General Motors#Brand reorganization

{{further|History of General Motors}}

By 1900, William C. Durant's Durant-Dort Carriage Company of Flint, Michigan, had become the largest manufacturer of horse-drawn vehicles in the United States.{{Cite book |last=Wynn |first=Neil A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-ismXvbPkwC&pg=PA74 |title=The A to Z from the Great War to the Great Depression |date=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6330-9 |language=en}} Durant was averse to automobiles, but fellow Flint businessman James H. Whiting, owner of Flint Wagon Works, sold him the Buick Motor Company in 1904. Durant formed the General Motors Company in 1908 as a holding company, borrowing a naming convention from General Electric.{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/apr/30/general-motors-gm-history |title=The history of General Motors |first=Julia |last=Kollewe |work=The Guardian |date=April 30, 2009}} GM's first acquisition was Buick, which Durant already owned, then Olds Motor Works on November 12, 1908.{{Cite web |title=The end of the road for Oldsmobile |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-end-of-the-road-for-oldsmobile |access-date=May 2, 2022 |website=History |date=November 13, 2009 |location=US}} Under Durant, GM went on to acquire Cadillac, Elmore, Welch, Cartercar, Oakland (the predecessor of Pontiac), the Rapid Motor Vehicle Company of Pontiac, Michigan, and the Reliance Motor Car Company of Detroit, Michigan (predecessor of GMC) in 1909.

Durant, with the board's approval, also tried acquiring Ford Motor Company in 1909, for $8 million,[https://www.gm.com/heritage/durant#:~:text=In%20fact%2C%20Durant%20almost%20purchased,become%20a%20division%20of%20GM. "The Fearless Spirit of William Durant "], gm.com but the banks refused to loan him the initial $2 million down payment.{{cite web |url= https://www.autonews.com/article/20080914/OEM02/309149927/durant-almost-landed-ford-but-couldn-t-come-up-with-2-million |title=Durant almost landed Ford, but couldn't come up with $2 million |work=Automotive News |date=September 14, 2008 | url-access=subscription}} Durant over-leveraged GM in making acquisitions, and was removed by the board of directors in 1910 at the order of the bankers who backed the loans to keep GM in business.{{cite web | url=https://www.gmheritagecenter.com/docs/gm-heritage-archive/historical-brochures/Anniversaries/Story_of_General_Motors.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108052738/https://www.gmheritagecenter.com/docs/gm-heritage-archive/historical-brochures/Anniversaries/Story_of_General_Motors.pdf |archive-date=January 8, 2022 |url-status=live | title=Story of General Motors }} The action of the bankers was partially influenced by the Panic of 1910–1911 that followed the earlier enforcement of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. In 1911, Charles F. Kettering of Dayton Engineering Laboratories Company (DELCO) and Henry M. Leland invented and patented the first electric starter in America.{{cite web |date=February 15, 2012 |title=Cadillac's Electric Self Starter Turns 100 |url= https://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/home.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2012/Feb/0215_cad_starter.html |access-date=May 2, 2022 |website=media.gm.com |language=en}} In November 1911, Durant co-founded Chevrolet with race car driver Louis Chevrolet, who left the company in 1915 after a disagreement with Durant.{{cite web |title=Louis Chevrolet {{!}} Biography & Facts |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-Chevrolet |access-date=May 2, 2022 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}

File:General Motors Company 1916.jpg

GM was reincorporated in Detroit in 1916 as General Motors Corporation and became a public company via an initial public offering. By 1917, Chevrolet had become successful enough that Durant, with the backing of Samuel McLaughlin and Pierre S. du Pont, reacquired a controlling interest in GM. The same year, GM acquired Samson Tractor.{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Zp8TAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA4308 | title=A Study of the Antitrust Laws: General Motors Corporation |author=United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary |publisher=United States Government Printing Office | year=1955}} Chevrolet Motor Company was consolidated into GM on May 2, 1918, and the same year GM acquired United Motors, a parts supplier founded by Durant and headed by Alfred P. Sloan for $45 million, and the McLaughlin Motor Car Company, founded by R. S. McLaughlin, became General Motors of Canada Limited.{{cite news |last=Lassa |first=Todd |date=September 15, 2008 |title=Happy 100th Birthday, General Motors |work=Motor Trend |url= https://www.motortrend.com/features/general-motors-100-year-anniversary/}}{{Cite web | url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/gm-buys-chevrolet | title=GM buys Chevrolet | date=November 13, 2009 |publisher=History.com}}{{cite news | url= https://www.nytimes.com/1918/02/24/archives/general-motors-finances-plan-for-absorbing-chevrolet-company.html |title=General Motors Finances; Plan for Absorbing Chevrolet Company Indicated |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 24, 1918 |url-access=limited}} In 1919, GM acquired Guardian Frigerator Company, part-owned by Durant, which was renamed Frigidaire. Also in 1919, the General Motors Acceptance Corporation (GMAC), which provides financing to automotive customers, was formed.{{cite news | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vqb8SDu4pv0C&pg=PA12 | title=Unique Treatment of General Motors Acceptance Corp. (GMAC) Under the TARP | publisher=Diane Publishing | first=Elizabeth | last=Warren | author-link=Elizabeth Warren | year=2011| isbn=978-1-4379-3080-1}}

In 1920, du Pont orchestrated the removal of Durant once again and replaced him with Sloan.{{cite web |title=Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. |url= https://www.automotivehalloffame.org/honoree/alfred-p-sloan-jr/ |access-date=May 2, 2022 |website=automotivehalloffame.org}} At a time when GM was competing heavily with Ford Motor Company, Sloan established annual model changes, making previous years' models "dated" and created a market for used cars.{{cite web |date=August 25, 2008 |title=Annual model change was the result of affluence, technology, advertising |url= https://www.autonews.com/article/20080914/OEM02/309149950/annual-model-change-was-the-result-of-affluence-technology-advertising |access-date=May 2, 2022 |work=Automotive News |language=en}} He also implemented the pricing strategy used by car companies today. The pricing strategy had Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick, and Cadillac priced from least expensive to most, respectively.{{cite book |last=English |first=Paul F. |title=Safety Performance in a Lean Environment |date=2011 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9781439821138 |location=United Kingdom |page=3}}

In 1921, Thomas Midgley Jr., an engineer for GM, discovered tetraethyllead (leaded gasoline) as an antiknock agent, and GM patented the compound because ethanol could not be patented.{{cite web |title=Thomas Midgley, Jr. {{!}} American chemical engineer |url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Midgley-Jr |access-date=May 2, 2022 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}} This led to the development of higher compression engines resulting in more power and efficiency. The public later realized that lead contained in the gasoline was harmful to various biological organisms including humans.{{cite magazine |last=Kitman |first=Jamie |url= http://www.thenation.com/article/secret-history-lead?page=full | title=The Secret History of Lead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510105351/http://www.thenation.com/article/secret-history-lead?page=full |archive-date=May 10, 2014 |magazine=The Nation |date=March 2, 2000}} Evidence shows that corporate executives understood the health implications of tetraethyllead from the beginning.{{cite magazine |last=Eschner |first=Kat |title=Leaded Gas Was a Known Poison the Day It Was Invented |url= https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/leaded-gas-poison-invented-180961368/ |magazine=Smithsonian | date=December 9, 2016}} As an engineer for GM, Midgley also developed chlorofluorocarbons, which have now been banned due to their contributing to ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere.{{cite magazine |url= https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/one-man-two-deadly-substances-20th-century-180963269/ |title=One Man Invented Two of the Deadliest Substances of the 20th Century | first=Kat |last=Eschner |magazine=Smithsonian |date=May 18, 2017}}

Under the encouragement of GM President Alfred P. Sloan Jr., GM acquired Vauxhall Motors for $2.5 million in 1925.{{cite news |url= https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/general-motors/2017/03/06/look-history-opel-and-vauxhall-european-brands-gm-selling/98758574/ |title=A look at the history of Opel and Vauxhall, the European brands GM is selling |first=Brent |last=Snavely |newspaper=Detroit Free Press |date=March 6, 2017}} The company also acquired an interest in the Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company the same year, and its president, John D. Hertz, joined the board of directors of GM; it acquired the remainder of the company in 1943.

In 1926, the company introduced the Pontiac brand and established the General Motors Group Insurance Program to provide life insurance to its employees. The following year, after the success of the 1927 model of the Cadillac LaSalle designed by Harley Earl, Sloan created the "Art and Color Section" of GM and named Earl as its first director. Earl was the first design executive to be appointed to leadership at a major American corporation. Earl created a system of automobile design that is still practiced today.{{Cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1511626 | title=Harley Earl and the Art and Color Section: The Birth of Styling at General Motors |first=David |last=Gartman |journal=Design Issues | year=1994| volume=10 | issue=2 | pages=3–26 | doi=10.2307/1511626 | jstor=1511626 | issn = 0747-9360 }} At the age of 24, Bill Mitchell was recruited by Earl to the design team at GM, and he was later appointed as Chief Designer of Cadillac. After Earl retired in December 1958, Mitchell took over automotive design for GM.{{Cite news |date=October 31, 2011 |title=Bill Mitchell's design vision shaped 5 decades of GM vehicles |work=Automotive News |url= https://www.autonews.com/article/20111031/CHEVY100/310319948/bill-mitchell-s-design-vision-shaped-5-decades-of-gm-vehicles |url-access=subscription}} Also in 1926 the company acquired Fisher Body, its supplier of automobile bodies.{{Cite journal |last=Coase |first=R.H. |date=April 2000 |title=The Acquisition of Fisher Body By General Motors |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/467446 |journal=The Journal of Law and Economics |language=en |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=15–32 |doi=10.1086/467446 |s2cid=154712364 |issn=0022-2186}}

GM acquired Allison Engine Company{{cite news |date=May 25, 1929 |title=Motors Acquires Allison Company; Sloan's Announcement Says the Work on Aviation Engines Will Be "Intensified." Diesel Development Seen Race to Perfect Type Said to Be Indicated – $1,000,000 Expansion Plan Recently Made Public. To Expand Operations. $1,000,000 Airplane Contract. |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1929/05/25/archives/motors-acquires-allison-company-sloans-announcement-says-the-work.html |url-access=limited}} and began developing a 1,000 horsepower liquid-cooled aircraft engine in 1929. The same year, GM acquired 80% of Opel, which at that time had a 37.5% market share in Europe, for $26 million. It acquired the remaining 20% in 1931.

In the late-1920s, Charles Kettering embarked on a program to develop a lightweight two-stroke diesel engine for possible usage in automobiles.{{cite web |url= https://www.motortrend.com/reviews/0603dp-gm-diesel-history/ | title=General Motors' Diesel History – Baselines |first=Bill |last=Senefsky |work=Motor Trend |date=March 1, 2006}} Soon after, GM acquired self-propelled railcar manufacturer Electro-Motive Company and the Winton Engine Co., and in 1941, it expanded EMC's realm to locomotive engine manufacturing and created the Electro-Motive Division (EMD).{{cite web |url= https://www.autotrader.com/car-news/general-motors-once-built-locomotives-really-good-ones-261607 | title=General Motors Once Built Locomotives – Really Good Ones |first=Aaron |last=Gold |website=Autotrader.com |date=February 7, 2017}}

In 1932, GM acquired Packard Electric{{cite news | url= https://www.nytimes.com/1932/04/07/archives/packard-electric-sold-shareholders-ratify-deal-with-general-motors.html | title=Packard Electric Sold; Shareholders Ratify Deal With General Motors by Stock Trade |newspaper=The New York Times | date=April 7, 1932 | url-access=limited}} (not to be confused with the Packard car company, which merged with Studebaker years later). The following year, GM acquired a controlling interest in North American Aviation and merged it with the General Aviation Manufacturing Corporation.{{Cite news | url= https://www.autonews.com/article/20080914/OEM/309149825/planes-trains-were-also-part-of-gm-s-grand-plan | title=Planes, trains were also part of GM's grand plan |work=Automotive News |date=September 14, 2008 |url-access=subscription}}

The GM labor force participated in the formation of the United Auto Workers labor union in 1935, and in 1936 the UAW organized the Flint Sit-Down Strike, which initially idled two key plants in Flint, Michigan, and later spread to 6 other plants including those in Janesville, Wisconsin and Fort Wayne, Indiana. In Flint, police attempted to enter the plant to arrest strikers, leading to violence; in other cities, the plants were shuttered peacefully. The strike was resolved on February 11, 1937, when GM recognized the UAW as the exclusive bargaining representative for its workers and gave workers a 5% raise and permission to speak in the lunchroom.{{cite web |url= https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/sit-down-strike-begins-in-flint |title=Sit-down strike begins in Flint |work=History TV network|date=January 27, 2010 }}

Walter E. Jominy and A.L. Boegehold of GM invented the Jominy end-quench test for hardenability of carbon steel in 1937, a breakthrough in heat treating still in use today as ASTM A255.{{Cite web | url=https://www.astm.org/a0255-20a.html |title=ASTM A255-10: Standard Test Methods for Determining Hardenability of Steel | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030082759/http://www.astm.org/Standards/A255.htm |archive-date=October 30, 2013 | publisher=ASTM International}} GM established Detroit Diesel the next year.{{Cite web | url=https://empoweringmichigan.com/leading-the-way-for-over-83-years/ | title=Leading the way for over 83 years | first=Lauren | last=Owings | work=DTE Energy | date=June 16, 2021}}

In 1939, the company founded Motors Insurance Corporation and entered the vehicle insurance market. The same year, GM introduced the Hydramatic, the first affordable and successful automatic transmission, for the 1940 Oldsmobile.{{cite news | url=https://www.autoweek.com/car-life/classic-cars/a30463122/selling-the-first-successful-automatic-transmission-gms-hydramatic/ | title=Selling the First Successful Automatic Transmission: GM's Hydra-Matic | first=Murilee | last=Martin |work=AutoWeek | date=April 6, 2021}}{{Cite news | url= https://www.hemmings.com/stories/2014/05/16/oldsmobiles-hydra-matic-first-mass-produced-fully-automatic-transmission-turns-75 | title=Oldsmobile's Hydra-Matic, first mass-produced fully automatic transmission, turns 75 | first=Daniel | last=Strohl | work=Hemmings Motor News | date=May 16, 2014}}

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|1926 Pontiac radiator logo

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|1928 Pontiac Series 6-28 2-door 5-passenger Coach sedan

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|1936 Pontiac Master Six Series 6BB Coupe

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During World War II, GM produced vast quantities of armaments, vehicles, and aircraft for the Allies of World War II. In 1940, GM's William S. Knudsen served as head of U.S. wartime production for President Franklin Roosevelt, and by 1942, all of GM's production was to support the war. GM's Vauxhall Motors manufactured the Churchill tank series for the Allies, instrumental in the North African campaign. GM was also a major manufacturer of aircraft, setting up the Eastern Aircraft Division with five plants to assemble Grumman-designed aircraft for the allied navies. However, its Opel division, based in Germany, supplied the Wehrmacht with vehicles. Politically, Sloan, as head of GM at the time, was an ardent opponent of the New Deal, which bolstered labor unions and public transport. Sloan admired and supported Adolf Hitler.{{cite news |url= https://www.jpost.com/jewish-world/jewish-features/hitlers-carmaker | title=Hitler's carmaker | first=Edwin | last=Black |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=December 6, 2006}} Nazi armaments chief Albert Speer allegedly said in 1977 that Hitler "would never have considered invading Poland" without synthetic fuel technology provided by General Motors. GM was compensated $32 million by the U.S. government because its German factories were bombed by U.S. forces during the war.{{Cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/daily/nov98/nazicars30.htm | title=Ford and GM Scrutinized for Alleged Nazi Collaboration | first=Michael | last=Dobbs |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=November 30, 1998}}

Effective January 28, 1953, Charles Erwin Wilson, then GM president, was named by Dwight D. Eisenhower as United States Secretary of Defense.

In December 1953, GM acquired Euclid Trucks, a manufacturer of heavy equipment for earthmoving, including dump trucks, loaders and wheel tractor-scrapers, which later spawned the Terex brand.{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1953/08/08/archives/general-motors-moves-to-enter-field-of-offroad-heavy-trucks-offers.html |title=General Motors Moves to Enter Field of Off-Road Heavy Trucks; Offers an Exchange of Stock to the Holders of Shares of Euclid Machinery Co. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 8, 1953 |url-access=limited}}{{cite web | url= https://www.constructionequipment.com/tangled-web-euclid-and-terex-truck-history | title=The Tangled Web of Euclid and Terex Truck History | first=Tom |last=Berry |work=Construction Equipment |date=February 4, 2014}}

Alfred P. Sloan retired as chairman and was succeeded by Albert Bradley in April 1956.{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1956/04/03/archives/sloan-80-retires-as-gm-chairman-principals-in-general-motors-shift.html |title=Sloan, 80, Retires as G.M. Chairman; Principals in General Motors Shift |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 3, 1956 |url-access=limited}}

In 1962, GM introduced the first ever turbocharged production car in the world in the Oldsmobile Cutlass Turbo-Jetfire.{{cite news | url= https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/26/business/turbocharged-cars-jetfire-corvair.html |title=How G.M.'s First Turbo Engines Crashed and Burned |first=Roy |last=Furchgott |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 26, 2021 |url-access=limited}} Two years later, the company introduced its "Mark of Excellence" logo and trademark at the 1964 New York World's Fair. The company used the mark as their main corporate identifier until 2021.{{cite web |last=Fink |first=Greg |date=January 8, 2021 |url=https://www.motortrend.com/news/gm-logo-redesign/ |title=General Motors Redesigns Its Iconic "GM" Logo for the EV Era |work=Motor Trend}}

GM released the Electrovan in 1966, the first hydrogen fuel cell car ever produced.{{cite book | last=Léon | first=Aline | date=2008 | title=Hydrogen Technology: Mobile and Portable Applications | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JuGJHXj_jcwC&pg=PA287 |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |page=287 |isbn=9783540699255 |archive-date=January 1, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160101014836/https://books.google.com/books?id=JuGJHXj_jcwC&pg=PA287 | url-status=live}} Though fuel cells have existed since the early 1800s, General Motors was the first to use a fuel cell, supplied by Union Carbide, to power the wheels of a vehicle with a budget of "millions of dollars".{{cite web | url= http://www.hydrogencarsnow.com/gm-electrovan.htm | title=1966 GM Electrovan – First Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle | website=Hydrogencarsnow.com | archive-date=December 3, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131203053316/http://www.hydrogencarsnow.com/gm-electrovan.htm |url-status=live}}{{cite news |last=Truett |first=Richard |title=Fuel cell expert takes the long view | url=https://www.autonews.com/article/20020916/SUB/209160740/fuel-cell-expert-takes-the-long-view |work=Automotive News |date=September 16, 2002 |archive-date=December 14, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181214121331/https://www.autonews.com/article/20020916/SUB/209160740/fuel-cell-expert-takes-the-long-view|url-status=live}}{{cite news |url= https://www.mercurynews.com/2007/06/15/gm-executive-says-hydrogen-powered-cars-could-be-on-road-in-several-test-markets-in-6-years/ | title=GM executive says hydrogen-powered cars could be on road in several test markets in 6 years |work=Mercury News |agency=Associated Press |date=June 15, 2007 | archive-date=March 8, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308151320/http://www.mercurynews.com/2007/06/15/gm-executive-says-hydrogen-powered-cars-could-be-on-road-in-several-test-markets-in-6-years/ | url-status=live}}

File:Chevrolet nova 1969 ad.jpg using the advertising slogan "Putting you first, keeps us first"]]

In the 1960s, GM was an early proponent of V6 engines, but quickly lost interest as the popularity of muscle cars increased. GM demonstrated gas turbine vehicles powered by kerosene, an area of interest throughout the industry, but abandoned the alternative engine configuration due to the 1973 oil crisis.{{cite web | url=http://www.conklinsystems.com/firebird/mlife.php | title=America's First Turbine Car | publisher=Conklin Systems | date=November 21, 1952 | archive-date=September 27, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927183610/http://www.conklinsystems.com/firebird/mlife.php | url-status=live}}

In partnership with Boeing, GM's Delco Defense Electronics Division designed the Lunar Roving Vehicle, which traversed the surface of the Moon, in 1971.{{cite news | last=Rechtin | first=Mark | title=GM's most widely traveled 1971 model was built for the moon | url= http://www.autonews.com/article/20080914/OEM06/309149969/gms-most-widely-traveled-1971-model-was-built-for-the-moon | date=September 14, 2008 |work=Automotive News | archive-date=October 9, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201009220736/https://www.autonews.com/article/20080914/OEM06/309149969/gm-s-most-widely-traveled-1971-model-was-built-for-the-moon | url-status=live}}{{cite news | url= https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/16/business/gm-lockheed-martin-lunar-rover/index.html | title=The 1970s moon buggies are still up there. GM and Lockheed Martin want to make new ones | first=Peter | last=Valdes-Dapena |work=CNN |date=June 17, 2021}} The following year, GM produced the first rear wheel anti-lock braking system for two models: the Toronado and Eldorado.{{cite news |url= https://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/car-accessories/a22811340/anti-lock-brakes-the-first-technology-to-help-you-avoid-a-crash-turn-40/ | title=Anti-Lock Brakes, The First Technology to Help You Avoid a Crash, Turn 40 |first=Mate |last=Petrany |work=Road & Track |date=August 24, 2018}}

In 1973, the Oldsmobile Toronado was the first retail car sold with a passenger airbag.{{cite news | url= https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-airbags-1991232 |title=Automotive Airbag History and Invention | first=Mary | last=Bellis |work=Dotdash |date=August 9, 2019 |archive-date=July 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714234135/https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-airbags-1991232 | url-status=live}}{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/08/02/archives/gm-to-offer-airbags-as-option-on-some-74-cars.html |title=G.M. to Offer Air Bags as Option on Some '74 Cars |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 2, 1973 |url-access=limited}}

Thomas Murphy became CEO of the company, succeeding Richard C. Gerstenberg in November 1974.{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/19/business/thomas-murphy-90-leader-of-gm-in-1970s-prosperity-dies.html |title=Thomas Murphy, 90, Leader of G.M. in 1970's Prosperity, Dies | first=Jeremy W. |last=Peters |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 19, 2006 |url-access=limited}}{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/26/business/richard-c-gerstenberg-92-gm-official.html | title=Richard C. Gerstenberg, 92, G.M. Official |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 26, 2002 |url-access=limited}}

GM installed its first catalytic converters in its 1975 models.{{Cite news | url= https://www.autonews.com/article/20080914/OEM/309149832/gm-fought-safety-emissions-rules-but-then-invented-ways-to-comply | title=GM fought safety, emissions rules, but then invented ways to comply |work=Automotive News |date=September 14, 2008 | url-access=subscription}}

From 1978 to 1985, GM pushed the benefits of diesel engines and cylinder deactivation technologies. However, it had disastrous results due to poor durability in the Oldsmobile diesels and drivability issues in the Cadillac V8-6-4 variable-cylinder engines.{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/automobiles/collectibles/18RUST.html | title=G.M.'s Dreadful Engines Gave Diesels a Bad Name |first=Rob |last=Sass |newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 18, 2008 |url-access=limited}}

GM sold Frigidaire in 1979. Although Frigidaire had between $450 million and $500 million in annual revenues, it was losing money.{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/01/archives/gm-to-sell-frigidaire-to-white-consolidated.html | title=G.M. to Sell Frigidaire To White Consolidated |first=Reginald |last=Stuart |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 1, 1979 |url-access=limited}}

File:General Motors building 089833pv.jpg

Robert Lee of GM invented the neodymium magnet, which was fabricated by rapid solidification, in 1984.{{cite web |last=Lee |first=Robert |title=Iron-Rare Earth-Boron Permanent US Patent # 4,792,367 | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4792367 |date=December 20, 1988 | archive-date=March 8, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308141154/https://www.google.com/patents/US4792367 | url-status=live}} This magnet is commonly used in products like a computer hard disk. The same year, GM acquired Electronic Data Systems for $2.5 billion from Ross Perot as part of a strategy by CEO Roger Smith to derive at least 10% of its annual worldwide revenue from non-automotive sources.{{Cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/06/29/gm-perot-computer-firm-agree-on-25-billion-merger/88790acf-6b14-4504-af8f-6c874ed27e97/ | title=GM, Perot Computer Firm Agree on $2.5 Billion Merger | first1=Warren | last1=Brown | first2=Michael | last2=Schrage |newspaper=The Washington Post | date=June 29, 1984 | url-access=limited}} GM also intended to have EDS handle its bookkeeping, help computerize factories, and integrate GM's computer systems. The transaction made Ross Perot the largest shareholder of GM; however, disagreements with Roger Smith led the company to buy all shares held by Ross Perot for $750 million in 1986.{{cite news |url= https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/general-motors/2019/07/09/ross-perot-gm-roger-smith/1682342001/ | title=How Ross Perot became GM's biggest shareholder – and a bitter battle took off |first=Jamie L. |last=LaReau |newspaper=Detroit Free Press |date=July 9, 2019}}

In a continuation of its diversification plans, GMAC formed GMAC Mortgage and acquired Colonial Mortgage as well as the servicing arm of Norwest Mortgage in 1985. This acquisition included an $11 billion mortgage portfolio.{{cite news| title=GMAC Buying Mortgage Portfolio| url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-03-14-8501150290-story.html | first=William | last=Gruber |newspaper=Chicago Tribune | date=March 14, 1985}} The same year, GM acquired the Hughes Aircraft Company for $5 billion in cash and stock and merged it into Delco Electronics.{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/06/us/gm-to-acquire-hughes-aircraft-in-5-billion-bid.html |title=G.M. to Acquire Hughes Aircraft in $5 Billion Bid |first=Robert J. |last=Cole |newspaper=The New York Times |date=June 6, 1985 |url-access=limited}} The following year, GM acquired 59.7% of Lotus Cars, a British producer of high-performance sports cars.{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/23/business/gm-acquires-59.7-of-lotus.html | title=G.M. Acquires 59.7% of Lotus |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 23, 1986 |url-access=limited}}

In 1987, in conjunction with AeroVironment, GM built the Sunraycer, which won the inaugural World Solar Challenge and was a showcase of advanced technology. Much of the technology from Sunraycer found its way into the Impact prototype electric vehicle (also built by Aerovironment) and was the predecessor to the General Motors EV1.{{cite web|title=General Motors 'SunRaycer' |url= https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1299505 | publisher=Smithsonian Institution |archive-date=March 12, 2017 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170312034108/http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1299505 |url-status=live}}

In 1988, GM acquired a 15% stake in AeroVironment.{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/15/business/gm-acquires-15-stake.html |title=G.M. Acquires 15% Stake |newspaper=The New York Times | date=August 15, 1988 | url-access=limited}}

In 1989, GM acquired half of Saab Automobile's car operations for $600 million.{{cite news | url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1989/12/16/gm-agrees-to-buy-half-of-saabs-car-operations/a400db95-6130-4613-baba-50592453eb7f/ |title=GM Agrees to Buy Half of Saab's Car Operations |first=Warren |last=Brown |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=December 16, 1989}}

In August 1990, Robert Stempel became CEO of the company, succeeding Roger Smith.{{Cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/04/business/gm-picks-its-next-chairman.html | title=G.M. Picks Its Next Chairman | first=Doron P. |last=Levin |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 4, 1990 |url-access=limited}} GM cut output significantly and suffered losses that year due to the early 1990s recession.{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/30/business/gm-cuts-output-in-the-latest-sign-of-economic-slump.html | title=G.M. Cuts Output in the Latest Sign of Economic Slump | first=Doron P. | last=Levin |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 30, 1990 | url-access=limited}}

In 1990, GM debuted the General Motors EV1 (Impact) concept, a battery electric vehicle, at the LA Auto Show. It was the first car with zero emissions marketed in the US in over three decades. The Impact was produced as the EV1 for the 1996 model year and was available only via lease from certain dealers in California and Arizona. In 1999–2002, GM ceased production of the vehicles and started to not renew the leases, disappointing many people, allegedly because the program would not be profitable and would cannibalize its existing business. All of the EV1s were eventually returned to General Motors, and except for around 40 which were donated to museums with their electric powertrains deactivated, all were destroyed. The documentary film Who Killed the Electric Car? covered the EV1 story.{{cite news | url= https://www.cbsnews.com/news/could-the-electric-car-save-us/ | title=Could the electric car save us? |work=CBS News | date=September 6, 2007 |archive-date=August 29, 2013 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130829092212/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/09/06/sunday/main3239838.shtml | url-status=live}}

In November 1992, John F. Smith Jr. became CEO of the company.{{Cite news | url= https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/09/business/jack-and-john-2-for-the-road-at-gm.html | title=Jack and John: 2 for The Road At G.M. |first=Judith H. |last=Dobrzynski |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 9, 1995 | url-access=limited}}

In 1993, GM sold Lotus Cars to Bugatti.{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/28/business/company-news-gm-sells-its-lotus-group-to-bugatti.html | title=Company News; G.M. Sells its Lotus Group to Bugatti |agency=Bloomberg News |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 28, 1993 | url-access=limited}}

In 1996, in a return to its automotive basics, GM completed the corporate spin-off of Electronic Data Systems.{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/08/business/worldbusiness/IHT-gm-will-sell-eds-to-return-to-auto-basics.html | title=GM Will Sell EDS to Return To Auto Basics | first=Lawrence | last=Malkin |newspaper=The New York Times | date=August 8, 1995 | url-access=limited}}{{cite news | url= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-04-02-fi-54010-story.html | title=GM Board OKs Divestiture of Electronic Data Systems Unit | first=Donald W. |last=Nauss |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=April 2, 1996 | url-access=limited}}

In 1997, GM sold the military businesses of Hughes Aircraft Company to Raytheon Company for $9.5 billion in stock and the assumption of debt.{{cite news | url= https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/17/business/gm-to-sell-a-hughes-unit-to-raytheon.html |title=G.M. to Sell A Hughes Unit To Raytheon |first=James |last=Sterngold |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 17, 1997 |url-access=limited}}{{cite news | url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1997/01/17/raytheon-to-buy-hughes-from-gm-for-95-billion/bbfa92aa-06d0-49c1-9076-82984cbf521a/ |title=Raytheon to Buy Hughes from GM for $9.5 Billion | first=John |last=Mintz |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=January 17, 1997}}{{cite news | url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB853446697700142000 |title=GM's Board Approves Sale Of Hughes Unit to Raytheon |first1=Steven |last1=Lipin |first2=Gabriella |last2=Stern |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=January 17, 1997 |url-access=subscription}}{{cite news |url= https://money.cnn.com/1997/01/16/deals/hughes/| title=Raytheon wins Hughes bid |work=CNN |date=January 16, 1997}}

In February 2000, Rick Wagoner was named CEO, succeeding Smith.{{Cite news | url= https://www.upi.com/Archives/2000/02/02/General-Motors-names-Wagoner-CEO/6130949467600/ | title=General Motors names Wagoner CEO | work=United Press International | date=February 2, 2000}}{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/2000/02/03/gm-appoints-wagoner-as-ceo/3232b4cc-5227-429a-8506-9868e09884af/ |title=GM Appoints Wagoner As CEO | first1=Frank | last1=Swoboda | first2=Warren |last2=Brown | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=February 3, 2000}} The next month, GM gave 5.1% of its common stock, worth $2.4 billion, to acquire a 20% share of Fiat.{{cite news | url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/2000/03/14/gm-to-acquire-20-stake-in-fiat/95c5c9ae-7201-453c-b177-28178943ec3c/ | title=GM to Acquire 20% Stake in Fiat | first=Warren | last=Brown |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=March 14, 2000}}

In December 2000, GM announced that it would begin phasing out Oldsmobile. The brand was eventually discontinued in 2004, seven years after it had become the first American car brand to turn 100.{{cite news | url= https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/06/automobiles/behind-the-wheel-2004-oldsmobile-alero-not-with-a-bang-but-a-whimper.html | title=BEHIND THE WHEEL/2004 Oldsmobile Alero; Not With a Bang but a Whimper | first=James | last=Cobb |newspaper=The New York Times |date=June 6, 2004}}

{{Gallery

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|File:Chevrolet Tahoe hybrid MLB All Star Game edition at 67 St NYC.jpg

|alt1=

|Chevrolet Tahoe hybrid vehicle

|File:Chevrolet Volt WAS 2017 1533.jpg

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|Second generation Chevrolet Volt

|File:DCA 06 2012 Chevy Volt 4035.JPG

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|The Chevrolet Volt

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|The General Motors EV1, an electric car, was introduced in California in 1996.

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In May 2004, GM delivered the first full-sized pickup truck hybrid vehicles, the 1/2-ton Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra trucks.{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/wheels/cars/chevrolet/silverado-1500/ | title=2004 Chevy Silverado LS1500 4WD Extended-Cab Hybrid | last=Frank | first=Michael |work=Forbes | archive-date=February 28, 2018 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180228224829/https://www.forbes.com/2004/08/20/cx_mf_0823test.html#7f22900e6033 | url-status=live}} These mild hybrids did not use electrical energy for propulsion, like GM's later designs. Later, the company debuted another hybrid technology, co-developed with DaimlerChrysler and BMW, in diesel-electric hybrid powertrain manufactured by Allison Transmission for transit buses.{{cite news | url=https://www.autonews.com/article/20080616/OEM01/306169955/gm-s-two-mode-hybrid-system-scores-with-transit-agencies | title=GM's Two Mode hybrid system scores with transit agencies | first=Jack | last=Herman |work=Automotive News | date=June 16, 2008 | url-access=subscription}} Continuing to target the diesel-hybrid market, the Opel Astra diesel engine hybrid concept vehicle was rolled out in January 2005.{{Cite news | url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a15131615/opel-astra-diesel-hybrid-concept-auto-shows/ | title=Opel Astra Diesel Hybrid Concept | first=Ron | last=King |work=Car and Driver |date=January 1, 2005}} Later that year, GM sold its Electro-Motive Diesel locomotive division to private equity firms Berkshire Partners and Greenbriar Equity Group.{{Cite news | url=https://www.joc.com/rail-intermodal/gm-sells-locomotive-manufacturer_20050405.html | title=GM Sells Locomotive Manufacturer |work=The Journal of Commerce | date=April 5, 2005 | url-access=limited | access-date=January 9, 2022 | archive-date=January 9, 2022 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220109215351/https://www.joc.com/rail-intermodal/gm-sells-locomotive-manufacturer_20050405.html | url-status=dead }}{{Cite news | url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2005-01-13-0501130291-story.html | title=GM to sell area locomotive unit | first=James P. | last=Miller |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=January 13, 2005 | url-access=limited}}

GM paid $2 billion to sever its ties with Fiat in 2005, severing ties with the company due to an increasingly contentious dispute.{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/14/business/worldbusiness/gm-will-pay-2-billion-to-sever-ties-to-fiat.html | title=G.M. Will Pay $2 Billion to Sever Ties to Fiat | first=Danny | last=Hakim |newspaper=The New York Times | date=February 14, 2005 | url-access=limited}}

GM began adding its "Mark of Excellence" emblem on all new vehicles produced and sold in North America in mid-2005. However, after the reorganization in 2009, the company no longer added the logo, saying that emphasis on its four core divisions would downplay the GM logo.{{cite news | last=Johnson | first=Kimberly S. |url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/2009-08-25-gm-logo_N.htm | title=GM To Remove Its Mark from Vehicles To Emphasize Brand |work=USA Today |date=August 27, 2009 |archive-date=August 28, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828151812/http://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/2009-08-25-gm-logo_N.htm | url-status=live}}{{cite news | url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2009/08/68497806/1 | title=General Motors to remove its 'Mark of Excellence' logos from new cars – Drive On: A conversation about the cars and trucks we drive |work=USA Today |date=August 26, 2009 |archive-date=September 28, 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928070016/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2009/08/68497806/1 | url-status=live}}

In 2005, Edward T. Welburn was promoted to the newly created position of vice president, GM Global Design, making him the first African American to lead a global automotive design organization and the highest-ranking African American in the US motor industry at that time. On July 1, 2016, he retired from General Motors after 44 years. He was replaced by Michael Simcoe.{{cite news |url= https://autoweek.com/article/car-news/general-motors-design-boss-ed-welburn-retire-july-1 |title=GM Design boss Ed Welburn retiring July 1 |work=Autoweek |date=April 7, 2016 | archive-date=February 28, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228070904/https://autoweek.com/article/car-news/general-motors-design-boss-ed-welburn-retire-july-1 | url-status=live}}{{cite web | url= https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a15347774/general-motors-design-chief-ed-welburn-retiring-after-44-years/ |title=General Motors Design Chief Ed Welburn Retiring after 44 Years |first=Clifford | last=Atiyeh |work=Car and Driver |date=April 7, 2016}}

In 2006, GM introduced a bright yellow fuel cap on its vehicles to remind drivers that cars can operate using E85 ethanol fuel.{{cite news | url= https://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/environment/2007-05-05-ethanolvehicles_N.htm | title='Flex-fuel' Vehicles Touted |work=USA Today |first=Ken |last=Thomas |date=May 7, 2007|archive-date=September 16, 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080916144126/http://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/environment/2007-05-05-ethanolvehicles_N.htm| url-status=live}} They also introduced another hybrid vehicle that year, the Saturn Vue Green Line.{{cite web | url= https://www.autoweek.com/news/a2061346/2006-saturn-vue-green-line-going-green-saturn-debuts-gms-newest-hybrid/ | title=2006 Saturn Vue Green Line: Going Green: Saturn Debuts GM's Newest Hybrid |first=Larry | last=Edsall |work=Autoweek |date=January 8, 2006}}

In 2008, General Motors committed to engineering half of its manufacturing plants to be landfill-free by recycling or reusing waste in the manufacturing process.{{cite press release |title=GM Surpasses Landfill-Free Facilities Commitment | url=http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/home.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2010/Dec/1213_landfill.html | publisher=General Motors | archive-date=August 7, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807113946/http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/home.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2010/Dec/1213_landfill.html |url-status=live}} Continuing their environmental-conscious development, GM started to offer the 2-mode hybrid system in the Chevrolet Tahoe, GMC Yukon, Cadillac Escalade, and pickup trucks.{{cite news | url= https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/27/automobiles/autoreviews/27AUTO.html | title=Big S.U.V.'s Drink Less |first=Bob |last=Knoll |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 27, 2008 | url-access=limited}}

In late 2008, the world's largest rooftop solar power installation was installed at GM's manufacturing plant in Zaragoza. The Zaragoza solar installation has about {{convert|2000000|sqft|m2}} of roof at the plant and contains about 85,000 solar panels. The installation was created, owned, and operated by Veolia Environment and Clairvoyant Energy, which leases the rooftop area from GM.{{cite press release | url=https://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2010/Apr/0426_earth.html |title=Let The Sun Shine | publisher=General Motors | date=April 26, 2010}}{{Cite news | work=Reuters | date=July 8, 2008 | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUKCAS84477520080708 | title=GM Europe puts solar roof on Spanish plant | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009220758/https://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKCAS84477520080708 |archive-date=October 9, 2020 | url-status=live}}{{cite news | work=The Guardian | date=July 9, 2008 | url= https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/jul/09/solarpower.renewableenergy | title=GM installs the world's biggest rooftop solar panels | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309072629/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/jul/09/solarpower.renewableenergy |archive-date=March 9, 2017 | url-status=live}}

{{further|General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization}}

In March 2009, after the company had received $17.4 billion in bailouts but was not effective in a turnaround, President Barack Obama forced the resignation of CEO Rick Wagoner.{{Cite news | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7971202.stm | title=GM chief Wagoner ousted by Obama |work=BBC News | date=March 30, 2009}}

General Motors filed for a government-backed Chapter 11 reorganization on June 8, 2009.{{cite news | last=Vlasic | first=Bill| date=July 10, 2009 | title=G.M. Vow to Slim Includes Top Ranks |newspaper=The New York Times |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/11/business/11auto.html |url-status=live | url-access=limited | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120120184418/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/11/business/11auto.html | archive-date=January 20, 2012}}{{cite news | last=Maynard | first=Micheline | date=July 10, 2009 |title=A Primer on the New General Motors |newspaper=The New York Times |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/11/business/11primer.html |url-status=live | url-access=limited | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018152537/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/11/business/11primer.html | archive-date=October 18, 2011}} On July 10, 2009, the original General Motors sold assets and some subsidiaries to an entirely new company, including the trademark "General Motors". Liabilities were left with the original GM, renamed Motors Liquidation Company, freeing the companies of many liabilities and resulting in a new GM.

Through the Troubled Asset Relief Program, the United States Department of the Treasury invested $49.5 billion in General Motors and recovered $39 billion when it sold its shares on December 9, 2013, resulting in a loss of $10.3 billion. The Treasury invested an additional $17.2 billion into GM's former financing company, GMAC (now Ally Financial). The shares in Ally were sold on December 18, 2014, for $19.6 billion netting the government $2.4 billion in profit, including dividends.{{cite web | url= https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R41846.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210907131035/https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R41846.pdf |archive-date=September 7, 2021 |url-status=live | title=Government Assistance for GMAC/Ally Financial: Unwinding the Government Stake | first1=Baird | last1=Webel | first2=Bill | last2=Canis |work=Congressional Research Service | date=January 26, 2015 }}{{cite news | first=Greg | last=Gardner | title=U.S. exits Ally, auto bailout closed | work=USA Today | date=December 19, 2014 | url= https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2014/12/19/us-tarp-ally-auto-bailout/20659473/ | archive-date=September 3, 2015 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150903225325/http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2014/12/19/us-tarp-ally-auto-bailout/20659473/ | url-status=live}} A study by the Center for Automotive Research found that the GM bailout saved 1.2 million jobs and preserved $34.9 billion in tax revenue.{{cite news | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2013/12/09/government-treasury-gm-general-motors-tarp-bailout-exit-sale/3925515/ | first=James R. | last=Healey | title=Government Sells Last of Its GM Shares |work=USA Today |date=December 10, 2013 | archive-date=December 25, 2013 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131225102318/http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2013/12/09/government-treasury-gm-general-motors-tarp-bailout-exit-sale/3925515/ | url-status=live}}

General Motors Canada was not part of the General Motors Chapter 11 bankruptcy.{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5502VY20090601 |title=Factbox – General Motors Bankruptcy Filing Law |work=Reuters |date=June 1, 2009 |first=Soyoung |last=Kim | archive-date=June 10, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610080458/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5502VY20090601 | url-status=live}}

In June 2009, at the request of Steven Rattner, lead adviser to President Barack Obama on the Presidential Task Force on the Auto Industry, Edward Whitacre Jr., who had led a restructuring of AT&T, was appointed as chairman of General Motors.{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/10/business/10auto.html | title=G.M. Chairman's Task: Bring Fresh Perspective | first=Bill | last=Vlasic | newspaper=The New York Times |date=June 9, 2009 | url-access=limited}} Whitacre was tasked with overseeing GM's emergence from bankruptcy and downsizing its sizable number of brand marques, many of which had produced chronic losses even before the recession began. In July 2009, after 40 days of bankruptcy protection, the company emerged from the government-backed General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization.{{cite news |url= https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106459662 | title=A 'New' GM Emerges From Bankruptcy | work=NPR |date=July 10, 2009}}

As mandated by its bailout agreement, GM began the process of shedding its poorest-performing brands in June 2009: Hummer, Saab, Saturn, and Pontiac. An October 2009 agreement to sell the Hummer brand to China-based Sichuan Tengzhong Heavy Industrial Machinery Company Ltd.

{{cite news |url = https://money.cnn.com/2009/06/02/news/companies/gm_hummer/index.htm?postversion=2009060207 |work = CNN |date = June 2, 2009 |access-date = March 30, 2010 |title = Who bought Hummer? Sichuan Tengzhong of China |first = Aaron |last = Smith }}

and a group of private investors fell through three months later, resulting in GM seeking a new suitor.{{cite web |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_world_business/view/1040245/1/.html |title= GM studying new offers for Hummer |website=www.channelnewsasia.com |access-date=January 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301035727/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_world_business/view/1040245/1/.html |archive-date=March 1, 2010 |url-status=dead}} American company Raser Technologies, along with several others, expressed interest in buying the company, but none of the proposed acquisitions came to fruition, and in April 2010 GM said it was officially shutting down the Hummer brand.{{cite news|last=Valdes-Dapena |first=Peter |title=Hummer sale: Only 2,200 left |publisher=CNN |date=April 12, 2010 |url= https://money.cnn.com/2010/04/07/autos/gm_hummer_deals/ |access-date=April 6, 2015}}{{cite web|url= https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2010/04/why-isnt-gm-selling-hummer/38655 |title=Why Isn't GM Selling HUMMER? |last=Indiviglio |first=Daniel |work=The Atlantic |date=April 8, 2010 |access-date=April 6, 2015}} Similarly, GM's efforts to sell its Saturn division yielded an early suitor. In June 2009, GM announced that the Saturn brand would be sold to the Penske Automotive Group.{{cite news |url = https://money.cnn.com/2009/06/05/news/companies/saturn_penske/?postversion=2009060511 |work = CNN |date = June 5, 2009 |access-date = March 30, 2010 |title = GM to sell Saturn to Penske |first1 = David |last1 = Goldman |first2 = Peter |last2 = Valdes-Dapena }} The deal fell through, however, and GM declared the brand defunct in October 2010. While GM agreed to shed its underperforming Pontiac brand as part of its bailout agreement, the company explicitly opted not to sell it to another company.{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/04/27/dying-car-brands-lifestyle-vehicles-pontiac.html | title=America's Fastest-Dying Car Brands | work=Forbes | date=April 27, 2009 | first=Hannah | last=Elliott | archive-date=May 14, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514165513/http://www.forbes.com/2009/04/27/dying-car-brands-lifestyle-vehicles-pontiac.html | url-status=live}}{{cite news|last=Longley|first=Kristin|title=Pontiac not for sale, GM says, despite local dealership's offer to buy|url= http://www.mlive.com/news/flint/index.ssf/2009/05/pontiac_not_for_sale_gm_says_d.html |access-date=October 24, 2012 |newspaper=The Flint Journal |date=May 7, 2009}} The last Pontiac was built in January 2010.{{cite web|url= https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna34224218 |title=Pontiac hits end of the road after 82 years |website=Nbcnews.com |access-date=October 5, 2014 |date=December 3, 2009}}

GM was more successful in its attempts to sell Saab Automobile: the company closed a sale to Dutch automaker Spyker Cars in February 2010.{{cite news | last=Ahlander | first=Johan | date=January 26, 2010 | title=Tiny Spyker snaps up GM's Saab for $400 million | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gm-saab-idUSTRE60M14E20100126 | work=Reuters | archive-date=September 24, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144248/http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/01/26/us-gm-saab-idUSTRE60M14E20100126 | url-status=live}} Saab continued to perform poorly under Spyker's management, however, and in 2012 the Saab division declared bankruptcy.

In 2009, GM faced significant challenges in its Asian operations, particularly in Korea with GM-Daewoo Automotive Technology Company (GMDAT).{{cite web | url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/secret-history-gm-chinese-bailout-100038156.html | title=The secret history of GM's Chinese bailout | date=January 24, 2016 }}{{cite web | url=https://qz.com/594984/the-secret-history-of-gms-chinese-bailout | title=The secret history of GM's Chinese bailout | date=January 24, 2016 }} At the time, GM would manufacture low-cost small cars in Korea and export them to developing markets, including China. GMDAT suffered from cash flow issues exacerbated by a $1.5 billion loss in foreign exchange in the first quarter of 2009. GM's precarious financial situation, exacerbated by impending bankruptce, and the reluctance of the US government rescuers to address overseas issues, left few options. Facing a frozen credit market and the Korean Development Bank's refusal to extend loans beyond the existing $2 billion owed by GMDAT, GM had no alternative but to seek capital from China.

By mid-November 2009, GM suddenly had $491 million available for GMDAT's turnaround, though the source of the funds was initially unclear. It was later revealed that GM had sold a 1% stake in Shanghai GM to SAIC Motor, effectively giving SAIC Motor controlling interest in the venture. Additionally, GM transformed its struggling GM India division into a joint venture, with SAIC Motor acquiring a 50% stake in exchange for a $350 million investment. GM executives stated that SAIC Motor's involvement facilitated access to Chinese banking sector funding, which would have been challenging to secure independently. In its 2010 SEC filing, GM clarified that SAIC had helped secure a $400 million commercial bank loan, using its stake in Shanghai-GM as collateral.

In December 2009, the "new" GM's board of directors asked CEO Fritz Henderson to resign, and its chairman, Ed Whitacre, was named interim CEO.{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/02/business/02motors.html | title=G.M. Asks Its Chief to Resign | first=Bill | last=Vlasic | newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 1, 2009 | url-access=limited}} GM opted to appoint Whitacre as its permanent CEO the following month, though Whitacre ultimately stepped down as CEO in September 2010, relinquishing the position to fellow GM board member Daniel Akerson but agreeing to continue on as GM chairman until the end of the year. Akerson replaced him as chairman, while continuing as CEO, in January 2011.{{cite news |last=Vlasic |first=Bill |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/20/business/20auto.html |title=G.M. Chief Sees I.P.O. As Exit Sign |work=The New York Times |date=August 19, 2010 |access-date=September 23, 2023}}{{cite news | url= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/09/business/gms-chief-daniel-akerson-shakes-up-automakers-staid-traditions.html | title=Bluntly and Impatiently, Chief Upends G.M.'s Staid Tradition | first=Bill | last=Vlasic | newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 9, 2011 |url-access=limited}}

In 2010, GM introduced the Chevrolet Volt as an extended-range electric vehicle (EREV), an electric vehicle with backup generators powered by gasoline, a type of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.{{cite book |title=Lithium-Ion Batteries | pages=151–176 | chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262004450 | last1=Matthe | first1=Roland| last2=Eberle | first2=Ulrich | date=January 1, 2014 | doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-59513-3.00008-X | chapter=The Voltec System—Energy Storage and Electric Propulsion | isbn=9780444595133 | archive-date=October 9, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009220808/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262004450_The_Voltec_System_Energy_Storage_and_Electric_Propulsion| url-status=live}}{{cite journal | title=Sustainable transportation based on electric vehicle concepts: a brief overview |journal=Energy & Environmental Science |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=689 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224880220 |last1=Eberle | first1=Ulrich | first2=Rittmar | last2=von Helmolt | date=May 14, 2010 | doi=10.1039/C001674H |bibcode=2010EnEnS...3..689E | archive-date=October 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021070726/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/224880220_Sustainable_transportation_based_on_electric_vehicle_concepts_a_brief_overview | url-status=live}}{{cite conference |title=Vehicle Electrification – Quo Vadis |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233987248 |last1=Brinkman |first1=Norman |first2=Ulrich |last2=Eberle |first3=Volker |last3=Formanski |first4=Uwe-Dieter |last4=Grebe |first5=Roland |last5=Matthe |publisher=Verein Deutscher Ingenieure |conference=33rd International Vienna Motor Symposium 2012 |date=April 15, 2012 | doi=10.13140/2.1.2638.8163 | archive-date=December 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222075646/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/233987248 |url-status=live}} GM delivered the first Volt in December 2010.{{cite press release | url=http://media.gm.com/content/media/us/en/news/news_detail.brand_gm.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2010/Dec/1213_volt |title=Chevrolet Volts Begin Shipping to Dealerships | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216022522/http://media.gm.com/content/media/us/en/news/news_detail.brand_gm.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2010/Dec/1213_volt | archive-date=December 16, 2010}} GM built a prototype two-seat electric vehicle with Segway Inc. An early prototype of the Personal Urban Mobility and Accessibility vehicle{{snd}}dubbed Project P.U.M.A.{{snd}}was presented in New York at the 2009 New York International Auto Show.{{cite news | last=Cora | first=Nucci | title=GM, Segway roll-out Project PUMA | url= https://www.informationweek.com/pc-and-servers/gm-segway-roll-out-project-p-u-m-a- |work=InformationWeek |date=April 7, 2009 | archive-date=December 3, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010306/http://www.informationweek.com/applications/gm-segway-roll-out-project-puma/d/d-id/1078368 | url-status=live}}

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|File:14 Buick LaCrosse (14344035480).jpg

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|2nd generation Buick LaCrosse (2010–2016){{cite web |url= https://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/reviews/a4429/4325072/ |title=2010 Buick LaCrosse Test Drive: Can New 30-MPG Buick Sedan Revive the Brand? |work=Popular Mechanics |date=July 16, 2009 |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412035250/http://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/reviews/a4429/4325072/|url-status=live}}{{cite news | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/buick-big-in-china-seeks-to-recapture-us-glory/ | title=Buick, Big in China from the first sales by the McLaughlin's, Seeks to Recapture U.S. Glory | work=CBS News |date=March 23, 2010 |archive-date=April 4, 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160404033231/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/buick-big-in-china-seeks-to-recapture-us-glory/ |url-status=live}}

|File:Auto Show 068.jpg

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|General Motors Sequel, a fuel cell-powered vehicle from GM.

|File:Chevrolet Impala FlexFuel 34 MIA 12 2008 with logo.jpg

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|E85 FlexFuel Chevrolet Impala LT 2009 (USA)

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|The Chevrolet Bolt EV was released in late 2016.

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On January 15, 2014, Mary Barra was named chief executive officer, succeeding Daniel Akerson. Barra also joined the GM board.{{cite press release |url=https://media.gm.com/media/jp/ja/cadillac/corp-news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/emergency_news/2013/1210-gm-execs.html |title=Dan Akerson to Retire as GM CEO in January 2014 |work=GM Media |date=December 12, 2013 |archive-date=December 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224094456/http://media.gm.com/content/media/us/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/emergency_news/2013/1210-gm-execs.html |url-status=live}} Only three weeks later, the company announced its 2014 General Motors recall, which was due to faulty ignition switches, and was linked to at least 124 deaths. The resulting settlements with family members of those killed were estimated to cost the company $1.5 billion.{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/17/business/general-motors-ignition-suits-bankruptcy.html | title=Shell of Old G.M. Surfaces in Court Fight Over Ignition Flaw | first1=Bill | last1=Vlasic | first2=Neal E. | last2=Boudette | newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 17, 2017 |url-access=limited | archive-date=June 19, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619063724/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/17/business/general-motors-ignition-suits-bankruptcy.html | url-status=live}} Under Barra, GM began a multi-year abandonment of many markets, choosing to focus on higher-profit markets like North America and China.{{cite news |last1=Wayland |first1=Michael |title=General Motors is retreating from Australia, New Zealand and Thailand |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/17/general-motors-gm-retreats-from-australia-new-zealand-and-thailand.html |access-date=6 January 2024 |work=CNBC |date=17 February 2020 |language=en}}

On January 4, 2016, in its first investment in a ridesharing company, GM invested $500 million in Lyft.{{cite journal |last=Kokalitcheva |first=Kia |url=http://fortune.com/2016/01/04/lyft-funding-gm/ |title=Lyft Raises $1 Billion, GM Joins As Investor And Driverless Car Partner |date=January 4, 2016 |journal=Fortune |archive-date=January 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117102214/http://fortune.com/2016/01/04/lyft-funding-gm/|url-status=live}}{{cite magazine |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Alex | url=https://time.com/4166130/general-motors-lyft/ |title=Why General Motors Invested $500 Million in Lyft | magazine=Time |date=January 4, 2016 |archive-date=January 16, 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160116071120/http://time.com/4166130/general-motors-lyft/ |url-status=live}} The company does not directly supply Lyft drivers with vehicles, however – and has no plans to do so in the future – and Lyft ultimately partnered with Motional for production of its autonomous vehicles.

In March 2016, GM acquired Cruise, a San Francisco self-driving vehicle start-up, to develop self-driving cars that could be used in ride-sharing fleets.{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gm-cruiseautomation-idUSKCN0WD1ND | title=GM buys Cruise Automation to speed self-driving car strategy | first=Joseph | last=White | work=Reuters |date=March 11, 2016 | archive-date=March 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313032841/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-gm-cruiseautomation-idUSKCN0WD1ND |url-status=live}}{{cite news | url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/others/news/gm-buys-self-driving-technology-startup-cruise-812784 | title=GM Buys Self-Driving Technology Startup Cruise | website=NDTV |date=March 12, 2016 | archive-date=March 12, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312130144/http://gadgets.ndtv.com/others/news/gm-buys-self-driving-technology-startup-cruise-812784 |url-status=live}} In June 2022, Cruise received California's first Driverless Deployment Permit, allowing it to both charge fees for its service as well as offer fully autonomous rides in a major public city.{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/02/cruise-gets-green-light-for-commercial-robotaxis-in-san-francisco.html |date=June 2, 2022 |title=Cruise gets green light for commercial robotaxi service in San Francisco |access-date=June 3, 2022 |first=Lora |last=Kolodny |work=CNBC}} The Verge reported that the company lost $561 million in Q1 2023, but said it remains on the path to reach $1 billion in revenue by 2025 and $50 billion by 2030.{{Cite web |last=Hawkins |first=Andrew J. |date=April 25, 2023 |title=Cruise continues to burn GM's cash as robotaxis expand to daylight hours |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/4/25/23697406/cruise-robotaxi-gm-daylight-sf-earnings |access-date=April 28, 2023 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}

In October 2016, GM began production of the Chevrolet Bolt EV, the first-ever mass market all-electric car with a range of more than {{convert|200|mi|km|round=5|abbr=out}}.{{cite news | url=http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Tesla-Model-3-reservations-near-198-000-7223394.php |title=Tesla Model 3 reservations top 232,000 | first=David R. |last=Baker | newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |date=April 1, 2016 | archive-date=September 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905214935/http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Tesla-Model-3-reservations-near-198-000-7223394.php |url-status=live}}{{cite news | url=https://www.latimes.com/business/autos/la-fi-hy-bolt-ev-range-20160912-snap-story.html | title=Chevy Bolt EV range is 238 miles: Prime time for the electric car? | first=Charles | last=Fleming | newspaper=Los Angeles Times | date=September 12, 2016 | url-access=limited | archive-date=September 13, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913152607/http://www.latimes.com/business/autos/la-fi-hy-bolt-ev-range-20160912-snap-story.html | url-status=live}} The battery pack and most drivetrain components were built by LG Corporation and assembled in GM's plant in Lake Orion, Michigan.{{cite news | url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/general-motors/2016/07/27/chevrolet-bolt-ev/87615124/ | title=Chevy Bolt EV to ship to dealers in fourth quarter | first=Melissa | last=Burden | newspaper=The Detroit News | date=July 27, 2016 | archive-date=July 28, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160728181944/http://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/general-motors/2016/07/27/chevrolet-bolt-ev/87615124/ |url-status=live}}{{cite news |last1=LaReau |first1=Jamie |title=GM's Cruise partners with Uber to offer self-driving ride-hailing service |url=https://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/general-motors/2024/08/22/gms-cruise-uber-self-driving-ride-hailing/74909348007/ |access-date=5 March 2025 |publisher=Detroit Free Press |date=22 August 2024}}

In 2017, GM sold General Motors Europe, which produced the German Opel and British Vauxhall brands, to the French PSA Group (owners of the Peugeot and Citroën brands), after having posted 16 years of consecutive losses. The deal was worth US$2.2 billion.{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-opel-m-a-idUSKBN16A240|title=Exclusive: PSA agrees to buy Opel from GM, wins board approval – sources|date=March 3, 2017|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-03-03}}{{cite news|title=Opel/Vauxhall to join PSA Group|url=http://media.groupe-psa.com/en/press-releases/group/opelvauxhall-join-psa-group|access-date=March 7, 2017|publisher=PSA Group|date=March 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306210707/http://media.groupe-psa.com/en/press-releases/group/opelvauxhall-join-psa-group|archive-date=March 6, 2017|url-status=dead}} Three years later, in 2020, PSA merged with Fiat Chrysler Automobiles and the new entity was named Stellantis.{{cite press release |author= |title=STELLANTIS: The name of the new group resulting from the merger of FCA and Groupe PSA |url=https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/media_center/fca_press_release/FiatDocuments/2020/july/Stellantis_The_name_of_new_group_resulting_from_the_merger_of_FCA_and_Groupe_PSA.pdf |location=Vélizy-Villacoublay and London |publisher=FCA and Groupe PSA |date=2020-07-15 |access-date=2020-07-15}}

In December 2017, GM ceased vehicle sales in India and sold its Gujarat plant to SAIC Motor.{{Cite news |last=Doval |first=Pankaj |date=December 21, 2020 |title=China tensions trip General Motors unit sale |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/china-tensions-trip-general-motors-unit-sale/articleshow/79831214.cms |access-date=December 21, 2020 |work=The Times of India}} The Talegaon plant remained operational for export production until December 2020.{{Cite web |title=GM ends India operations; Talegaon plant future hangs in the balance |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/gm-ends-india-operations-talegaon-plant-future-hangs-in-the-balance-419512 |access-date=2022-02-05 |website=Autocar India}} In January 2024, the Talegaon plant was acquired by Hyundai Motor India.{{Cite web |date=2024-01-19 |title=Hyundai completes acquisition of General Motors' Talegaon plant |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/auto/latest-auto-news/story/hyundai-acquires-talegaon-plant-from-general-motors-2490954-2024-01-19 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}

On February 17, 2020, GM announced its exit from Thailand, Australia and New Zealand, its major right-hand drive markets, after GM stated it would no longer produce right-hand drive vehicles globally. It pulled out of Indonesia, another right-hand drive market, in 2019.{{cite news |last1=Szymkowski |first1=Sean |date=17 February 2020 |title=General Motors scraps Holden division, exits right-hand drive markets |url=https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/general-motors-holden-sales-design-engineering-end/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211224214250/https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/general-motors-holden-sales-design-engineering-end/ |archive-date=24 December 2021 |access-date=24 December 2021 |work=Roadshow |language=en |agency=CNet}}{{Cite web |date=2020-02-17 |title=General Motors (GM) ประกาศยุติการขายรถยนต์ Chevrolet ในประเทศไทย ในปี 2563 นี้ ! |trans-title=General Motors (GM) announced that it will stop selling Chevrolet cars in Thailand in 2020! |url=http://www.headlightmag.com/general-motors-gm-ends-chevrolet-in-thailand/ |access-date=2020-06-05 |website=HeadLight Magazine |language=th}}{{Cite web |date=2020-02-17 |title=GM's Factory Sell-Off To China's Great Wall Motors Continues, This Time In Thailand |url=https://www.carscoops.com/2020/02/gms-factory-selloff-to-chinas-great-wall-motors-continues-this-time-in-thailand/ |access-date=2020-06-05 |website=Carscoops |language=en-US}} It sold its Thailand manufacturing plant to Chinese automaker Great Wall Motor.{{Cite web |title=GWM and GM Sign Agreement for Purchase of GM Thailand Rayong Manufacturing Facility-GWM News-GWM |url=https://www.gwm-global.com/news/587.html |access-date=2020-06-05 |website=GWM Global |language=en}}

On January 8, 2021, GM introduced a new logo alongside the tagline "EVerybody in", with the capitalized "EV" as a nod to the company's commitment to electric vehicles.{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/autos/general-motors-debuts-new-corporate-logo-focus-electric-vehicles-n1253505 | title=General Motors debuts new corporate logo with focus on electric vehicles | work=NBC News | date=January 8, 2021}} GM's new logo used negative space to create the idea of an electric plug in the "M" of the logo.{{cite news | url=https://www.engadget.com/gm-logo-branding-electric-vehicles-210607845.html | title=GM modernizes its logo to highlight its EV-centric future | first=Kris | last=Holt | work=Engadget | date=January 8, 2021}}

At the January 2021 Consumer Electronics Show, GM launched BrightDrop, a brand for all-electric commercial vehicles.{{Cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/samabuelsamid/2021/01/12/general-motors-launches-brightdrop-new-electric-commercial-vehicle-brand/ | title=GM Launches 'BrightDrop' Brand For Electric Commercial Vehicles | first=Sam | last=Abuelsamid | work=Forbes |date=January 12, 2021 | url-access=limited}}

On January 28, 2021, GM announced that it will end production and sales of fossil-fuel vehicles (including hybrids and plug-in hybrids) by 2035 as part of its plan to reach carbon neutrality by 2040.

In 2021, GM announced plans to establish an automotive battery and battery pack laboratory in Michigan.{{cite news |url= https://apnews.com/article/technology-science-business-michigan-environment-and-nature-460f843ebabeee6d16f8ff8395de8cdd |title=GM building giant battery development lab in Detroit suburb |first=Tom |last=Krisher |work=Associated Press |date=October 5, 2021}}{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/gm-builds-electric-battery-lab-in-michigan-as-it-tries-to-cut-ev-costs-extend-range/2021/10/05/320d5186-25cb-11ec-8831-a31e7b3de188_story.html | title=GM builds electric battery lab in Michigan as it tries to cut EV costs, extend range | newspaper=The Washington Post |date=October 5, 2021 | url-access=limited}}{{Cite news | url=https://detroit.cbslocal.com/2021/10/05/gm-building-giant-battery-development-lab-in-detroit-suburb/ | title=GM Building Giant Battery Development Lab In Detroit Suburb | first=Sara | last=Powers | work=CBS News | date=October 5, 2021}} GM will be responsible for battery management systems and power electronics, thermal management, as well as the pack assembly. An existing GM facility at Brownstown Township was chosen to be upgraded as a battery pack plant. LG Chem's U.S. subsidiary, Compact Power of Troy, Michigan, has been building the prototype packs for the development vehicles and will continue to provide integration support and acting as a liaison for the program.{{cite press release | title=General Motors and LG Chem Team Up to Advance Toward an All-Electric Future, Add Jobs in Ohio | url= https://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2019/dec/1205-lgchem.html | publisher=General Motors | date=December 5, 2019 | archive-date=June 14, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614032715/https://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2019/dec/1205-lgchem.html | url-status=live}}

In mid-2023, GM abandoned its goal of North American electric vehicle deliveries of 400,000 units from 2022 by mid-2024. It had previously set the timeline of by end of 2023. CEO Mary Barra pointed to failures in the scaling of battery module production while simultaneously blaming lack of consumer demand.{{cite web |last=Walz |first=Eric |title=GM abandons plan to build 400,000 EVs by mid-2024 |url=https://www.automotivedive.com/news/gm-evs-abandons-plan-build-400000-mid-2024/697670/ |website=Automotive Dive |access-date=November 30, 2023}}

General Motors and LG Chem Ltd. have a long-term supply agreement. LG Chem Ltd. will provide GM with more than 500,000 tons of cathode materials for 24.7 trillion won (US$18.6 billion). Provided materials to the automaker will be enough for 5 million electric vehicles.{{Cite news|language=en|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-07/lg-chem-wins-18-6-billion-ev-cathode-materials-order-from-gm?leadSource=uverify%20wall|title=GM Signs $18.6 Billion EV Cathode Supply Deal With LG Chem|website=Bloomberg| date=February 7, 2024 |access-date=2024-02-27|archive-date=2024-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228012213/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-07/lg-chem-wins-18-6-billion-ev-cathode-materials-order-from-gm?leadSource=uverify%20wall}}{{Cite web|language=en|url=https://www.autonews.com/suppliers/huge-ev-supply-deal-reached-between-gm-and-lg-chem|title=GM signs $18.6 billion EV cathode supply deal with LG Chem|website=Automotive News|access-date=2024-02-27|archive-date=2024-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208030241/https://www.autonews.com/suppliers/huge-ev-supply-deal-reached-between-gm-and-lg-chem}}

In January 2024, GM announced it would once again manufacture a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) while it aims to balance supply of battery electric vehicles with demand.{{Cite web |date=2024-01-31 |title=GM bows to shareholders with PHEV stopgap |url=https://www.evinfocus.com/gm-bows-to-shareholders-with-phev-stopgap/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=EV inFocus |language=en}}

On April 15, 2024, GM announced that it would relocate its global headquarters from the Renaissance Center to the nearby Hudson's Detroit development in 2025.{{cite news |url=https://gmauthority.com/blog/2024/04/gm-confirms-global-headquarters-move-to-hudsons-detroit-in-2025-video/ |title=GM Confirms Global Headquarters Move To Hudson's Detroit In 2025 |first=Jonathan |last=Lopez |work=GM Authority |date=April 15, 2024 |access-date=2024-04-21}}

In October 2024, General Motors increased its investment in lithium production by raising its commitment to Canadian mining company Lithium Americas from $650 million to $945 million.{{clarify|reason=US$ or CA$ ?|date=November 2024}} The investment establishes a joint venture with Lithium Americas to develop the Thacker Pass mine in Nevada, one of the largest known lithium resources in the United States, positioning GM to meet growing demand for EVs by reducing dependency on foreign lithium sources.{{Cite news |last=Hodgson |first=Camilla |date=2024-10-16 |title=General Motors increases investment in lithium mine to nearly $1bn |url=https://www.ft.com/content/ebeeca69-a560-45e9-a4c9-7204bdd82e11 |access-date=2024-11-07 |work=Financial Times}}

{{see also|Cadillac in Formula One}}

File:DSC8983 (51577943248).jpg in the IMSA SportsCar Championship]]

GM participated in the World Touring Car Championship (WTCC) from 2004 to 2012,{{cite news | last=Watkins | first=Gary | title=Chevrolet to leave World Touring Car Championship at season's end | url=https://www.autoweek.com/racing/more-racing/a1958086/chevrolet-leave-world-touring-car-championship-seasons-end/ | work=Autoweek | date=July 4, 2012}} and has also participated in other motorsport championships, including 24 Hours of Le Mans,{{cite news | url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a27672259/all-about-24-hours-of-le-mans-race/ | title=Everything You Need to Know about the 24 Hours of Le Mans Race | first=Rich | last=Ceppos | work=Car and Driver | date=August 23, 2021}} NASCAR,{{cite news |title=General Motors announces leadership for technical center | url=https://nascar.nbcsports.com/2020/09/25/nascar-general-motors-announces-leadership-for-technical-center | first=Daniel | last=McFadin | work=NBC Sports | date=September 25, 2020}} SCCA{{cite news | title=GM Joins World Challenge GT Manufacturers' Championship | url=https://www.scca.com/articles/1993440-gm-joins-world-challenge-gt-manufacturersa-championship | publisher=Sports Car Club of America | date=April 22, 2009}} and Supercars Championship.{{cite web |url=https://www.carscoops.com/2020/10/chevrolet-camaro-to-join-australias-supercars-championship-in-2022/ |title=Chevrolet Camaro To Join Australia's Supercars Championship To Take On Ford's Mustang In 2022 |first=Brad |last=Anderson |website=carscoops.com |date=October 18, 2020}}

GM's engines were successful in the Indy Racing League (IRL) throughout the 1990s, winning many races in the small V8 class. GM has also done much work in the development of electronics for GM auto racing. An unmodified Aurora V8 in the Aerotech captured 47 world records, including the record for speed endurance in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America. Recently, the Cadillac V-Series has entered motorsports racing.

GM has also designed cars specifically for use in NASCAR auto racing. The Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 is the only entry in the series.{{cite press release | url= https://media.gm.com/media/us/en/chevrolet/racing.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2021/may/0505-chevrolet-racing.html | title=Track and Street Come Closer Together in the all-new Chevrolet NASCAR Next Gen Camaro ZL1 Race Car |work=General Motors |date=May 5, 202 |access-date=June 13, 2022}} In the past, the Pontiac Grand Prix,{{cite news | url= https://www.foxsports.com/nascar/gallery/pontiacs-greatest-nascar-drivers-042909 | title=Which NASCAR drivers found success in Pontiacs? |work=Fox Sports | date=October 20, 2016}} Buick Regal, Oldsmobile Cutlass, Chevrolet Lumina, Chevrolet Malibu, Chevrolet Monte Carlo, Chevrolet Impala, and the Chevrolet SS were also used. GM has won many NASCAR Cup Series manufacturer's championships, including 40 with Chevrolet,{{cite web|url= https://www.jayski.com/2021/11/01/chevrolet-wins-40th-nascar-cup-series-manufacturers-championship/ | title=Chevrolet Wins 40th NASCAR Cup Series Manufacturer's Championship | work=Jayski's Silly Season Site | date=November 1, 2021}} the most of any make in NASCAR history, 3 with Oldsmobile, 2 with Buick, and 1 with Pontiac. In 2021, Chevrolet became the first brand to reach 800 wins.{{cite web |url= https://www.jayski.com/cup-manufacturers-stats/ | title=NASCAR Cup Manufacturer Stats & Records |work=Jayski's Silly Season Site |date=June 12, 2022 |access-date=June 13, 2022}}

In Australia, Holden cars based on the Monaro, Torana and Commodore platforms raced in the Australian Touring Car Championship until 2022. Holden won the Bathurst 1000, a record 36 times between 1968 and 2022 and the Australian Touring Car Championship 23 times.{{cite news |url=https://autoaction.com.au/2022/10/09/2022-bathurst-1000-lap-138-finish-svg-and-tander-salute-the-lion |title=2022 Bathurst 1000 – lap 138-finish: SVG and Tander salute the lion |work=Auto Action |date=October 9, 2022 |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017072631/https://autoaction.com.au/2022/10/09/2022-bathurst-1000-lap-138-finish-svg-and-tander-salute-the-lion |archive-date=October 17, 2022 |url-status=live }} From 2023, the Chevrolet Camaro will be raced.{{cite news |url=https://www.drive.com.au/news/ford-and-chevrolet-unveil-2023-v8-supercars/ |title=Ford and Chevrolet unveil 2023 V8 Supercars |first=Joshua |last=Dowling |work=Drive |date=December 3, 2021 |access-date=October 17, 2022}}

In November 2024, GM and TWG Global reached an agreement in principle to enter the 2026 Formula One World Championship under the Cadillac name with the Ferrari engine,{{Cite web |title=Ferrari agree to supply General Motors F1 project with power units and gearboxes {{!}} Formula 1® |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/ferrari-agree-to-supply-general-motors-f1-project-with-power-units-and.5iJ8zSH3IEfakRY5XXt8GM |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Formula 1® - The Official F1® Website |language=en}}{{Cite press release |title=Ferrari enters a multi-year agreement with Andretti Formula Racing |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/corporate/articles/ferrari-enters-a-multi-year-agreement-with-andretti-formula-racing |date=2024-12-10 |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=Ferrari}} and would enter as an engine supplier at a later date.{{Cite web |last=Benson |first=Andrew |date=25 November 2024 |title=Formula 1: General Motors agrees in principle to enter F1 in 2026 with Cadillac brand |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/articles/cy8nzlwpn83o |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}

Evolution of the GM logo through the years:[https://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/general-motors/2021/01/08/general-motors-launches-new-everybody-in-ev-campaign/6594786002/ GM redesigns iconic corporate logo as part new 'Everybody In' EV push] by Kalea Hall on The Detroit News – January 8, 2021

File:Gm logo 1938.png|1938–1964

File:General Motors logo.svg|Mark of Excellence (1964–2021)

File:Logo of General Motors.svg|2001–2021

File:GM-actualizado.svg|2010–2021

File:General Motors 2021 gloss.svg|2021 (gradient)

File:General Motors (2021).svg|2021 (flat)[https://www.core77.com/posts/104023/GM-Joins-Flat-Logo-Redesign-Movement-Hiding-Electric-Vehicle-Cue-in-the-Design GM Joins Flat Logo Redesign Movement, Hiding Electric Vehicle Cue in the Design] By Rain Noe – January 11, 2021

File:General motors logo with wordmark.svg|2022 (wordmark)[https://media.gm.com/content/dam/Media/gmcom/investor/2022/jan/q4-earnings-deck-and-cy-2021.pdf GM Brochure], 1 Feb 2022

The key trends for GM are (as of the financial year ending December 31):{{Cite web |title=General Motors Financial Statements yearly {{!}} GM |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/GM/general-motors/financial-statements |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}{{Cite web |title=SEC Filings |url=https://investor.gm.com/sec-filings?field_nir_sec_form_group_target_id%5B%5D=471&field_nir_sec_date_filed_value=#views-exposed-form-widget-sec-filings-table |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=GM}}

General Motors was the largest global automaker by annual vehicle sales for 77 consecutive years, from 1931, when it overtook Ford Motor Company, until 2008 when it was overtaken by Toyota. This reign was longer than any other automaker, and GM is still among the world's largest automakers by vehicle unit sales.

In 2008, the third-largest individual country by sales was Brazil, with some 550,000 GM vehicles sold. In that year, Argentina, Colombia, and Venezuela sold another 300,000 GM vehicles, suggesting that the total GM sales in South America (including sales in other South American countries such as Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, etc.) in that year were at a similar level to sales in China.{{Cite web |title=Form 10-K |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/40730/000119312509045144/d10k.htm#toc75433_11 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.sec.gov}}

In 2009, General Motors sold 6.5 million cars and trucks globally; in 2010, it sold 8.39 million.{{cite news |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/toyota-sold-84m-vehicles-in-2010-to-hold-top-spot/ |title=Toyota sold 8.4M vehicles in 2010 to hold top spot |date=January 24, 2011 | work=The Seattle Times |archive-date=February 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215033204/http://www.seattletimes.com/business/toyota-sold-84m-vehicles-in-2010-to-hold-top-spot/ |url-status=live}} Sales in China rose 66.9% in 2009 to 1,830,000 vehicles and accounting for 13.4% of the market.{{cite web |url=http://www.4wheelsnews.com/gms-china-vehicle-sales-in-2009-rose-66.9-percent/ |author=Andrew C. |title=GM's China vehicle sales in 2009 rose 66.9 percent |website=4wheelsnow.com |date=August 30, 2010 |access-date=January 2, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007001352/http://www.4wheelsnews.com/gms-china-vehicle-sales-in-2009-rose-66.9-percent/ |archive-date=October 7, 2011}}

In 2010, General Motors ranked second worldwide with 8.5 million vehicles produced.{{cite web |title=World Ranking of Manufacturers Year 2010 |url=https://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads/ranking-2010.pdf |publisher=OICA |date=August 2011 |archive-date=July 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706084038/http://oica.net/wp-content/uploads/ranking-2010.pdf|url-status=live}} In 2011, GM returned to the first place with 9.025 million units sold worldwide, corresponding to 11.9% market share of the global motor vehicle industry. In 2010, vehicle sales in China by GM rose 28.8% to a record 2,351,610 units.{{cite press release |url=http://media.gm.com/media/cn/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/cn/en/2011/Jan/0104.html |title=General Motors Sets New Sales Record in China in 2010 |date=January 5, 2011 |access-date=November 1, 2011 |archive-date=November 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109182337/http://media.gm.com/media/cn/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/cn/en/2011/Jan/0104.html |url-status=live}} The top two markets in 2011 were China, with 2,547,203 units, and the United States, with 2,503,820 vehicles sold. The Chevrolet brand was the main contributor to GM performance, with 4.76 million vehicles sold around the world in 2011, a global sales record.{{cite press release |url=https://www.greencarcongress.com/2012/01/gm-20120120.html |title=GM global sales up 7.6% in 2011 to 9.026M vehicles; China and US largest markets |publisher=Green Car Congress |work=General Motors |date=January 20, 2012 |access-date=January 20, 2012 |archive-date=February 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202100356/http://www.greencarcongress.com/2012/01/gm-20120120.html |url-status=live}}

Based on global sales in 2012, General Motors was ranked among the world's largest automakers.{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-28/toyota-takes-global-auto-sales-lead-from-gm-on-disaster-recovery.html | title=Toyota Retakes Global Lead From GM on Disaster Recovery | work=Bloomberg News |date=January 28, 2013 | url-access=subscription |archive-date=January 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131004455/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-28/toyota-takes-global-auto-sales-lead-from-gm-on-disaster-recovery.html |url-status=live}}

In May 2012, GM recorded an 18.4% market share in the U.S. with stock imported.{{cite web |last=Taylor |first=Tom|title=Car sales |url=http://www.autocomparison.com/ |website=Autocomparison.com |access-date=September 21, 2012 |archive-date=September 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909150601/http://www.autocomparison.com/|url-status=live}}

Annual worldwide sales volume reached 10 million vehicles in 2016.{{cite web |url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/02/07/news/companies/gm-record-sales-profits/ |title=GM sells 10 million cars for first time thanks to China |first=Chris |last=Isidore | work=CNN |date=February 7, 2017 |archive-date=June 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613234233/http://money.cnn.com/2017/02/07/news/companies/gm-record-sales-profits/ |url-status=live}}{{cite news |title=China car sales slump ripples globally |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-45803013 |work=BBC News |date=October 12, 2018 |archive-date=November 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119064729/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-45803013 |url-status=live}}{{cite news | last1=Szczesny |first1=Joseph |title=Mirelestone: China Is General Motors' Biggest Market |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2013/07/08/milestone-china-now-general-motors-biggest-market.html | work=CNBC |date=July 8, 2013 |archive-date=April 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425075019/https://www.cnbc.com/id/100870316 |url-status=live}} Sales in India for April 2016 – March 2017 declined to 25,823 units from 32,540 the previous year and market share contracted from 1.17% to 0.85% for the same period. However, exports surged 89% during the same period to 70,969 units. GMTC-I, GM's technical center in Bangalore, India continued in operation. Weak product line-up and below par service quality were the reasons for the poor showing by GM in India that year.{{cite web |url=http://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/passenger-vehicle/cars/gms-india-exit-the-episodic-events-of-shock-confusion-and-failure/58814677 |title=GM's India Exit: The episodic events of shock, confusion and failure |work=ET Auto |access-date=May 5, 2017 |archive-date=May 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524184753/http://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/passenger-vehicle/cars/gms-india-exit-the-episodic-events-of-shock-confusion-and-failure/58814677 |url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/general-motors-to-stop-india-sales-on-rising-losses/articleshow/58742167.cms |title=General Motors to stop India sales on rising losses |work=The Times of India |access-date=May 5, 2017 |archive-date=May 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529095947/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/general-motors-to-stop-india-sales-on-rising-losses/articleshow/58742167.cms |url-status=live}}

Global Volt/Ampera family sales totalled about 177,000 units from its inception in December 2010 through 2018.{{cite web |url=http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2018/11/global-all-time-top-5-until-oct-18.html |title=Global All-Time Top 5 (Until October '18) |last=Pontes |first=Jose |website=EVSales.com |date=November 30, 2018 |archive-date=December 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202024750/http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2018/11/global-all-time-top-5-until-oct-18.html |url-status=live}} including over 10,000 Opel/Vauxhall Amperas sold in Europe up to December 2015.{{cite news | url=http://www.hybridcars.com/nissans-quarter-millionth-leaf-means-its-the-best-selling-plug-in-car-in-history/ | title=Nissan's Quarter-Millionth Leaf Means It's The Best-Selling Plug-in Car In History | first=Jeff | last=Cobb |website=HybridCars.com | date=January 9, 2017 | archive-date=January 11, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111185050/http://www.hybridcars.com/nissans-quarter-millionth-leaf-means-its-the-best-selling-plug-in-car-in-history/ | url-status=live}} {{As of|2016|12}}, the Nissan Leaf is the world's best-selling plug-in car in history with more than 250,000 units delivered, followed by the Tesla Model S with over 158,000 sales, the Volt/Ampera family of vehicles with 134,500 vehicles sold, and the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV with about 116,500 units sold through November 2016. These are the only plug-in electric cars so far with over 100,000 global sales.{{cite news| url=http://www.hybridcars.com/global-10-best-selling-plug-in-cars-are-accelerating-forward/| title=Global 10 Best-Selling Plug-In Cars Are Accelerating Forward| first=Jeff | last=Cobb |website=HybridCars.com |date=August 10, 2016 | archive-date=August 11, 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811141742/http://www.hybridcars.com/global-10-best-selling-plug-in-cars-are-accelerating-forward/| url-status=live}} {{As of|2016|06}}, cumulative global sales of the top selling plug-in electric cars were led by the Nissan Leaf (over 228,000), followed by the Tesla Model S (129,393), Votl/Ampera family (about 117,300), Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV (about 107,400), Toyota Prius PHV (over 75,400), BYD Qin (56,191), Renault Zoe (51,193), BMW i3 (around 49,500), Mitsubishi i-MiEV family (about 37,600) and BYD Tang (37,509). The Volt family of vehicles ranked as the world's all-time top-selling plug-in hybrid {{as of|2018|09|lc=y}}, and it is also the third best selling plug-in electric car in history after the Nissan Leaf (375,000) and the Tesla Model S (253,000), {{as of|2018|10|lc=y}}. The Chevrolet Volt is also the U.S. all-time top-selling plug-in electric car with 148,556 units delivered through October 2018.{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2021/05/25/report-tesla-dominated-us-electric-vehicle-sales-over-the-past-three-years-infographic/ |title=Tesla Dominated U.S. Electric Vehicle Sales Over The Past Three Years |first=Neil |last=McCarthy |work=Forbes |date=March 25, 2021}}{{cite web | url=https://insideevs.com/chevrolet-volt-dead-electric-car-sales-leader/ | title=RIP Chevy Volt: USA's Best-Selling Electric Car Of All Time |first=Mark |last=Kane |website=InsideEVs |date=November 29, 2018 |archive-date=December 2, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202024837/https://insideevs.com/chevrolet-volt-dead-electric-car-sales-leader/ | url-status=live}}

Notable members of the board of directors of the company are as follows:

{{bullet list

| Mary Barra, Chairman and CEO of General Motors

| Joseph Ashton, former Vice President of the International Union at United Automobile Workers

| Linda Gooden, former Vice President of Information Systems and Global Solutions at Lockheed Martin

| Joseph Jimenez, CEO of Novartis

| Jane Mendillo, former President and CEO at Harvard Management Company

| Michael Mullen, former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

| James Mulva, former CEO, President, and Chairman at ConocoPhillips

| Patricia Russo, CEO of Hewlett Packard Enterprise

| Thomas Schoewe, former CFO of Wal-Mart Stores

| Theodore Solso, former CEO and Chairman of Cummins

| Carol Stephenson, former dean at Ivey Business School

| Devin Wenig, former President and CEO of eBay

| Jon McNeill, CEO of DVx Ventures LLC

}}

• Thomas Neal{{snd}}November 19, 1912 – November 16, 1915
• Pierre S. du Pont{{snd}}November 16, 1915 – February 7, 1929
• Lammot du Pont II{{snd}}February 7, 1929 – May 3, 1937
• Alfred P. Sloan Jr.{{snd}}May 3, 1937 – April 2, 1956
• Albert Bradley{{snd}}April 2, 1956 – August 31, 1958
• Frederic G. Donner{{snd}}September 1, 1958 – October 31, 1967
• James M. Roche{{snd}}November 1, 1967 – December 31, 1971
• Richard C. Gerstenberg{{snd}}January 1 – November 30, 1974
• Thomas A. Murphy{{snd}}December 1, 1974 – December 31, 1980
• Roger B. Smith{{snd}}January 1, 1981 – July 31, 1990
• Robert C. Stempel{{snd}}August 1, 1990 – November 1, 1992
• John G. Smale{{snd}}November 2, 1992 – December 31, 1995
• John F. Smith Jr.{{snd}}January 1, 1996 – April 30, 2003
• Rick Wagoner{{snd}}May 1, 2003 – March 30, 2009
• Kent Kresa{{snd}}March 30 – July 10, 2009
• Edward Whitacre Jr.{{snd}}July 10, 2009 – December 31, 2010
• Daniel Akerson{{snd}}December 31, 2010 – January 15, 2014
• Tim Solso{{snd}}January 15, 2014 – January 4, 2016
• Mary Barra{{snd}}January 4, 2016 – Present

• Alfred P. Sloan Jr.{{snd}}May 10, 1923 – June 3, 1946
• Charles Erwin Wilson{{snd}}June 3, 1946 – January 26, 1953
• Harlow H. Curtice{{snd}}February 2, 1953 – August 31, 1958
• James M. Roche{{snd}}November 1, 1967 – December 31, 1971
• Richard C. Gerstenberg{{snd}}January 1, 1972 – November 30, 1974
• Thomas A. Murphy{{snd}}December 1, 1974 – December 31, 1980
• Roger B. Smith{{snd}}January 1, 1981 – July 31, 1990
• Robert C. Stempel{{snd}}August 1, 1990 – November 1, 1992
• John F. Smith Jr.{{snd}}November 2, 1992 – May 31, 2000
• Rick Wagoner{{snd}}June 1, 2000 – March 30, 2009
• Frederick Henderson{{snd}}March 30 – December 1, 2009
• Edward Whitacre Jr.{{snd}}December 1, 2009 – September 1, 2010
• Daniel Akerson{{snd}}September 1, 2010 – January 15, 2014
• Mary Barra{{snd}}January 15, 2014 – Present

General Motors' American workers are unionized generally under the United Auto Workers (UAW), which is the primary auto workers union in the United States.

{{Main|Flint sit-down strike}}

File:Flint Sit-Down Strike sleeping.jpg

The 1936–1937 Flint sit-down strike against General Motors changed the UAW from a collection of isolated local unions on the fringes of the industry into a major labor union and led to the unionization of the domestic United States automobile industry.

After the first convention of UAW in 1936, the union decided that it could not survive by piecemeal organizing campaigns at smaller plants, as it had in the past, but that it could organize the automobile industry only by going after its biggest and most powerful employer, General Motors, focusing on GM's production complex in Flint, Michigan.

Organizing in Flint was a difficult and dangerous plan. GM controlled city politics in Flint and kept a close eye on outsiders. According to Wyndham Mortimer, the UAW officer put in charge of the organizing campaign in Flint, he received a death threat by an anonymous caller when he visited Flint in 1936. GM also maintained an extensive network of spies throughout its plants. This forced UAW members to keep the names of new members secret and meeting workers at their homes.

As the UAW studied its target, it discovered that GM had only two factories that produced the dies from which car body components were stamped: one in Flint that produced the parts for Buicks, Pontiacs, and Oldsmobiles, and another in Cleveland that produced Chevrolet parts.

File:Flint Sit-Down Strike National Guard.jpg with machine guns overlooking Chevrolet factories number nine and number four]]

While the UAW called for a sit-down strike in Flint, the police, armed with guns and tear gas, attempted to enter the Fisher Body 2 plant on January 11, 1937. The strikers inside the plant pelted them with hinges, bottles, and bolts. At the time, Vice President John Nance Garner supported federal intervention to break up the Flint Strike, but this idea was rejected by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The president urged GM to distinguish a union so the plants could re-open. The strike ended after 44 days.

That development forced GM to bargain with the union. John L. Lewis, President of the United Mine Workers and founder and leader of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, spoke for the UAW in those negotiations; UAW President Homer Martin was sent on a speaking tour to keep him out of the way. GM's representatives refused to be in the same room as the UAW, so Governor Frank Murphy acted as a courier and intermediary between the two groups. Governor Murphy sent in the U.S. National Guard not to evict the strikers but rather to protect them from the police and corporate strike-breakers. The two parties finally reached an agreement on February 11, 1937, on a one-page agreement that recognized the UAW as the exclusive bargaining representative for GM's employees, who were union members for the next six months.{{cite news | url=https://www.hourdetroit.com/community/frank-murphys-law/ | last1=Bak | first1=Richard | title=(Frank) Murphy's Law | work=Hour Detroit | date=September 2008 | archive-date=July 23, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723065533/http://www.hourdetroit.com/Hour-Detroit/September-2008/Frank-Murpheys-Law/ |url-status=live}}

{{Main|Tool and die strike of 1939}}

The tool and die strike of 1939, also known as the "strategy strike", was an ultimately successful attempt by the UAW to be recognized as the sole representative for General Motors workers. In addition to representation rights, the UAW, working jointly with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), sought to resolve existing grievances of skilled workers.

{{Main|1945-46 United Auto Workers strike}}

From November 21, 1945, until March 13, 1946, (113 days) the UAW organized "320,000 hourly workers" to form a US-wide strike against the General Motors Corporation, workers used the tactic of the sit down strike.{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=81th3H56WzEC | first=John | last=Barnard | title=American Vanguard: The United Auto Workers During the Reuther Years, 1935-1970 | publisher=Wayne State University Press | year=2004 | page=212| isbn=9780814329474 }} It was "the longest strike against a major manufacturer" that the UAW had yet seen, and it was also "the longest national GM strike in its history". As director of the UAW's General Motors Department (coordinator of union relations with GM),Kevin Boyle. The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism 1945–1968. Cornell University Press, 1995, pp. 21–22. {{ISBN?}} Walter Reuther suggested to his colleagues the idea of striking the GM manufacturing plants with a 'one-at-a-time' strategy, which was "intended to maximize pressure on the target company". Reuther also put forth the demands of the strikers: a 30 percent increase in wages and a hold on product prices. However, the strike ended with the dissatisfaction of Walter Reuther and the UAW, and the workers received only a 17.5-percent increase in wages.

{{Main|2007 General Motors strike}}

The 2007 General Motors strike was a strike from September 24 to 26, 2007, by the UAW against General Motors.

On September 24, 2007, General Motors workers represented by the UAW union went on strike against the company. The first US-wide strike against GM since 1970 was expected to idle 59 plants and facilities for an indefinite period of time. Talks broke down after more than 20 straight days of bargaining failed to produce a new contract. Major issues that proved to be stumbling blocks for an agreement included wages, benefits, job security and investments in US facilities.{{cite news | url=https://money.cnn.com/2007/09/24/news/companies/gm_uaw_strikedeadline/ | title=73,000 workers walk in nationwide GM strike | last=Isidore | first=Chris | work=CNN | date=September 24, 2007 | archive-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085621/https://money.cnn.com/2007/09/24/news/companies/gm_uaw_strikedeadline/?postversion=2007092412 | url-status=live}}{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/25/business/25auto.html | title=73,000 U.A.W. Members Go on Strike Against G.M. | first=Micheline | last=Maynard | work=The New York Times | date=September 25, 2007 | url-access=limited}}{{Cite news | url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14720112 | title=Time Warp: The GM Strike, Then and Now | first=Eric | last=Weiner | work=NPR | date=September 26, 2007}}

Two car assembly plants in Oshawa, Ontario and a transmission facility in Windsor closed on September 25. However, on September 26, a tentative agreement was reached, and the strike's end was announced by UAW officials in a news conference at 4 a.m.{{cite news | url=https://money.cnn.com/2007/09/26/news/companies/uaw_gm_deal/index.htm | title=GM-UAW reach deal to end strike | date=September 26, 2007 | last=Isidore | first=Chris | work=CNN |archive-date=August 24, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824041648/https://money.cnn.com/2007/09/26/news/companies/uaw_gm_deal/index.htm?postversion=2007092604 |url-status=live}} By the following day, all GM workers in both countries were back to work.

{{Main|2019 General Motors strike}}

On September 15, 2019, after talks broke down to renew their contract, which expired earlier that day, the UAW announced that GM employees would begin striking at 11:59 pm.{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/16/business/uaw-gm-strike-general-motors/index.html | title=UAW workers go on strike against GM | last=Isidore | first=Chris | work=CNN |date=September 16, 2019 | archive-date=September 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916090131/https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/16/business/uaw-gm-strike-general-motors/index.html | url-status=live}} This strike shut down operations in nine states, including 33 manufacturing plants and 22 parts distribution warehouses.{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/c54f47d7569c44d382995a3c3992eb53 |title=No Deal: Auto workers strike against GM in contract dispute |last1=Krisher |first1=Tom | last2=Householder | first2=Mike | work=Associated Press |date=September 16, 2019 | archive-date=September 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916094746/https://www.apnews.com/c54f47d7569c44d382995a3c3992eb53 |url-status=live}} After 40 days, on October 25, 2019, the "longest strike by autoworkers in a decade" and the longest against GM since 1970 came to an end when United Auto Workers members voted to approve a new contract with GM. Striking labor union members received a $275 a week strike pay salary for the duration of the strike.{{Cite news |last1=Perkins |first1=Tom |last2=Rushe |first2=Dominic |date=October 25, 2019 |title=GM strike ends after 40 days with 48,000 staff to return to work |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/oct/25/uaw-united-auto-workers-general-motors-strike-deal |access-date=August 12, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}} The strike cost GM more than $2 billion.

{{Main|2023 United Auto Workers strike}}

The 2023 strike launched by the UAW was the first strike against all three major American automakers in history. Then-recently elected UAW president Shawn Fain stated that he was "fed up" with the current situation between workers and automakers; Fain specifically blasted the tiered workers system at automakers, failure for automakers to keep wages up with inflation, pensions, as well as the introduction of a four-day workweek as opposed to the five-day workweek. GM CEO Mary Barra protested that her company offered an "unprecedented deal" which gave workers 20% raises as well as "world-class" healthcare. Barra further stated that meeting all 1,000 plus demands would bankrupt the company and cost over $100 billion.{{Cite web |date=September 15, 2023 |title=GM CEO Mary Barra defends position amid UAW strike, says company put 4 offers on the table |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/uaw-strike-gm-ceo-mary-barra-defends-company-position-4-offers-on-the-table/ |access-date=September 19, 2023 |website=CBS News |first1=Analisa |last1=Novak |editor-first1=Sarah |editor-last1=Lynch Baldwin |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last1=White |first1=Joseph |last2=Shepardson |first2=David |date=March 27, 2023 |title=New UAW leader tells automakers: 'Our membership is fed up' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-auto-union-leader-promises-fight-get-workers-fair-share-2023-03-27/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822032911/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-auto-union-leader-promises-fight-get-workers-fair-share-2023-03-27/ |archive-date=August 22, 2023 |access-date=September 13, 2023 |publisher=Reuters}}

{{Main|General Motors streetcar conspiracy}}

Between 1938 and 1950, GM allegedly deliberately monopolized the sale of buses and supplies to National City Lines (NCL) and its subsidiaries, in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, intending to dismantle streetcar systems in many cities in the United States and make buses, sold by GM, the dominant form of public transport.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

File:1960-63 Corvair.jpg

{{Main|Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-In Dangers of the American Automobile}}

Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-In Dangers of the American Automobile by Ralph Nader, published in 1965, is a book accusing car manufacturers of being slow to introduce safety features and reluctant to spend money on improving safety. It relates to the first models of the Chevrolet Corvair (1960–1964) that had a swing axle suspension design that was prone to 'tuck under' in certain circumstances. To compensate for the removal of a front stabilizer bar (anti-roll bar) as a cost-cutting measure, Corvairs required tire pressures that were outside of the tire manufacturer's recommended tolerances. The Corvair relied on an unusually high front to rear pressure differential (15 psi front, 26 psi rear, when cold; 18 psi and 30 psi hot), and if one inflated the tires equally, as was standard practice for all other cars at the time, the result was dangerous over-steer.{{cite news | last=CSERE| first=CSABA | title=General Motors Celebrates a 100-Year History of Technological Breakthroughs | url=https://www.caranddriver.com/features/a15143719/general-motors-celebrates-a-100-year-history-of-technological-breakthroughs/ | work=Car and Driver |date=September 1, 2008 | archive-date=February 25, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225090611/http://www.caranddriver.com/columns/general-motors-celebrates-a-100-year-history-of-technological-breakthroughs|url-status=live}}

In early March 1966, several media outlets, including The New Republic and The New York Times, alleged that GM had tried to discredit Ralph Nader, hiring private detectives to tap his phones and investigate his past, and hiring prostitutes to trap him in compromising situations.{{cite news | url=https://www.legalaffairs.org/issues/November-December-2005/scene_longhine_novdec05.msp |title=Ralph Nader's museum of tort law will include relics from famous lawsuits{{snd}}if it ever gets built | date=December 2005 |website=LegalAffairs.org | archive-date=March 31, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331074458/http://www.legalaffairs.org/issues/November-December-2005/scene_longhine_novdec05.msp |url-status=live}}{{cite web | date=May 7, 2005 | work=Federal Highway Administration |url= https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/safetyep.cfm |title=President Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Federal Role in Highway Safety: Epilogue – The Changing Federal Role |archive-date=October 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004052209/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/safetyep.htm | url-status=live}} Nader sued the company for invasion of privacy and settled the case for $425,000. Nader's lawsuit against GM was ultimately decided by the New York Court of Appeals, whose opinion in the case expanded tort law to cover "overzealous surveillance".Nader v. General Motors Corp., 307 N.Y.S.2d 647 (N.Y. 1970) Nader used the proceeds from the lawsuit to start the pro-consumer Center for Study of Responsive Law.

A 1972 safety commission report conducted by Texas A&M University concluded that the 1960–1963 Corvair possessed no greater potential for loss of control than its contemporary competitors in extreme situations.{{cite book | first1=Brent | last1=Fisse | first2=John |last2=Braithwaite |title=The Impact of Publicity on Corporate Offenders | publisher=State University of New York Press | year=1983 | page=30 | isbn=978-0-87395-732-8}} The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) issued a press release in 1972 describing the findings of NHTSA testing from the previous year. NHTSA conducted a series of comparative tests in 1971 studying the handling of the 1963 Corvair and four contemporary cars{{snd}}a Ford Falcon, Plymouth Valiant, Volkswagen Beetle, and Renault Dauphine{{snd}}along with a second-generation Corvair (with its completely redesigned, independent rear suspension). The 143-page report reviewed NHTSA's extreme-condition handling tests, national crash-involvement data for the cars in the test as well as General Motors' internal documentation regarding the Corvair's handling.{{citation | work=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration |title=PB 211-015: Evaluation of the 1960–1963 Corvair Handling and Stability |date=July 1972 |publisher=National Technical Information Service}}

NHTSA went on to contract an independent advisory panel of engineers to review the tests. This review panel concluded that 'the 1960–63 Corvair compares favorably with contemporary vehicles used in the tests ... the handling and stability performance of the 1960–63 Corvair does not result in an abnormal potential for loss of control or rollover, and it is at least as good as the performance of some contemporary vehicles both foreign and domestic'.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

In 1980, former GM executive John DeLorean wrote in his book On a Clear Day You Can See General Motors that Nader's criticisms were valid.{{cite book | first=John Z. | last=DeLorean | author-link=John DeLorean | title=On a Clear Day You Can See General Motors |page=[https://archive.org/details/oncleardayyoucan00delo/page/n66 51] | publisher=Avon | year=1980 | isbn=9780380517220 | url=https://archive.org/details/oncleardayyoucan00delo |url-access=registration}}

Journalist David E. Davis said that despite Nader's claim that swing-axle rear suspension were dangerous, Porsche, Mercedes-Benz, and Volkswagen all used similar swing-axle concepts during that era.{{cite news | title=American Driver: The Late Ralph Nader | first=David E. Jr. | last=Davis | work=Motor Trend |date=January 14, 2005 |url= https://www.motortrend.com/features/ralph-nader/ | archive-date=May 31, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531063818/http://www.automobilemag.com/features/columns/0502_ralph_nader/ | url-status=live}}

{{Excerpt|Mcgee v. General Motors Corp.}}

In 2002, GM (along with other multinational corporations) was sued by a group of South Africans represented by the Khulumani Support Group.{{Cite news |title=Suit Says Companies Aided Apartheid|work=The New York Times |date=November 13, 2002 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/13/world/suit-says-companies-aided-apartheid.html|access-date=May 5, 2023 |language=en-US}} The plaintiffs alleged that the company provided vehicles to the South African security forces during the Apartheid. The company settled with the plaintiffs in 2012, agreeing to pay a sum of up to $1.5 million.{{Cite news |title=GM settles with S.Africa apartheid victims|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/safrica-apartheid-gm-idCNL5E8E11YJ20120301|access-date=May 5, 2023 |website=reuters.com |date=March 2012 |language=en-US}}

{{Main|General Motors ignition switch recalls}}

In May 2014, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration fined the company $35 million for failing to recall cars with faulty ignition switches for a decade, despite knowing there was a problem with the switches. General Motors paid compensation for 124 deaths linked to the faulty switches.{{cite news | title=GM compensation fund completes review with 124 deaths |url= https://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/general-motors/2015/08/24/gm-ignition-fund-completes-review/32287697/ | first=David | last=Shepardson |newspaper=The Detroit News | date=August 24, 2015 | archive-date=March 9, 2017 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170309023749/http://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/general-motors/2015/08/24/gm-ignition-fund-completes-review/32287697/ | url-status=live}} The $35 million fine was the maximum the regulator could impose.{{cite news | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2014/05/16/gm-recall-probe/9169355/ | title=GM to pay maximum $35 million fine for recall delay | first=James R. | last=Healey |work=USA Today |date=May 16, 2014}} The total cost of the recall was estimated to be $1.5 billion. As well as the Cobalts, the switches of concern had been installed in many other cars, such as the Pontiac G5, the Saturn Ion, the Chevrolet HHR, the Saturn Sky, and Pontiac Solstice. The recall involved about 2.6 million GM cars worldwide.{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/29/business/a-florida-engineer-unlocked-the-mystery-of-gms-ignition-flaw.html | title=An Engineer's Eureka Moment With a G.M. Flaw | first=Bill | last=Vlasic |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 28, 2014 | url-access=limited |archive-date=July 8, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708035715/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/29/business/a-florida-engineer-unlocked-the-mystery-of-gms-ignition-flaw.html?_r=2 | url-status=live}}

In 2020, the Australian Strategic Policy Institute accused at least 82 major brands, including General Motors, of being connected to forced Uyghur labor in Xinjiang.{{cite web |url=https://www.aspi.org.au/report/uyghurs-sale |title=Uyghurs for sale |first1=Vicky Xiuzhong |last1=Xu |first2=Danielle |last2=Cave |first3=James |last3=Leibold |first4=Kelsey |last4=Munro |first5=Nathan |last5=Ruser |publisher=Australian Strategic Policy Institute |location=Australia |date=March 1, 2020 |access-date=March 15, 2022 |archive-date=August 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824215335/https://www.aspi.org.au/report/uyghurs-sale |url-status=dead }}

General Motors has come under criticism for collecting highly detailed driver data and selling the personal information to insurance companies without consumers' consent or knowledge. Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton sued General Motors on August 13, 2024, alleging that General Motors sold the information to at least two companies, LexisNexis Risk Solutions and Verisk Analytics, who then sold the information to insurance companies.{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/gm-selling-driver-data-car-insurers-texas-lawsuit/ |title=GM is selling driver data to insurers without consumers' knowledge, Texas AG alleges |first1=Aimee |last1= Picchi |publisher=CBS News |date=August 15, 2024 |access-date=August 15, 2024}}{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/13/business/texas-sues-general-motors-driver-data/index.html |title=Texas sues General Motors, alleging illegal selling of driver data |first1=Ramishah |last1= Maruf |publisher=CNN Business |date=August 14, 2024 |access-date=August 15, 2024}}

From 1976 until it was terminated in 2017, philanthropic activity was carried out via the General Motors Foundation, a 501(c)(3) foundation.{{Cite news | url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/general-motors/2017/06/12/gm-giving/102764328/ | title=GM to end foundation, redirect its charitable giving | first=Melissa | last=Burden | work=The Detroit News | date=June 12, 2017}}

General Motors has a close relationship with the Nature Conservancy and has fundraised for and donated cash and vehicles to the charity.{{Cite news | url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/news/1995-11-03/530000/ | title=Money's Green, Too | first=Andrea | last=Barnett | work=The Austin Chronicle | date=November 3, 1995}}

Since 1997, GM has been a source of funding for Safe Kids Worldwide's "Safe Kids Buckle Up" program, an initiative to ensure child automobile safety through education and inspection.{{cite web | title=The General Motors Foundation | url=https://www.safekids.org/general-motors | publisher=Safe Kids Worldwide | archive-date=March 8, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308134055/https://www.safekids.org/general-motors-foundation | url-status=live}}{{cite press release | title=Safe Kids USA Donates 500,000th Child Safety Seat | url=https://www.webwire.com/ViewPressRel.asp?aId=146478 | publisher=WebWire | archive-date=May 16, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516072859/http://www.webwire.com/ViewPressRel.asp?aId=146478 | url-status=live}}

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{{div col end}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{refbegin|30em}}

• {{cite book |title=Surviving Transformation: Lessons from GM's Surprising Turnaround |last=Barabba |first=Vincent P. |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VvbDYad7cLoC |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-517141-9 |oclc=474580094 |archive-date=January 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101014836/https://books.google.com/books?id=VvbDYad7cLoC&lpg=PP1&dq=Surviving%20Transformation%3A%20Lessons%20from%20GM%27s%20Surprising%20Turnaround&pg=PP1 |url-status=live |ref=none}}
• {{cite book |title=Giant Enterprise: Ford, General Motors, and the Automobile Industry |url=https://archive.org/details/giantenterprise0000unse |url-access=registration |last=Chandler | first=Alfred D. Jr. |author-link=Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. |year=1964 |publisher=Harcourt, Brace & World |location=New York |oclc=63017200 |ref=none}}
• {{cite book |title=Chrome Colossus: General Motors and Its Times |last=Cray |first=Ed |year=1980 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |isbn=978-0-07-013493-5 |oclc=6223723 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/chromecolossusge0000cray |ref=none}}
• {{cite book |title=Sloan Rules: Alfred P. Sloan and the Triumph of General Motors |last=Farber |first=David R. |year=2002 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CysLGUDseQAC |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-23804-3 |oclc=49558636 |archive-date=January 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101014836/https://books.google.com/books?id=CysLGUDseQAC&lpg=PP1&dq=Sloan%20Rules%3A%20Alfred%20P.%20Sloan%20and%20the%20Triumph%20of%20General%20Motors&pg=PP1 |url-status=live |ref=none}}
• {{cite journal | last1=Goolsbee |first1=Austan D. |last2=Krueger |first2=Alan B. | title=A retrospective look at rescuing and restructuring General Motors and Chrysler | journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=29 |number=2 |year=2015 |pages=3–24 |doi=10.1257/jep.29.2.3 |s2cid=113330698 |url=https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.29.2.3 |ref=none|hdl=10419/110116 |hdl-access=free }}
• {{cite book |title=Billy Durant: Creator of General Motors |last=Gustin |first=Lawrence R. |year=2008 |orig-year=1973 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |oclc=179794253 |isbn=978-0-472-03302-7 |ref=none}}
• {{cite book |title=The Reckoning |url=https://archive.org/details/reckoning00halb |url-access=registration |last=Halberstam |first=David |author-link=David Halberstam |series=A Thomas Congdon book |year=1986 |publisher=Morrow |location=New York |isbn=978-0-688-04838-9 |oclc=246158814 |ref=none}}
• {{cite book |title=Rude Awakening: The Rise, Fall, and Struggle for Recovery of General Motors |last=Keller |first=Maryann |year=1989 |publisher=Morrow |location=New York |isbn=978-0-688-07527-9 |oclc=423222597 |url=https://archive.org/details/rudeawakeningris00kell |ref=none}}
• {{cite book |title=The Standard Catalogue of American Cars 1805–1942 |edition=2nd |editor-last=Kimes |editor-first=Beverly Rae |year=1989 |publisher=Krause Publications |location=Iola, Wisconsin |isbn=978-0-87341-111-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/standardcatalogo0000kime |ref=none}}
• {{cite book |title=Boss Kettering |last=Leslie |first=Stuart W. |year=1983 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-05600-7 |oclc=8845819 |url=https://archive.org/details/bosskettering00lesl |ref=none}}
• {{cite book |title=Time for a Model Change: Re-Engineering the Global Automotive Industry |last1=Maxton |first1=Graeme P. |author-link1=Graeme Maxton |last2=Wormald |first2=John |year=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aN6rxZG2p0C |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-0-521-83715-6 |oclc=54826137 |archive-date=January 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101014836/https://books.google.com/books?id=3aN6rxZG2p0C&lpg=PP1&dq=Time%20for%20a%20Model%20Change%3A%20Re-Engineering%20the%20Global%20Automotive%20Industry&pg=PP1 |url-status=live |ref=none}}
• {{cite book |title=The End of Detroit: How the Big Three Lost Their Grip on the American Car Market |last=Maynard |first=Micheline |year=2003 |publisher=Currency/Doubleday |location=New York |isbn=978-0-385-50769-1 |oclc=52623614 |url=https://archive.org/details/endofdetroithowb00mayn |ref=none}}
• {{cite book |title=Billy, Alfred, and General Motors: The Story of Two Unique Men, a Legendary Company, and a Remarkable Time in American History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYFIiIll2eIC |last=Pelfrey |first=William |year=2006 |publisher=AMACOM |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8144-0869-8 |oclc=61362777 |archive-date=January 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101014836/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYFIiIll2eIC&lpg=PP1&dq=Billy%2C%20Alfred%2C%20and%20General%20Motors%3A%20The%20Story%20of%20Two%20Unique%20Men%2C%20a%20Legendary%20Company%2C%20and%20a&pg=PP1 |url-status=live |ref=none}}
• {{cite book |last=Pound |first=Arthur |title=The turning wheel; the story of General Motors through twenty-five years, 1908–1933 |year=1934 |publisher=Doubleday, Doran & Co. |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/turningwheelstor00pounrich |ref=none}}
• {{cite book |title=The American Automobile; A Brief History |url=https://archive.org/details/americanautomobi00raej |url-access=registration |last=Rae |first=John Bell |year=1965 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |oclc=236834 |series=The Chicago history of American civilization |ref=none}}
• {{cite book |last=Robertson |first=Heather |year=1995 |title=Driving force: The McLaughlin family and the age of the car |publisher=McClelland & Stewart |url=https://archive.org/details/drivingforcemcla00robe |isbn=978-0-7710-7556-8 |ref=none}} A history of the businesses of Samuel McLaughlin and family, and the beginnings of General Motors Canada Ltd.
• {{Sloan1964}}
• {{cite book |title=The Dream Maker: William C. Durant, Founder of General Motors |last=Weisberger |first=Bernard A. |author-link=Bernard Weisberger |year=1979 |publisher=Little, Brown |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-316-92874-8 |oclc=5736758 |url=https://archive.org/details/dreammaker00bern |ref=none}}

{{refend}}

{{Commons category}}

• {{Official website}}

{{Finance links

| name = General Motors Company

| reuters = GM

| sec_cik = 1467858

| yahoo = GM

| google = GM

| bloomberg = GM:US

}}

• [https://archive.today/www.gmheritagecenter.com GM Heritage] (1908-2008) - General Motors (the GMnext wiki) via: archive.is
• [https://archive.today/history.gmheritagecenter.com/ Generations of GM] (1908-2008) - General Motors

{{General Motors}}

{{General Motors brands}}

{{Automotive industry in the United States}}

{{Great Recession}}

{{Authority control}}

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