Geography of Montana

File:Montana Relief 1.jpg

The state's topography is roughly defined by the Continental Divide, which splits much of the state into distinct eastern and western regions.{{sfn|Malone|Roeder|Lang|1991|p=6}} Most of Montana's hundred or more named mountain ranges are in the state's western half, most of which is geologically and geographically part of the northern Rocky Mountains.{{sfn|Malone|Roeder|Lang|1991|p=6}}{{sfn|Madej|Jones|2007}} The Absaroka and Beartooth ranges in the state's south-central part are technically part of the Central Rocky Mountains.{{sfn|Elias|2002|p=55}} The Rocky Mountain Front is a significant feature in the state's north-central portion,{{sfn|Graetz|Clemenz|1984|p=59}} and isolated island ranges that interrupt the prairie landscape common in the central and eastern parts of the state.{{sfn|Aarstad|Arguimbau|Baumler|Porsild|2009|p=58}} About 60 percent of the state is prairie, part of the northern Great Plains.{{sfn|Malone|Roeder|Lang|1991|pp=6–7}}

The Bitterroot Mountains—one of the longest continuous ranges in the Rocky Mountain chain from Alaska to Mexico{{sfn|Cooper|2009|p=11}}—along with smaller ranges, including the Coeur d'Alene Mountains and the Cabinet Mountains, divide the state from Idaho. The southern third of the Bitterroot range blends into the Continental Divide.{{sfn|Cooper|2009|p=45}} Other major mountain ranges west of the divide include the Cabinet Mountains, the Anaconda Range, the Missions, the Garnet Range, the Sapphire Mountains, and the Flint Creek Range.{{sfn|Merrill-Maker|2006|pp=57–63}}

The divide's northern section, where the mountains rapidly give way to prairie, is part of the Rocky Mountain Front.{{sfn|Kudray|Cooper|2006|p=1}} The front is most pronounced in the Lewis Range, located primarily in Glacier National Park.{{sfn|Ross|1959|p=10}} Due to the configuration of mountain ranges in Glacier National Park, the Northern Divide (which begins in Alaska's Seward Peninsula){{sfn|Enright|2010|p=xxiii}} crosses this region and turns east in Montana at Triple Divide Peak.{{sfn|Temple|2008|p=493}} It causes the Waterton River, Belly, and Saint Mary rivers to flow north into Alberta, Canada.{{sfn|Ross|1959|p=8}} There they join the Saskatchewan River, which ultimately empties into Hudson Bay.{{sfn|Canadian Council for Geographic Education|2013}}

East of the divide, several roughly parallel ranges cover the state's southern part, including the Gravelly Range, Madison Range, Gallatin Range, Absaroka Range, and the Beartooth Mountains, which contain the state's highest point, Granite Peak, at {{convert|12799|ft|m}} high.{{sfn|Burger|2004|pp=10–11}}{{sfn|Cunningham|1990|p=77}} North of these ranges are the Big Belt Mountains, Bridger Mountains, Tobacco Roots, and several island ranges, including the Crazy Mountains and Little Belt Mountains.{{sfn|Montana State Library|2013}}

File:St Mary Lake.jpg in Glacier National Park]]

File:MK02256 2257 Belly River.jpg in Waterton Lakes National Park]]

Between many mountain ranges are several rich river valleys. The Big Hole Valley,{{sfn|Florence|Nystrom|Gierlich|2001|pp=506–507}} Bitterroot Valley,{{sfn|Florence|Nystrom|Gierlich|2001|pp=501–502}} Gallatin Valley,{{sfn|Florence|Nystrom|Gierlich|2001|pp=575–577}} Flathead Valley,{{sfn|Malone|Roeder|Lang|1991|p=357}}{{sfn|Peterson|2012|p=24}} and Paradise Valley{{sfn|Florence|Nystrom|Gierlich|2001|pp=579–580}} have extensive agricultural resources and multiple opportunities for tourism and recreation.

East and north of this transition zone are the expansive and sparsely populated Northern Plains, with tableland prairies, smaller island mountain ranges, and badlands.{{sfn|Merrill-Maker|2006|p=50}} The isolated island ranges east of the Divide include the Bear Paw Mountains,{{sfn|Fletcher|Bradshaw|Axline|Shope|2008|p=93}} Bull Mountains,{{sfn|Vasapolli|2003|p=16}} Castle Mountains,{{sfn|United States Forest Service|2007|p=207}} Crazy Mountains,{{sfn|Merrill-Maker|2006|p=58}} Highwood Mountains,{{sfn|Mining and Scientific Press|1899|p=408}} Judith Mountains,{{sfn|Mining and Scientific Press|1899|p=408}} Little Belt Mountains,{{sfn|United States Forest Service|2007|p=207}} Little Rocky Mountains,{{sfn|Mining and Scientific Press|1899|p=408}} the Pryor Mountains,{{sfn|Merrill-Maker|2006|p=58}} Little Snowy Mountains, Big Snowy Mountains,{{sfn|Vasapolli|2003|p=16}} Sweet Grass Hills,{{sfn|Vasapolli|2003|p=16}} and—in the state's southeastern corner near Ekalaka—the Long Pines.{{sfn|Madej|Jones|2007}} Many of these isolated eastern ranges were created about 120 to 66 million years ago when magma welling up from the interior cracked and bowed the earth's surface here.{{sfn|Jewell|McRae|2012|p=439}}

The area east of the divide in the state's north-central portion is known for the Missouri Breaks and other significant rock formations.{{sfn|Ballard|2008|pp=92–94}} Three buttes south of Great Falls are major landmarks: Cascade, Crown, Square, Shaw, and Buttes.{{sfn|Merrill-Maker|2006|p=49}} Known as laccoliths, they formed when igneous rock protruded through cracks in the sedimentary rock.{{sfn|Merrill-Maker|2006|p=49}} The underlying surface consists of sandstone and shale.{{sfn|Fisher|1908|pp=23–24}} Surface soils in the area are highly diverse, and greatly affected by the local geology, whether glaciated plain, intermountain basin, mountain foothills, or tableland.{{sfn|Soil Conservation Service|1953|p=4}} Foothill regions are often covered in weathered stone or broken slate, or consist of uncovered bare rock (usually igneous, quartzite, sandstone, or shale).{{sfn|Soil Conservation Service|1953|pp=7–8}} The soil of intermountain basins usually consists of clay, gravel, sand, silt, and volcanic ash, much of it laid down by lakes which covered the region during the Oligocene 33 to 23 million years ago.{{sfn|Soil Conservation Service|1953|p=8}} Tablelands are often topped with argillite gravel and weathered quartzite, occasionally underlain by shale.{{sfn|Soil Conservation Service|1953|pp=10–11}} The glaciated plains are generally covered in clay, gravel, sand, and silt left by the proglacial Lake Great Falls or by moraines or gravel-covered former lake basins left by the Wisconsin glaciation 85,000 to 11,000 years ago.{{sfn|Soil Conservation Service|1953|p=11}} Farther east, areas such as Makoshika State Park near Glendive and Medicine Rocks State Park near Ekalaka contain some of the most scenic badlands regions in the state.{{sfn|Montana Outdoors|2002}}

The Hell Creek Formation in Northeast Montana is a major source of dinosaur fossils.{{sfn|Archibald|1997|p=223}} Paleontologist Jack Horner of the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman brought this formation to the world's attention with several major finds.{{sfn|Newsmakers-Jack Horner|2013}}

{{See also|List of rivers of Montana|List of lakes in Montana}}

Montana has thousands of named rivers and creeks,{{sfn|Geological Survey—search|2013}} {{convert|450|mi|km}} of which are known for "blue-ribbon" trout fishing.{{sfn|Therriault|2010|p=93}}{{sfn|Fischer|Fischer|2008|p=2}} Montana's water resources provide for recreation, hydropower, crop and forage irrigation, mining, and water for human consumption.

Montana is one of few geographic areas in the world whose rivers form parts of three major watersheds (i.e. where two continental divides intersect). Its rivers feed the Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and Hudson Bay. The watersheds divide at Triple Divide Peak in Glacier National Park.{{sfn|Naiman|Décamps|McClain|2005|p=4}} If Hudson Bay is considered part of the Arctic Ocean, Triple Divide Peak is the only place on Earth with drainage to three different oceans.

File:-conservationlands15 Social Media Takeover, July 15th, Wild and Scenic Rivers (19863603006).jpg region in central Montana]]

All waters in Montana west of the divide flow into the Columbia River. The Clark Fork of the Columbia (not to be confused with the Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River) rises near Butte{{sfn|Diamond|2006|p=38}} and flows northwest to Missoula, where it is joined by the Blackfoot River and Bitterroot River.{{sfn|Geographical Dictionary Of The World|1900|p=423}} Farther downstream, it is joined by the Flathead River before entering Idaho near Lake Pend Oreille.{{sfn|Ross|1959|p=8}}{{sfn|Palmer|1998|p=168}} The Pend Oreille River forms the outflow of Lake Pend Oreille. The Pend Oreille River joined the Columbia River, which flows to the Pacific Ocean—making the {{convert|579|mi|km|adj=on}} long Clark Fork/Pend Oreille (considered a single river system) the longest river in the Rocky Mountains.{{sfn|Palmer|1998|pp=168–169}} The Clark Fork discharges the greatest volume of water of any river exiting the state.{{sfn|Waterbody Report-Clark Fork River|2013}} The Kootenai River in northwest Montana is another major tributary of the Columbia.{{sfn|Waterbody Report-Kootenai River|2013}}

East of the divide the Missouri River, which is formed by the confluence of the Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin Rivers near Three Forks,{{sfn|Huser|2004|p=85}} flows due north through the west-central part of the state to Great Falls.{{sfn|Moody|Chase|Aronson|1986|p=310}} From this point, it then flows generally east through fairly flat agricultural land and the Missouri Breaks to Fort Peck reservoir.{{sfn|Florence|Nystrom|Gierlich|2001|p=597}} The stretch of river between Fort Benton and the Fred Robinson Bridge at the western boundary of Fort Peck Reservoir was designated a National Wild and Scenic River in 1976.{{sfn|Florence|Nystrom|Gierlich|2001|p=597}} The Missouri enters North Dakota near Fort Union,{{sfn|Matzko|2001|p=27}} having drained more than half the land area of Montana ({{convert|82000|sqmi|km2}}).{{sfn|Moody|Chase|Aronson|1986|p=310}} Nearly one-third of the Missouri River in Montana lies behind 10 dams: Toston, Canyon Ferry, Hauser, Holter, Black Eagle, Rainbow, Cochrane, Ryan, Morony, and Fort Peck.{{sfn|Huser|2004|pp=84–85}} Other major Montana tributaries of the Missouri include the Smith,{{sfn|Waterbody Report-Smith River|2013}} Milk,{{sfn|Waterbody Report-Milk River|2013}} Marias,{{sfn|Waterbody Report-Marias River|2013}} Judith,{{sfn|Waterbody Report-Judith River|2013}} and Musselshell Rivers.{{sfn|Waterbody Report-Musselshell River|2013}} Montana also claims the disputed title of possessing the world's shortest river, the Roe River, just outside Great Falls.{{sfn|Finnerty|2011|pp=42–43}} Through the Missouri, these rivers ultimately join the Mississippi River and flow into the Gulf of Mexico.{{sfn|National Atlas|2013}}

Hell Roaring Creek begins in southern Montana, and when combined with the Red Rock, Beaverhead, Jefferson, Missouri, and Mississippi River, is the longest river in North America and the fourth longest river in the world.

The Yellowstone River rises on the Continental Divide near Younts Peak in Wyoming's Teton Wilderness.{{sfn|Malone|Roeder|Lang|1991|p=80}} It flows north through Yellowstone National Park, enters Montana near Gardiner, and passes through the Paradise Valley to Livingston.{{sfn|Robbins, C.|2008|p=331}} It then flows northeasterly{{sfn|Robbins, C.|2008|p=331}} across the state through Billings, Miles City, Glendive, and Sidney.{{sfn|Hellmann|2013|pp=650, 653–654, 659}} The Yellowstone joins the Missouri in North Dakota just east of Fort Union.{{sfn|Parry|2001|p=216}} It is the longest undammed, free-flowing river in the contiguous United States,{{sfn|Fish and Wildlife Service|2001}}{{sfn|Paddling Montana|2000}} and drains about a quarter of Montana ({{convert|36000|sqmi|km2}}).{{sfn|Moody|Chase|Aronson|1986|p=310}} Major tributaries of the Yellowstone include the Boulder,{{sfn|Waterbody Report-Boulder River|2013}} Stillwater,{{sfn|Waterbody Report-Stillwater River|2013}} Clarks Fork,{{sfn|Waterbody Report-Clarks Fork Yellowstone River|2013}} Bighorn,{{sfn|Waterbody Report-Bighorn River|2013}} Tongue,{{sfn|Waterbody Report-Tongue River|2013}} and Powder Rivers.{{sfn|Waterbody Report-Powder River|2013}}

The Northern Divide turns east in Montana at Triple Divide Peak, causing the Waterton, Belly, and Saint Mary Rivers to flow north into Alberta. There they join the Saskatchewan River, which ultimately empties into Hudson Bay.{{sfn|Canadian Council for Geographic Education|2013}}

Montana has some 3,000 named lakes and reservoirs, including Flathead Lake, the largest natural freshwater lake in the western United States. Other major lakes include Whitefish Lake in the Flathead Valley and Lake McDonald and St. Mary Lake in Glacier National Park. The largest reservoir in the state is Fort Peck Reservoir on the Missouri river, which is contained by the second largest earthen dam and largest hydraulically filled dam in the world.{{sfn|Fort Peck Dam|2013}} Other major reservoirs include Hungry Horse on the Flathead River; Lake Koocanusa on the Kootenai River; Lake Elwell on the Marias River; Clark Canyon on the Beaverhead River; Yellowtail on the Bighorn River, Canyon Ferry, Hauser, Holter, Rainbow; and Black Eagle on the Missouri River.

{{See also|List of monocotyledons of Montana|List of coniferous plants of Montana|List of lichens of Montana|List of amphibians and reptiles of Montana|List of birds of Montana|Fish of Montana|Mammals of Montana|}}

File:Montana wolf 100 lbs 1928 Young & Goldman USFWS.jpg

Vegetation of the state includes lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine, Douglas fir, larch, spruce, aspen, birch, red cedar, hemlock, ash, alder, rocky mountain maple and cottonwood trees. Forests cover about 25% of the state. Flowers native to Montana include asters, bitterroots, daisies, lupins, poppies, primroses, columbine, lilies, orchids, and dryads. Several species of sagebrush and cactus and many species of grasses are common. Many species of mushrooms and lichens{{sfn|Montana Field Guide-Lichens|2013}} are also found in the state.

Montana is home to diverse fauna including 14 amphibian,{{sfn|Montana Field Guide-Amphibians|2013}} 90 fish,{{sfn|Montana Field Guide-Fish|2013}} 117 mammal,{{sfn|Montana Field Guide-Mammals|2013}} 20 reptile,{{sfn|Montana Field Guide-Reptiles|2013}} and 427 bird{{sfn|Montana Audubon|2008}} species. Additionally, more than 10,000 invertebrate species are present, including 180 mollusks and 30 crustaceans. Montana has the largest grizzly bear population in the lower 48 states.{{sfn|Kaush|Thompson|2012|p=258}} Montana hosts five federally endangered species–black-footed ferret, whooping crane, least tern, pallid sturgeon, and white sturgeon and seven threatened species including the grizzly bear, Canadian lynx, and bull trout.{{sfn|Fish and Wildlife Service|2013}}{{efn|However, the grizzly bear and Canadian lynx are listed as a threatened species only for the mainland 48 states. In general, the grizzly bear and Canadian lynx are not threatened species; the IUCN lists both as "least concern".}} Since re-introduction the gray wolf population has stabilized at about 900 animals, and they have been delisted as endangered.{{cite news |title=Montana's wolf population remains strong |author=Eli Francovich |newspaper=The Spokesman-Review |date=June 1, 2018 |url=https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2018/jun/01/montanas-wolf-population-remains-strong/ }} The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks manages fishing and hunting seasons for at least 17 species of game fish, including seven species of trout, walleye, and smallmouth bass{{sfn|Montana Fishing Regulations|2013}} and at least 29 species of game birds and animals including ring-neck pheasant, grey partridge, elk, pronghorn antelope, mule deer, whitetail deer, gray wolf, and bighorn sheep.{{sfn|Montana Hunting Season|2013}}

{{See also|List of Montana state parks}}

File:Pompeys Pillar NM (9424545304).jpg]]

Montana contains Glacier National Park, "The Crown of the Continent"; and parts of Yellowstone National Park, including three of the park's five entrances. Other federally recognized sites include the Little Bighorn National Monument, Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area, and Big Hole National Battlefield. The CSKT Bison Range is managed by the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes and the American Prairie is owned and operated by a non-profit organization.

Federal and state agencies administer approximately {{convert|31300000|acres|km2}}, or 35 percent of Montana's land. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service administers {{convert|16800000|acre|km2}} of forest land in ten National Forests. There are approximately {{convert|3300000|acres|km2}} of wilderness in 12 separate wilderness areas that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System established by the Wilderness Act of 1964. The U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management controls {{convert|8100000|acre|km2}} of federal land. The U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service administers {{convert|110000|acre|km2}} of 1.1 million acres of National Wildlife Refuges and waterfowl production areas in Montana. The U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation administers approximately {{convert|300000|acres|km2}} of land and water surface in the state. The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks operate approximately {{convert|275265|acre|km2}} of state parks and access points on the state's rivers and lakes. The Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation manages {{convert|5200000|acres|km2}} of School Trust Land ceded by the federal government under the Land Ordinance of 1785 to the state in 1889 when Montana was granted statehood. These lands are managed by the state for the benefit of public schools and institutions in the state.{{sfn|Montana Interagency Access Council|2001}}

File:Quakelakemontana.jpg was created by a landslide during the 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake.]]

Areas managed by the National Park Service include:{{sfn|National Park Service|2013}}

• Big Hole National Battlefield near Wisdom
• Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area near Fort Smith
• Glacier National Park
• Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site at Deer Lodge
• Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail
• Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument near Crow Agency
• Nez Perce National Historical Park
• Yellowstone National Park

File:Helena, Montana 1961-1990 Climate data.gif]]

File:Köppen Climate Types Montana.png of Montana, using 1991-2020 climate normals.]]

Montana is a large state with considerable variation in geography, topography and elevation, and the climate is equally varied. The state spans from below the 45th parallel (the line equidistant between the equator and North Pole) to the 49th parallel, and elevations range from under {{convert|2000|ft|m}} to nearly {{convert|13000|ft|m}} above sea level. The western half is mountainous, interrupted by numerous large valleys. Eastern Montana comprises plains and badlands, broken by hills and isolated mountain ranges, and has a semi-arid, continental climate (Köppen climate classification BSk). The Continental Divide has a considerable effect on the climate, as it restricts the flow of warmer air from the Pacific from moving east, and drier continental air from moving west. The area west of the divide has a modified northern Pacific Coast climate, with milder winters, cooler summers, less wind, and a longer growing season.{{sfn|Western Regional Climate Center|2013}} Low clouds and fog often form in the valleys west of the divide in winter, but this is rarely seen in the east.{{sfn|Animal Range and Sciences|2013}}

Average daytime temperatures vary from {{convert|28|°F|°C|1|disp=or}} in January to {{convert|84.5|°F|°C|disp=or}} in July.{{sfn|Montana Office of Tourism—FAQ|2013}}{{verification needed|date=June 2014}} The variation in geography leads to great variation in temperature. The highest observed summer temperature was {{convert|117|°F|°C|1|disp=or}} at Glendive on July 20, 1893, and Medicine Lake on July 5, 1937. Throughout the state, summer nights are generally cool and pleasant. Extreme hot weather is less common above {{convert|4000|ft|m|disp=or|sp=us}}.{{sfn|Western Regional Climate Center|2013}} Snowfall has been recorded in all months of the year in the more mountainous areas of central and western Montana, though it is rare in July and August.{{sfn|Western Regional Climate Center|2013}}

The coldest temperature on record for Montana is also the coldest temperature for the contiguous United States. On January 20, 1954, {{convert|-70|°F|°C|1|disp=or}} was recorded at a gold mining camp near Rogers Pass. Temperatures vary greatly on cold nights, and Helena, {{convert|40|mi|km}} to the southeast had a low of only {{convert|-36|°F|°C|1|disp=or}} on the same date, and an all-time record low of {{convert|-42|F|C|1|disp=or}}.{{sfn|Western Regional Climate Center|2013}} Winter cold spells are usually the result of cold continental air coming south from Canada. The front is often well defined, causing a large temperature drop in a 24-hour period. Conversely, air flow from the southwest results in "chinooks". These steady {{convert|25|–|50|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} (or more) winds can suddenly warm parts of Montana, especially areas just to the east of the mountains, where temperatures sometimes rise up to {{convert|50|–|60|F|C|1}} for 10 days or longer.{{sfn|Western Regional Climate Center|2013}}{{sfn|Climate Information|2007}}

Loma is the site of the most extreme recorded temperature change in a 24-hour period in the United States. On January 15, 1972, a chinook wind blew in and the temperature rose from {{convert|-54|to|49|°F|°C|1}}.{{sfn|Horvitz|Stephens|Helfert|Goodge|2002}} Miles City recorded the highest mean sea level pressure in the United States on December 24, 1983.[http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/world-and-us-anticyclonic-high-barometric-pressure-records World and US High Barometric Pressure records] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014082056/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/world-and-us-anticyclonic-high-barometric-pressure-records |date=October 14, 2014}}

File:Fall Clark Fork.jpg

Average annual precipitation is {{convert|15|in|mm}}, but great variations are seen. The mountain ranges block the moist Pacific air, holding moisture in the western valleys, and creating rain shadows to the east. Heron, in the west, receives the most precipitation, {{convert|34.70|in|mm}}. On the eastern (leeward) side of a mountain range, the valleys are much drier; Lonepine averages {{convert|11.45|in|mm}}, and Deer Lodge {{convert|11.00|in|mm}} of precipitation. The mountains can receive over {{convert|100|in|mm}}, for example the Grinnell Glacier in Glacier National Park gets {{convert|105|in|mm}}.{{sfn|Animal Range and Sciences|2013}} An area southwest of Belfry averaged only {{convert|6.59|in|mm}} over a 16-year period. Most of the larger cities get {{convert|30|to|50|in|m|2|disp=or|sp=us}} of snow each year. Mountain ranges can accumulate {{convert|300|in|m|2|disp=or|sp=us}} of snow during a winter. Heavy snowstorms may occur from September through May, though most snow falls from November to March.{{sfn|Western Regional Climate Center|2013}}

The climate has become warmer in Montana{{When|date=November 2020|reason=Over what time period?}} and continues to do so.{{sfn|McKee|2007}} The glaciers in Glacier National Park have receded and are predicted to melt away completely in a few decades.{{sfn|United States Geological Survey|2012}} Many Montana cities set heat records during July 2007, the hottest month ever recorded in Montana.{{sfn|McKee|2007}}{{sfn|National Climate Data Center|2007}} Winters are warmer, too, and have fewer cold spells. Previously, these cold spells had killed off bark beetles, but these are now attacking the forests of western Montana.{{sfn|Backus|2005}}{{sfn|Backus|2007}} The warmer winters in the region have allowed various species to expand their ranges and proliferate.{{cite journal |last =Bentz |first =Barbara J. |title =Climate Change and Bark Beetles of the Western United States and Canada: Direct and Indirect Effects |journal=BioScience |volume =60 |issue =8 |pages =602–613 |year =2010 |doi =10.1525/bio.2010.60.8.6|s2cid =1632906 |display-authors=etal}} The combination of warmer weather, attack by beetles, and mismanagement has led to a substantial increase in the severity of forest fires in Montana.{{sfn|McKee|2007}}{{sfn|Backus|2007}} According to a study done for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Science, parts of Montana will experience a 200% increase in area burned by wildfires and an 80% increase in related air pollution.{{sfn|Billings Gazette—Forecast|2009}}{{sfn|Spracklen|Mickley|Logan|Hudman|2009}}

The table below lists average temperatures for the warmest and coldest month for Montana's seven largest cities. The coldest month varies between December and January depending on location, although figures are similar throughout.

{{Weather box

|location = Helena (Köppen BSk){{efn|1991–2020 normals, extremes 1880–present}}

|single line = Yes

|collapsed = Yes

|width = auto

|Jan record high F = 63

|Feb record high F = 69

|Mar record high F = 78

|Apr record high F = 86

|May record high F = 95

|Jun record high F = 104

|Jul record high F = 105

|Aug record high F = 105

|Sep record high F = 102

|Oct record high F = 87

|Nov record high F = 76

|Dec record high F = 70

|Jan avg record high F = 53.2

|Feb avg record high F = 55.6

|Mar avg record high F = 66.7

|Apr avg record high F = 76.6

|May avg record high F = 84.3

|Jun avg record high F = 91.9

|Jul avg record high F = 98.0

|Aug avg record high F = 97.1

|Sep avg record high F = 91.0

|Oct avg record high F = 79.0

|Nov avg record high F = 63.5

|Dec avg record high F = 53.0

|year avg record high F = 99.3

|Jan high F = 32.4

|Feb high F = 37.2

|Mar high F = 47.5

|Apr high F = 56.7

|May high F = 66.4

|Jun high F = 74.7

|Jul high F = 86.1

|Aug high F = 84.6

|Sep high F = 73.3

|Oct high F = 57.6

|Nov high F = 42.8

|Dec high F = 32.6

|year high F =

|Jan mean F = 23.0

|Feb mean F = 27.2

|Mar mean F = 36.1

|Apr mean F = 44.5

|May mean F = 53.9

|Jun mean F = 61.7

|Jul mean F = 70.6

|Aug mean F = 68.8

|Sep mean F = 58.9

|Oct mean F = 45.5

|Nov mean F = 32.8

|Dec mean F = 23.4

|year mean F =

|Jan low F = 13.5

|Feb low F = 17.2

|Mar low F = 24.6

|Apr low F = 32.4

|May low F = 41.5

|Jun low F = 48.7

|Jul low F = 55.1

|Aug low F = 52.9

|Sep low F = 44.6

|Oct low F = 33.5

|Nov low F = 22.8

|Dec low F = 14.2

|year low F =

|Jan avg record low F = -12.6

|Feb avg record low F = -5.3

|Mar avg record low F = 4.0

|Apr avg record low F = 18.4

|May avg record low F = 28.0

|Jun avg record low F = 37.2

|Jul avg record low F = 45.7

|Aug avg record low F = 42.0

|Sep avg record low F = 31.0

|Oct avg record low F = 15.3

|Nov avg record low F = 1.1

|Dec avg record low F = -8.8

|year avg record low F = -19.9

|Jan record low F = -42

|Feb record low F = -42

|Mar record low F = -30

|Apr record low F = -10

|May record low F = 17

|Jun record low F = 30

|Jul record low F = 36

|Aug record low F = 28

|Sep record low F = 6

|Oct record low F = -8

|Nov record low F = -39

|Dec record low F = -40

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation inch = 0.39

|Feb precipitation inch = 0.42

|Mar precipitation inch = 0.52

|Apr precipitation inch = 1.02

|May precipitation inch = 1.95

|Jun precipitation inch = 2.21

|Jul precipitation inch = 1.06

|Aug precipitation inch = 1.04

|Sep precipitation inch = 0.96

|Oct precipitation inch = 0.78

|Nov precipitation inch = 0.59

|Dec precipitation inch = 0.46

|year precipitation inch = 11.40

|Jan snow inch = 6.6

|Feb snow inch = 6.6

|Mar snow inch = 4.6

|Apr snow inch = 2.9

|May snow inch = 0.1

|Jun snow inch = 0.0

|Jul snow inch = 0.0

|Aug snow inch = 0.3

|Sep snow inch = 0.2

|Oct snow inch = 2.8

|Nov snow inch = 5.4

|Dec snow inch = 7.7

|year snow inch =

|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in

|Jan precipitation days = 6.5

|Feb precipitation days = 6.5

|Mar precipitation days = 6.9

|Apr precipitation days = 8.8

|May precipitation days = 11.2

|Jun precipitation days = 11.5

|Jul precipitation days = 7.5

|Aug precipitation days = 6.3

|Sep precipitation days = 5.8

|Oct precipitation days = 7.0

|Nov precipitation days = 6.5

|Dec precipitation days = 6.6

|unit snow days = 0.1 in

|Jan snow days = 5.6

|Feb snow days = 5.6

|Mar snow days = 3.7

|Apr snow days = 2.1

|May snow days = 0.2

|Jun snow days = 0.1

|Jul snow days = 0.0

|Aug snow days = 0.1

|Sep snow days = 0.0

|Oct snow days = 1.5

|Nov snow days = 4.0

|Dec snow days = 5.2

|source 1 = NOAA

{{cite web

|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USW00024144&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL

|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

|title = U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access

}}

Retrieved on August 22, 2022.

|source 2 = National Weather Service

{{cite web

|url = https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=tfx

|publisher = National Weather Service

|title = NOAA Online Weather Data

}}

Retrieved on August 22, 2022

}}

{{Weather box

|location = Billings (Köppen Dfa/BSk){{efn|Billings Logan International Airport), 1991-2020 normals, extremes 1934-present.}}

|single line = Yes

|collapsed = Yes

|width = auto

|Jan record high F = 68

|Feb record high F = 72

|Mar record high F = 80

|Apr record high F = 90

|May record high F = 96

|Jun record high F = 105

|Jul record high F = 108

|Aug record high F = 105

|Sep record high F = 103

|Oct record high F = 91

|Nov record high F = 77

|Dec record high F = 73

|Jan avg record high F = 56.3

|Feb avg record high F = 59.7

|Mar avg record high F = 70.1

|Apr avg record high F = 79.0

|May avg record high F = 85.8

|Jun avg record high F = 94.1

|Jul avg record high F = 99.9

|Aug avg record high F = 98.4

|Sep avg record high F = 93.0

|Oct avg record high F = 81.3

|Nov avg record high F = 67.3

|Dec avg record high F = 56.2

|year avg record high F = 101.1

|Jan high F = 36.0

|Feb high F = 39.2

|Mar high F = 49.0

|Apr high F = 56.9

|May high F = 66.9

|Jun high F = 77.0

|Jul high F = 87.3

|Aug high F = 85.8

|Sep high F = 74.3

|Oct high F = 58.8

|Nov high F = 45.7

|Dec high F = 36.1

|year high F =

|Jan mean F = 27.0

|Feb mean F = 29.4

|Mar mean F = 38.0

|Apr mean F = 45.8

|May mean F = 55.3

|Jun mean F = 64.7

|Jul mean F = 73.3

|Aug mean F = 71.6

|Sep mean F = 61.4

|Oct mean F = 47.9

|Nov mean F = 36.2

|Dec mean F = 27.6

|year mean F =

|Jan low F = 17.9

|Feb low F = 19.7

|Mar low F = 26.9

|Apr low F = 34.7

|May low F = 43.8

|Jun low F = 52.4

|Jul low F = 59.3

|Aug low F = 57.5

|Sep low F = 48.6

|Oct low F = 37.1

|Nov low F = 26.7

|Dec low F = 19.2

|year low F =

|Jan avg record low F = -7.4

|Feb avg record low F = -2.3

|Mar avg record low F = 5.9

|Apr avg record low F = 20.9

|May avg record low F = 30.6

|Jun avg record low F = 41.3

|Jul avg record low F = 50.6

|Aug avg record low F = 46.5

|Sep avg record low F = 35.1

|Oct avg record low F = 18.4

|Nov avg record low F = 4.5

|Dec avg record low F = -4.0

|year avg record low F = -15.7

|Jan record low F = -30

|Feb record low F = -38

|Mar record low F = -21

|Apr record low F = -5

|May record low F = 14

|Jun record low F = 32

|Jul record low F = 41

|Aug record low F = 35

|Sep record low F = 22

|Oct record low F = -7

|Nov record low F = -22

|Dec record low F = -32

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation inch = 0.55

|Feb precipitation inch = 0.57

|Mar precipitation inch = 0.90

|Apr precipitation inch = 1.72

|May precipitation inch = 2.36

|Jun precipitation inch = 2.22

|Jul precipitation inch = 1.22

|Aug precipitation inch = 0.87

|Sep precipitation inch = 1.36

|Oct precipitation inch = 1.37

|Nov precipitation inch = 0.60

|Dec precipitation inch = 0.57

|year precipitation inch = 14.31

|Jan snow inch = 10.6

|Feb snow inch = 9.1

|Mar snow inch = 8.2

|Apr snow inch = 7.5

|May snow inch = 0.9

|Jun snow inch = 0.0

|Jul snow inch = 0.0

|Aug snow inch = 0.0

|Sep snow inch = 0.3

|Oct snow inch = 4.5

|Nov snow inch = 6.5

|Dec snow inch = 9.8

|year snow inch =

|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in

|Jan precipitation days = 6.6

|Feb precipitation days = 6.9

|Mar precipitation days = 8.6

|Apr precipitation days = 10.4

|May precipitation days = 12.2

|Jun precipitation days = 11.2

|Jul precipitation days = 7.7

|Aug precipitation days = 6.0

|Sep precipitation days = 6.8

|Oct precipitation days = 8.2

|Nov precipitation days = 6.1

|Dec precipitation days = 6.2

|unit snow days = 0.1 in

|Jan snow days = 6.8

|Feb snow days = 7.0

|Mar snow days = 6.4

|Apr snow days = 4.2

|May snow days = 0.8

|Jun snow days = 0.0

|Jul snow days = 0.0

|Aug snow days = 0.0

|Sep snow days = 0.2

|Oct snow days = 2.5

|Nov snow days = 4.4

|Dec snow days = 6.5

|source 1 = NOAA

{{cite web

|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USW00024033&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL

|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

|title = U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access (Billings Logan Intl AP)

}}

Retrieved on August 28, 2022.

|source 2 = National Weather Service

{{cite web

|url = https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=byz

|publisher = National Weather Service

|title = NOAA Online Weather Data

}}

Retrieved on August 28, 2022

}}

{{Weather box

|location = Miles City (Köppen BSk){{efn|(Miles City Airport), 1991-2020 normals, extremes 1937-present}}

|single line = Yes

|collapsed = Yes

|width = auto

|Jan record high F = 72

|Feb record high F = 73

|Mar record high F = 83

|Apr record high F = 92

|May record high F = 100

|Jun record high F = 111

|Jul record high F = 110

|Aug record high F = 110

|Sep record high F = 106

|Oct record high F = 95

|Nov record high F = 81

|Dec record high F = 70

|Jan avg record high F = 52.0

|Feb avg record high F = 55.8

|Mar avg record high F = 71.1

|Apr avg record high F = 80.8

|May avg record high F = 87.3

|Jun avg record high F = 96.4

|Jul avg record high F = 102.6

|Aug avg record high F = 100.8

|Sep avg record high F = 96.3

|Oct avg record high F = 83.6

|Nov avg record high F = 67.5

|Dec avg record high F = 53.9

|year avg record high F = 104.1

|Jan high F = 30.1

|Feb high F = 34.7

|Mar high F = 46.8

|Apr high F = 58.1

|May high F = 68.1

|Jun high F = 78.6

|Jul high F = 88.7

|Aug high F = 87.4

|Sep high F = 75.6

|Oct high F = 59.0

|Nov high F = 44.3

|Dec high F = 33.1

|year high F =

|Jan mean F = 19.5

|Feb mean F = 23.6

|Mar mean F = 34.7

|Apr mean F = 45.5

|May mean F = 55.5

|Jun mean F = 65.6

|Jul mean F = 74.2

|Aug mean F = 72.5

|Sep mean F = 61.2

|Oct mean F = 46.4

|Nov mean F = 32.7

|Dec mean F = 22.4

|year mean F =

|Jan low F = 8.9

|Feb low F = 12.5

|Mar low F = 22.5

|Apr low F = 32.9

|May low F = 42.9

|Jun low F = 52.5

|Jul low F = 59.6

|Aug low F = 57.6

|Sep low F = 46.9

|Oct low F = 33.8

|Nov low F = 21.2

|Dec low F = 11.7

|year low F =

|Jan avg record low F = -16.9

|Feb avg record low F = -8.7

|Mar avg record low F = 1.2

|Apr avg record low F = 18.1

|May avg record low F = 29.5

|Jun avg record low F = 42.3

|Jul avg record low F = 50.6

|Aug avg record low F = 45.9

|Sep avg record low F = 32.8

|Oct avg record low F = 17.7

|Nov avg record low F = -0.3

|Dec avg record low F = -11.3

|year avg record low F = -23.8

|Jan record low F = -37

|Feb record low F = -37

|Mar record low F = -31

|Apr record low F = 2

|May record low F = 15

|Jun record low F = 32

|Jul record low F = 41

|Aug record low F = 35

|Sep record low F = 19

|Oct record low F = -8

|Nov record low F = -25

|Dec record low F = -38

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation inch = 0.28

|Feb precipitation inch = 0.26

|Mar precipitation inch = 0.55

|Apr precipitation inch = 1.54

|May precipitation inch = 2.73

|Jun precipitation inch = 2.51

|Jul precipitation inch = 1.51

|Aug precipitation inch = 0.91

|Sep precipitation inch = 1.07

|Oct precipitation inch = 0.97

|Nov precipitation inch = 0.33

|Dec precipitation inch = 0.22

|year precipitation inch =

|Jan snow inch = 5.8

|Feb snow inch = 3.7

|Mar snow inch = 4.3

|Apr snow inch = 4.1

|May snow inch = 1.4

|Jun snow inch = 0.0

|Jul snow inch = 0.0

|Aug snow inch = 0.0

|Sep snow inch = 0.3

|Oct snow inch = 1.0

|Nov snow inch = 4.5

|Dec snow inch = 4.4

|year snow inch =

|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in

|Jan precipitation days = 5.1

|Feb precipitation days = 5.1

|Mar precipitation days = 6.3

|Apr precipitation days = 8.8

|May precipitation days = 12.0

|Jun precipitation days = 11.1

|Jul precipitation days = 8.0

|Aug precipitation days = 6.5

|Sep precipitation days = 6.5

|Oct precipitation days = 7.6

|Nov precipitation days = 5.4

|Dec precipitation days = 4.3

|unit snow days = 0.1 in

|Jan snow days = 5.0

|Feb snow days = 4.0

|Mar snow days = 4.0

|Apr snow days = 1.7

|May snow days = 0.6

|Jun snow days = 0.0

|Jul snow days = 0.0

|Aug snow days = 0.0

|Sep snow days = 0.3

|Oct snow days = 0.7

|Nov snow days = 3.7

|Dec snow days = 5.1

|source 1 = National Weather Service

{{cite web

|url = https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=byz

|publisher = National Weather Service

|title = NOAA Online Weather Data

}}

Retrieved on August 27, 2022.

|source 2 = NOAA (average snowfall/snowy days 1981-2010)

{{cite web

|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USW00024037&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL

|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

|title = U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access (1991-2020)

}}

{{cite web

|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly&stations=USW00024037&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL

|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

|title = U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access (1981-2010)

}}

}}

Montana is one of only two contiguous states (along with Colorado) that are antipodal to land. The Kerguelen Islands are antipodal to the Montana–Saskatchewan–Alberta border. No towns are precisely antipodal to Kerguelen, though Chester and Rudyard are close.{{sfn|Peakbagger|2012}}

{{See also|List of cities and towns in Montana|List of counties in Montana}}

File:Missoula Skyline.png

Montana has 56 counties and a total of 364 "places" as defined by the United States Census Bureau; the latter comprising 129 incorporated places and 235 census-designated places. The incorporated places are made up of 52 cities, 75 towns, and two consolidated city-counties.{{sfn|Census Bureau|2012}}

Montana has one city, Billings, with a population over 100,000; and three cities with populations over 50,000: Missoula, Great Falls and Bozeman. The state also has five Micropolitan Statistical Areas, centered on Bozeman, Butte, Helena, Kalispell and Havre.{{sfn|Core Based Statistical Area|2010}}

Collectively all of these areas (excluding Havre) are known informally as the "big seven", as they are consistently the seven largest communities in the state (their rank order in terms of population is Billings, Missoula, Great Falls, Bozeman, Butte, Helena and Kalispell, according to the 2010 U.S. Census).{{sfn|KRTV|2010}} Based on 2013 census numbers, they contain 35 percent of Montana's population,{{sfn|Montana Setting|2013}} and the counties in which they are located are home to 62 percent of the state's population.{{sfn|Swanson|2004}}

The geographic center of population of Montana is in sparsely populated Meagher County, in the town of White Sulphur Springs.

• Regional designations of Montana
• Ecological systems of Montana
• List of mountain ranges in Montana
• List of forests in Montana
• Geography of Alberta
• Geography of Idaho

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin|2}}

• {{cite book |last1=Aarstad |first1=Rich |last2=Arguimbau |first2=Ellen |last3=Baumler |first3=Ellen |last4=Porsild |first4=Charlene |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=08rAI9NEbcYC&pg=PA58 |title=Montana Place Names From Alzada to Zortman |year=2009 |publisher=Montana Historical Society Press |location=Helena, MT |isbn=978-0-9759196-1-3 }}
• {{cite book |last=Anderson |first=Donald |url=https://archive.org/details/gatheringnoisefr0000ande |url-access=registration |title=Gathering Noise From My Life: A Camouflaged Memoir |year=2012 |publisher=University of Iowa Press |location=Iowa City, IA |isbn=978-1-60938-111-0 }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Animal Range and Sciences|2013}} |url=http://www.animalrangeextension.montana.edu/articles/forage/MIPMH-chptr-1.htm#Temperature |title=Climate in Montana |publisher=Animal Range and Sciences Extension Service, Montana State University |access-date=April 5, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206050740/http://www.animalrangeextension.montana.edu/articles/forage/MIPMH-chptr-1.htm#Temperature |archive-date=February 6, 2012 }}
• {{citation |last=Archibald |first=J. David |contribution=I. Extinction, Cretaceous |editor-last=Currie |editor-first=Philip J. |editor2-last=Padian |editor2-first=Kevin |title=Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs |pages=221–230 |publisher=Academic Press |location=San Diego, Calif. |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-12-226810-6}}
• {{cite news |last=Backus |first=Perry |url=http://missoulian.com/news/article_8923be73-e363-5cf5-92c0-e44b26f643f8.html |work=The Missoulian |title=Beetles Shaping Montana's Forest Lands |date=July 31, 2005 |access-date=April 6, 2013 }}
• {{cite news |last=Backus |first=Perry |url=http://missoulian.com/news/state-and-regional/forest-service-finds-varied-beetle-activity/article_a413835e-1500-5319-8a5d-1f456d92fcd5.html |newspaper=The Missoulan |title=Forest Service Finds Varied Beetle Activity |date=February 14, 2007 |access-date=March 30, 2013 }}
• {{cite book |last=Ballard |first=Jack |title=Elk Hunting Montana: Finding Success on the Best Public Lands |publisher=Lyons Press |location=Guildford, Conn. |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-59921-154-1}}
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• {{cite book |last=Burger |first=H. Robert |chapter=General Geology and Tectonic Settong of the Tobacco Root Mountains. Special Paper 377. |title=Precambrian Geology of the Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana |editor=John Brady |editor2=Charles J. Vitaliano |editor3=William S. Cordua |pages=1–14 |publisher=Geological Society of America |location=Boulder, Colo. |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8137-2377-8}}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Canadian Council for Geographic Education|2013}} |title=Saskatchewan River-From Glaciers to Grasslands |publisher=Canadian Council for Geographic Education |url=http://www.ccge.org/resources/rivers_of_canada/saskatchewan_river/default.asp |access-date=March 30, 2013 |archive-date=March 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317090502/http://www.ccge.org/resources/rivers_of_canada/saskatchewan_river/default.asp |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Census Bureau|2012}} |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/guidestloc/st30_mt.html |title=Montana |publisher=Census Bureau |date=October 18, 2012 |access-date=April 23, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412050205/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/guidestloc/st30_mt.html |archive-date=April 12, 2013 }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Climate Information|2007}} |url=http://montanakids.com/facts_and_figures/climate/Climate_Information.htm |title=Climate Information |publisher=Montana Department of Tourism |year=2007 |access-date=May 10, 2013 }}
• {{cite book |last=Cooper |first=Ed |title=Soul of the Rockies-Portrait of America's Largest Mountain Range |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |location=Guilford, CT |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7627-4941-6}}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Core Based Statistical Area|2010}} |url=http://ceic.commerce.mt.gov/CBSA_Montana.pdf |title=Montana Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSA) Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas |publisher=Montana Department of Commerce-Census and Economic Information Center |archive-date=August 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826124200/http://ceic.commerce.mt.gov/CBSA_Montana.pdf |access-date=April 10, 2013 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Bill |title=Montana Wildlands: From Northwest Peaks to Deadhorse Badlands |place=Helena, Mont. |publisher=Farcountry Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-938314-93-6}}
• {{cite book |last=Diamond |first=Jared |title=Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-670-03337-9 |title-link=Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed}}
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• {{cite book |last=Enright |first=Kelly |title=America's Natural Places: Rocky Mountains and Great Plains |publisher=Greenwood Press/ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-313-35314-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/americasnaturalp00enri }}
• {{cite book |last=Finnerty |first=Jim |title=A Pleasant Stroll to Everest |publisher=Xlibris Corp. |location=Bloomington, Ind. |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4628-4928-4}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}
• {{cite book |last1=Fischer |first1=Hank |last2=Fischer |first2=Carol |title=Paddling Montana |publisher=FalconGuides |location=Guildford, CT |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7627-4352-0}}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Fish and Wildlife Service|2001}} |url=http://library.fws.gov/Wetlands/upperyellowstone_01.pdf |title=Upper Yellowstone River Mapping Project |publisher=United States Fish and Wildlife Service |date=July 2001 |access-date=March 30, 2013 |archive-date=March 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309184038/http://library.fws.gov/Wetlands/upperyellowstone_01.pdf |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Fish and Wildlife Service|2013}} |url=http://www.fws.gov/montanafieldoffice/Endangered_Species/Listed_Species/TEClist.pdf |title=Threatened, Endangered and Candidate Species in Montana-Endangered Species Act |date=February 2013 |publisher=United States Fish and Wildlife Service |access-date=April 5, 2013 |archive-date=June 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602132427/http://www.fws.gov/montanafieldoffice/Endangered_Species/Listed_Species/TEClist.pdf |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite book |last=Fisher |first=Cassius A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ELcPAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA11 |title=Geology and Water Resources of the Great Falls Region, Montana. Water-Supply Paper No. 221 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |location=Washington, D.C. |year=1908 }}
• {{cite book |last1=Fletcher |first1=Robert H. |last2=Bradshaw |first2=Glenda Clay |last3=Axline |first3=Jon |last4=Shope |first4=Irvin |title=Montana's Historical Highway Markers |publisher=Montana Historical Society |location=Helena, Mont. |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-917298-31-8}}
• {{cite book |last1=Florence |first1=Mason |last2=Nystrom |first2=Andrew Dean |last3=Gierlich |first3=Marisa |title=Rocky Mountain States |publisher=Lonely Planet |location=London |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-86450-327-2}}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Fort Peck Dam|2013}} |url=http://www.fortpeckdam.com/historypages/?p=19 |title=Fort Peck Today |publisher=Fort Peck |access-date=April 3, 2013 }}
• {{Citation |ref={{sfnRef|Geographical Dictionary Of The World|1900}} |contribution=Clark's (Clarke's) River, Flathead River |year=1900 |title=Geographical Dictionary Of The World In The Early 20th Century With Pronouncing Gazetteer |editor-last=Heilprin |editor-first=Angelo |editor2-last=Heilprin |editor2-first=Louis |volume=1, A to L |page=423 |place=Philadelphia, Pa. |publisher=J. B. Lippincott}}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Geological Survey—search|2013}} |url=http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=132:2:3180740718544768::::::YES |title=USGS Geonames Search Result-Montana+Stream |publisher=United States Geological Survey |access-date=March 30, 2013 }}
• {{cite book |last1=Graetz |first1=Rick |last2=Clemenz |first2=Bob |title=Beautiful Montana |year=1984 |publisher=Beautiful America Publishing |location=Wilsonville, OR |isbn=978-0-915796-25-0}}
• {{cite book |ref={{sfnRef|Hellmann|2013}} |last=Hellman |first=Paul T. |title=Historical Gazetteer of the United States |publisher=Routledge |location=Florence, Ky. |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-135-94859-7}}
• {{cite web |last1=Horvitz |first1=Andrew H. |last2=Stephens |first2=Scott |last3=Helfert |first3=Michael |last4=Goodge |first4=Grant |last5=Redmond |first5=Kelly T. |last6=Pomeroy |first6=Ken |last7=Purdy |first7=Ed |url=http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/54387.pdf |title=A National Temperature Record at Loma, Montana |year=2002 |publisher=American Meteorological Society |access-date=April 6, 2013 }}
• {{cite book |last=Huser |first=Verne |title=On the River With Lewis and Clark |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |location=College Station, Tex. |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-58544-320-8}}
• {{cite book |last1=Jewell |first1=Judy |last2=McRae |first2=Bill |title=Moon Montana |publisher=Avalon Travel |location=Berkeley, Calif. |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-61238-262-3}}
• {{cite book |last1=Kaush |first1=Arha |last2=Thompson |first2=Barton H. Jr. |title=The Endangered Species Act and Federalism: Effective Conservation Through Greater State Commitment |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-58592-042-6 |edition=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JlEdmskDaHkC&pg=PA258 }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|KRTV|2010}} |url=http://www.krtv.com/news/census-2010-20-largest-montana-cities-counties/ |title=Census 2010–20 Largest Montana Cities, Counties |publisher=KRTV |date=December 21, 2010 |access-date=April 30, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529074142/http://www.krtv.com/news/census-2010-20-largest-montana-cities-counties/ |archive-date=May 29, 2013 }}
• {{cite web |last1=Kudray |first1=Gregory M. |last2=Cooper |first2=Steven V. |url=https://archive.org/download/04DE1BD2-FCE9-4FA6-A6D7-5B177B6B2F82/04DE1BD2-FCE9-4FA6-A6D7-5B177B6B2F82.pdf |title=Montana's Rocky Mountain Front: Vegetation Map and Type Descriptions. Report to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service |publisher=Montana Natural Heritage Program |location=Helena, MT |year=2006 |access-date=July 29, 2013 }}
• {{cite web |last1=Madej |first1=Ed |last2=Jones |first2=Cedron |title=Mountain Ranges of Montana |url=http://nris.mt.gov/MontanaFacts/mtnRanges.pdf |publisher=Montana State Library |website=Natural Resource Information System |date=September 14, 2007 |access-date=March 30, 2013 |archive-date=May 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515191757/http://nris.mt.gov/montanafacts/mtnRanges.pdf |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite book |last1=Malone |first1=Michael P. |last2=Roeder |first2=Richard B. |last3=Lang |first3=William L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-P59FkOPg0C&pg=PP1 |title=Montana: A History of Two Centuries |year=1991 |publisher=University of Washington Press |location=Seattle |isbn=978-0-295-97120-9 }}
• {{cite book |last=Matzko |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxE28XK56O0C |title=Reconstructing Fort Union |year=2001 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |location=Lincoln, NE |isbn=978-0-8032-3216-7 }}
• {{cite news |last=McKee |first=Jennifer |url=http://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/montana/um-climate-expert-says-triple-digit-julys-will-be-norm/article_6944a7e5-6d83-5871-9d10-3086c8978853.html |work=Billings Gazette |title=UM Climate Expert Says Triple-digit Julys Will Be Norm |date=August 27, 2007 |access-date=April 6, 2013 }}
• {{cite book |last=Merrill-Maker |first=Andrea |title=Montana Almanac-The First, Best Source for Information About Big Sky Country |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |location=Guildford, CT |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7627-3655-3 |chapter=Natural Treasures}}
• {{cite news |ref={{sfnRef|Mining and Scientific Press|1899}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6JQ5AQAAMAAJ |title=Cyaniding at Gilt Edge, Montana |newspaper=Mining and Scientific Press |date=October 7, 1899 |access-date=August 1, 2013 }}
• {{cite book |last1=Moody |first1=David W. |last2=Chase |first2=Edith B. |last3=Aronson |first3=David A. |title=National Water Summary—1985: Hydrologic Events and Surface-Water Resources. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2300 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |year=1986 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-ZCGdqvy-4C&pg=PA310 }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Montana Audubon|2008}} |url=http://mtaudubon.org/birds/list.html |title=Montana Official State Bird List |publisher=Montana Audubon |year=2008 |access-date=April 4, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725050249/http://mtaudubon.org/birds/list.html |archive-date=July 25, 2011 }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Montana Field Guide-Amphibians|2013}} |url=http://fieldguide.mt.gov/displayFamily.aspx?class=Amphibia |title=Montana Field Guide-Amphibians |publisher=Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks |access-date=April 3, 2013 }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Montana Field Guide-Fish|2013}} |url=http://fieldguide.mt.gov/displayOrders.aspx?class=Actinopterygii |title=Montana Field Guide-Fish |publisher=Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks |access-date=April 3, 2013 }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Montana Field Guide-Lichens|2013}} |url=http://fieldguide.mt.gov/displayClasses.aspx?Kingdom=Fungi |title=Montana Field Guide-Lichens |publisher=Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks |access-date=April 3, 2013 }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Montana Field Guide-Mammals|2013}} |url=http://fieldguide.mt.gov/displayOrders.aspx?class=Mammalia |title=Montana Field Guide-Mammals |publisher=Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks |access-date=April 3, 2013 }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Montana Field Guide-Reptiles|2013}} |url=http://fieldguide.mt.gov/displayFamily.aspx?class=Reptilia |title=Montana Field Guide-Reptiles |publisher=Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks |access-date=April 3, 2013 }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Montana Fishing Regulations|2013}} |url=http://fwp.mt.gov/fwpDoc.html?id=58340 |title=Montana Fishing Regulations |publisher=Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks |year=2013 |access-date=April 5, 2013 |archive-date=April 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430065857/http://fwp.mt.gov/fwpDoc.html?id=58340 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Montana Hunting Season|2013}} |url=http://fwp.mt.gov/hunting/seasons/ |title=Hunting-Season Dates |publisher=Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks |access-date=April 5, 2013 |archive-date=March 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328142625/http://fwp.mt.gov/hunting/seasons/ |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Montana Interagency Access Council|2001}} |url=http://www.envirothon.org/files/MT_Access_Guide.pdf |title=Montana Access Guide to State and Federal Lands |publisher=Montana Interagency Access Council |date=August 1, 2001 |access-date=April 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019061954/http://www.envirothon.org/files/MT_Access_Guide.pdf |archive-date=October 19, 2013 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Montana Office of Tourism—FAQ|2013}} |url=http://visitmt.com/searchhelp/questions.htm |publisher=Montana Office of Tourism |title=FAQ |access-date=April 5, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701200007/http://www.visitmt.com/searchhelp/questions.htm |archive-date=July 1, 2013 }}
• {{cite journal |ref={{sfnRef|Montana Outdoors|2002}} |last=French |first=Brett |journal=Montana Outdoors |title=A Good Time in Montana's Badlands |url=http://fwp.mt.gov/mtoutdoors/HTML/articles/2003/makoshika.htm |date=March–April 2002 |access-date=April 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423075736/http://fwp.mt.gov/mtoutdoors/HTML/articles/2003/makoshika.htm |archive-date=April 23, 2013 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Montana Setting|2013}} |url=http://mhs.mt.gov/education/studentguide/Setting.asp |title=Setting |publisher=Historical Society |access-date=April 23, 2013 |archive-date=February 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228155727/http://mhs.mt.gov/education/studentguide/Setting.asp |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Montana State Library|2013}} |url=http://nris.mt.gov/gis/gisdatalib/downloads/mtrange.pdf |title=Montana Mountain Ranges |publisher=Montana State Library |website=Natural Resource Information System |access-date=March 30, 2013 }}
• {{cite book |last1=Naiman |first1=Robert J. |last2=Décamps |first2=Henri |last3=McClain |first3=Michael E. |title=Riparia: Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Streamside Communities |year=2005 |publisher=Elsevier Academic |location=Boston |isbn=978-0-12-663315-3}}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|National Atlas|2013}} |url=http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/geology/a_continentalDiv.html#one |title=Continental Divides in North Dakota and North America |publisher=National Atlas, Department of the Interior |date=January 14, 2013 |access-date=April 2, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513163803/http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/geology/a_continentalDiv.html#one |archive-date=May 13, 2008 }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|National Climate Data Center|2007}} |url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/2007/jul/jul07.html |website=National Climatic Data Center |title=Climate of 2007—July in Historical Perspective |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |date=August 15, 2007 |access-date=April 6, 2013 }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|National Park Service|2013}} |title=Montana |publisher=National Park Service |url=http://www.nps.gov/state/mt/index.htm |date=March 15, 2013 |access-date=March 30, 2013 }}
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• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Paddling Montana|2000}} |url=http://visitmt.com/visitor_services/falcon/Paddling32_Yellowstone_River_final.htm |title=Paddling Montana: Yellowstone River ~~ Excerpted from Paddling Montana by Hank Fisher |publisher=Montana Office of Tourism |year=2011 |access-date=April 1, 2013 |archive-date=March 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314041724/http://visitmt.com/visitor_services/falcon/Paddling32_Yellowstone_River_final.htm |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite book |last=Palmer |first=Tim |title=America By Rivers |publisher=Island Press |location=Washington, D.C. |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-59726-912-4}}
• {{cite book |last=Parry |first=Ellis Roberts |title=Montana Dateline |publisher=TwoDot Press |location=Guilford, Conn. |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-56044-956-0}}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Peakbagger|2012}} |url=http://www.peakbagger.com/pbgeog/worldrev.aspx |title=Antipodes: The Other Side of the World |publisher=Peakbagger |access-date=April 10, 2013 }}
• {{cite book |last=Peterson |first=Eric |title=Frommer's Montana and Wyoming |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Hoboken, N.J. |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-470-59150-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780470591505 }}
• {{cite book |ref={{sfnRef|Robbins, C.|2008}} |last=Robbins |first=Chuck |title=Great Places Montana: A Recreational Guide to Montana's Public Lands and Historic Places for Birding, Hiking, Photography, Fishing, Hunting, and Camping |place=Belgrade, MT |publisher=Wilderness Adventures Press |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GmogM1jmMqkC&pg=PA11 |isbn=978-1-932098-59-4 }}
• {{cite book |last=Ross |first=Clyde P. |title=Geology of Glacier National Park and the Flathead Region, Northwestern Montana. Geological Survey Professional Paper 296 |year=1959 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C.}}
• {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WBUjAQAAIAAJ |last=Soil Conservation Service |title=Soil Survey (Reconnaissance): Central Montana. Series 1940, No. 9 |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture |location=Washington, D.C. |date=February 1953 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Spracklen |first1=D. V. |last2=Mickley |first2=L. J. |last3=Logan |first3=J. A |last4=Hudman |first4=R. C. |last5=Yevich |first5=R. |last6=Flannigan |first6=M. D. |last7=Westerling |first7=A. L. |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |date=October 27, 2009 |volume=114 |issue=D20 |title=Impacts of Climate Change From 2000 to 2050 on Wildfire Activity and Carbonaceous Aerosol Concentrations in the Western United States |pages=D20301 |url=http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/publications/spracklen_2008.pdf |doi=10.1029/2008JD010966 |bibcode=2009JGRD..11420301S |doi-access=free }}
• {{cite web |last=Swanson |first=Larry |url=http://fwp.mt.gov/doingBusiness/reference/montanaChallenge/reports/economics.html |title=Economics |date=December 2004 |publisher=Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks |access-date=April 30, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429120523/http://fwp.mt.gov/doingBusiness/reference/montanaChallenge/reports/economics.html |archive-date=April 29, 2013 }}
• {{cite book |last=Temple |first=Robert D. |title=Edge Effects: The Border-Name Places |publisher=iUniverse |location=New York |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-595-50433-6}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}
• {{cite book |last=Therriault |first=Ednor |title=Montana Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff |publisher=Globe Pequot Press |location=Guildford, CT |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7627-6572-0}}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|United States Geological Survey|2012}} |title=Glacier Monitoring Research |website=Monitoring and Assessing Glacier Changes and Their Associated Hydrologic and Ecologic Effects in Glacier National Park |publisher=United States Geological Survey |url=http://www.nrmsc.usgs.gov/research/glaciers.htm |access-date=April 6, 2013 |archive-date=February 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218164617/http://www.nrmsc.usgs.gov/research/glaciers.htm |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite book |last=United States Forest Service |title=Final Environmental Impact Statement: Little Belt, Castle, and North Half Crazy Mountains Travel Management Plan |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior |location=Washington, D.C. |year=2007}}
• {{cite book |last=Vasapolli |first=Salvatore |title=Montana |publisher=Graphic Arts Center Pub. |location=Portland, Ore. |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-55868-696-0}}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Waterbody Report-Bighorn River|2013}} |url=http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1074636461629 |title=Detailed Waterbody Report-Bighorn River |publisher=Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks |access-date=April 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329071422/http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1074636461629 |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Waterbody Report-Boulder River|2013}} |url=http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1099233458529 |title=Detailed Waterbody Report-Boulder River |publisher=Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks |access-date=April 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329071443/http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1099233458529 |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Waterbody Report-Clark Fork River|2013}} |url=http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1162072481455 |title=Detailed Waterbody Report-Clark Fork River |publisher=Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks |access-date=March 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329031746/http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1162072481455 |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Waterbody Report-Clarks Fork Yellowstone River|2013}} |url=http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1087068456592 |title=Detailed Waterbody Report-Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone |publisher=Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks |access-date=April 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329071526/http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1087068456592 |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Waterbody Report-Judith River|2013}} |url=http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1096445477364 |title=Detailed Waterbody Report-Judith River |publisher=Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks |access-date=April 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210121441/http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1096445477364 |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Waterbody Report-Kootenai River|2013}} |url=http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1165027489999 |title=Detailed Waterbody Report-Kootenai River |publisher=Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks |access-date=March 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210101847/http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1165027489999 |archive-date=February 10, 2014 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Waterbody Report-Marias River|2013}} |url=http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1104910479289 |title=Detailed Waterbody Report-Marias River |publisher=Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks |access-date=April 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329083444/http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1104910479289 |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Waterbody Report-Milk River|2013}} |url=http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1063176480558 |title=Detailed Waterbody Report-Milk River |publisher=Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks |access-date=April 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329071559/http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1063176480558 |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Waterbody Report-Musselshell River|2013}} |url=http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1078992474520 |title=Detailed Waterbody Report-Musselshell River |publisher=Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks |access-date=April 2, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329084146/http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1078992474520 |archive-date=March 29, 2013 }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Waterbody Report-Powder River|2013}} |url=http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1054362467419 |title=Detailed Waterbody Report-Powder River |publisher=Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks |access-date=April 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329071716/http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1054362467419 |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Waterbody Report-Smith River|2013}} |url=http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1114790474133 |title=Detailed Waterbody Report-Smith River |publisher=Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks |access-date=April 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329083809/http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1114790474133 |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Waterbody Report-Stillwater River|2013}} |url=http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1092800456391 |title=Detailed Waterbody Report-Stillwater River |publisher=Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks |access-date=April 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329071405/http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1092800456391 |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Waterbody Report-Tongue River|2013}} |url=http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1058677464097 |title=Detailed Waterbody Report-Tongue River |publisher=Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks |access-date=April 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329084521/http://fwp.mt.gov/fishing/guide/waterbodyDetail.html?llid=1058677464097 |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Western Regional Climate Center|2013}} |url=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/MONTANA.htm |title=Climate of Montana |publisher=Desert Research Institute, Western Regional Climate Center |access-date=April 5, 2013 |archive-date=September 26, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926034054/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/MONTANA.htm |url-status=dead }}

{{refend}}

Category:Geography of Montana