archive-date=5 February 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Bateman |first=Tom |date=2 February 2024 |title=Western officials in protest over Israel Gaza policy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-68177357 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205083517/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-68177357 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |ref={{harvid|Bateman|2024a}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Bateman |first=Tom |date=11 May 2024 |title=US says Israel may have breached international law with American weapons in Gaza |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-68984999 |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711213807/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-68984999 |archive-date=11 July 2024 |ref={{harvid|Bateman|2024b}} }}
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• {{cite web |last=Beaklini |first=Bruno Lima Rocha |date=25 October 2023 |title='War propaganda' – Brazil's media has abandoned journalistic standards over Gaza |url=http://institute.aljazeera.net/en/ajr/article/2393 |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=Al Jazeera Media Institute |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104164637/https://institute.aljazeera.net/en/ajr/article/2393 |archive-date=4 November 2023}}
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• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Beaumont |first1=Peter |last2=Burke |first2=Jason |date=11 March 2024 |title=Israeli human rights groups accuse country of failing to abide by ICJ's Gaza aid ruling |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/11/israeli-human-rights-groups-icj-gaza-aid-ruling |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311204045/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/11/israeli-human-rights-groups-icj-gaza-aid-ruling |archive-date=11 March 2024 |work=The Guardian}}
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• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Berg |first=Raffi |date=19 December 2024 |title=HRW accuses Israel of acts of genocide over Gaza water access |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c75wqr0k3dyo |access-date=21 December 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220111016/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c75wqr0k3dyo |archive-date=20 December 2024 |url-status=live}}
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• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Bergman |first1=Ronen |author-link=Ronen Bergman |last2=Zitun |first2=Yoav |date=10 January 2024 |script-title=he:ההוראה: למנוע ממחבלים לחזור לעזה 'בכל מחיר', גם אם יש איתם חטופים |title=hahor'a: lemanoa mimchavlim lechzor le'eza tavivkel mechir, gam am yesh itam hatofim |trans-title=The instructions: prevent terrorists from returning to Gaza "at all costs" even if there are hostages with them |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/yokra13754368 |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=Ynet |language=he |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224193530/https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/yokra13754368 |archive-date=24 February 2024 |ref={{harvid|Bergman|Zitun|2024a}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Bergman |first1=Ronen |author1-link=Ronen Bergman |last2=Zitun |first2=Yoav |date=12 January 2024 |script-title=he:השעות הראשונות של השבת השחורה |title=hashe'ot ha'roshonot shel hashevet hischura |trans-title=The first hours of Black Saturday |url=https://w.ynet.co.il/yediot/7-days/time-of-darkness |access-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118162157/https://w.ynet.co.il/yediot/7-days/time-of-darkness |archive-date=18 January 2024 |work=Yedioth Ahronoth |language=he |ref={{harvid|Bergman|Zitun|2024b}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Bigg |first=Matthew Mpoke |date=11 July 2024 |title=Fighting Isn't the Only Killer of Gazans Amid the War, Researchers Say |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/11/world/middleeast/gaza-war-death-toll-lancet.html |access-date=11 July 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712123712/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/11/world/middleeast/gaza-war-death-toll-lancet.html%20 |archive-date=12 July 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Bishara |first=Marwan |author-link=Marwan Bishara |date=12 October 2023 |title=Israel is manufacturing a case for genocide |language=en-US |newspaper=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/10/12/israel-is-manufacturing-a-case-for-genocide |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120213933/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/10/12/israel-is-manufacturing-a-case-for-genocide |archive-date=20 November 2023}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Bloxham |first1=Donald |author-link=Donald Bloxham |date=3 April 2025 |title=The 7 October Atrocities and the Annihilation of Gaza: Causes and Responsibilities |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |issue=Forum: Israel-Palestine: Atrocity Crimes and the Crisis of Holocaust and Genocide Studies |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2025.2483546 |s2cid= |doi-access=free}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Bob |first=Yonah Jeremy |date=9 January 2024 |title=How will ICJ rule on Gaza genocide case? Ex-IDF int'l law chief speaks |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-781476 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122213551/https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-781476 |archive-date=22 January 2024 |access-date=22 January 2024 |work=The Jerusalem Post |language=en-US}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Boffey |first=Daniel |date=17 November 2023 |title=Why are European governments clamping down on the right to protest? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/17/why-are-european-governments-clamping-down-right-to-protest |work=The Guardian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227174043/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/17/why-are-european-governments-clamping-down-right-to-protest |archive-date=27 February 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|book|last=Bolton |first=Matthew |title=Decoding Antisemitism |chapter=Genocide |series=Postdisciplinary Studies in Discourse |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland |publication-place=Cham |date=2024 |isbn=978-3-031-49237-2 |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-49238-9_32 |doi-access=free |pages=427–440}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Borger |first=Julian |date=1 February 2024 |title=Israel's campaign in Gaza 'plausibly' amounts to genocide, US court finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/01/genocide-gaza-israel-california-court |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202041336/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/01/genocide-gaza-israel-california-court |archive-date=2 February 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Borger |first1=Julian |last2=Roth |first2=Andrew |date=21 November 2024 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/21/icc-issues-arrest-warrant-for-benjamin-netanyahu-israel |title=ICC issues arrest warrant for Benjamin Netanyahu for alleged Gaza war crimes |work=The Guardian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205002406/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/21/icc-issues-arrest-warrant-for-benjamin-netanyahu-israel |archive-date=5 December 2024}}
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• {{cite web |last=Bouranova |first=Alene |date=6 June 2024 |title=Is Israel Committing Genocide in Gaza? New Report from BU School of Law's International Human Rights Clinic Lays Out Case |url=https://www.bu.edu/articles/2024/is-israel-committing-genocide-in-gaza/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605211111/https://www.bu.edu/articles/2024/is-israel-committing-genocide-in-gaza/ |archive-date=5 June 2024 |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=Boston University |language=en}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Bowen |first=Jeremy |date=12 October 2024 |title=Israeli attack on northern Gaza hints at retired general's 'surrender or starve' plan for war |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1e82yy0wxno |access-date=12 October 2024 |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241012161158/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1e82yy0wxno |archive-date=12 October 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Brawn |first=Steph |date=4 January 2024 |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/24026946.lbc-israeli-ambassador-uk-says-every-gaza-building-target/ |title=LBC: Israeli ambassador to UK says EVERY Gaza building is a target |newspaper=The National |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121005439/https://www.thenational.scot/news/24026946.lbc-israeli-ambassador-uk-says-every-gaza-building-target/ |archive-date=21 January 2025 |ref={{harvid|Brawn|2024a}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Brawn |first=Steph |date=18 November 2024 |title=Keir Starmer called out on Gaza as old footage re-emerges |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/24731582.keir-starmer-left-red-faced-gaza-old-footage-re-emerges/ |work=The National |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127000440/https://www.thenational.scot/news/24731582.keir-starmer-left-red-faced-gaza-old-footage-re-emerges/ |archive-date=27 November 2024 |ref={{harvid|Brawn|2024b}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Brown |first=Faye |date=4 April 2024 |url=https://news.sky.com/story/uk-is-breaching-international-law-by-continuing-to-arm-israel-sunak-warned-13107474 |title=UK is breaching international law by continuing to arm Israel, Sunak warned |newspaper=Sky News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416214420/https://news.sky.com/story/amp/uk-is-breaching-international-law-by-continuing-to-arm-israel-sunak-warned-13107474 |archive-date=16 April 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Brown |first1=Melissa |last2=Gang |first2=Duane W. |date=21 February 2024 |url=https://eu.tennessean.com/story/news/politics/2024/02/21/tennessee-andy-ogles-kill-them-all-comment-israel-hamas-war/72683259007/ |title=US Rep. Andy Ogles slammed for his 'kill them all' response to Palestinian activists |newspaper=The Tennessean |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240824173311/https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/politics/2024/02/21/tennessee-andy-ogles-kill-them-all-comment-israel-hamas-war/72683259007/ |archive-date=24 August 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last1=Browne |first1=Grace |date=24 October 2023 |title='The whole health system is collapsing around us.' Doctors say Gaza is on the brink |url=https://wired.me/science/gaza-health-system-collapse-israel-hamas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027204906/https://wired.me/science/gaza-health-system-collapse-israel-hamas/ |archive-date=27 October 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |magazine=Wired}}
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• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Buschek |first1=Christo |last2=Christoph |first2=Maria |last3=Kalisch |first3=Muriel |last4=Kollig |first4=Dajana |last5=Obermaier |first5=Frederik |last6=Retter |first6=Maria |title=(S+) The Gaza Project: Sie berichten aus der Todeszone – viele kostet das ihr Leben |language=de |trans-title=(S+) The Gaza Project: They report from the death zone – many lose their lives |work=Der Spiegel |date=25 June 2024 |issn=2195-1349 |url=https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/journalisten-in-gaza-arbeiten-in-der-todeszone-a-449a6940-b3ad-40ef-ab7a-d746c01ef0eb |access-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726062632/https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/journalisten-in-gaza-arbeiten-in-der-todeszone-a-449a6940-b3ad-40ef-ab7a-d746c01ef0eb |archive-date=26 July 2024}}
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• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Buxbaum |first=Jessica |date=30 November 2023 |title='Erase Gaza': How genocidal rhetoric is normalised in Israel |url=https://www.newarab.com/analysis/erase-gaza-how-genocidal-rhetoric-normalised-israel |access-date=29 December 2023 |work=The New Arab |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101182009/https://www.newarab.com/analysis/erase-gaza-how-genocidal-rhetoric-normalised-israel |archive-date=1 January 2024}}
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• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Carl |first=Traci |date=29 December 2023 |title=South Africa accuses Israel of genocide in a U.N. court. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/29/world/middleeast/south-africa-israel-genocide.html |access-date=30 December 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117041902/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/29/world/middleeast/south-africa-israel-genocide.html |archive-date=17 January 2024}}
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• {{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Hundreds dead as war erupts after surprise Hamas attack catches Israel off guard |date=7 October 2023 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/gaza-israel-rockets-attack-hamas-1.6990209 |agency=Associated Press |work=CBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110155357/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/gaza-israel-rockets-attack-hamas-1.6990209 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |ref={{harvid|CBC|2023}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=28 June 2024 |access-date=15 July 2024 |language=en |title=International laws against genocide exist: so why don't they work? |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/genocide-convention-william-schabas-1.7249721 |work=CBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714231001/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/genocide-convention-william-schabas-1.7249721 |archive-date=14 July 2024 |ref={{harvid|CBC|2024}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Cecil |first=Nicholas |date=2 September 2024 |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/uk-arms-exports-israel-gaza-hamas-david-lammy-b1179628.html |newspaper=Evening Standard |title=UK suspends 30 arms export licences to Israel over Gaza war including for fighter aircraft and drone spares |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909043215/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/uk-arms-exports-israel-gaza-hamas-david-lammy-b1179628.html |archive-date=9 September 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Chacar |first1=Henriette |date=10 November 2023 |title=Israel revises Hamas attack death toll to 'around 1,200' |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-revises-death-toll-oct-7-hamas-attack-around-1200-2023-11-10/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111012813/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-revises-death-toll-oct-7-hamas-attack-around-1200-2023-11-10/ |archive-date=11 November 2023}}
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• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Clayton |first=Freddie |date=27 May 2024 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/israel-icj-order-halt-rafah-offensive-what-next-rcna154102 |title=Isolated Israel argues U.N. court ruling leaves door open to Rafah offensive |work=NBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127025833/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/israel-icj-order-halt-rafah-offensive-what-next-rcna154102 |archive-date=27 November 2024 |ref={{harvid|Clayton|2024a}} }}
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• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Cohen |first=Ido David |date=24 September 2024 |title=Human Rights Groups: Israel's Far-right Channel 14 Has Called for Genocide Against Palestinians in Gaza More Than 50 Times |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-09-24/ty-article-magazine/.premium/israels-channel-14-has-repeatedly-called-for-genocide-against-palestinians-in-gaza/00000192-1f2e-d515-a1fa-5f3e99550000 |access-date=30 September 2024 |work=Haaretz |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240925143320/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-09-24/ty-article-magazine/.premium/israels-channel-14-has-repeatedly-called-for-genocide-against-palestinians-in-gaza/00000192-1f2e-d515-a1fa-5f3e99550000 |archive-date=25 September 2024}}
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• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Conley |first=Julia |date=3 January 2024 |title=100+ Global Rights Groups Urge Support for South Africa's Genocide Case Against Israel at ICJ |work=Common Dreams |url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/support-south-africa-icj |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106123613/https://www.commondreams.org/news/support-south-africa-icj |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Conley|2024a}} }}
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• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Cook |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Cook |date=25 October 2024 |title=Israel kills the journalists. Western media kills the truth of genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/gaza-israel-kills-journalists-western-media-killing-truth-genocide |access-date=28 October 2024 |work=Middle East Eye |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241025170735/https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/gaza-israel-kills-journalists-western-media-killing-truth-genocide |archive-date=25 October 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Cordall |first1=Simon Speakman |last2=Pedrosa |first2=Veronica |date=13 March 2024 |title=Not just the UNRWA report: Countless accounts of Israeli torture in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/13/after-the-unrwa-report-more-accounts-of-israels-torture-in-gaza |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314115752/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/13/after-the-unrwa-report-more-accounts-of-israels-torture-in-gaza |archive-date=14 March 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Cordall |first=Simon Speakman |date=3 April 2024 |title=Western allies face genocide complicity if support for Israel continues |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/3/western-allies-face-threat-of-complicity-if-support-for-israel-continues |work=Al Jazeera English |access-date=16 December 2024 |archive-date=14 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214192641/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/3/western-allies-face-threat-of-complicity-if-support-for-israel-continues |url-status=live}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Corder |first=Mike |date=2 January 2024 |title=South Africa's genocide case against Israel sets up a high-stakes legal battle at the UN's top court |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/south-africas-genocide-case-israel-sets-high-stakes-106055104 |access-date=3 January 2024 |work=ABC News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107013809/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/south-africas-genocide-case-israel-sets-high-stakes-106055104 |archive-date=7 January 2024}}
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• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Da Silva |first=Chantal |author-link=Chantal Da Silva |date=14 November 2023 |title=Israel right-wing ministers' comments add fuel to Palestinian fears |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/gaza-nakba-israels-far-right-palestinian-fears-hamas-war-rcna123909 |access-date=29 December 2023 |work=NBC News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114111051/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/gaza-nakba-israels-far-right-palestinian-fears-hamas-war-rcna123909 |archive-date=14 January 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Davies |first1=Harry |last2=McKernan |first2=Bethan |last3=Abraham |first3=Yuval |last4=Rapoport |first4=Meron |date=28 May 2024 |title=Spying, hacking and intimidation: Israel's nine-year 'war' on the ICC exposed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may/28/spying-hacking-intimidation-israel-war-icc-exposed |access-date=28 February 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215093654/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may/28/spying-hacking-intimidation-israel-war-icc-exposed |archive-date=15 February 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=15 October 2023 |title=FM Jilani equates Israeli strikes, blockade of Gaza to genocide against Palestinians |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1781220/fm-jilani-equates-israeli-strikes-blockade-of-gaza-to-genocide-against-palestinians |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024004155/https://www.dawn.com/news/1781220/fm-jilani-equates-israeli-strikes-blockade-of-gaza-to-genocide-against-palestinians |archive-date=24 October 2023 |work=Dawn |ref={{harvid|Dawn|2023}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Debre |first1=Isabel |date=11 November 2023 |title=Hospitals have special protection under the rules of war. Why are they in the crosshairs in Gaza? |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-gaza-hospitals-be55b16dd18e55be1b8ad395163ca19b |work=Associated Press |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223054900/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-gaza-hospitals-be55b16dd18e55be1b8ad395163ca19b |archive-date=23 February 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Debre |first1=Isabel |last2=Shurafa |first2=Wafaa |date=14 December 2023 |title=Hungry, thirsty and humiliated: Israel's mass arrest campaign sows fear in northern Gaza |url=https://apnews.com/article/palestinians-detained-israel-hamas-gaza-war-0ecbc338e4024add059b87b38022086d |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118123911/https://apnews.com/article/palestinians-detained-israel-hamas-gaza-war-0ecbc338e4024add059b87b38022086d |archive-date=18 January 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=Associated Press |language=en}}
• {{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Deiros Bronte |first1=Trinidad |date=14 May 2025 |title=Israel protesta ante España tras decir Sánchez: "Nosotros no comerciamos con un Estado genocida" |trans-title=Israel protests to Spain after Sánchez says: "We do not trade with a genocidal state." |url=https://elpais.com/espana/2025-05-14/israel-convoca-a-la-embajadora-espanola-por-las-duras-declaraciones-de-sanchez.html |publisher=El Pais |access-date=15 May 2025 |language=es-ES |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515095752/https://elpais.com/espana/2025-05-14/israel-convoca-a-la-embajadora-espanola-por-las-duras-declaraciones-de-sanchez.html |archive-date=15 May 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Demirjian |first=Karoun |date=30 October 2023 |title=Democratic Rifts Over Israel Burst to the Forefront in Congress |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/30/us/politics/democrats-israel-gaza.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108195142/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/30/us/politics/democrats-israel-gaza.html |archive-date=8 November 2023 |work=The New York Times}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Devereux |first1=Stephen |date=5 November 2024 |doi=10.19088/IDS.2024.042 |title=Was There a Famine in Gaza in 2024? |publisher=Institute of Development Studies |url=https://www.ids.ac.uk/publications/was-there-a-famine-in-gaza-in-2024/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113004044/https://www.ids.ac.uk/publications/was-there-a-famine-in-gaza-in-2024/ |archive-date=13 November 2024}}
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• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Doucet |first=Lyse |date=9 March 2024 |title=Israel abused Gaza war detainees, UN report alleges |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-68514816 |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313065404/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-68514816 |archive-date=13 March 2024}}
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• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Harb |first=Ali |author-link=Ali Harb |date=14 November 2023 |title=Anti-Palestinian sentiment rises amid bipartisan US support for Israel |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/14/anti-palestinian-sentiment-rises-amid-bipartisan-us-support-for-israel |access-date=3 December 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217071455/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/14/anti-palestinian-sentiment-rises-amid-bipartisan-us-support-for-israel |archive-date=17 December 2023}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Harb |first=Ali |title=UN special rapporteur calls forcible transfer of Palestinians 'act of genocide' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/3/israel-hamas-war-live-hezbollah-vows-revenge-for-israeli-strike-on-beirut?update=2596045 |access-date=3 January 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103232849/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/3/israel-hamas-war-live-hezbollah-vows-revenge-for-israeli-strike-on-beirut?update=2596045 |archive-date=3 January 2024 |ref={{harvid|Harb|2024a}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Harb |first1=Ali |author1-link=Ali Harb |date=18 February 2024 |title=Biden is said to be angry at Netanyahu, but US rewards keep coming |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/18/israels-war-on-gaza-live-palestinians-fleeing-rafah-face-israeli-strikes?update=2716692 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219045326/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/18/israels-war-on-gaza-live-palestinians-fleeing-rafah-face-israeli-strikes?update=2716692 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |ref={{harvid|Harb|2024b}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Harb |first1=Ali |author1-link=Ali Harb |last2=Osgood |first2=Brian |date=20 February 2024 |title=Cuba: US 'accomplices' in devastation of Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/20/israels-war-on-gaza-live-un-fears-explosion-in-child-deaths-in-gaza?update=2721122 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221081559/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/20/israels-war-on-gaza-live-un-fears-explosion-in-child-deaths-in-gaza?update=2721122 |archive-date=21 February 2024}}

• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Hasson |first=Nir |date=10 May 2025 |title=Knesset Debate Reveals Not Everyone Thinks Starving Gazan Children Is a Bad Thing |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-05-10/ty-article/.premium/knesset-debate-reveals-not-everyone-thinks-starving-gazan-children-is-a-bad-thing/00000196-b6ad-dbb0-af9f-bfbf27f10000 |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=Haaretz |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250510220950/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-05-10/ty-article/.premium/knesset-debate-reveals-not-everyone-thinks-starving-gazan-children-is-a-bad-thing/00000196-b6ad-dbb0-af9f-bfbf27f10000 |archive-date=10 May 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Hausdorff |first=Natasha |date=7 January 2024 |title=The International Court of Justice has been weaponised against the Jewish state |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/01/07/international-court-of-justice-weaponised-against-jewish/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122213550/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/01/07/international-court-of-justice-weaponised-against-jewish/ |archive-date=22 January 2024 |access-date=22 January 2024 |work=The Daily Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Henrich |first=Jan |date=1 June 2024 |title=Krieg in Gaza: Was Gerichte zum Völkermord-Vorwurf sagen |trans-title=What courts say about the genocide accusation |url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/ausland/israel-vorwurf-voelkermord-palaestinenser-gericht-gazastreifen-100.html |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=heute |publisher=ZDF |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125155540/https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/ausland/israel-vorwurf-voelkermord-palaestinenser-gericht-gazastreifen-100.html |archive-date=25 January 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=29 December 2023 |title=South Africa launches case at The Hague accusing Israel of genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/national/24018477.south-africa-launches-case-hague-accusing-israel-genocide-gaza/ |access-date=29 December 2023 |work=The Herald |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118081223/https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/national/24018477.south-africa-launches-case-hague-accusing-israel-genocide-gaza/ |archive-date=18 January 2024 |ref={{harvid|The Herald|2024}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Hermann |first1=Tamar |last2=Kaplan |first2=Yaron |date=20 February 2024 |title=Most Israelis: an "Absolute Victory" to the War is Unlikely – War in Gaza Survey 11 (February 12–15, 2024) |url=https://en.idi.org.il/articles/52976 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226115344/https://en.idi.org.il/articles/52976 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |website=Israel Democracy Institute}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Hillyard |first1=Vaughn |last2=Smith |first2=Allan |date=5 March 2024 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-israel-gaza-finish-problem-rcna141905 |title=Trump breaks silence on Israel's military campaign in Gaza: 'Finish the problem' |work=NBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404222856/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-israel-gaza-finish-problem-rcna141905 |archive-date=4 April 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Holmes |first=Oliver |date=27 April 2021 |title=Israel is committing the crime of apartheid, rights group says |work=The Guardian |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/israel-committing-crime-apartheid-human-rights-watch |url-status=live |access-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202210105/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/israel-committing-crime-apartheid-human-rights-watch |archive-date=2 February 2022}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Hooper |first=Ibrahim |date=10 November 2023 |title=CAIR-Florida Condemns Lawmaker's Call for Killing of 'All' Palestinians, Calls for GOP Censure and Public Repudiation |work=Council on American-Islamic Relations |url=https://www.cair.com/press_releases/cair-florida-condemns-lawmakers-call-for-killing-of-all-palestinians-calls-for-gop-censure-and-public-repudiation/ |access-date=3 February 2024 |archive-date=10 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240210140515/https://www.cair.com/press_releases/cair-florida-condemns-lawmakers-call-for-killing-of-all-palestinians-calls-for-gop-censure-and-public-repudiation/ |url-status=live}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Horton |first1=Jake |last2=Sardarizadeh |first2=Shayan |last3=Durbin |first3=Adam |date=16 May 2024 |title=Gaza war: Why is the UN citing lower death toll for women and children? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-69014893 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711140750/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-69014893 |archive-date=11 July 2024 |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Houghtaling |first=Ellie Quinlan |date=31 October 2023 |title=He Went There: Top U.N. Official Resigns Citing "Genocide" in Gaza |url=https://newrepublic.com/post/176538/top-un-official-resigns-citing-genocide-gaza |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113085903/https://newrepublic.com/post/176538/top-un-official-resigns-citing-genocide-gaza |archive-date=13 November 2023 |publisher=The New Republic}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Hubler |first=Shawn |date=31 January 2024 |title=A federal judge dismisses a suit to block U.S. support of Israel — but urges Biden to re-examine his approach |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/31/world/middleeast/joe-biden-israel-support.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201153444/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/31/world/middleeast/joe-biden-israel-support.html%20 |archive-date=1 February 2024 |access-date=1 February 2024 |work=The New York Times}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Hughes |first=Lydia |date=29 February 2024 |title=Islamophobia and spectacles of Muslim death |url=https://www.redpepper.org.uk/global-politics/palestine-middle-east/islamophobia-and-spectacles-of-muslim-death/ |access-date=21 March 2025 |magazine=Red Pepper |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117080034/https://www.redpepper.org.uk/global-politics/palestine-middle-east/islamophobia-and-spectacles-of-muslim-death/ |archive-date=17 November 2024}}
• {{cite web |publisher=Human Rights Watch |title=World Court to hear Genocide Case Against Israel |date=10 January 2024 |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/01/10/world-court-hear-genocide-case-against-israel |access-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110151152/https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/01/10/world-court-hear-genocide-case-against-israel |archive-date=10 January 2024 |ref={{harvid|Human Rights Watch|2024a}} }}
• {{cite web |date=26 February 2024 |title=Israel Not Complying with World Court Order in Genocide Case |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/02/26/israel-not-complying-world-court-order-genocide-case |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227022141/https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/02/26/israel-not-complying-world-court-order-genocide-case |archive-date=27 February 2024 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |ref={{harvid|Human Rights Watch|2024b}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Hurst |first1=Daniel |date=15 May 2024 |title=Fatima Payman accuses Israel of genocide in Gaza in significant rupture with Labor party position |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/article/2024/may/15/fatima-payman-accuses-israel-of-genocide-in-gaza-in-significant-rupture-with-labor-party-position |work=The Guardian |access-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523144251/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/article/2024/may/15/fatima-payman-accuses-israel-of-genocide-in-gaza-in-significant-rupture-with-labor-party-position |archive-date=23 May 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Hurwitz |first=Sophie |date=8 October 2024 |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/10/us-israel-funding-gaza-palestine-deaths-october-100000-17-billion/ |title=Report: In One Year, More Than 100,000 Deaths in Gaza—Aided by $17.9 Billion From the US |work=Mother Jones |access-date=17 October 2024 |quote=Brown University's Costs of War Project calculated "the money that's spent on war, and the toll on human lives" after a year of war in Gaza. The numbers are staggering. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010053644/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/10/us-israel-funding-gaza-palestine-deaths-october-100000-17-billion/ |archive-date=10 October 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Hutzler |first1=Alexandra |last2=Peller |first2=Lauren |date=19 July 2023 |title=House passes resolution saying Israel isn't a 'racist or apartheid state' |work=ABC News |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/house-vote-resolution-israel-racist-apartheid-state/story?id=101410569 |url-status=live |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030033122/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/house-vote-resolution-israel-racist-apartheid-state/story?id=101410569 |archive-date=30 October 2023}}
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• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Iasimone |first=Ashley |date=5 November 2023 |title=Macklemore Speaks at Pro-Palestine Rally in D.C.: 'This Is a Genocide' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/macklemore-pro-palestine-rally-washington-dc-1235463853/ |access-date=8 January 2024 |magazine=Billboard |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113224151/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/macklemore-pro-palestine-rally-washington-dc-1235463853/ |archive-date=13 November 2023}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=25 September 2024 |title=Gabriel Boric: "Me rebelo ante quienes pretenden que elijamos entre el terrorismo de Hamas y el genocidio de Israel" |trans-title=Gabriel Boric: "I rebel against those who want us to choose between Hamas terrorism and Israel's genocide" |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2024/09/25/gabriel-boric-me-rebelo-ante-quienes-pretenden-que-elijamos-entre-el-terrorismo-de-hamas-y-el-genocidio-de-israel/ |access-date=7 October 2024 |work=infobae |language=es-ES |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241010205850/https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2024/09/25/gabriel-boric-me-rebelo-ante-quienes-pretenden-que-elijamos-entre-el-terrorismo-de-hamas-y-el-genocidio-de-israel/ |archive-date=10 October 2024 |ref={{harvid|Infobae|2024}} }}
• {{wikicite |ref=ICJ-order-2024-01-26 |reference=[https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240126-ord-01-00-en.pdf Order of 26 January 2024] (PDF), Application of Convention on Prevention and Punishment of Crime of Genocide (S. Afr. v. Isr.), No. 192 (ICJ 26 January 2024), [https://archive.today/20240213034718/https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/documenttools/e9d8337ab5ae1d92/72977573-full.pdf archived] from the original on 13 February 2024.}}
• {{cite web |publisher=International State Crime Initiative |date=2023 |title=International Expert Statement on Israeli State Crime |website=statecrime.org |url=http://statecrime.org/international-expert-statement-on-israeli-state-crime |access-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106140101/http://statecrime.org/international-expert-statement-on-israeli-state-crime |archive-date=6 January 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|International State Crime Initiative|2023}} }}
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• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Iraqi |first=Amjad |date=28 May 2024 |title=Surveillance and interference: Israel's covert war on the ICC exposed |url=https://www.972mag.com/icc-israel-surveillance-investigation/ |access-date=28 February 2025 |magazine=+972 Magazine |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214125047/https://www.972mag.com/icc-israel-surveillance-investigation/ |archive-date=14 February 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Irwin |first1=Lauren |date=24 April 2024 |title=Malala Yousafzai confirms support for Palestine after backlash over musical with Hillary Clinton |url=https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/4619597-malala-yousafzai-confirms-support-for-palestine-after-backlash-over-musical-with-hillary-clinton/ |work=The Hill |access-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425005908/https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/4619597-malala-yousafzai-confirms-support-for-palestine-after-backlash-over-musical-with-hillary-clinton/ |archive-date=25 April 2024}}
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• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Jalal |first=Rasha |date=5 March 2025 |title=Palestinians in Gaza fear threat of famine over Israel's Ramadan aid blockade |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/gazas-palestinians-fear-famine-over-israels-ramadan-aid-block |work=The New Arab |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305215633/https://www.newarab.com/news/gazas-palestinians-fear-famine-over-israels-ramadan-aid-block |archive-date=5 March 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Jamal |first=Hebh |date=16 October 2023 |title=Israel-Palestine war: German police repress Palestine solidarity protests |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-germany-police-repress-palestine-solidarity-protests |work=Middle East Eye |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117091811/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-germany-police-repress-palestine-solidarity-protests |archive-date=17 January 2024}}
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• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Jamshidi |first1=Maryam |date=6 May 2024 |title=Genocide and Resistance in Palestine under Law's Shadow |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |issue=Forum: Gaza: International Humanitarian Law and Genocide |pages=1–35 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2348377 |s2cid= |doi-access=free |ref={{harvid|Jamshidi|2024a}} }}
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• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Jefferson |first=Dee |date=24 April 2025 |title=Kneecap say 'statements aren't aggressive' after denouncing Israel at Coachella |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2025/apr/24/kneecap-say-statements-arent-aggressive-after-denouncing-israel-at-coachella |work=The Guardian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429092658/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2025/apr/24/kneecap-say-statements-arent-aggressive-after-denouncing-israel-at-coachella |archive-date=29 April 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last1=Pilley |first1=Max |date=30 April 2025 |title=Massive Attack: "Kneecap are not the story. Gaza is the story. Genocide is the story" |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/massive-attack-kneecap-are-not-the-story-gaza-is-the-story-genocide-is-the-story-3859728 |magazine=NME |access-date=2 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502001312/https://www.nme.com/news/music/massive-attack-kneecap-are-not-the-story-gaza-is-the-story-genocide-is-the-story-3859728 |archive-date=2 May 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=10 January 2024 |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-781618 |title=Ahead of ICJ genocide case, Likud MK doubles down on call to burn Gaza to the ground |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213234221/https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-781618 |archive-date=13 December 2024 |ref={{harvid|The Jerusalem Post|2024a}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=24 October 2024 |title=Israeli soldiers returning from war struggle with trauma and suicide |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-825955 |access-date=28 October 2024 |work=The Jerusalem Post |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241024174515/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-825955 |archive-date=24 October 2024 |ref={{harvid|The Jerusalem Post|2024b}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=30 November 2024 |title=Former defense minister Ya'alon: 'We are being dragged into ethnic cleansing in Gaza' |work=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-831374 |access-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130175704/https://jpost.com/israel-news/article-831374 |archive-date=30 November 2024 |ref={{harvid|The Jerusalem Post|2024c}} }}
• {{cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Jewish Voice for Peace calls on all people of conscience to stop imminent genocide |url=https://www.jewishvoiceforpeace.org/2023/10/11/statement23-10-11/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116181005/https://www.jewishvoiceforpeace.org/2023/10/11/statement23-10-11/ |archive-date=16 November 2023 |work=Jewish Voice for Peace |ref={{harvid|Jewish Voice for Peace|2023}} }}
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• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Johnson |first=Jake |date=18 October 2023 |title=800+ Legal Scholars Say Israel May Be Perpetrating 'Crime of Genocide' in Gaza |work=Common Dreams |url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/legal-scholars-israel-genocide |access-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122173930/https://www.commondreams.org/news/legal-scholars-israel-genocide |archive-date=22 November 2023}}
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• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Johnson |first=Jake |date=11 March 2024 |title=Israeli Groups Slam Netanyahu Government for Flouting ICJ Ruling |url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/israeli-human-rights-groups-icj |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311153122/https://www.commondreams.org/news/israeli-human-rights-groups-icj |archive-date=11 March 2024 |work=Common Dreams |ref={{harvid|Johnson|2024b}} }}
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• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Jones |first1=Sam |title=Israel committing genocide in Gaza, says EU's former top diplomat |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/09/israel-committing-genocide-in-gaza-says-eus-former-top-diplomat |access-date=9 May 2025 |work=The Guardian |date=9 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250510092805/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/09/israel-committing-genocide-in-gaza-says-eus-former-top-diplomat |archive-date=10 May 2025}}

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• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Khouri |first=Rami G. |date=15 December 2023 |title=Watching the watchdogs: Media, law and Gaza genocide |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/12/15/watching-the-watchdogs-media-law-and-gaza-genocide |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302203807/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/12/15/watching-the-watchdogs-media-law-and-gaza-genocide |archive-date=2 March 2024}}
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• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Krever |first=Mike |date=12 October 2024 |title=After mulling siege plan, Israel ramps up military push in northern Gaza |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/12/middleeast/israel-military-push-northern-gaza-intl/index.html |access-date=13 October 2024 |work=CNN |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241013142409/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/12/middleeast/israel-military-push-northern-gaza-intl/index.html |archive-date=13 October 2024}}
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• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Lazaroff |first=Tovah |date=26 January 2024 |title=Hungarian FM to 'Post': Genocide claim at ICJ is nonsense, we back Israel |url=https://www.jpost.com/international/article-783796 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610061336/https://www.jpost.com/international/article-783796 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=The Jerusalem Post |ref={{harvid|Lazaroff|2024b}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Leahy |first=Pat |date=11 December 2024 |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/2024/12/11/government-confirms-ireland-will-intervene-in-two-cases-before-international-court-of-justice/ |title=Government confirms Ireland will intervene in two cases before International Court of Justice |newspaper=The Irish Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213164714/https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/2024/12/11/government-confirms-ireland-will-intervene-in-two-cases-before-international-court-of-justice/ |archive-date=13 December 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Le Bars |first1=Stéphanie |date=29 October 2024 |title='What is happening in Gaza is a genocide because Gaza does not exist anymore' |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/opinion/article/2024/10/29/amos-goldberg-what-is-happening-in-gaza-is-a-genocide-because-gaza-does-not-exist-anymore_6730881_23.html |work=Le Monde |access-date=31 October 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241029133939/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/opinion/article/2024/10/29/amos-goldberg-what-is-happening-in-gaza-is-a-genocide-because-gaza-does-not-exist-anymore_6730881_23.html |archive-date=29 October 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Lederman |first1=Shmuel |date=29 January 2024 |title=Gaza as a Laboratory 2.0 |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |issue=Forum: Israel-Palestine: Atrocity Crimes and the Crisis of Holocaust and Genocide Studies |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2309706}}
• {{cite web |last=Lerman |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Lerman |date=14 February 2024 |url=https://www.declassifieduk.org/weaponising-antisemitism-the-gift-that-keeps-on-giving/ |title=Weaponising antisemitism: the gift that keeps on giving |website=Declassified UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115005528/https://www.declassifieduk.org/weaponising-antisemitism-the-gift-that-keeps-on-giving/ |archive-date=15 November 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Levene |first1=Mark |author1-link=Mark Levene |date=21 January 2024 |title=Gaza 2023: Words Matter, Lives Matter More |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |eissn=1469-9494 |issue=Forum: Israel–Palestine: Atrocity Crimes and the Crisis of Holocaust and Genocide Studies |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2301866 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380792867 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240704174612/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mark-Levene/publication/380792867_Gaza_2023_Words_Matter_Lives_Matter_More/links/664f1becbc86444c72f9e294/Gaza-2023-Words-Matter-Lives-Matter-More.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Levitz |first=Eric |date=13 October 2023 |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/10/the-u-s-is-giving-israel-permission-for-war-crimes.html |title=The U.S. Is Giving Israel Permission for War Crimes |publisher=The Intelligencer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026105732/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2023/10/the-u-s-is-giving-israel-permission-for-war-crimes.html |archive-date=26 October 2023}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Li |first=Shirley |date=11 March 2024 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2024/03/jonathan-glazer-israel-gaza-speech/677714/ |title=Jonathan Glazer's Warning at the Oscars |magazine=The Atlantic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312024707/https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2024/03/jonathan-glazer-israel-gaza-speech/677714/ |archive-date=12 March 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Lis |first=Jonathan |date=28 January 2024 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-01-28/ty-article/herzog-blasts-icjs-portrayal-of-his-remarks-says-there-are-innocent-palestinians-in-gaza/0000018d-51cb-dfdc-a5ad-dbffce970000 |newspaper=Haaretz |title=Israeli President Blasts ICJ's Portrayal of His Remarks, Says There Are Innocent Palestinians in Gaza |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240229123337/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-01-28/ty-article/herzog-blasts-icjs-portrayal-of-his-remarks-says-there-are-innocent-palestinians-in-gaza/0000018d-51cb-dfdc-a5ad-dbffce970000 |archive-date=29 February 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Litvin |first=Yoav |date=21 December 2023 |title=The anatomy of Zionist genocide |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/12/21/the-anatomy-of-zionist-genocide |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224052235/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/12/21/the-anatomy-of-zionist-genocide |archive-date=24 February 2024}}
• {{cite web |last=Luban |first=David |date=22 May 2024 |title=What the ICC Prosecutor Charged – and Didn't Charge – in Gaza Warrants |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/95985/icc-gaza-warrant-charges/ |access-date=19 August 2024 |website=Just Security |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703062415/https://www.justsecurity.org/95985/icc-gaza-warrant-charges/ |archive-date=3 July 2024}}
• {{cite web |last=Luciano |first=Michael |date=18 December 2023 |title=Michele Bachmann Calls for Ethnic Cleansing in Gaza: 'They Need To Be Removed From That Land' |url=https://www.mediaite.com/tv/michele-bachmann-calls-for-ethnic-cleansing-in-gaza-they-need-to-be-removed-from-that-land/ |access-date=19 December 2023 |website=Mediaite |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224135124/https://www.mediaite.com/tv/michele-bachmann-calls-for-ethnic-cleansing-in-gaza-they-need-to-be-removed-from-that-land/ |archive-date=24 December 2023}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Lurie-Pardes |first=Eyal |date=6 March 2024 |url=https://www.972mag.com/israeli-tv-hasbara-media-gaza/ |title=Journalism out, hasbara in: How Israeli TV news joined the Gaza war effort |magazine=+972 Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007153042/https://www.972mag.com/israeli-tv-hasbara-media-gaza/ |archive-date=7 October 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=20 October 2024}}
• {{cite web |last1=Lynch |first1=Marc |last2=Telhami |first2=Shibley |date=20 June 2024 |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/gloom-about-the-day-after-the-gaza-war-pervasive-among-mideast-scholars/ |title=Gloom about the 'day after' the Gaza war pervasive among Mideast scholars |publisher=Brookings |access-date=29 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626215734/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/gloom-about-the-day-after-the-gaza-war-pervasive-among-mideast-scholars/ |archive-date=26 June 2024}}

• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Maçães |first1=Bruno |author1-link=Bruno Maçães |last2=Levy |first2=Gideon |author2-link=Gideon Levy |date=8 January 2024 |title='They kill anything that moves' |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/international-content/the-international-interview/2024/01/gideon-levy-south-africa-genocide-israel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821075219/https://www.newstatesman.com/international-content/the-international-interview/2024/01/gideon-levy-south-africa-genocide-israel |archive-date=21 August 2024 |access-date=21 August 2024 |work=The New Statesman |language=en-US}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Mack |first=Eitay |date=7 March 2023 |title=Israel: Evidence of Bezalel Smotrich's support for genocide is clear. The US must act |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/israel-us-bezalel-smotrich-evidence-genocide-support |work=Middle East Eye |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220133858/https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/israel-us-bezalel-smotrich-evidence-genocide-support |archive-date=20 December 2023}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Mackenzie |first1=James |last2=Lubell |first2=Maayan |date=29 October 2023 |title=Israel launches Gaza war's second phase with ground operation, Netanyahu says |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/eu-calls-humanitarian-pauses-gaza-aid-israel-raids-enclave-2023-10-26/ |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231029040509/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/eu-calls-humanitarian-pauses-gaza-aid-israel-raids-enclave-2023-10-26/ |archive-date=29 October 2023 |quote=Israel has tightened its blockade on and bombarded Gaza for three weeks after the Islamist group Hamas' Oct. 7 assault killed 1,400 Israelis ... Abbas ... said, 'Our people in the Gaza Strip are facing a war of genocide and massacres committed by the Israeli occupation forces in full view of the entire world.'}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Magdy |first1=Samy |last2=Shurafa |first2=Wafaa |last3=Kullab |first3=Samya |date=12 November 2023 |title=Dwindling fuel supplies for Gaza's hospital generators put premature babies in incubators at risk |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/dwindling-fuel-supplies-gazas-hospital-generators-put-premature-104211808 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023021534/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/dwindling-fuel-supplies-gazas-hospital-generators-put-premature-104211808 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |publisher=ABC News}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Magdy |first=Sam |date=5 December 2024 |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-rights-amnesty-genocide-19aa8fb76f7271942e73d5d7a42434e0 |title=Amnesty International says Israel is committing genocide in Gaza. Israel rejects the allegations |work=AP News |access-date=17 December 2024 |archive-date=17 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217174023/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-rights-amnesty-genocide-19aa8fb76f7271942e73d5d7a42434e0 |url-status=live}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Magid |first1=Jacob |last2=Sharon |first2=Jeremy |date=12 January 2024 |title=Germany says will intervene at The Hague on Israel's behalf, blasts genocide charge |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/germany-says-will-intervene-at-the-hague-on-israels-behalf-blasts-genocide-charge/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610064208/https://www.timesofisrael.com/germany-says-will-intervene-at-the-hague-on-israels-behalf-blasts-genocide-charge/ |archive-date=10 June 2024 |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=The Times of Israel}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Magid |first=Jacob |date=24 September 2024 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/qatari-pm-tells-un-that-israels-war-in-gaza-is-a-gennocide/ |title=Qatari emir tells UN that Israel's war in Gaza is a 'genocide' |newspaper=The Times of Israel |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240928150736/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/qatari-pm-tells-un-that-israels-war-in-gaza-is-a-gennocide/ |archive-date=28 September 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Mahdawi |first1=Arwa |date=6 November 2024 |title=We are witnessing the final stage of genocide in Gaza |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/nov/06/we-are-witnessing-the-final-stage-of-genocide-in-gaza |access-date=8 November 2024 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123180723/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/nov/06/we-are-witnessing-the-final-stage-of-genocide-in-gaza |archive-date=23 January 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last=Mahomed |first=Safia |date=December 2023 |title=When sanctuaries of humanity turn into corridors of horror: The destruction of healthcare in Gaza |journal=South African Journal of Bioethics and Law |volume=16 |pages=77–79 |doi=10.7196/SAJBL.2023.v16i3.1732 |doi-access=free |number=3}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Malsin |first1=Jared |last2=Shah |first2=Saeed |title=The Ruined Landscape of Gaza After Nearly Three Months of Bombing |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=30 December 2023 |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/gaza-destruction-bombing-israel-aa528542 |language=en-US |access-date=12 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208193621/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/gaza-destruction-bombing-israel-aa528542 |archive-date=8 December 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Maltz |first=Judy |date=14 March 2024 |title=Pro-Palestinian Protesters Block Access to New York Times Newsroom, Accuse Staff of 'Complicity in Genocide' |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2024-03-14/ty-article/.premium/pro-palestinians-protesters-target-nyt-building-blocking-access-to-newsroom/0000018e-3d66-d67c-a18e-ff6f0b390000 |work=Haaretz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314192234/https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2024-03-14/ty-article/.premium/pro-palestinians-protesters-target-nyt-building-blocking-access-to-newsroom/0000018e-3d66-d67c-a18e-ff6f0b390000 |archive-date=14 March 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Mansoor |first=Sanya |date=21 November 2023 |title=Pro-Palestinian Americans Are Pushing Biden to Pivot |url=https://time.com/6337911/biden-israel-policy-palestine-pressure/ |access-date=8 January 2024 |magazine=TIME |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102191717/https://time.com/6337911/biden-israel-policy-palestine-pressure/ |archive-date=2 January 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Marin |first1=Siobhan |last2=West |first2=Andrew |date=30 January 2024 |title=Why a biblical story is central to South Africa's ICJ case against Israel |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-01-31/biblical-story-amalek-south-africa-icj-genocide-case-israel/103403552 |access-date=12 December 2024 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209161305/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-01-31/biblical-story-amalek-south-africa-icj-genocide-case-israel/103403552 |archive-date=9 December 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Marin |first=Stephanie |date=4 October 2024 |title=Le déchirement autour du mot «génocide» |language=fr |trans-title=The rift around the word "genocide" |url=https://www.ledevoir.com/monde/moyen-orient/821121/y-il-genocide-gaza |work=Le Devoir |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250312184658/https://www.ledevoir.com/monde/moyen-orient/821121/y-il-genocide-gaza |archive-date=12 March 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Marsh |first=Sarah |date=9 November 2023 |title=Germany accused of silencing pro-Palestinian voices at U.N. rights forum |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/germany-accused-silencing-pro-palestinian-voices-un-rights-forum-2023-11-09/ |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120060719/https://www.reuters.com/world/germany-accused-silencing-pro-palestinian-voices-un-rights-forum-2023-11-09/ |archive-date=20 November 2023}}·
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Marsi |first1=Federica |last2=Varshalomidze |first2=Tamila |last3=Harb |first3=Ali |author3-link=Ali Harb |last4=Osgood |first4=Brian |date=14 February 2024 |title=In Gaza, Biden administration complicit: Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/14/israels-war-on-gaza-live-afraid-to-leave-as-israel-fires-on-hospital?update=2708406 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214182846/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/14/israels-war-on-gaza-live-afraid-to-leave-as-israel-fires-on-hospital?update=2708406 |archive-date=14 February 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Marsi |first=Federica |date=27 February 2024 |title=How much aid has entered Gaza? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/27/israels-war-on-gaza-live-biden-comments-turn-focus-back-to-gaza-ceasefire?update=2735412 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227143519/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/27/israels-war-on-gaza-live-biden-comments-turn-focus-back-to-gaza-ceasefire?update=2735412 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Marsi |first1=Federica |last2=Mohamed |first2=Edna |date=14 March 2024 |title=Israeli forces detain 20 Palestinians in occupied West Bank |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/14/israels-war-on-gaza-live-rafah-attack-coming-soon-despite-pressure?update=2771884 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314135406/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/14/israels-war-on-gaza-live-rafah-attack-coming-soon-despite-pressure?update=2771884 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |ref={{harvid|Marsi|Mohamed|2024a}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Marsi |first1=Federica |last2=Mohamed |first2=Edna |date=14 March 2024 |title=Israel's main objective is 'collective punishment' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/14/israels-war-on-gaza-live-rafah-attack-coming-soon-despite-pressure?update=2772280 |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314133417/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/14/israels-war-on-gaza-live-rafah-attack-coming-soon-despite-pressure?update=2772280 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |ref={{harvid|Marsi|Mohamed|2024b}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Marsi |first1=Frederica |last2=Siddiqui |first2=Usaid |date=17 February 2024 |title=African Union Commission head says Gaza being 'annihilated' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/17/israels-war-on-gaza-live-icj-warns-of-perilous-situation-in-rafah?update=2713416 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=18 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218002025/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/17/israels-war-on-gaza-live-icj-warns-of-perilous-situation-in-rafah?update=2713416 |archive-date=18 February 2024 |ref={{harvid|Marsi|Siddiqui|2024a}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Marsi |first1=Frederica |last2=Siddiqui |first2=Usaid |date=13 March 2024 |title=Israel's war on Gaza live: Dozens of casualties in Israeli attack on UN hub |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/13/israels-war-on-gaza-live-netanyahu-vows-to-finish-the-job-in-rafah?update=2770109 |access-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313163109/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/13/israels-war-on-gaza-live-netanyahu-vows-to-finish-the-job-in-rafah?update=2770109 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |ref={{harvid|Marsi|Siddiqui|2024b}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Marsi |first1=Federica |last2=Siddiqui |first2=Usaid |date=26 March 2024 |title='Ruthless push for a final solution': Pakistan back's UN rapporteur |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/26/israels-war-on-gaza-live-world-welcomes-un-ceasefire-resolution?update=2800648 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330091359/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/26/israels-war-on-gaza-live-world-welcomes-un-ceasefire-resolution?update=2800648 |archive-date=30 March 2024 |ref={{harvid|Marsi|Siddiqui|2024c}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Marsi |first1=Federica |last2=Siddiqui |first2=Usaid |last3=Motamedi |first3=Maziar |date=28 March 2024 |title=ICJ orders Israel to stop preventing 'delivery of urgently needed' aid |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/28/israels-war-on-gaza-live-unarmed-palestinians-killed-buried-by-bulldozer?update=2804475 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=2 April 2024 |archive-date=2 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402063034/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/28/israels-war-on-gaza-live-unarmed-palestinians-killed-buried-by-bulldozer?update=2804475 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Marsudi |first1=Retno |date=23 September 2024 |title=Remarks by H.E. Retno L.P. Marsudi Minister for Foreign Affairs Republic of Indonesia the Summit of the Future "Multilateral Solutions for a Better Tomorrow" New York, 23 September 2024 |url=https://estatements.unmeetings.org/estatements/10.0010/20240923090000000/qRMMeMjhrye_/cIx_NbjId_nyc_en.pdf |doi= |publisher=Journal of the United Nations |access-date=17 November 2024}}
• {{cite web |last1=Masarwa |first1=Lubna |last2=Osman |first2=Nadda |date=3 November 2023 |title=Palestinian workers from Gaza describe torture and abuse in Israeli detention |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-gaza-workers-torture-abuse-detention |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202165606/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-gaza-workers-torture-abuse-detention |archive-date=2 February 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Massad |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Massad |date=27 February 2025 |title=How Islamophobia and anti-Palestinian racism were born together |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/how-islamophobia-and-anti-palestinian-racism-were-born-together |access-date=21 March 2025 |work=Middle East Eye |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250315235922/https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/how-islamophobia-and-anti-palestinian-racism-were-born-together |archive-date=15 March 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Massoud |first1=Bassam |last2=Fick |first2=Maggie |date=23 December 2023 |title=Gaza death toll: why counting the dead has become a daily struggle |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/fight-keep-counting-dead-gaza-2023-12-21/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114213315/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/fight-keep-counting-dead-gaza-2023-12-21/ |archive-date=14 January 2024 |work=Reuters}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last1=Matar |first1=Haggai |date=7 October 2023 |title=Gaza's shock attack has terrified Israelis. It should also unveil the context |url=https://www.972mag.com/gaza-attack-context-israelis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231181619/https://www.972mag.com/gaza-attack-context-israelis/ |archive-date=31 December 2023 |access-date=31 December 2023 |magazine=+972 Magazine}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=18 October 2023 |title=Mauritania Condemns Israeli Heinous Crimes in Gaza |url=https://ami.mr/en/archives/11732 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226044814/https://ami.mr/en/archives/11732 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=Mauritanian News Agency |ref={{harvid|Mauritanian News Agency|2023}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=McCann Ramirez |first=Nikki |date=5 March 2024 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/trump-israel-finish-problem-gaza-1234981038/ |title=Trump Backs Israel Bombarding Gaza: 'Gotta Finish the Problem' |magazine=RollingStone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306053711/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/trump-israel-finish-problem-gaza-1234981038/ |archive-date=6 March 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=McDoom |first1=Omar Shahabudin |author1-link=Omar Shahabudin McDoom |date=25 April 2024 |title=Expert Commentary, the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, and the Question of Genocide: Prosemitic Bias within a Scholarly Community? |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |issue=Forum: Israel–Palestine: Atrocity Crimes and the Crisis of Holocaust and Genocide Studies |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2346403 |s2cid= |doi-access=free}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=McGee |first1=Harry |last2=Power |first2=Jack |last3=Leahy |first3=Pat |date=16 December 2024 |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/2024/12/16/israeli-foreign-minister-calls-taoiseach-simon-harris-antisemitic/ |title=Israeli foreign minister calls Taoiseach Simon Harris 'antisemitic' |newspaper=The Irish Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216182840/https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/2024/12/16/israeli-foreign-minister-calls-taoiseach-simon-harris-antisemitic/ |archive-date=16 December 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=McGreal |first=Chris |author-link=Chris McGreal |date=13 November 2023 |title=US rights group sues Biden for alleged 'failure to prevent genocide' in Gaza |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/nov/13/biden-lawsuit-alleged-failure-prevent-genocide-israel-palestine |access-date=14 November 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121091027/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/nov/13/biden-lawsuit-alleged-failure-prevent-genocide-israel-palestine |archive-date=21 November 2023}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=McKernan |first1=Bethan |last2=Kierszenbaum |first2=Quique |date=10 October 2023 |title='We're focused on maximum damage': ground offensive into Gaza seems imminent |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/10/right-now-it-is-one-day-at-a-time-life-on-israels-frontline-with-gaza |work=The Guardian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410005420/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/10/right-now-it-is-one-day-at-a-time-life-on-israels-frontline-with-gaza |archive-date=10 April 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=McKernan |first1=Bethan |last2=Michaelson |first2=Ruth |last3=Graham-Harrison |first3=Emma |last4=Kierszenbaum |first4=Quique |last5=Balousha |first5=Hazem |last6=Taha |first6=Sufian |last7=Sherwood |first7=Harriet |last8=Beaumont |first8=Peter |date=14 October 2023 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/14/seven-days-of-terror-that-shook-the-world-and-changed-the-middle-east |title=Seven days of terror that shook the world and changed the Middle East |work=The Observer |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125041556/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/14/seven-days-of-terror-that-shook-the-world-and-changed-the-middle-east |archive-date=25 November 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=McKernan |first=Bethan |date=26 January 2024 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/26/israeli-officials-accuse-international-court-of-justice-of-antisemitic-bias |title=Israeli officials accuse international court of justice of antisemitic bias |work=The Guardian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227184626/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/26/israeli-officials-accuse-international-court-of-justice-of-antisemitic-bias |archive-date=27 February 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=MacRedmond |first=David |date=11 December 2024 |title=Why is Israel accusing Amnesty International of inventing its own definition of genocide? |url=https://www.thejournal.ie:443/amnesty-international-invented-definitiion-of-genocide-israel-gaza-6568231-Dec2024/ |access-date=12 December 2024 |work=TheJournal.ie |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211193111/https://www.thejournal.ie/amnesty-international-invented-definitiion-of-genocide-israel-gaza-6568231-Dec2024/ |archive-date=11 December 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Meakem |first=Allison |date=10 October 2023 |title=The Geopolitics of Palestine, Explained |work=Foreign Policy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/10/10/israel-palestine-conflict-gaza-hamas-war-geography-history/ |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015213033/https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/10/10/israel-palestine-conflict-gaza-hamas-war-geography-history/ |url-status=live}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Meara |first=Paul |date=7 November 2023 |title=Kid Cudi Speaks Out on Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Calls for Peace and Palestinian Liberation |url=https://www.bet.com/article/r8obi6/kid-cudi-calls-gaza-ceasefire |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=BET |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109003034/https://www.bet.com/article/r8obi6/kid-cudi-calls-gaza-ceasefire |archive-date=9 January 2024}}
• {{cite web |date=21 November 2023 |title=MSF doctors killed in strike on Al-Awda hospital in northern Gaza |url=https://www.msf.org/msf-doctors-killed-strike-al-awda-hospital-northern-gaza-palestine |website=Médecins Sans Frontières |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112180453/https://www.msf.org/msf-doctors-killed-strike-al-awda-hospital-northern-gaza-palestine |archive-date=12 January 2024 |ref={{harvid|Médecins Sans Frontières|2023}} }}
• {{cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Gaza: MSF strongly condemns deadly Israeli attack on staff and family shelter |url=https://msf.org.uk/article/gaza-msf-strongly-condemns-deadly-israeli-attack-staff-and-family-shelter |website=Médecins Sans Frontières |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309193415/https://msf.org.uk/article/gaza-msf-strongly-condemns-deadly-israeli-attack-staff-and-family-shelter |archive-date=9 March 2024 |ref={{harvid|Médecins Sans Frontières|2024a}} }}
• {{cite web |date=1 March 2024 |title=Gaza: MSF UK board member killed during Israeli offensive in Khan Younis |url=https://msf.org.uk/article/gaza-msf-uk-board-member-killed-during-israeli-offensive-khan-younis |website=Médecins Sans Frontières |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309193837/https://msf.org.uk/article/gaza-msf-uk-board-member-killed-during-israeli-offensive-khan-younis |archive-date=9 March 2024 |ref={{harvid|Médecins Sans Frontières|2024b}} }}
• {{cite report |date=December 2024 |title=Gaza: Life in a death trap |publisher=Médecins Sans Frontières |url=https://www.medicisenzafrontiere.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Report-Gaza-Life-in-a-death-trap.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219091543/https://www.medicisenzafrontiere.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Report-Gaza-Life-in-a-death-trap.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2024 |ref={{harvid|Médecins Sans Frontières|2024c}} }}
• {{cite web |author=Media Matters Staff |date=18 December 2023 |title=Michelle Bachmann to Charlie Kirk: "It's time that Gaza ends. The 2 million people who live there, they are clever assassins. They need to be removed from that land." |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/charlie-kirk/michelle-bachmann-charlie-kirk-its-time-gaza-ends-2-million-people-who-live-there-they |access-date=19 December 2023 |website=Media Matters for America |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219113014/https://www.mediamatters.org/charlie-kirk/michelle-bachmann-charlie-kirk-its-time-gaza-ends-2-million-people-who-live-there-they |archive-date=19 December 2023}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=van der Merwe |first=Ben |date=4 April 2024 |title=Israel-Hamas war: Gaza's morgue network has effectively collapsed – how are they recording their dead? |url=https://news.sky.com/story/israel-hamas-war-health-system-collapse-in-gaza-leaves-authorities-struggling-to-count-the-dead-13107279 |access-date=26 July 2024 |work=Sky News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424190142/https://news.sky.com/story/israel-hamas-war-health-system-collapse-in-gaza-leaves-authorities-struggling-to-count-the-dead-13107279 |archive-date=24 April 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Merzougui |first1=Natalie |last2=Rashed |first2=Maria |date=26 August 2024 |title=Has Israel taken enough action to prevent alleged incitement to genocide? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cze5w2wd4x0o |access-date=30 September 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929203250/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cze5w2wd4x0o |archive-date=29 September 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=3 February 2025 |title=UN Rapporteur says killing Palestinian women an Israeli 'tool for genocide' in Gaza |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20250203-un-rapporteur-says-killing-palestinian-women-an-israeli-tool-for-genocide-in-gaza/ |work=Middle East Monitor |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250209111607/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20250203-un-rapporteur-says-killing-palestinian-women-an-israeli-tool-for-genocide-in-gaza/ |archive-date=9 February 2025 |ref={{harvid|Middle East Monitor|2025}} }}
• {{cite web |date=11 March 2024 |title=MESA Board Joint Statement with CAF regarding the ongoing genocidal violence against the Palestinian people and their cultural heritage in Gaza |url=https://mesana.org/advocacy/letters-from-the-board/2024/03/11/mesa-board-joint-statement-with-caf-regarding-the-ongoing-genocidal-violence-against-the-palestinian-people-and-their-cultural-heritage-in-gaza |publisher=Middle East Studies Association |access-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314081322/https://mesana.org/advocacy/letters-from-the-board/2024/03/11/mesa-board-joint-statement-with-caf-regarding-the-ongoing-genocidal-violence-against-the-palestinian-people-and-their-cultural-heritage-in-gaza |archive-date=14 March 2024 |ref={{harvid|Middle East Studies Association|2024}} }}
• {{cite web |title=Cuba apoya la demanda de Sudáfrica ante la Corte Internacional de Justicia contra el genocidio de Israel en Palestina |date=11 January 2024 |url=https://cubaminrex.cu/es/cuba-apoya-la-demanda-de-sudafrica-ante-la-corte-internacional-de-justicia-contra-el-genocidio-de |publisher=Cuba Ministry of Foreign Affairs |language=es |trans-title=Cuba supports South Africa's lawsuit before the International Court of Justice against Israel's genocide in Palestine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111181941/http://cubaminrex.cu/es/cuba-apoya-la-demanda-de-sudafrica-ante-la-corte-internacional-de-justicia-contra-el-genocidio-de |archive-date=11 January 2024 |ref={{harvid|Cuban Ministry of Foreign Affairs|2024}} }}
• {{cite web |date=30 January 2024 |title=Somalia Applauds ICJ Decision, Urges Swift Action to Halt Gaza Genocide by Israel |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation |url=https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalia-applauds-icj-decision-urges-swift-action-to-halt-gaza-genocide-by-israel/ |access-date=12 July 2024 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712211940/https://web.mfa.gov.so/somalia-applauds-icj-decision-urges-swift-action-to-halt-gaza-genocide-by-israel/ |archive-date=12 July 2024 |ref={{harvid|Somalian Ministry of Foreign Affairs|2024}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Mitchell |first=Ellen |date=9 January 2024 |title=Blinken calls genocide case against Israel 'meritless' |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/4398781-israel-gaza-blinken-genocide-case-meritless/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109225241/https://thehill.com/policy/international/4398781-israel-gaza-blinken-genocide-case-meritless/ |archive-date=9 January 2024 |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=The Hill}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Mitrovica |first=Andrew |date=20 November 2023 |title=Getting away with a call to genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/11/20/all-of-them |access-date=3 December 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216224755/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/11/20/all-of-them |archive-date=16 December 2023}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Mitrovica |first=Andrew |date=7 April 2024 |title=Israel's message: 'Don't feed the Palestinians' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/4/7/dont-feed-the-palestinians |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407111911/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/4/7/dont-feed-the-palestinians |archive-date=7 April 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last=Moallem |first=Minoo |date=2023 |title=Bombs with Lies: Media Representation of Genocide in Gaza |journal=Feminist Studies |volume=49 |number=2 |pages=542–543 |doi=10.1353/fem.2023.a915928 |s2cid=266454168}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Mohamed |first1=Edna |last2=Stepansky |first2=Joseph |last3=Najjar |first3=Farah |date=1 November 2023 |title=Rights group accuses US of complicity in children's deaths in Gaza |work=Al Jazeera |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/1/israel-hamas-war-live-anger-grows-over-israeli-attack-on-gaza-refugee-camp?update=2455675 |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102022100/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/1/israel-hamas-war-live-anger-grows-over-israeli-attack-on-gaza-refugee-camp?update=2455675 |archive-date=2 November 2023}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Mohamed |first1=Edna |last2=Najjar |first2=Farah |last3=Stepansky |first3=Joseph |date=15 November 2023 |title=Abbas: Israel's war on Gaza is 'genocide' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/15/israel-hamas-war-live-israel-says-it-plans-to-raid-al-shifa-ministry?update=2488711 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116004227/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/15/israel-hamas-war-live-israel-says-it-plans-to-raid-al-shifa-ministry?update=2488711 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |access-date=16 November 2023 |work=Al Jazeera}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Mohamed |first1=Edna |last2=Siddiqui |first2=Usaid |date=12 March 2024 |title=Aid organisations sue Denmark to stop arms sales to Israel |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/12/israels-war-on-gaza-live-2000-medical-staff-starving-in-north-ministry?update=2767974 |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312142511/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/12/israels-war-on-gaza-live-2000-medical-staff-starving-in-north-ministry?update=2767974 |archive-date=12 March 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Mohyeldin |first=Ayman |date=10 December 2024 |url=https://www.msnbc.com/top-stories/latest/israel-gaza-genocide-netanyahu-rcna183485 |title=Why Amnesty International and other experts say Israel is committing genocide in Gaza |work=MSNBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214011946/https://www.msnbc.com/top-stories/latest/israel-gaza-genocide-netanyahu-rcna183485 |archive-date=14 December 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Monks |first=Kieron |date=6 October 2024 |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/evacuate-die-israel-generals-plan-north-gaza-3310922 |title='Evacuate or die': Israel moves towards 'general's plan' for north Gaza |newspaper=iNews |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241006134926/https://inews.co.uk/news/world/evacuate-die-israel-generals-plan-north-gaza-3310922 |archive-date=6 October 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Moolla |first1=M. S. |last2=Jacub |first2=A. |date=2024 |title=Healthcare and genocide: BDS as an entry point to health justice |journal=South African Journal of Bioethics and Law |volume=2024 |number=1 |page=e1691 |doi=10.7196/sajbl.2024.v17i1.1961 |doi-access=free }}
• {{cite web |last1=Moorman |first1=Taijuan |last2=Robinson |first2=KiMi |date=7 November 2023 |title=Celebrities call for ceasefire, decry civilian deaths: Hollywood reacts to Israel-Hamas war |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2023/10/16/israeli-palestinian-conflict-celebrity-reactions/71206600007/ |access-date=9 January 2024 |work=USA Today |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109001414/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2023/10/16/israeli-palestinian-conflict-celebrity-reactions/71206600007/ |archive-date=9 January 2024}}
• {{Cite report |title='More than a human can bear': Israel's systematic use of sexual, reproductive and other forms of gender-based violence since 7 October 2023 |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/report-of-the-commission-of-inquiry-israel-gender-based-violence-13march2025/ |date=13 March 2025 |publisher=Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel |ref={{harvid|Independent International Commission of Inquiry|2025}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Morris |first=Loveday |date=6 November 2024 |title=Israel Katz, new Israeli defense minister, is longtime Netanyahu ally |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/11/06/israel-katz-defense-minister-netanyahu/ |access-date=12 December 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241107103230/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/11/06/israel-katz-defense-minister-netanyahu/ |archive-date=7 November 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Morris |first=Benny |author-link=Benny Morris |date=30 January 2025 |title=Israel is not committing genocide in Gaza. But it may be on the way there |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2025-01-30/ty-article-opinion/.premium/its-either-two-states-or-genocide/00000194-b831-d5a7-ab9d-ffb9b2450000 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250206165037/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2025-01-30/ty-article-opinion/.premium/its-either-two-states-or-genocide/00000194-b831-d5a7-ab9d-ffb9b2450000 |archive-date=6 February 2025 |access-date=9 February 2025 |work=Haaretz |language=en}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|book|last1=Moses |first1=A. Dirk |author-link=A. Dirk Moses |title=Genocidal Violence: Concepts, Forms, Impact |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-078132-8 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110781328-002/html |language=en |chapter=Genocide as a Category Mistake: Permanent Security and Mass Violence Against Civilians |pages=15–38 |doi=10.1515/9783110781328-002 |archive-date=9 August 2024 |access-date=10 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809060232/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110781328-002/html |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Moses|2023a}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Moses |first1=A. Dirk |author1-link=A. Dirk Moses |date=14 November 2023 |title=More than Genocide |language=en |url=https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/more-than-genocide/ |access-date=8 January 2024 |journal=Boston Review |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106103911/https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/more-than-genocide |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Moses|2023b}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Motamedi |first1=Maziar |last2=Siddiqui |first2=Usaid |date=11 March 2024 |title=At least 21 Palestinian children have starved to death in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/11/israels-war-on-gaza-live-ramadan-begins-with-no-end-to-israels-siege?update=2765847 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314081634/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/11/israels-war-on-gaza-live-ramadan-begins-with-no-end-to-israels-siege?update=2765847 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |ref={{harvid|Motamedi|Siddiqui|2024a}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Motamedi |first1=Maziar |last2=Siddiqui |first2=Usaid |date=11 March 2024 |title=Middle East Studies Association denounces Israel's 'cultural genocide' in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/11/israels-war-on-gaza-live-ramadan-begins-with-no-end-to-israels-siege?update=2766040 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312000648/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/11/israels-war-on-gaza-live-ramadan-begins-with-no-end-to-israels-siege?update=2766040 |archive-date=12 March 2024 |ref={{harvid|Motamedi|Siddiqui|2024b}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Moutafa |first1=Laila Hussein |date=12 December 2023 |title=Opinion: When libraries like Gaza's are destroyed, what's lost is far more than books |url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2023-12-12/gaza-library-bombing |work=Los Angeles Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808195337/https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2023-12-12/gaza-library-bombing |archive-date=8 August 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Mraffko |first1=Clothilde |date=9 March 2024 |title=Gaza: New accounts of the 'flour massacre' |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/03/09/gaza-new-accounts-of-the-flour-massacre_6601904_4.html |access-date=12 December 2024 |work=Le Monde |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126034617/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/03/09/gaza-new-accounts-of-the-flour-massacre_6601904_4.html |archive-date=26 November 2024}}

• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Najjar |first1=Farah |last2=Stepansky |first2=Joseph |date=2 November 2023 |title='Palestinian people are at grave risk of genocide': UN experts |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/2/israel-hamas-war-live-195-killed-120-missing-in-jabalia-strikes?update=2457805 |access-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103014353/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/2/israel-hamas-war-live-195-killed-120-missing-in-jabalia-strikes?update=2457805 |archive-date=3 November 2023}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Narea |first1=Nicole |last2=Samuel |first2=Sigal |date=13 November 2023 |title=How to think through allegations of genocide in Gaza |work=Vox |url=https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/11/13/23954731/genocide-israel-gaza-palestine |access-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124174721/https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/11/13/23954731/genocide-israel-gaza-palestine |archive-date=24 November 2023 |url-status=live}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Narea |first1=Nicole |date=25 October 2024 |title=Is Israel committing genocide? Reexamining the question, a year later. |url=https://www.vox.com/politics/378913/israel-gaza-genocide-icj |work=Vox |access-date=28 October 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241027004251/https://www.vox.com/politics/378913/israel-gaza-genocide-icj |archive-date=27 October 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Nashed |first1=Mat |last2=Cordall |first2=Simon Speakman |date=14 January 2024 |title=Israel's 100 days of relentless war on Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/longform/2024/1/14/israels-100-days-of-relentless-war-on-gaza |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229143219/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/longform/2024/1/14/israels-100-days-of-relentless-war-on-gaza |archive-date=29 February 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Nashed |first1=Mat |date=5 May 2025 |title=How RSF is adopting Israel's 'template for genocide' in Sudan |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/5/how-rsf-is-adopting-israels-template-for-genocide-in-sudan |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=5 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506022930/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/5/how-rsf-is-adopting-israels-template-for-genocide-in-sudan |archive-date=6 May 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Nebehay |first=Stephanie |date=13 September 2011 |title=U.N. experts say Israel's blockade of Gaza illegal |work=Reuters |editor-last=Graff |editor-first=Peter |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-gaza-rights-idUSTRE78C59R20110913 |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=15 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615210724/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-gaza-rights-idUSTRE78C59R20110913 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite speech |last=Netanyahu |first=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Netanyahu |date=28 October 2023 |title=Statement by PM Netanyahu |url=https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/statement-by-pm-netanyahu-28-oct-2023 |access-date=9 February 2024 |location=Jerusalem |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103014944/https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/statement-by-pm-netanyahu-28-oct-2023 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Netanyahu|2023a}} }}

{{cite web |last=Netanyahu |first=Benjamin |author-link=Benjamin Netanyahu |date=3 November 2023 |url=https://www.gov.il/en/pages/spoke-pmo031123 |access-date=12 December 2024 |website=www.gov.il |title=Letter from PM Netanyahu to Our Soldiers and Commanders in the Swords of Iron War |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250211090737/https://www.gov.il/en/pages/spoke-pmo031123 |archive-date=11 February 2025 |ref={{harvid|Netanyahu|2023b}} }}

• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Neuman |first1=Scott |last2=Baba |first2=Anas |last3=Wood |first3=Daniel |title=In Gaza, months of war have left Palestinians with barely the necessities to survive |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/06/01/g-s1-1780/gaza-israel-infrastructure-water-schools-hospitals |work=NPR |date=1 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822170339/https://www.npr.org/2024/06/01/g-s1-1780/gaza-israel-infrastructure-water-schools-hospitals |archive-date=22 August 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=24 October 2024 |title=Not the Onion: CNN highlights 'suffering' of Israeli army bulldozer driver who ran over so many people in Gaza it made him turn vegetarian |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/israeli-soldier-can-no-longer-eat-meat-after-killing-gaza |access-date=28 October 2024 |work=The New Arab |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241102160153/https://www.newarab.com/news/israeli-soldier-can-no-longer-eat-meat-after-killing-gaza |archive-date=2 November 2024 |ref={{harvid|The New Arab|2024}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Corrections: Jan. 24, 2024 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/23/pageoneplus/corrections-jan-24-2024.html |work=The New York Times |date=24 January 2024 |quote="Gaza won't return to what it was before. There will be no Hamas. We will eliminate everything." |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129072451/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/23/pageoneplus/corrections-jan-24-2024.html |archive-date=29 January 2024 |ref={{harvid|The New York Times|2024}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|author=News Wires |date=8 November 2024 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20241108-nearly-70-percent-of-people-killed-in-gaza-women-and-children-un-finds |title=Nearly 70 percent of people killed in Gaza women and children, UN finds |work=France 24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204042037/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20241108-nearly-70-percent-of-people-killed-in-gaza-women-and-children-un-finds |archive-date=4 December 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Nichols |first=Michelle |date=11 October 2023 |title=Palestinian UN envoy accuses Israel of 'genocidal' campaign against Gaza |language=en-US |newspaper=Reuters News |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinian-un-envoy-accuses-israel-genocidal-campaign-against-gaza-2023-10-10/ |access-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114095429/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinian-un-envoy-accuses-israel-genocidal-campaign-against-gaza-2023-10-10/ |archive-date=14 November 2023}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=2 September 2024 |title=Barth Eide: Vi må lytte til Sør-Afrika |trans-title=Barth Eide: We must listen to South Africa |url=https://www.utrop.no/nyheter/verden/358554/ |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=Utrop |agency=Norsk Telegrambyrå |language=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121131331/https://www.utrop.no/nyheter/verden/358554/ |archive-date=21 November 2024 |ref={{harvid|Norsk Telegrambyrå|2024}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last=Núñez |first=Amanda |date=15 February 2025 |title=ICJs Specific Intent Standard for Genocide: An Obstacle to Accountability? |url=https://www.fordhamilj.org/iljonline/k73pddfmra65ecd-fxc5k-bdazp-npp5j-l8be9-kbndm-tlwlf-2pnhz-hpjc3-2bxkm-9egc4#_ftn1 |access-date=27 February 2025 |journal=Fordham International Law Journal |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250227094037/https://www.fordhamilj.org/iljonline/k73pddfmra65ecd-fxc5k-bdazp-npp5j-l8be9-kbndm-tlwlf-2pnhz-hpjc3-2bxkm-9egc4#_ftn1 |archive-date=27 February 2025}}

• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Obermaier |first=Lena |date=23 October 2023 |title=Germany Is Complicit in Israel's War Crimes in Gaza |url=https://jacobin.com/2023/10/germany-israel-war-crimes-gaza-palestine-international-law |magazine=Jacobin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301181227/https://jacobin.com/2023/10/germany-israel-war-crimes-gaza-palestine-international-law |archive-date=1 March 2024}}
• {{cite press release |date=16 November 2023 |title=Gaza: UN human rights experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/document/gaza-un-human-rights-experts-call-on-international-community-to-prevent-genocide-against-the-palestinian-people-ohchr-press-release/ |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127224142/https://www.un.org/unispal/document/gaza-un-human-rights-experts-call-on-international-community-to-prevent-genocide-against-the-palestinian-people-ohchr-press-release/ |archive-date=27 November 2023 |ref={{harvid|OHCHR|2023}} }}
• {{cite web |date=March 2024 |title=UN experts condemn 'flour massacre', urge Israel to end campaign of starvation in Gaza |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/03/un-experts-condemn-flour-massacre-urge-israel-end-campaign-starvation-gaza |access-date=12 December 2024 |website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313064630/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/03/un-experts-condemn-flour-massacre-urge-israel-end-campaign-starvation-gaza |archive-date=13 March 2024 |ref={{harvid|OHCHR|2024a}} }}
• {{cite web |date=18 April 2024 |title=UN experts deeply concerned over 'scholasticide' in Gaza |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/04/un-experts-deeply-concerned-over-scholasticide-gaza |publisher=United Nations |website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418145510/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/04/un-experts-deeply-concerned-over-scholasticide-gaza |archive-date=18 April 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|OHCHR|2024b}} }}
• {{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=States and companies must end arms transfers to Israel immediately or risk responsibility for human rights violations: UN experts |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/06/states-and-companies-must-end-arms-transfers-israel-immediately-or-risk |access-date=16 May 2025 |publisher=United Nations |website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |archive-url= |archive-date= |ref={{harvid|OHCHR|2024c}} }}
• {{cite web |date=20 September 2024 |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/thematic-reports/a79363-report-special-committee-investigate-israeli-practices-affecting |title=A/79/363: Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People and Other Arabs of the Occupied Territories |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211143127/https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/thematic-reports/a79363-report-special-committee-investigate-israeli-practices-affecting |archive-date=11 December 2024 |ref={{harvid|OHCHR|2024d}} }}
• {{cite press release |date=10 October 2024 |title=UN Commission finds war crimes and crimes against humanity in Israeli attacks on Gaza health facilities and treatment of detainees, hostages |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/10/un-commission-finds-war-crimes-and-crimes-against-humanity-israeli-attacks |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211055606/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/10/un-commission-finds-war-crimes-and-crimes-against-humanity-israeli-attacks |archive-date=11 December 2024 |ref={{harvid|OHCHR|2024e}} }}
• {{cite report |date=8 November 2024 |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/countries/opt/20241106-Gaza-Update-Report-OPT.pdf |title=Six-month update report on the human rights situation in Gaza: 1 November 2023 to 30 April 2024 |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241119145558/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/countries/opt/20241106-Gaza-Update-Report-OPT.pdf |archive-date=19 November 2024 |ref={{harvid|OHCHR|2024f}} }}
• {{cite web |date=14 November 2024 |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/11/un-special-committee-finds-israels-warfare-methods-gaza-consistent-genocide |title=UN Special Committee finds Israel's warfare methods in Gaza consistent with genocide, including use of starvation as weapon of war |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205015227/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/11/un-special-committee-finds-israels-warfare-methods-gaza-consistent-genocide |archive-date=5 December 2024 |ref={{harvid|OHCHR|2024g}} }}
• {{cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=End unfolding genocide or watch it end life in Gaza: UN experts say States face defining choice |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/05/end-unfolding-genocide-or-watch-it-end-life-gaza-un-experts-say-states-face |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |access-date=10 May 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250510203421/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2025/05/end-unfolding-genocide-or-watch-it-end-life-gaza-un-experts-say-states-face |archive-date=10 May 2025 |ref={{harvid|OHCHR|2025}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Oltermann |first=Philip |date=22 November 2023 |title=Israel-Hamas war opens up German debate over meaning of 'Never again' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/22/israel-hamas-war-opens-up-german-debate-over-meaning-of-never-again |access-date=9 July 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709162420/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/22/israel-hamas-war-opens-up-german-debate-over-meaning-of-never-again |archive-date=9 July 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Otten |first=Tori |date=1 November 2023 |title=Republican Representative Directly Compares All Palestinians to Nazis |url=https://newrepublic.com/post/176559/republican-representative-brian-mast-compares-palestinians-nazis |access-date=3 February 2024 |magazine=The New Republic |issn=0028-6583 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203033548/https://newrepublic.com/post/176559/republican-representative-brian-mast-compares-palestinians-nazis |archive-date=3 February 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Otten |first=Tori |date=1 February 2024 |title=GOP Congressman Says Dead Palestinian Babies Aren't All That Innocent |url=https://newrepublic.com/post/178679/gop-congressman-brian-mast-dead-palestinian-babies-not-innocent |access-date=3 February 2024 |magazine=The New Republic |issn=0028-6583 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201235221/https://newrepublic.com/post/178679/gop-congressman-brian-mast-dead-palestinian-babies-not-innocent |archive-date=1 February 2024}}
• {{cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=Oxfam sues the Danish state to stop arms exports to Israel |url=https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/oxfam-sues-danish-state-stop-arms-exports-israel |publisher=Oxfam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312142103/https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/oxfam-sues-danish-state-stop-arms-exports-israel |archive-date=12 March 2024 |ref={{harvid|Oxfam|2024}} }}

• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Pacchiani |first=Luca |date=7 October 2023 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-deputy-chief-anticipates-hostages-will-be-swapped-for-palestinian-prisoners/ |title=Hamas deputy chief anticipates hostages will be swapped for Palestinian prisoners |work=The Times of Israel |access-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126123700/https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-deputy-chief-anticipates-hostages-will-be-swapped-for-palestinian-prisoners/ |archive-date=26 November 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|title=South Africa's ICJ Case Against Israel Backed by Over 1,000 Organizations |work=The Palestine Chronicle |date=10 January 2024 |url=https://www.palestinechronicle.com/south-africas-icj-case-against-israel-backed-by-over-1000-organizations/ |access-date=13 January 2024 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112210235/https://www.palestinechronicle.com/south-africas-icj-case-against-israel-backed-by-over-1000-organizations/ |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|The Palestine Chronicle|2024a}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=19 February 2024 |title='Classic Case of Textbook Genocide' – Former UN Official on Gaza (VIDEO) |url=https://www.palestinechronicle.com/classic-case-of-textbook-genocide-former-un-official-on-gaza-video/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224083908/https://www.palestinechronicle.com/classic-case-of-textbook-genocide-former-un-official-on-gaza-video/ |archive-date=24 February 2024 |work=The Palestine Chronicle |ref={{harvid|The Palestine Chronicle|2024b}} }}
• {{cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=Healthcare system in Gaza has 'totally collapsed' |url=https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/24/10/2023/healthcare-system-in-gaza-has-totally-collapsed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025083517/https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/24/10/2023/healthcare-system-in-gaza-has-totally-collapsed |archive-date=25 October 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |work=The Peninsula Qatar |ref={{harvid|The Peninsula Qatar|2023}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Penna |first=Dominic |date=20 December 2023 |title=BBC urged to sack Eurovision entrant who called Israel an 'apartheid state' |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/12/20/bbc-pressure-olly-alexander-eurovision-israel-apartheid/ |issn=0307-1235 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223180327/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/12/20/bbc-pressure-olly-alexander-eurovision-israel-apartheid/ |archive-date=23 December 2023 |ref={{harvid|Penna|2023a}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Penna |first=Dominic |date=22 December 2023 |title=BBC will not stop Eurovision contestant expressing his political views |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/12/22/bbc-eurovision-contestant-olly-alexander-political-views/ |issn=0307-1235 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230131731/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/12/22/bbc-eurovision-contestant-olly-alexander-political-views/ |archive-date=30 December 2023 |ref={{harvid|Penna|2023b}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Percival |first=Richard |date=1 December 2023 |title=BBC dismisses complaints after Gary Lineker endorses controversial academic |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/bbc-dismisses-complaints-after-gary-lineker-endorses-academic-who-described-israels-gaza-operation-as-textbook-genocide-cji4gv3w |access-date=9 January 2024 |work=The Jewish Chronicle |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126083523/https://www.thejc.com/news/uk/bbc-dismisses-complaints-after-gary-lineker-endorses-academic-who-described-israels-gaza-operation-as-textbook-genocide-cji4gv3w |archive-date=26 January 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Perry |first1=Tom |last2=McDowall |first2=Angus |date=7 October 2023 |title=Timeline of conflict between Israel and Palestinians in Gaza |work=Reuters |editor-last=Harvey |editor-first=Jan |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/conflict-between-israel-palestinians-gaza-2023-10-07/ |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007105909/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/conflict-between-israel-palestinians-gaza-2023-10-07/ |url-status=live}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last1=Perugini |first1=Nicola |author1-link=Nicola Perugini |last2=Gordon |first2=Neve |author2-link=Neve Gordon |date=17 July 2024 |title=A Legal Justification for Genocide |url=https://jewishcurrents.org/human-shields-gaza-israel-a-legal-justification-for-genocide |magazine=Jewish Currents |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722191648/https://jewishcurrents.org/human-shields-gaza-israel-a-legal-justification-for-genocide |archive-date=22 July 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Picheta |first1=Rob |last2=Khadder |first2=Kareem |last3=Rebane |first3=Teele |last4=Zabadne |first4=Zohair |title=Gaza hospital 'surrounded by tanks' as other healthcare facilities say they've been damaged by Israeli strikes |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/10/middleeast/gaza-hospital-surrounded-tanks-reported-israeli-strikes-intl/index.html |work=CNN |date=10 November 2023 |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113144927/https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/10/middleeast/gaza-hospital-surrounded-tanks-reported-israeli-strikes-intl/index.html |archive-date=13 January 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Le Poidevin |first=Olivia |date=13 March 2025 |title=UN experts accuse Israel of genocidal acts and sexual violence in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-experts-accuse-israel-genocidal-acts-sexual-violence-gaza-2025-03-13/ |access-date=13 March 2025 |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250313082455/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-experts-accuse-israel-genocidal-acts-sexual-violence-gaza-2025-03-13/ |archive-date=13 March 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Polglase |first1=Katie |last2=Mahmood |first2=Zahid |last3=Mezzofiore |first3=Gianluca |date=9 April 2024 |title=Dying for a bag of flour: Videos and eyewitness accounts cast doubt on Israel's timeline of deadly Gaza aid delivery |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/09/middleeast/gaza-food-aid-convoy-deaths-eyewitness-intl-investigation-cmd/index.html |access-date=12 December 2024 |work=CNN |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216033206/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/04/09/middleeast/gaza-food-aid-convoy-deaths-eyewitness-intl-investigation-cmd/index.html |archive-date=16 December 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Popli |first=Nik |date=2 February 2024 |title=Over 800 Western Officials Denounce Pro-Israel Policies |url=https://time.com/6632322/western-officials-criticize-israel-policies/ |access-date=2 February 2024 |magazine=TIME |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206105820/https://time.com/6632322/western-officials-criticize-israel-policies/ |archive-date=6 February 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Porras |first=Simón Rodríguez |date=25 October 2023 |title=Aimé Césaire reminds us why Western powers accept the genocide committed in Gaza |url=https://www.newarab.com/opinion/why-western-powers-accept-israels-genocide-gaza |work=The New Arab |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117190839/https://www.newarab.com/opinion/why-western-powers-accept-israels-genocide-gaza |archive-date=17 January 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Power |first1=John |last2=Rasheed |first2=Zaheena |last3=Uras |first3=Umut |date=31 March 2024 |title=Cuban president calls for end to 'genocide' in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/31/israels-war-on-gaza-live-hundreds-killed-in-al-shifa-hospital-siege?update=2808796 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331072022/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/31/israels-war-on-gaza-live-hundreds-killed-in-al-shifa-hospital-siege?update=2808796 |archive-date=31 March 2024 |access-date=7 April 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Preston |first=David Lee |date=4 November 2023 |title=Rising death toll in Gaza is tragic, but Holocaust scholars should know it's not genocide – opinion |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-771634 |work=The Jerusalem Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115042339/https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-771634 |archive-date=15 November 2023}}
• {{cite web |date=11 January 2024 |title=St. Vincent and the Grenadines' Support for South Africa's Case against Israel at the ICJ on Genocide in Gaza |url=https://pmoffice.gov.vc/pmoffice/images/PDF/press_release/Media_Release_-_SVGs_Support_for_South_Africas_Case_against_Israel_at_the_ICJ_on_Genocide_in_Gaza.pdf |publisher=Office of the Prime Minister, St. Vincent and the Grenadines |access-date=17 November 2024 |ref={{harvid|Prime Minister of St. Vincent and the Grenadines|2024}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Prothero |first=Mitchell |date=25 January 2024 |title=Israeli Intelligence Has Deemed Hamas-Run Health Ministry's Death Toll Figures Generally Accurate |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3w4w7/israeli-intelligence-health-ministry-death-toll |work=Vice News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303132219/https://www.vice.com/en/article/y3w4w7/israeli-intelligence-health-ministry-death-toll |archive-date=3 March 2024}}
• {{cite press release |date=20 October 2023 |orig-date=Statement released 15 October 2023 |title=Public Statement: Scholars Warn of Potential Genocide in Gaza |url=https://twailr.com/public-statement-scholars-warn-of-potential-genocide-in-gaza/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123124815/https://twailr.com/public-statement-scholars-warn-of-potential-genocide-in-gaza/ |archive-date=23 November 2023 |publisher=Third World Approaches to International Law Review |url-status=live |access-date=2 July 2024 |ref={{harvid|"Public Statement: Scholars Warn"|2023}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Pulido |first=Daniela |date=12 May 2024 |title=Libya files intervention in South Africa's ICJ genocide case against Israel |url=https://www.jurist.org/news/2024/05/libya-files-intervention-in-icj-genocide-case-against-israel/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517144521/https://www.jurist.org/news/2024/05/libya-files-intervention-in-icj-genocide-case-against-israel/ |archive-date=17 May 2024 |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=Jurist}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Pullella |first=Philip |date=23 November 2023 |title=Dispute erupts over whether pope called Gaza situation a 'genocide' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/pope-says-conflict-between-israel-hamas-has-gone-beyond-war-terrorism-2023-11-22/ |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122121507/https://www.reuters.com/world/pope-says-conflict-between-israel-hamas-has-gone-beyond-war-terrorism-2023-11-22/ |archive-date=22 November 2023}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Pulver |first1=Andrew |last2=Shoard |first2=Catherine |date=11 March 2024 |title='We stand here as Jewish men who refute the Holocaust being hijacked': Jonathan Glazer calls for end to Gaza attacks at Oscars |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/mar/11/zone-of-interest-international-film-oscar |access-date=11 March 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314123440/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/mar/11/zone-of-interest-international-film-oscar |archive-date=14 March 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Puzzanghera |first1=Jim |date=8 April 2024 |title=Senator Elizabeth Warren says she thinks Israel's actions in Gaza will be legally ruled genocide |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2024/04/08/nation/elizabeth-warren-genocide-gaza-israel/ |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=The Boston Globe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409115520/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2024/04/08/nation/elizabeth-warren-genocide-gaza-israel/ |archive-date=9 April 2024}}

• {{cite web |last=Quigley |first=John B. |date=14 March 2024 |title=Legal Standard for Genocide Intent: An Uphill Climb for Israel in Gaza Suit |url=https://www.ejiltalk.org/legal-standard-for-genocide-intent-an-uphill-climb-for-israel-in-gaza-suit/ |website=EJIL: Talk! |publisher=European Journal of International Law |access-date=6 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413220614/https://www.ejiltalk.org/legal-standard-for-genocide-intent-an-uphill-climb-for-israel-in-gaza-suit/ |archive-date=13 April 2024 |ref={{harvid|Quigley|2024a}} }}
• {{cite web |last=Quigley |first=John |date=3 July 2024 |title=The Lancet and Genocide By "Slow Death" in Gaza |url=https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/the-lancet-and-genocide-by-slow-death-in-gaza/ |access-date=13 July 2024 |website=Arab Center Washington DC |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713161805/https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/the-lancet-and-genocide-by-slow-death-in-gaza/ |archive-date=13 July 2024 |ref={{harvid|Quigley|2024b}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Quillen |first1=Stephen |last2=Uras |first2=Umut |last3=Marsi |first3=Federica |date=30 March 2024 |title=Arab Parliament says Gaza war aims to 'destroy the identity of an entire people' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/30/israels-war-on-gaza-live-fears-grow-of-wider-conflict-after-deadly-strike?update=2807440 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=6 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330113500/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/30/israels-war-on-gaza-live-fears-grow-of-wider-conflict-after-deadly-strike?update=2807440 |archive-date=30 March 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last=Qutami |first=Loubna |date=2023 |title=A Feminist Practice of Bearing Witness to Genocide |journal=Feminist Studies |volume=49 |number=2 |pages=531–533 |doi=10.1353/fem.2023.a915923 |s2cid=266441159}}

• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Radnofsky |first1=Caroline |last2=Almendral |first2=Aurora |last3=Sackur |first3=Leila |date=14 March 2024 |title=How did 118 people die in Gaza's Al-Rashid aid convoy violence? |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/gaza-aid-convoy-deaths-al-rashid-israel-idf-hamas-rcna141497 |access-date=3 October 2024 |work=NBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316183542/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/gaza-aid-convoy-deaths-al-rashid-israel-idf-hamas-rcna141497 |archive-date=16 March 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last1=Rapoport |first1=Meron |date=17 September 2024 |title=A plan to liquidate northern Gaza is gaining steam |url=https://www.972mag.com/northern-gaza-liquidation-scenario-eiland-rabi/ |magazine=+972 Magazine |access-date=14 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010022043/https://www.972mag.com/northern-gaza-liquidation-scenario-eiland-rabi/ |archive-date=10 October 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Rasgon |first=Adam |date=6 October 2024 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/10/06/world/israel-iran-hezbollah-lebanon |title=A new Israeli map labels nearly all of northern Gaza 'new evacuation zones |newspaper=The New York Times|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241006192404/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/10/06/world/israel-iran-hezbollah-lebanon |archive-date=6 October 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Reid |first=Scotty T. |date=21 February 2024 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/21/us-congressman-andy-ogles-stirs-outrage-with-gaza-comment-kill-them-all |title=US Congressman Andy Ogles stirs outrage with Gaza comment – 'Kill them all' |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822231848/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/21/us-congressman-andy-ogles-stirs-outrage-with-gaza-comment-kill-them-all |archive-date=22 August 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Rémy |first1=Jean-Philippe |date=9 October 2024 |title=Israel orders new evacuations in northern Gaza |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/10/09/israel-orders-new-evacuations-in-northern-gaza_6728770_4.html |work=Le Monde |access-date=14 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009142142/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/10/09/israel-orders-new-evacuations-in-northern-gaza_6728770_4.html |archive-date=9 October 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=13 October 2023 |title=Human Rights Watch says Israel used white phosphorus in Gaza, Lebanon |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/human-rights-watch-says-israel-used-white-phosphorous-gaza-lebanon-2023-10-12/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013003409/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/human-rights-watch-says-israel-used-white-phosphorous-gaza-lebanon-2023-10-12/ |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Reuters|2023a}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=16 November 2023 |title=UN experts point to evidence of 'genocidal incitement' against Palestinians |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-experts-point-evidence-genocidal-incitement-against-palestinians-2023-11-16/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123025318/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-experts-point-evidence-genocidal-incitement-against-palestinians-2023-11-16/ |archive-date=23 November 2023 |ref={{harvid|Reuters|2023b}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=10 October 2024 |title=UN inquiry accuses Israel of crime of 'extermination' in destruction of Gaza health system |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-inquiry-accuses-israel-crime-extermination-destruction-gaza-health-system-2024-10-10/ |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241010193354/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-inquiry-accuses-israel-crime-extermination-destruction-gaza-health-system-2024-10-10/ |archive-date=10 October 2024 |ref={{harvid|Reuters|2024}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Riash |first1=Abed Abu |last2=Marsi |first2=Federica |date=12 October 2023 |title=Gaza medics say Israel targeting ambulances, health facilities |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/12/war-crime-gaza-medics-say-israel-targeting-ambulances-health-facilities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022010523/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/12/war-crime-gaza-medics-say-israel-targeting-ambulances-health-facilities |archive-date=22 October 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}
• {{cite web |last=Rifai |first=Sulaiman Lebbe |date=24 January 2024 |title=The Genocide in Gaza and the Contempt of International Law: Some Reflections |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=4704652 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.4704652 |s2cid=267982579 |access-date=4 March 2024 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322013414/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4704652 |url-status=live}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Roelf |first1=Wendell |last2=Sterling |first2=Toby |date=29 December 2023 |title=South Africa files genocide case against Israel at World Court |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-seeks-international-court-justice-genocide-order-against-israel-2023-12-29/ |access-date=29 December 2023 |work=Reuters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231123102/https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-seeks-international-court-justice-genocide-order-against-israel-2023-12-29/ |archive-date=31 December 2023}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Romo |first1=Vanessa |date=16 November 2023 |title=Doctors are among the many dead in Gaza. These are their stories |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/11/16/1213307710/gaza-doctors-al-shifa-hospital#:~:text=Hourly%20News-,In%20Gaza%2C%20doctors%20are%20among%20the%20many%20dead.,the%20lives%20that%20were%20lost. |work=NPR |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227182523/https://www.npr.org/2023/11/16/1213307710/gaza-doctors-al-shifa-hospital |archive-date=27 February 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Rosenbaum |first=Eli M. |author-link=Eli Rosenbaum |date=11 August 2024 |title=The big lie of genocide & Gaza: Seven experts on Nazi genocide expose the canard of Israeli 'crimes' |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2024/08/11/the-big-lie-of-genocide-gaza-seven-experts-on-nazi-genocide-expose-the-canard-of-israeli-crimes/ |access-date=10 September 2024 |work=New York Daily News |language=en-US |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240812191410/https://www.nydailynews.com/2024/08/11/the-big-lie-of-genocide-gaza-seven-experts-on-nazi-genocide-expose-the-canard-of-israeli-crimes/ |archive-date=12 August 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Rosenberg |first=Yair |author-link=Yair Rosenberg |date=21 January 2024 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/01/israel-south-africa-genocide-case-fake-quotes/677198/ |title=What Did Top Israel War Officials Really Say About Gaza? |magazine=The Atlantic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205221304/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2024/01/israel-south-africa-genocide-case-fake-quotes/677198/ |archive-date=5 February 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Rosensaft |first=Menachem Z. |author-link=Menachem Z. Rosensaft |date=9 August 2024 |title=Bezalel Smotrich muss endlich in die Schranken verwiesen werden |trans-title=Bezalel Smotrich must finally be put in his place |url=https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/meinung/bezalel-smotrich-fordert-einen-voelkermord-er-muss-endlich-in-die-schranken-verwiesen-werden/ |access-date=17 August 2024 |work={{ill|Jüdische Allgemeine|de}} |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814073551/https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/meinung/bezalel-smotrich-fordert-einen-voelkermord-er-muss-endlich-in-die-schranken-verwiesen-werden/ |archive-date=14 August 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Roth |first1=Andy Lee |last2=Huff |first2=Mickey |date=2 December 2023 |title=How Corporate Media Helped Lay the Groundwork for Israel's Genocide in Gaza |url=https://truthout.org/articles/how-corporate-media-helped-lay-the-groundwork-for-israels-genocide-in-gaza/ |work=Truthout |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125151301/https://truthout.org/articles/how-corporate-media-helped-lay-the-groundwork-for-israels-genocide-in-gaza/ |archive-date=25 January 2024}}
• {{cite web |last=Rothwell |first=Donald |date=5 March 2024 |title=Why have Anthony Albanese and other politicians been referred to the ICC over the Gaza war? |url=http://theconversation.com/why-have-anthony-albanese-and-other-politicians-been-referred-to-the-icc-over-the-gaza-war-225079 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305092042/https://theconversation.com/why-have-anthony-albanese-and-other-politicians-been-referred-to-the-icc-over-the-gaza-war-225079 |archive-date=5 March 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Rowlands |first1=Lyndal |last2=Adler |first2=Nils |last3=Quillem |first3=Stephen |last4=Motamedi |first4=Maziar |date=2 March 2025 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/3/2/live-israel-us-propose-terms-to-extend-gaza-ceasefire-hamas-yet-to-reply?update=3549776 |title=Updates: Israel blocks all aid into Gaza after first phase of truce ends |newspaper=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305214841/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/3/2/live-israel-us-propose-terms-to-extend-gaza-ceasefire-hamas-yet-to-reply?update=3549776 |archive-date=5 March 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Rowlands |first1=Lyndal |last2=Rasheed |first2=Zaheena |last3=Adler |first3=Nils |last4=Khalid |first4=Saif |last5=Gadzo |first5=Mersiha |date=12 May 2024 |title=What is happening in Gaza is a 'turkey shoot': UN special rapporteur |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/12/israels-war-on-gaza-live-major-rafah-attack-feared-after-evacuation-order?update=2895996 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240520104545/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/12/israels-war-on-gaza-live-major-rafah-attack-feared-after-evacuation-order?update=2895996 |archive-date=20 May 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=28 May 2024 |title=Díaz celebra un "día histórico" pero pide el embargo de armas a Israel: "El reconocimiento de Palestina no es suficiente" |trans-title=Diaz celebrates a "historic day" but calls for an arms embargo on Israel: "Recognition of Palestine is not enough" |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20240528/diaz-celebra-dia-historico-pero-pide-embargo-armas-a-israel-reconocimiento-palestina-no-suficiente/16122401.shtml |access-date=12 November 2024 |work=RTVE |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906021902/https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20240528/diaz-celebra-dia-historico-pero-pide-embargo-armas-a-israel-reconocimiento-palestina-no-suficiente/16122401.shtml |archive-date=6 September 2024 |ref={{harvid|RTVE|2024}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Rueda |first1=Manuel |date=17 October 2023 |title=Israel suspends military exports to Colombia over its president's criticism of Gaza siege |url=https://apnews.com/article/colombia-israel-petro-suspend-defense-exports-a92effbb531ea4631d25a8c1d32ede28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022012058/https://apnews.com/article/colombia-israel-petro-suspend-defense-exports-a92effbb531ea4631d25a8c1d32ede28 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023 |work=Associated Press}}
• {{cite web |date=4 July 2024 |url=https://news.rub.de/english/2024-07-04-interview-term-genocide-has-become-burden-lawyers |title="The Term 'Genocide' Has Become a Burden for Lawyers" |publisher=Ruhr-Universität Bochum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916112520/https://news.rub.de/english/2024-07-04-interview-term-genocide-has-become-burden-lawyers |archive-date=16 September 2024 |ref={{harvid|Ruhr-Universität Bochum|2024}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Rust |first=Jasko |date=24 January 2024 |title=Namibia: Germany 'unable to draw lessons from history' |url=https://www.dw.com/en/namibia-germany-unable-to-draw-lessons-from-its-horrific-history/a-68065159 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204165143/https://www.dw.com/en/namibia-germany-unable-to-draw-lessons-from-its-horrific-history/a-68065159 |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=1 April 2024 |work=Deutsche Welle |language=en}}

• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Saab |first=Sheren Falah |title=Entire Families Were Crushed in Gaza by Israeli Airstrikes. Not Even Memories Remain |work=Haaretz |date=5 December 2024 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/2024-12-05/ty-article-magazine/.premium/entire-families-crushed-in-gaza-by-israeli-airstrikes-not-even-memories-remain/00000193-92bf-dfe8-a5db-fbff98170000 |access-date=12 December 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241206080712/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/2024-12-05/ty-article-magazine/.premium/entire-families-crushed-in-gaza-by-israeli-airstrikes-not-even-memories-remain/00000193-92bf-dfe8-a5db-fbff98170000 |archive-date=6 December 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Saber |first=Indlieb Farazi |date=14 January 2024 |title=A 'cultural genocide': Which of Gaza's heritage sites have been destroyed? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/14/a-cultural-genocide-which-of-gazas-heritage-sites-have-been-destroyed |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813215702/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/14/a-cultural-genocide-which-of-gazas-heritage-sites-have-been-destroyed |archive-date=13 August 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Safdar |first=Anealla |date=16 April 2025 |title=Top UK barrister: Israel is carrying out 'destruction of humanity' in Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/16/top-uk-barrister-israel-is-carrying-out-destruction-of-humanity-in-gaza |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419150140/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2025/4/16/top-uk-barrister-israel-is-carrying-out-destruction-of-humanity-in-gaza |archive-date=19 April 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Salam |first=Erum |date=10 November 2023 |title=Outrage grows after 'chilling call for genocide' by Florida Republican |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/nov/10/florida-republican-michelle-salzman-palestine |access-date=3 December 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204212337/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/nov/10/florida-republican-michelle-salzman-palestine |archive-date=4 December 2023 |ref={{harvid|Salam E.|2023}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Salam |first=Yasmine |date=9 October 2023 |title=Gaza Strip explained: Who controls it and what to know |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/gaza-strip-controls-s-know-rcna119405 |url-status=live |access-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031095143/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/gaza-strip-controls-s-know-rcna119405 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |ref={{harvid|Salam Y.|2023}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Salman |first1=Abeer |last2=Khadder |first2=Kareem |date=23 December 2023 |title=Doctors accuse Israeli troops of desecrating bodies and shooting civilians at hospital Israel says was Hamas 'command center' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/23/middleeast/kamal-adwan-hospital-gaza-israel-abuse-allegations-intl-cmd/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205231745/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/23/middleeast/kamal-adwan-hospital-gaza-israel-abuse-allegations-intl-cmd/index.html |archive-date=5 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=CNN |language=en}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Salzenstein |first=Léopold |date=21 March 2024 |title=Behind the numbers: Gaza's unprecedented aid worker death toll |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/maps-and-graphics/2024/03/21/behind-numbers-gaza-unprecedented-aid-worker-death-toll |magazine=The New Humanitarian |access-date=21 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219094542/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/maps-and-graphics/2024/03/21/behind-numbers-gaza-unprecedented-aid-worker-death-toll |archive-date=19 December 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Samudzi |first1=Zoé |author-link=Zoé Samudzi |date=18 January 2024 |title="We are Fighting Nazis": Genocidal Fashionings of Gaza(ns) After 7 October |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |issue=Forum: Israel–Palestine: Atrocity Crimes and the Crisis of Holocaust and Genocide Studies |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2305524}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Samuels |first=Ben |date=17 March 2024 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2024-03-17/ty-article/.premium/trump-on-israel-gaza-war-id-tell-netanyahu-to-finish-it-up-and-do-it-quickly/0000018e-4d59-dca4-ad8e-edffe0df0000 |title=Trump Says He Would Let Netanyahu Finish the Job in Gaza, Says 'Biden Is So Bad for Israel' |work=Haaretz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408231454/https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2024-03-17/ty-article/.premium/trump-on-israel-gaza-war-id-tell-netanyahu-to-finish-it-up-and-do-it-quickly/0000018e-4d59-dca4-ad8e-edffe0df0000 |archive-date=8 April 2024 |ref={{harvid|Samuels|2024a}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Samuels |first1=Ben |date=9 April 2024 |title=Sen. Elizabeth Warren: Israel's actions in Gaza may legally constitute genocide |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-04-09/ty-article/.premium/sen-elizabeth-warren-israels-actions-in-gaza-may-legally-constitute-genocide/0000018e-bf87-d6f4-afaf-bfc7919d0000 |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=Haaretz |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409012846/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-04-09/ty-article/.premium/sen-elizabeth-warren-israels-actions-in-gaza-may-legally-constitute-genocide/0000018e-bf87-d6f4-afaf-bfc7919d0000 |archive-date=9 April 2024 |ref={{harvid|Samuels|2024b}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Sankar |first1=Anjana |title=Many of Gaza's Medical Workers Have Been Detained or Killed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/02/world/middleeast/gaza-doctors-medical-workers-israel.html |access-date=6 September 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901173445/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/02/world/middleeast/gaza-doctors-medical-workers-israel.html |archive-date=1 September 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Sansour |first=Leila |date=10 January 2024 |access-date=15 July 2024 |language=en |work=ITV |title=South Africa accuses Israel of genocide: Everything we know about the landmark court case |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2024-01-10/south-africa-accuses-israel-of-genocide-everything-we-know-about-the-case |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110190756/https://www.itv.com/news/2024-01-10/south-africa-accuses-israel-of-genocide-everything-we-know-about-the-case |archive-date=10 January 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Saric |first=Ivana |date=8 November 2024 |title=Nearly 70% of verified deaths in Gaza are women and children, UN report finds |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/11/08/un-report-70-gaza-dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109002829/https://www.axios.com/2024/11/08/un-report-70-gaza-dead |archive-date=9 November 2024 |work=Axios}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last=Sathar |first=M. A. |date=December 2023 |title=The war on Gaza. A test of our humanity |journal=South African Journal of Bioethics and Law |volume=16 |number=3 |pages=82–83 |doi=10.7196/SAJBL.2023.v16i3.1734 |doi-access=free}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Sawafta |first1=Ali |last2=Fick |first2=Maggie |date=7 December 2023 |title=How many Palestinians have died in Gaza? Death toll explained |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-many-palestinians-have-died-gaza-war-how-will-counting-continue-2023-12-06/ |access-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212021332/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-many-palestinians-have-died-gaza-war-how-will-counting-continue-2023-12-06/ |archive-date=12 December 2023}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Savage |first=Mark |date=30 May 2024 |title=CMAT pulls out of Latitude Festival over its Barclays links |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c800ge2y02ro |access-date=4 June 2024 |work=BBC News |archive-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604095835/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c800ge2y02ro |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |date=29 October 2023 |title=Gaza: 3,195 Children Killed in Three Weeks Surpasses Annual Number of Children Killed in Conflict Zones Since 2019 |url=https://www.savethechildren.net/news/gaza-3195-children-killed-three-weeks-surpasses-annual-number-children-killed-conflict-zones |website=Save the Children |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103044022/https://www.savethechildren.net/news/gaza-3195-children-killed-three-weeks-surpasses-annual-number-children-killed-conflict-zones |archive-date=3 November 2023 |ref={{harvid|Save the Children|2023}} }}
• {{cite web |date=10 October 2024 |title=Gaza: At Least 3,100 Children Aged Under Five Killed With Others at Risk as Famine Looms |url=https://www.savethechildren.net/news/gaza-least-3100-children-aged-under-five-killed-others-risk-famine-looms |website=Save the Children |access-date=21 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241104093600/https://www.savethechildren.net/news/gaza-least-3100-children-aged-under-five-killed-others-risk-famine-looms |archive-date=4 November 2024 |ref={{harvid|Save the Children|2024}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Scahill |first1=Jeremy |last2=Grim |first2=Ryan |title=Leaked NYT Gaza memo tells journalists to avoid words "genocide," "ethnic cleansing," and "occupied territory" |url=https://theintercept.com/2024/04/15/nyt-israel-gaza-genocide-palestine-coverage/ |access-date=16 April 2024 |work=The Intercept |date=15 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416131015/https://theintercept.com/2024/04/15/nyt-israel-gaza-genocide-palestine-coverage/ |archive-date=16 April 2024 |url-status=live}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Schaer |first=Catherin |date=10 November 2023 |title=German police crack down on pro-Palestine rallies, raising alarm |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/10/germany-gaza-protests-crackdown |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227141740/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/10/germany-gaza-protests-crackdown |archive-date=27 February 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Schaer |first=Cathrin |date=23 February 2024 |title=German lawyers sue Scholz, alleging complicity in Gaza 'genocide' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/23/german-lawyers-sue-politicians-including-scholz-over-complicity-in-gaza |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224051949/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/23/german-lawyers-sue-politicians-including-scholz-over-complicity-in-gaza |archive-date=24 February 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last1=Schenker |first1=Hillel |date=12 October 2023 |title=The Catastrophe of October 7. Why Did It Happen? |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/world/israel-gaza-hamas-war-netanyahu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231181618/https://www.thenation.com/article/world/israel-gaza-hamas-war-netanyahu/ |archive-date=31 December 2023 |access-date=31 December 2023 |magazine=The Nation}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Schifrin |first1=Nick |last2=Sagalyn |first2=Dan |last3=Kopelev |first3=Sonia |last4=Warsi |first4=Zeba |date=11 January 2024 |title=Experts give 2 perspectives on accusations Israel is committing genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/experts-give-2-perspectives-on-accusations-israel-is-committing-genocide-in-gaza |work=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713180155/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/experts-give-2-perspectives-on-accusations-israel-is-committing-genocide-in-gaza |archive-date=13 July 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Schneider |first1=Elena |last2=Haberkorn |first2=Jennifer |last3=Stokols |first3=Eli |date=20 May 2024 |title=Biden: What's happening in Gaza 'is not genocide' |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/05/20/biden-gaza-not-genocide-israel-00159020 |work=Politico |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115004944/https://www.politico.com/news/2024/05/20/biden-gaza-not-genocide-israel-00159020 |archive-date=15 January 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Schwarz |first=Franziska |url=https://www.fr.de/politik/israel-news-nahost-gaza-krieg-tote-zahl-statistik-hamas-un-voelkerrecht-waffenruhe-geisel-freilassung-zr-93245254.html |title="Düsterer Meilenstein": UN benennt Zahl der täglichen Toten im Gazastreifen |language=de |trans-title="Gloomy milestone": UN names number of daily deaths in the Gaza Strip |work=Frankfurter Rundschau |date=16 August 2024 |access-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823051453/https://www.fr.de/politik/israel-news-nahost-gaza-krieg-tote-zahl-statistik-hamas-un-voelkerrecht-waffenruhe-geisel-freilassung-zr-93245254.html |archive-date=23 August 2024}}
• {{cite web |date=30 December 2024 |url=https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2025-01/the-middle-east-including-the-palestinian-question-19.php |title=The Middle East, including the Palestinian Question |website=Security Council Report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124115932/https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2025-01/the-middle-east-including-the-palestinian-question-19.php |archive-date=24 January 2025 |ref={{harvid|Security Council Report|2024}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Segal |first=Raz |author-link=Raz Segal |date=13 October 2023 |title=A Textbook Case of Genocide |language=en |publisher=Jewish Currents |url=https://jewishcurrents.org/a-textbook-case-of-genocide |access-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125093604/https://jewishcurrents.org/a-textbook-case-of-genocide |archive-date=25 November 2023 |ref={{harvid|Segal|2023a}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last=Segal |first=Raz |author-link=Raz Segal |date=9 December 2023 |title=Statement of Scholars in Holocaust and Genocide Studies on Mass Violence in Israel and Palestine since 7 October |journal=Contending Modernities |url=https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/global-currents/statement-of-scholars-7-october/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303065144/https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/global-currents/statement-of-scholars-7-october/ |archive-date=3 March 2024 |ref={{harvid|Segal|2023b}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Segal |first=Raz |author-link=Raz Segal |date=14 May 2024 |url=https://time.com/6977457/weaponizing-antisemitism/ |title=How Weaponizing Antisemitism Puts Jews at Risk |magazine=TIME |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209030630/https://time.com/6977457/weaponizing-antisemitism/ |archive-date=9 December 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Segal |first1=Raz |author1-link=Raz Segal |last2=Daniele |first2=Luigi |date=5 March 2024 |title=Gaza as Twilight of Israel Exceptionalism: Holocaust and Genocide Studies from Unprecedented Crisis to Unprecedented Change |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |issue=Forum: Israel–Palestine: Atrocity Crimes and the Crisis of Holocaust and Genocide Studies |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2325804 |doi-access=free}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Semerdjian |first1=Elyse |date=24 January 2024 |title=A World Without Civilians |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |issue=Forum: Israel–Palestine: Atrocity Crimes and the Crisis of Holocaust and Genocide Studies |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2306714 |s2cid= |ref=Semerdjian2024a}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Semerdjian |first1=Elyse |author-mask=3 |date=17 July 2024 |title=Gazafication and Genocide by Attrition in Artsakh/Nagorno Karabakh and the Occupied Palestinian Territories |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |issue=Forum: Artsakh/Nagorno Karabakh: Famine, Memory, Security, and the Question of Genocide |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2377871 |ref=Semerdjian2024b}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Shamim |first1=Sarah |date=11 January 2024 |title=Which countries back South Africa's genocide case against Israel at ICJ? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/9/which-countries-back-south-africas-genocide-case-against-israel-at-icj |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126071244/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/9/which-countries-back-south-africas-genocide-case-against-israel-at-icj |archive-date=26 January 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Shankar |first=Priyanka |date=23 January 2024 |title=Why has Belgium vowed to back the ICJ's verdict on Gaza 'genocide'? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/23/why-has-belgium-vowed-to-back-the-icjs-verdict-on-gaza-genocide |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619191959/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/23/why-has-belgium-vowed-to-back-the-icjs-verdict-on-gaza-genocide |archive-date=19 June 2024 |access-date=16 July 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Sharma |first=Gouri |date=26 October 2023 |title='Complete censorship': Germany's Palestinian diaspora fights crackdown |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/10/26/complete-censorship-germanys-palestinian-diaspora-fights-crackdown |work=Al Jazeera |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228052709/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/10/26/complete-censorship-germanys-palestinian-diaspora-fights-crackdown |archive-date=28 February 2024 |ref={{harvid|Sharma G.|2023}} }}
• {{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Vasu |date=14 November 2023 |title=Decoding Pakistan and Afghanistan's Public Responses to the Israel-Hamas War |url=https://www.stimson.org/2023/decoding-pakistan-and-afghanistans-public-responses-to-the-israel-hamas-war/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117192321/https://www.stimson.org/2023/decoding-pakistan-and-afghanistans-public-responses-to-the-israel-hamas-war/ |archive-date=17 January 2024 |access-date=17 January 2024 |publisher=Stimson Center |language=en-US |ref={{harvid|Sharma V.|2023}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Sharon |first=Jeremy |date=12 January 2024 |title=South Africa paints grim picture of Gaza, but obfuscates foundations of genocide claim |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/south-africa-paints-grim-picture-of-gaza-but-obfuscates-foundations-of-genocide-claim/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122021511/https://www.timesofisrael.com/south-africa-paints-grim-picture-of-gaza-but-obfuscates-foundations-of-genocide-claim/ |archive-date=22 January 2024 |access-date=22 January 2024 |work=Times of Israel |ref={{harvid|Sharon|2023a}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Sharon |first=Jeremy |date=29 January 2024 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/12-ministers-call-to-resettle-gaza-encourage-gazans-to-leave-at-jubilant-conference/ |title=Cabinet members call to resettle Gaza, encourage Gazans to leave, at jubilant conference |newspaper=Times of Israel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131131350/https://www.timesofisrael.com/12-ministers-call-to-resettle-gaza-encourage-gazans-to-leave-at-jubilant-conference |archive-date=31 January 2024 |ref={{harvid|Sharon|2023b}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Sharon |first1=Jeremy |last2=Magid |first2=Jacob |date=5 December 2024 |title='Predetermined conclusions': Amnesty Israel workers slam parent group's 'genocide' charge |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/predetermined-conclusions-amnesty-israel-workers-slam-parent-groups-genocide-charge/ |work=Times of Israel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217011942/https://www.timesofisrael.com/predetermined-conclusions-amnesty-israel-workers-slam-parent-groups-genocide-charge/ |archive-date=17 December 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Sharp |first=Alexandra |date=8 April 2024 |title=Nicaragua Accuses Germany of 'Facilitating' Genocide in Gaza |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/04/08/nicaragua-germany-icj-hearing-israel-gaza-genocide/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501013602/https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/04/08/nicaragua-germany-icj-hearing-israel-gaza-genocide/ |archive-date=1 May 2024 |access-date=16 July 2024 |work=Foreign Policy}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Shaw |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Shaw (sociologist) |date=6 November 2023 |title=The Uses and Abuses of the Term 'Genocide' in Gaza |url=https://newlinesmag.com/spotlight/the-uses-and-abuses-of-the-term-genocide-in-gaza/ |access-date=8 January 2024 |magazine=New Lines Magazine |language=en |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111202239/https://newlinesmag.com/spotlight/the-uses-and-abuses-of-the-term-genocide-in-gaza/ |url-status=live}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Shaw |first1=Martin |author-link=Martin Shaw (sociologist) |title=Inescapably Genocidal |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |issue=Forum: Israel–Palestine: Atrocity Crimes and the Crisis of Holocaust and Genocide Studies |date=3 January 2024 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2023.2300555 |s2cid=266778978}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Shawer |first=Mosab |date=10 January 2024 |title='Threatened with rape': Lama Khater recalls horrors while in Israeli jails |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/1/10/threatened-with-rape-lama-khater-recalls-horrors-while-in-israeli-jails |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127100046/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/1/10/threatened-with-rape-lama-khater-recalls-horrors-while-in-israeli-jails |archive-date=27 January 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Sheehan |first1=Dan |date=25 February 2025 |title=Omar El Akkad on Genocide, Complicit Liberals, and the Terrible Wrath of the West |url=https://lithub.com/omar-el-akkad-on-genocide-complicit-liberals-and-the-terrible-wrath-of-the-west/ |website=Literary Hub |access-date=13 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513070819/https://lithub.com/omar-el-akkad-on-genocide-complicit-liberals-and-the-terrible-wrath-of-the-west/ |archive-date=13 May 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Sherlock |first1=Cillian |date=7 November 2024 |title=Irish parliament passes motion that Israel is 'perpetrating genocide in Gaza' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/micheal-martin-ireland-irish-south-africa-gaza-b2643121.html |access-date=17 November 2024 |work=The Independent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204122154/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/micheal-martin-ireland-irish-south-africa-gaza-b2643121.html |archive-date=4 December 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Shmilovitz |first1=Tzippy |date=18 December 2023 |title=How John Kirby became one of Israel's leading spokespeople |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/rjwja2hlt |work=Ynet News |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221195325/https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/rjwja2hlt |archive-date=21 December 2023}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Shotter |first1=James |last2=Ralph |first2=Oliver |date=21 November 2024 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/0b62f17a-97db-4817-90f8-f98adead79f0 |title=ICC issues arrest warrant for Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu |work=Financial Times |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241121233145/https://www.ft.com/content/0b62f17a-97db-4817-90f8-f98adead79f0 |archive-date=21 November 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Shpigel |first=Noa |date=30 April 2024 |title=Israel's Far-right Minister Smotrich Calls for 'No Half Measures' in the 'Total Annihilation' of Gaza |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-04-30/ty-article/.premium/smotrich-calls-for-no-half-measures-in-the-total-annihilation-of-gaza/0000018f-2f4c-d9c3-abcf-7f7d25460000 |work=Haaretz |access-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240502152226/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-04-30/ty-article/.premium/smotrich-calls-for-no-half-measures-in-the-total-annihilation-of-gaza/0000018f-2f4c-d9c3-abcf-7f7d25460000 |archive-date=2 May 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Shpigel |first=Noa |date=3 January 2025 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-01-03/ty-article/.premium/israeli-lawmakers-call-on-military-to-destroy-food-water-and-power-sources-in-gaza/00000194-2884-d9c2-a79e-2bc47b360000 |title=Israeli Lawmakers Call on Military to Destroy Food, Water and Power Sources in Gaza |newspaper=Haaretz |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250106042124/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2025-01-03/ty-article/.premium/israeli-lawmakers-call-on-military-to-destroy-food-water-and-power-sources-in-gaza/00000194-2884-d9c2-a79e-2bc47b360000 |archive-date=6 January 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Shurafa |first1=Wafaa |last2=Magdy |first2=Samy |date=26 February 2025 |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-children-cold-death-3085913b482dc5e45edd221ceccb17b3 |title=Medics say 6 babies have died from the cold in Gaza as displaced people shelter in tents and rubble |newspaper=AP News |publisher=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226190710/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-children-cold-death-3085913b482dc5e45edd221ceccb17b3 |archive-date=26 February 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Siddiqui |first1=Usaid |last2=Pietromarchi |first2=Virginia |last3=Quillen |first3=Stephen |date=10 December 2023 |title=Israel-Hamas war updates: Fierce battles rage in southern and northern Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/12/10/israel-hamas-war-live-no-safe-place-in-gaza-as-severe-hunger-spreads |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226131329/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/12/10/israel-hamas-war-live-no-safe-place-in-gaza-as-severe-hunger-spreads |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=13 December 2023 |work=Al Jazeera}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Siddiqui |first1=Usaid |date=14 March 2024 |title='Very survival of Gaza's population at stake', Borrell tells Blinken |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/14/israels-war-on-gaza-live-rafah-attack-coming-soon-despite-pressure?update=2771276 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317033220/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/14/israels-war-on-gaza-live-rafah-attack-coming-soon-despite-pressure?update=2771276 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |ref={{harvid|Siddiqui|2024a}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Siddiqui |first=Usaid |date=4 May 2024 |title=Israel has a 'deliberate plan to kill children and women': UN official |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/4/israels-war-on-gaza-live-talks-in-egypt-set-to-steer-wars-direction?update=2879407 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=9 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519201259/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/5/4/israels-war-on-gaza-live-talks-in-egypt-set-to-steer-wars-direction?update=2879407 |archive-date=19 May 2024 |ref={{harvid|Siddiqui|2024b}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Siddiqui |first1=Usaid |last2=Stepansky |first2=Joseph |date=6 June 2024 |title=Rules-based international order established after World War II 'falling apart' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/6/6/israels-war-on-gaza-live-relentless-israeli-strikes-kill-102-palestinians?update=2956357 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615221246/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/6/6/israels-war-on-gaza-live-relentless-israeli-strikes-kill-102-palestinians?update=2956357 |archive-date=15 June 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Siddique |first=Haroon |date=19 July 2024 |title=UN court orders Israel to end its occupation of Palestinian territories |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/19/israels-settlement-policies-break-international-law-court-finds |access-date=25 September 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722174228/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/19/israels-settlement-policies-break-international-law-court-finds |url-status=live}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Simon |first1=Scott |last2=Peralta |first2=Eyder |date=27 January 2024 |title=ICJ finds genocide case against Israel 'plausible', orders it to stop violations |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/01/27/1227397107/icj-finds-genocide-case-against-israel-plausible-orders-it-to-stop-violations#:~:text=Live%20Sessions-,ICJ%20finds%20genocide%20case%20against%20Israel%20%27plausible%27%2C%20orders%20it,Africa%20has%20brought%20against%20Israel. |work=NPR |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128232512/https://www.npr.org/2024/01/27/1227397107/icj-finds-genocide-case-against-israel-plausible-orders-it-to-stop-violations |archive-date=28 January 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Simons |first=Jake Wallis |date=27 January 2024 |title=The ICJ has been captured by anti-Semitic propaganda |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/01/27/the-icj-has-been-captured-by-anti-semitic-propaganda/ |access-date=13 December 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240128112605/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/01/27/the-icj-has-been-captured-by-anti-semitic-propaganda/ |archive-date=28 January 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Singh |first=Namita |date=10 December 2023 |title=UN says half of Gaza's population is now starving |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-gaza-war-palestinians-starving-un-wfp-b2461488.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119132024/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-gaza-war-palestinians-starving-un-wfp-b2461488.html |archive-date=19 January 2024 |access-date=13 December 2023 |work=The Independent}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Sirleaf |first1=Matiangai V. S. |title=Palestine as a Litmus Test for Transitional Justice |journal=The International Journal of Transitional Justice |date=2024 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=162–188 |doi=10.1093/ijtj/ijae012 |doi-access=free}}
• {{#invoke:cite|magazine|last=Skinner |first=Tom |date=14 May 2024 |title=Over 100 acts have now dropped out of The Great Escape 2024 in Gaza boycott, with support from Massive Attack |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/over-100-acts-have-now-dropped-out-of-the-great-escape-2024-in-gaza-boycott-with-support-from-massive-attack-3756090 |access-date=24 May 2024 |website=NME |language=en-GB |archive-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524203536/https://www.nme.com/news/music/over-100-acts-have-now-dropped-out-of-the-great-escape-2024-in-gaza-boycott-with-support-from-massive-attack-3756090 |url-status=live}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Smith |first1=Mitch |last2=McCarthy |first2=Lauren |last3=Londoño |first3=Ernesto |last4=Jordan |first4=Miriam |date=12 October 2023 |title=Palestinian Americans, Dismayed by Violence, Say Historical Context Is Being Overlooked |language=en-US |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/12/us/palestinians-reaction-israel-hamas.html |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112091142/http://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/12/us/palestinians-reaction-israel-hamas.html |archive-date=12 November 2023 |issn=0190-8286}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last=Soni |first=S. |date=December 2023 |title=Gaza and international law: The global obligation to protect life and health |journal=South African Journal of Bioethics and Law |volume=16 |number=3 |pages=80–81 |doi=10.7196/SAJBL.2023.v16i3.1764 |doi-access=free}}
• {{cite web |last=Spagat |first=Mike |date=28 May 2024 |title=Gaza Ministry of Health releases detailed new casualty data amidst confusion of UN's death numbers in Gaza |url=https://aoav.org.uk/2024/gaza-ministry-of-health-releases-detailed-new-casualty-amidst-confusion-of-uns-death-numbers-in-gaza/ |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=Action On Armed Violence |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710190121/https://aoav.org.uk/2024/gaza-ministry-of-health-releases-detailed-new-casualty-amidst-confusion-of-uns-death-numbers-in-gaza/ |archive-date=10 July 2024 |ref={{harvid|Spagat|2024a}} }}
• {{cite web |last=Spagat |first=Mike |date=10 July 2024 |title=A critical analysis of The Lancet's letter "Counting the Dead in Gaza: Difficult but Essential". Professor Mike Spagat reviews the claim the total Gaza death toll may reach upwards of 186,000 |url=https://aoav.org.uk/2024/a-critical-analysis-of-the-lancets-letter-counting-the-dead-in-gaza-difficult-but-essential-professor-mike-spagat-reviews-the-claim-the-total-gaza-death-toll-may-reach-upwards-of-186000/ |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=Action On Armed Violence |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710190128/https://aoav.org.uk/2024/a-critical-analysis-of-the-lancets-letter-counting-the-dead-in-gaza-difficult-but-essential-professor-mike-spagat-reviews-the-claim-the-total-gaza-death-toll-may-reach-upwards-of-186000/ |archive-date=10 July 2024 |ref={{harvid|Spagat|2024b}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Speri |first=Alice |date=20 December 2024 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/dec/20/genocide-definition-mass-violence-scholars-gaza |title=Defining genocide: how a rift over Gaza sparked a crisis among scholars |work=The Guardian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221004249/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/dec/20/genocide-definition-mass-violence-scholars-gaza |archive-date=21 December 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Sridhar |first=Devi |title=It's not just bullets and bombs. I have never seen health organisations as worried as they are about disease in Gaza |date=29 December 2023 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/dec/29/health-organisations-disease-gaza-population-outbreaks-conflict |work=The Guardian |access-date=21 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217003337/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/dec/29/health-organisations-disease-gaza-population-outbreaks-conflict |archive-date=17 December 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Sridhar |first1=Devi |date=5 September 2024 |title=Scientists are closing in on the true, horrifying scale of death and disease in Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/article/2024/sep/05/scientists-death-disease-gaza-polio-vaccinations-israel |work=The Guardian |access-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130100120/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/article/2024/sep/05/scientists-death-disease-gaza-polio-vaccinations-israel |archive-date=30 January 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Stacey |first=Diego |date=4 November 2023 |title=Pedro Arrojo, UN Special Rapporteur: 'The Gaza war is heading towards genocide' |publisher=El País |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-11-04/pedro-arrojo-un-special-rapporteur-the-gaza-war-is-heading-towards-genocide.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108133528/https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-11-04/pedro-arrojo-un-special-rapporteur-the-gaza-war-is-heading-towards-genocide.html |archive-date=8 November 2023}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Stack |first1=Liam |last2=Shbair |first2=Bilal |title=With Schools in Ruins, Education in Gaza Will Be Hobbled for Years |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/06/world/middleeast/gaza-schools-damaged-destroyed.html |work=New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715234037/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/06/world/middleeast/gaza-schools-damaged-destroyed.html |archive-date=15 July 2024 |date=6 May 2024 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last=Stamatopoulou-Robbins |first=Sophia |date=7 October 2024 |url=https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2023/2024/Costs%20of%20War_Human%20Toll%20Since%20Oct%207.pdf |title=The Human Toll: Indirect Deaths from War in Gaza and the West Bank, October 7, 2023 Forward |publisher=Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs, Brown University |access-date=17 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007200714/https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2023/2024/Costs%20of%20War_Human%20Toll%20Since%20Oct%207.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Steinke |first=Ronen |date=7 April 2024 |newspaper=Süddeutsche Zeitung |title="Das stellt ganz klar ein Kriegsverbrechen dar. Aber eben nicht Völkermord" |trans-title="This is clearly a war crime. But not genocide" |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/israel-genozid-gaza-waffen-nahostkonflikt-krieg-talmon-1.6528393 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622115339/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/web/20240622115339/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/israel-genozid-gaza-waffen-nahostkonflikt-krieg-talmon-1.6528393?reduced=true |archive-date=22 June 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Stern |first=Marlow |date=26 November 2023 |title=In Hollywood, Criticizing Israel's Assault on Gaza Comes With a Price |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-features/hollywood-israel-palestine-criticism-melissa-barrera-scream-jenna-ortega-susan-sarandon-maha-dakhil-1234896903/ |access-date=9 January 2024 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109001414/https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-features/hollywood-israel-palestine-criticism-melissa-barrera-scream-jenna-ortega-susan-sarandon-maha-dakhil-1234896903/ |archive-date=9 January 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=8 April 2024 |title="Nothing Short of Genocide": Says Guyana's President Ali, As he Calls for Ceasefire in Gaza. |url=https://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/nothing-short-of-genocide-says-guyanas-president-ali-as-he-calls-for-ceasefire-in-gaza/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413034837/https://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/nothing-short-of-genocide-says-guyanas-president-ali-as-he-calls-for-ceasefire-in-gaza/ |archive-date=13 April 2024 |access-date=12 July 2024 |work=The St. Kitts-Nevis Observer |ref={{harvid|The St. Kitts-Nevis Observer|2024}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Sultany |first1=Nimer |author-link=Nimer Sultany |date=9 May 2024 |title=A Threshold Crossed: On Genocidal Intent and the Duty to Prevent Genocide in Palestine |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |issue=Forum: Gaza: International Humanitarian Law and Genocide |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2351261 |s2cid= |doi-access=free}}

• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Tan |first=Joanna |date=12 November 2023 |title=Charts show a stark difference in the human cost of Israeli-Palestinian conflicts over the years |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/12/israel-hamas-war-data-shows-human-cost-of-conflict-through-the-years.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114213622/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/12/israel-hamas-war-data-shows-human-cost-of-conflict-through-the-years.html |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=7 March 2024 |work=CNBC}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Tanielian |first1=Melanie S. |date=5 February 2024 |title=The Silent Slow Killer of Famine: Humanitarian Management and Permanent Security |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |issue=Forum: Israel–Palestine: Atrocity Crimes and the Crisis of Holocaust and Genocide Studies |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2310866}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Tantesh |first1=Malak A. |last2=Graham-Harrison |first2=Emma |date=15 August 2024 |title=Gaza rubble likely to conceal untold horrors to swell 40,000 death toll |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/15/gaza-death-toll-hits-40000-with-thousands-more-yet-to-be-counted |work=The Guardian |access-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822170140/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/15/gaza-death-toll-hits-40000-with-thousands-more-yet-to-be-counted |archive-date=22 August 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Taub |first=Amanda |date=30 May 2024 |title=What the I.C.J. Ruling Actually Means for Israel's Offensive in Rafah |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/30/world/europe/icj-israel-rafah-offensive-explained.html |access-date=30 May 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219142939/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/30/world/europe/icj-israel-rafah-offensive-explained.html |archive-date=19 December 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Tétrault-Farber |first=Gabrielle |date=13 December 2023 |title=Palestinian minister accuses Israel of starving Gazans; Israel says charge 'obscene' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinian-foreign-minister-accuses-israel-deliberately-starving-gazans-2023-12-12/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228113139/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinian-foreign-minister-accuses-israel-deliberately-starving-gazans-2023-12-12/ |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=13 December 2023 |work=Reuters}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Thomas |first1=Merlyn |date=21 December 2023 |title=Israel Gaza: What Gaza's death toll says about the war |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67764664 |access-date=25 December 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC Verify |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224231727/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67764664 |archive-date=24 December 2023}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Thunberg |first=Greta |author-link=Greta Thunberg |date=5 December 2023 |title=We won't stop speaking out about Gaza's suffering – there is no climate justice without human rights |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/dec/05/gaza-climate-justice-human-rights-greta-thunberg |access-date=9 January 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123041706/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/dec/05/gaza-climate-justice-human-rights-greta-thunberg |archive-date=23 January 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|agency=Agence France-Presse |date=15 October 2024 |title=Nicaragua's Ortega Calls Israeli PM 'Son of the Devil' Amid Tensions |url=https://ticotimes.net/2024/10/15/nicaraguas-ortega-calls-israeli-pm-son-of-the-devil-amid-tensions |access-date=15 October 2024 |work=Tico Times |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241103100332/https://ticotimes.net/2024/10/15/nicaraguas-ortega-calls-israeli-pm-son-of-the-devil-amid-tensions |archive-date=3 November 2024 |ref={{harvid|Tico Times|2024}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Tondo |first=Lorenzo |date=10 July 2024 |title=Israeli strike on Khan Younis shelter kills at least 31 amid surge in Gaza fighting |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/10/israel-gaza-war-latest-today-khan-younis-strike-abassan-death-toll |access-date=11 July 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711121420/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/10/israel-gaza-war-latest-today-khan-younis-strike-abassan-death-toll |archive-date=11 July 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|book|last1=Traverso |first1=Enzo |author-link=Enzo Traverso |year=2024 |title=Gaza Faces History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-8PEQAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-63542-555-0 |publisher=Other Press}}

• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Üngör |first1=Uğur Ümit |author-link=Uğur Ümit Üngör |date=26 January 2024 |title=Screaming, Silence, and Mass Violence in Israel/Palestine |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |issue=Forum: Israel–Palestine: Atrocity Crimes and the Crisis of Holocaust and Genocide Studies |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2309709 |s2cid= |doi-access=free}}
• {{cite web |date=2014 |title=Legal definition of genocide |url=https://www.un.org/ar/preventgenocide/adviser/pdf/osapg_analysis_framework.pdf |access-date=3 January 2024 |website=United Nations |publisher=Office of the UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927024940/https://www.un.org/ar/preventgenocide/adviser/pdf/osapg_analysis_framework.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2023 |ref={{harvid|United Nations|2014}} }}
• {{cite web |title=10,000 people feared buried under the rubble in Gaza |url=https://palestine.un.org/en/267691-10000-people-feared-buried-under-rubble-gaza |date=3 May 2024 |website=United Nations in Palestine |access-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505021224/https://palestine.un.org/en/267691-10000-people-feared-buried-under-rubble-gaza |archive-date=5 May 2024 |ref={{harvid|United Nations in Palestine|2024}} }}
• {{cite report |author1=International human rights clinic, Boston University School of Law |author2=International human rights clinic, Cornell Law School |author3=Centre for human rights, University of Pretoria |author4=Lowenstein human rights project, Yale Law School |title=Genocide in Gaza: Analysis of international law and its application to Israel's military actions since October 7, 2023 |url=https://www.humanrightsnetwork.org/s/Genocide-in-Gaza-Final-version-051524.pdf |date=15 May 2024 |publisher=University Network for Human Rights |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240518202328/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5b3538249d5abb21360e858f/t/66475850eceb152a52fd55fe/1715951696844/Genocide+in+Gaza+-+Final+version+051524.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|UNHR|2024}} }}
• {{cite web |date=3 April 2025 |title=Reported impact snapshot – Gaza Strip (3 April 2025) |url=https://www.ochaopt.org/content/reported-impact-snapshot-gaza-strip-3-april-2025 |work=Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408202825/https://www.ochaopt.org/content/reported-impact-snapshot-gaza-strip-3-april-2025 |archive-date=8 April 2025 |ref={{harvid|UN OCHA|2025}} }}
• {{cite web |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/12/1158176 |title=Gaza: 'Sickening normalisation' of suffering, amid attacks on people and aid convoys |date=13 December 2024 |work=UN News |publisher=United Nations |access-date=21 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219122142/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/12/1158176 |archive-date=19 December 2024 |ref={{harvid|UN News|2024}} }}
• {{cite web |date=7 February 2025 |title=UNRWA Situation Report #158 on the Humanitarian Crisis in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem |url=https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-158-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-jerusalem |website=UNRWA |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250209122316/https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-158-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-jerusalem |archive-date=9 February 2025 |ref={{harvid|UNRWA|2025}} }}

• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Vargas |first=Ramon Antonio |date=31 March 2024 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/mar/31/tim-walberg-republican-congressman-gaza |title=Congressman rebuked for call to bomb Gaza 'like Nagasaki and Hiroshima' |work=The Guardian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403015803/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/mar/31/tim-walberg-republican-congressman-gaza |archive-date=3 April 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=12 May 2025 |title=Mark Ruffalo, Guy Pearce, Melissa Barrera and Ralph Fiennes Among 350+ Figures to Sign Letter About Killing of Palestinian Protagonist of Cannes-Bound Doc: 'We Are Ashamed' of Industry 'Passivity' (EXCLUSIVE) |magazine=Variety |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/global/letter-about-killing-of-fatma-hassona-1236391687/ |access-date=14 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514170023/https://variety.com/2025/film/global/letter-about-killing-of-fatma-hassona-1236391687/ |archive-date=14 May 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Varoufakis |first=Yanis |author-link=Yanis Varoufakis |date=17 April 2024 |title=Why I was banned from Germany |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/diary/2024/04/cancelled-germany-yanis-varoufakis-israel-palestine |access-date=28 November 2024 |magazine=New Statesman |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219043511/https://www.newstatesman.com/diary/2024/04/cancelled-germany-yanis-varoufakis-israel-palestine |archive-date=19 December 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Varshalomidze |first1=Tamila |last2=Motamedi |first2=Maziar |title=Netanyahu criticises Israel's allies for 'short memory' |work=Al Jazeera |date=17 March 2024 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/17/israels-war-on-gaza-live-13-aid-trucks-reach-north-malnutrition-doubles?update=2778271 |access-date=17 March 2024 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317121442/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/17/israels-war-on-gaza-live-13-aid-trucks-reach-north-malnutrition-doubles?update=2778271 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Verdélio |first1=Andreia |date=25 October 2023 |title=President Lula says war in the Middle East is genocide |url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/politica/noticia/2023-10/president-lula-says-war-middle-east-genocide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126232437/https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/politica/noticia/2023-10/president-lula-says-war-middle-east-genocide |archive-date=26 November 2023 |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=Agência Brasil}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Vigdor |first=Neil |date=31 March 2024 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/31/us/politics/tim-walberg-gaza-nagasaki-hiroshima.html |title=Republican Congressman Says of Gaza: 'It Should Be Like Nagasaki and Hiroshima' |work=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404085156/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/31/us/politics/tim-walberg-gaza-nagasaki-hiroshima.html |archive-date=4 April 2024}}

• {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=21 October 2023 |title=Scholars, civil society call on ICC Prosecutor to issue arrest warrants, investigate Israeli crimes in Gaza |publisher=Wafa |url=https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/138509 |access-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026192122/https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/138509 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |ref={{harvid|Wafa|2023}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Walker |first=Chris |date=6 March 2024 |title=Trump Encourages Genocide Against Palestinians, Saying: "Finish the Problem" |url=https://truthout.org/articles/trump-encourages-genocide-against-palestinians-saying-finish-the-problem/ |work=Truthout |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308213902/https://truthout.org/articles/trump-encourages-genocide-against-palestinians-saying-finish-the-problem/ |archive-date=8 March 2024 |ref={{harvid|Walker C.|2024}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Walker |first=Michael |date=5 February 2024 |title=Former UNWRA Spokesperson Says UK & US Complicit in Gaza Genocide |url=https://novaramedia.com/2024/02/05/former-unwra-spokesperson-says-uk-us-complicit-in-gaza-genocide/ |work=Novara Media |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206184734/https://novaramedia.com/2024/02/05/former-unwra-spokesperson-says-uk-us-complicit-in-gaza-genocide/ |archive-date=6 February 2024 |ref={{harvid|Walker M.|2024}} }}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last=Walter |first=Christian |author-link=:de:Christian Walter (Jurist) |date=12 January 2024 |title=Why Germany Should Join Sides with Israel before the ICJ in its Defense against South Africa's Accusation of Genocide |url=https://verfassungsblog.de/why-germany-should-join-sides-with-israel-before-the-icj-in-its-defense-against-south-africas-accusation-of-genocide/ |journal=Verfassungsblog |doi=10.59704/21c2af871ba3fada |issn=2366-7044 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210074956/https://verfassungsblog.de/why-germany-should-join-sides-with-israel-before-the-icj-in-its-defense-against-south-africas-accusation-of-genocide/ |archive-date=10 February 2025}}
• {{cite web |last1=Watson Coleman |first1=Bonnie |date=28 March 2025 |title=Democratic Rep: Israel Arms Embargo Is America's Only Moral Option |website=Newsweek |url=https://www.newsweek.com/democratic-rep-israel-arms-embargo-americas-only-moral-option-opinion-2051526 |access-date=31 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410220831/https://www.newsweek.com/democratic-rep-israel-arms-embargo-americas-only-moral-option-opinion-2051526 |archive-date=10 April 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Wedesweiler |first=Madeleine |date=5 March 2024 |title=Anthony Albanese dismisses ICC war crimes allegations: Experts weigh in on the claims |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/anthony-albanese-dismisses-icc-war-crimes-allegations-experts-weigh-in-on-the-claims/xu4kueiql |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=SBS News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305094219/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/anthony-albanese-dismisses-icc-war-crimes-allegations-experts-weigh-in-on-the-claims/xu4kueiql |archive-date=5 March 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Wells |first1=Karen |last2=Cortés-Morales |first2=Susana |last3=Esson |first3=James |last4=Horgan |first4=Deirdre |last5=Nxumalo |first5=Fikile |last6=Phoenix |first6=Ann |last7=Rautio |first7=Paulina |last8=Rosen |first8=Rachel |date=20 February 2024 |title=Israel's war on Gaza and the violation of children's rights |journal=Children's Geographies |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=197–200 |doi=10.1080/14733285.2024.2316752 |doi-access=free}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Wilson |first=Joseph |date=6 June 2024 |title=Spain applies to join South Africa's case at top UN court accusing Israel of genocide |url=https://apnews.com/article/spain-israel-icj-genocide-case-67d4d9b8ecf6fd88e718319a5d93465a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701144511/https://apnews.com/article/spain-israel-icj-genocide-case-67d4d9b8ecf6fd88e718319a5d93465a |archive-date=1 July 2024 |access-date=16 July 2024 |work=Associated Press}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Wintour |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Wintour |date=29 May 2024 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global/article/2024/may/29/how-a-single-comma-is-allowing-israel-to-question-icj-rafah-ruling |title=How a single comma is allowing Israel to question ICJ Rafah ruling |newspaper=The Guardian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113063339/https://www.theguardian.com/global/article/2024/may/29/how-a-single-comma-is-allowing-israel-to-question-icj-rafah-ruling |archive-date=13 November 2024}}
• {{#invoke:cite|news|last=Wintour |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Wintour |date=12 May 2025 |title=UK's F-35 exports more important than stopping genocide, lawyers to argue |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2025/may/12/uks-f-35-exports-more-important-than-stopping-genocide-lawyers-to-argue |newspaper=The Guardian |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Yee |first1=Vivian |last2=Mekay |first2=Emad |last3=Kershner |first3=Isabel |date=3 June 2024 |title=Israel's Seizure of Gaza Border Zone Strains Ties With Egypt |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/03/world/middleeast/egypt-corridor-israel-gaza-border.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=27 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127151801/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/03/world/middleeast/egypt-corridor-israel-gaza-border.html |archive-date=27 January 2025}}
• {{cite web |date=5 January 2025 |url=https://www.yenisafak.com/en/news/palestinian-official-condemns-israeli-lawmakers-call-for-intensified-military-offensive-in-gaza-3696715 |title=Palestinian official condemns Israeli lawmakers' call for intensified military offensive in Gaza |website=Yeni Şafak English |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111160538/https://www.yenisafak.com/en/news/palestinian-official-condemns-israeli-lawmakers-call-for-intensified-military-offensive-in-gaza-3696715 |archive-date=11 January 2025 |ref={{harvid|Yeni Şafak English|2025}} }}

• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Zakaria |first=Fareed |date=26 May 2024 |title=On GPS: The charges against Israel |url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2024/05/26/gps-0526-icc-charges-against-israel.cnn |work=CNN |access-date=28 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717080434/https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2024/05/26/gps-0526-icc-charges-against-israel.cnn |archive-date=17 July 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Zampano |first=Giada |date=17 November 2024 |url=https://apnews.com/article/pope-vatican-gaza-israel-genocide-book-62907898cead13dbcfd603592263904c |title=Pope Francis calls for investigation to determine if Israel's attacks in Gaza constitute 'genocide' |newspaper=AP News |publisher=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205032101/https://apnews.com/article/pope-vatican-gaza-israel-genocide-book-62907898cead13dbcfd603592263904c |archive-date=5 December 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Zarni |first=Maung |author-link=Maung Zarni |date=16 October 2023 |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/opinion/2023/10/16/powerful-states-are-killing-international-law-genocide-convention.html |title=Powerful states are killing international law, genocide convention |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016130358/https://www.thejakartapost.com/opinion/2023/10/16/powerful-states-are-killing-international-law-genocide-convention.html |archive-date=16 October 2023}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Zerrouky |first=Madjid |date=21 September 2024 |title=Gaza's Health Ministry reveals names of several thousand dead, over 11,355 of them are minors |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/09/21/gaza-s-health-ministry-reveals-names-of-several-thousand-dead-over-11-355-of-them-are-minors_6726814_4.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926222850/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/09/21/gaza-s-health-ministry-reveals-names-of-several-thousand-dead-over-11-355-of-them-are-minors_6726814_4.html |archive-date=26 September 2024 |access-date=23 September 2024 |work=Le Monde}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Zimonjic |first=Peter |date=9 April 2025 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/carney-clarifies-genocide-remarks-1.7506027 |title=Asked to clarify if he sees genocide in Gaza, Carney says he 'didn't hear that word' |newspaper=CBC News |access-date=16 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411052353/https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.7506027 |archive-date=11 April 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Zitun |first=Yoav |date=12 December 2023 |title=One-fifth of troop fatalities in Gaza due to friendly fire or accidents, IDF reports |language=en |work=Ynetnews |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rkjqoobip |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214212217/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rkjqoobip |archive-date=14 December 2023 |url-status=live}}

{{refend}}

{{refbegin|30em}}

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• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Ajour |first1=Ashjan |date=3 February 2025 |title=Unveiling the colonial violence of space in the Gaza genocide |journal=European Journal of Cultural Studies |doi=10.1177/13675494241310778}}
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• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last=Lloyd |first=Genevieve |author-link=Genevieve Lloyd |date=20 February 2024 |title=Seeing Gaza: Objectivity and Emotion |journal=Bioethical Inquiry |pages= |doi=10.1007/s11673-024-10362-y |doi-access=free |pmid=38777968}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Manduca |first1=Paolo |last2=Rothchild |first2=Alice |last3=Meyers |first3=Alan |date=18 January 2024 |title=On the duty to protect the people of Gaza: how the collapse of the hospital health care system has reinforced genocidal intent |journal=Journal of Public Health and Emergency |volume=8 |page=20 |doi=10.21037/jphe-24-11 |doi-access=free |url=https://jphe.amegroups.org/article/view/9883/pdf}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Mokhiber |first1=Craig |title=Law on trial: Gaza and the future of the international legal order |journal=Dialectical Anthropology |date=2025 |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=121–144 |doi=10.1007/s10624-025-09764-0}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Moradi |first1=Fazil |date=6 April 2025 |title=Worldwide-ization of Epistemicide |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2025.2470513 |s2cid=}}
• {{cite web |last=Mordechai |first=Lee |date=2024 |title=Bearing Witness to the Israel-Gaza War |url=https://witnessing-the-gaza-war.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310010405/https://witnessing-the-gaza-war.com/ |archive-date=10 March 2025}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last=Moses |first=Jeremy |date=16 February 2024 |title=Gaza and the Political and Moral Failure of the Responsibility to Protect |journal=Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=211–215 |doi=10.1080/17502977.2024.2304987 |doi-access=free}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last=Nagarajan |first=Nithya |date=10 April 2024 |title=Intervention – On Solidarity: Responses of European Labor to the Gaza Genocide |journal=Antipode |pages= |doi= |url=https://antipodeonline.org/2024/04/10/on-solidarity/}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Safi |first=Shahd |date=January–February 2024 |title=Life During a Genocide in Gaza |magazine=Washington Report on Middle East Affairs |pages=20–21 |url=https://www.wrmea.org/israel-palestine/life-during-a-genocide-in-gaza.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215001257/https://www.wrmea.org/israel-palestine/life-during-a-genocide-in-gaza.html |archive-date=15 December 2024}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Segal |first1=Raz |title=Israeli Settler Colonial Genocide |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |date=2 January 2025 |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=182–191 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2025.2467876}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Shaw |first1=Martin |title=Gaza and the Structure of Genocide in Palestine |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |date=2025 |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=416–422 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2025.2493304 |language=en |issn=0308-6534}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last=Soni |first=S. |date=May 2024 |title=The anatomy of a genocide – a watershed moment as international law and our common humanity hangs by a thread |journal=South African Journal of Bioethics and Law |volume=17 |number=2 |page=e2218 |doi=10.7196/SAJBL.2024.v17i2.2218 |doi-access=free}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|magazine|last=Sprusansky |first=Dale |date=January–February 2024 |title=Holocaust Scholars Say Israel is Committing Genocide |magazine=Washington Report on Middle East Affairs |page=52 |url=https://www.wrmea.org/israel-palestine/holocaust-scholars-say-israel-is-committing-genocide.html}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last=Stein |first=Rebecca L. |date=22 March 2024 |title=Intervention – Vanishing Acts: How the Israeli Media Manages Gaza |journal=Antipode |pages= |doi= |url=https://antipodeonline.org/2024/03/22/vanishing-acts/}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Wispelwey |first1=Bram |last2=Mills |first2=David |last3=Asi |first3=Yara M. |last4=Hammoudeh |first4=Weeam |last5=Kunichoff |first5=Dennis |last6=Ahmed |first6=A. Kayum |date=16 May 2024 |title=Civilian mortality and damage to medical facilities in Gaza |journal=BMJ |volume=9 |issue=5 |page=e014756 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2023-014756 |pmid=38760024 |pmc=11103200}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Yaghi |first1=Adam A. H. |title="No More Separation Between Zion and Her Children": Palestine as a Sacred Geography and the Roots of the Gaza Genocide |journal=Arab Studies Quarterly |date=2025 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=8–26 |doi=10.13169/arabstudquar.47.1.0008 |jstor=48820036 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48820036 |issn=0271-3519}}
• Roundtable Artsakh/Nagorno Karabakh: Famine, Memory and The Question of Genocide in Journal of Genocide Research:
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Aharon |first1=Eldad Ben |date=27 September 2024 |title=Israel's Foreign Policy and the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: A Reflection on Regional Security and Diplomacy |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |pages=1–23 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2406100 |s2cid= |doi-access=free}}
• Roundtable Gaza: International Humanitarian Law and Genocide in Journal of Genocide Research:
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Ben-Naftali|first1=Orna |last2=Diamond |first2=Eitan |last3=Shofty |first3=Aner |date=25 October 2024 |title=Esprit de Corpse: Genocide in the Shadowland of Gaza? |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2418670 |s2cid= |doi-access=free}}
• Roundtable Israel-Palestine: Atrocity Crimes and the Crisis of Holocaust and Genocide Studies in Journal of Genocide Research:
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last=Boisen |first=Camilla |date=26 September 2024 |title=Israel's Punitive War on Palestinians in Gaza |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2406098 |s2cid= |doi-access=free}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last=Goldberg |first=Amos |author-link=Amos Goldberg |date=15 October 2024 |title=The Problematic Return of Intent |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2413175 |s2cid= |doi-access=free}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last=Jay |first=Martin |date=30 January 2025 |title=The Vicissitudes of Empathy: Reflections on the Israel-Palestine Conflict |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2025.2458400 |s2cid= |doi-access=free}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last=Lapidot |first=Elad |date=7 August 2024 |title=Logos and Extermination |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2387898 |s2cid= |doi-access=free}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last=Lebovic |first=Nitzan |date=6 February 2025 |title=The Practitioners of Empathy: A Reply to Martin Jay |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2025.2462393 |s2cid= |doi-access=free}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=LeVine |first1=Mark |last2=Cheyfitz |first2=Eric |date=22 April 2025 |title=Israel, Palestine, and the Poetics of Genocide Revisited |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |pages=1–23 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2025.2482297 |s2cid= |doi-access=free}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Mhajne |first1=Anwar |title=Understanding Sexual Violence Debates Since 7 October: Weaponization and Denial |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=30 May 2024 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2359851 |s2cid= |doi-access=free}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last=Sorek |first=Tamir |date=6 February 2025 |title=Mainstreaming a Genocidal Imagination in Israeli Society: Settler-Colonialism, Settler Anxiety, and Biblical Cues |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |pages=1–24 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2025.2456321 |s2cid= |doi-access=free}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last=Verdeja |first=Ernesto |date=20 January 2025 |title=The Gaza Genocide in Five Crises |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |pages=1–23 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2025.2452707 |doi-access=free}}
• {{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Whyte |first1=Jessica |title=A "Tragic Humanitarian Crisis": Israel's Weaponization of Starvation and the Question of Intent |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=17 April 2024 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2339637 |s2cid= |doi-access=free}}

{{refend}}

• {{cite web |date=12 December 2023 |title=UN panel discussion: 2023 War on Gaza: The Responsibility to Prevent Genocide |url=https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k1v/k1vpr1yczg |publisher=United Nations}}

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