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Hadharem

{{Short description|Ethnic division of Arabs}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}

{{Infobox ethnic group

| group = Hadharem

| native_name = {{lang|ar|الحضارم}}

| native_name_lang = ar

| image = Map of Hadhrami emigrations.svg

| image_caption = Map of Hadhramaut and their diaspora regions

| popplace = Arabian Peninsula, East Africa, Southeast Asia

| regions = {{plainlist|

  • {{flag|Yemen}} (mainland)
  • {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
  • {{flag|Oman}}
  • {{flag|Kuwait}}
  • {{Flag|UAE}}
  • {{flag|Indonesia}}
  • {{flag|Malaysia}}
  • {{flag|Singapore}}
  • {{flag|Sudan}}
  • {{flag|Somalia}}
  • {{flag|Kenya}}
  • {{flag|Comoros}}
  • {{flag|Tanzania}} (Zanzibar)
  • {{flag|India}}
  • {{flag|United States}}
  • {{flag|United Kingdom}}

}}

| region1 = {{flag|Yemen}}

| langs = Hadhrami Arabic, historically Hadramautic

| rels = Sunni Islam, mainly Shafi'i

| related = Other Arabs, other Old South Arabian-speaking peoples, Lembas, Chaush, Sri Lankan Moors, Sodagar, Konkani Muslims, Nawayath, Malabar Muslims, Surti Sunni Vohras, Artega, Arab Indonesians

}}

The Hadharem ({{langx|ar|حضارم|ḥaḍārim}}; singular: Hadhrami, {{langx|ar|حضرمي|ḥaḍramī}}) are an Arabic-speaking ethnographic group indigenous to the Hadhramaut region in the Arabian Peninsula, which is part of modern-day Yemen. The spoken language of the Hadharem is Hadhrami Arabic.{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Victoria R. |title=Indigenous Peoples |publisher=ABC-CLIO |date=24 February 2024 |pages=411–413}} Among the two million inhabitants of Hadhramaut, there are about 1,300 distinct tribes.{{Cite web |last=Alghoul |first=Diana |date=2015 |title=Yemen's unnoticed but crucial province |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20150501-yemens-unnoticed-but-crucial-province/ |access-date=17 March 2024 |website=middleeastmonitor.com}}

Society

File:Flag of the Hadhramaut region.svg]]

File:Flag of Hadhramaut.svg" during the National Dialogue Conference in May 2013 to represent Hadramout Region as part of the federalization of Yemen.]]

Hadhramaut was under Muslim rule and converted to the faith during the time of Prophet Muhammad.{{Cite book |title=Area Handbook for the Peripheral States of the Arabian Peninsula |publisher=Stanford Research Institute |year=1971 |pages=11}} A religious leader from Iraq introduced the Hadharem to Ibadi Islam in the mid-eighth century until in 951 AD when Sunnis took Hadhramaut and put it under their domain. To this day the Hadharem follow Sunni Islam, specifically the Shafi'i school. Hadharem women have had more freedom and education than women in many other Arab countries.

= Social hierarchy =

{{excerpt|Hadhramaut#Demographics}}

Language

The Hadharem speak Hadhrami Arabic, a dialect of Arabic, although Hadharem living in the diaspora that have acculturated mainly speak the local language of the region they live in.{{Cite book |last=Al Kharusi |first=Aisha Sahar Waheed |title=Arab Worlds Beyond the Middle East and North Africa |publisher=Lexington Books |date=17 June 2021 |pages=86}}

Diaspora

File:Hadhrami immigrants at Surabaya 1920s.jpg, 1920]]

File:Hadhrami Arab neighborhood, Surabaya 1880.jpg

File:Hadharim of Palembang.jpg, 22 February 1937]]

The Hadharem have a long seafaring and trading tradition that predates Semitic cultures. Hadramite influence was later overshadowed by the rise of the Sabaeans, who became the ruling class. This prompted Hadhrami families to emigrate in large numbers around the Indian Ocean basin, including the Horn of Africa, the Swahili Coast, the Malabar Coast, Hyderabad in South India, Sri Lanka, and Maritime Southeast Asia.{{Cite book |last=Ho |first=Engseng |title=The graves of Tarim: Genealogy and mobility across the Indian Ocean |publisher=University of California Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780520244535 |oclc=123768411}} In the mid 1930s the Hadhrami Diaspora numbered at 110,000, amounting to a third of the total Hadhrami population.{{Cite book |last=Freitag, Smith |first=Ulrike, William Clarence |title=Hadhrami Traders, Scholars and Statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s-1960s |publisher=Brill |year=1997 |pages=5}}

= Hadharem in the Arabian Peninsula =

Hadharami communities exist in western Yemen, the trading ports of the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, and on the coast of the Red Sea. The money changers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia have historically been of Hadhrami origin.{{Cite book |last=Seznec |first=Jean-François |title=The financial markets of the Arabian Gulf |publisher=Croom Helm |year=1987 |isbn=9780709954040 |oclc=18558231}}

=Hadhrami East Africans=

The Hadharem have long had a presence in the Horn of Africa (Djibouti, Ethiopia and Somalia), and also comprise a notable part of the Harari population. Hadhrami settlers were instrumental in helping to consolidate the Muslim community in the coastal Benadir province of Somalia, in particular.{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JytqAAAAMAAJ |title=The Benaadir Past: Essays in Southern Somali History |publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison |year=1973 |pages=24 |language=en}} During the colonial period, disgruntled Hadharem from the tribal wars settled in various Somali towns.{{Cite book |last=Gavin |first=R. J. |url=https://archive.org/details/adenunderbritish0000gavi/page/198 |title=Aden under British rule, 1839–1967 |publisher=Hurst |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-903983-14-3 |location=London, UK |page=[https://archive.org/details/adenunderbritish0000gavi/page/198 198]}} They were also frequently recruited into the armies of the Somali Sultanates.{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/somaliacountryst00metz/page/10 |title=Somalia: A country study |publisher=The Division |year=1993 |isbn=9780844407753 |editor-last=Metz |editor-first=Helen Chapin |editor-link=Helen Chapin Metz |edition=4th |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/somaliacountryst00metz/page/10 10] |lccn=93016246 |oclc=27642849 |url-access=registration}}

Some Hadhrami communities also reportedly exist in Mozambique, Comoros, and Madagascar.{{Cite book |last=Le Guennec |first=Francoise |title=Hadhrami Traders, Scholars and Statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s to 1960s |publisher=BRILL |year=1997 |isbn=978-9004107717 |editor-last=Freitag |editor-first=Ulrike |pages=165 |language=en |chapter=Changing Patterns of Hadrahmi Migration and Social Integration in East Africa |editor-last2=Clarence-Smith |editor-first2=William G. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gBTbS4eNGp8C&pg=PA165}}

=Hadhrami Jews=

File:Hadhrami Jewish Men (cropped).jpg attire]]

The vast majority of the Hadhrami Jews now live in Israel.{{Cite web |last=Katz |first=Joseph |title=The Jewish Kingdoms of Arabia |url=http://www.eretzyisroel.org/~jkatz/arabia.html |access-date=2017-06-25 |website=www.eretzyisroel.org}}

= List of Hadhrami Diaspora =

Notable people

{{div col|colwidth=22em|rules=yes|gap=4em|small=no|content=}}

=Yemen=

=Swahili Coast=

=North Africa=

=Horn of Africa=

=Indonesia=

=East Timor=

=Malaysia=

=Singapore=

The Hadharem presence in Singapore came from encouragement of Stamford Raffles to trade in his newly established colony of Singapore.{{cite news |work=Arab News |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1342016/world |date=20 July 2018 |title=Singapore's Arab community traces ancestral roots to Yemen's Hadhramaut Valley |first=Joanna |last=Tan |access-date=11 December 2023}}

=South Asia=

=Qatar=

  • Bawazir family chromeextension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://sunypress.edu/content/download/450918/5482403/version/1/file/9780791452172_imported2_excerpt.pdf{{Citation |title=The Hadhrami Diaspora in Southeast Asia: Identity Maintenance or Assimilation? |date=2009-02-15 |url=https://brill.com/edcollbook/title/15216 |work=The Hadhrami Diaspora in Southeast Asia |access-date=2023-12-14 |publisher=Brill |language=en |isbn=978-90-474-2578-6}}{{Cite web |date=2013-08-25 |title=Converging cultures: The Hadrami diaspora in the Indian Ocean - COMPAS |url=https://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/project/converging-cultures-hadrami-diaspora-indian-ocean/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=COMPAS - Migration research at the University of Oxford}}
  • Bayazid family
  • Bin Hilabi family
  • Bahantoush Al-Kindi family
  • Abu Futtaim family
  • Belgaith family
  • Bakhamees family
  • Al Attas family
  • Al Kathiri family
  • Baharoon family https://sunypress.edu/content/download/450918/5482403/version/1/file/9780791452172_imported2_excerpt.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}
  • Bin Shahbal family
  • Al Jeenadi/Junaidi
  • Al Amoodi

=Saudi Arabia=

=United Kingdom=

{{end div col}}

See also

References

{{reflist|refs=

  • {{Source-attribution|{{Cite book |last=India Office |url=https://archive.org/details/20201031_20201031_1145/page/727/mode/2up |title=Gazetteer of Arabia Vol. I (Qatar Digital Library) |date=1917 |pages=727–729}}|pl=n|inline=y}}

}}

Further reading

  • {{Cite book|title=Southeast Asia and the Middle East: Islam, Movement, and the Longue Durée|last=Abaza|first=Mona|publisher=NUS Press|year=2009|isbn=9789971694241|editor-last=Tagliacozzo|editor-first=Eric|pages=250–274|language=en|chapter=M. Asad Shahab: A Portrait of an Indonesian Hadrami Who Bridged the Two Worlds|oclc=260294282|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S3nlvRJyjUEC&pg=PA250}}
  • {{Cite book|title=The Hadhrami diaspora in Southeast Asia: Identity maintenance or assimilation?|publisher=Brill|year=2009|isbn=9789004172319|editor-last=Abushouk|editor-first=Ahmed Ibrahim|issn=1385-3376|oclc=568619869|editor-last2=Ibrahim|editor-first2=Hassan Ahmed}}
  • AHMED BIN SALAM BAHIYAL who came from hadramaut to MAHABUBNAGAR (HYDERABAD) INDIA, 1821
  • {{Cite book|title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times|last=Ali|first=Shanti Sadiq|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=1996|isbn=9788125004851|pages=193–202|language=en|chapter=Chapter 9: The Importation of Arabs and Africans into Hyderabad|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&pg=PA193}}
  • {{Cite journal|last=Aljunied|first=Syed Muhd Khairudin|date=2007|title=The Role of Hadramis in Post-Second World War Singapore – A Reinterpretation|journal=Immigrants & Minorities|volume=25|issue=2|pages=163–183|doi=10.1080/02619280802018165|s2cid=144316388|issn=0261-9288}}
  • {{Cite journal|last=Al-Saqqaf|first=Abdullah Hassan|date=2008|title=The Linguistics of Loanwords in Hadrami Arabic|journal=International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism|volume=9|issue=1|pages=75–93|doi=10.1080/13670050608668631|s2cid=145299220|issn=1367-0050}}
  • {{Cite book|chapter-url=http://universitypublishingonline.org/ref/id/foundation/CBO9788175969346A024|title=Quest of a Discipline: New Academic Directions for Comparative Literature|last=Al-Saqqaf|first=Abdullah Hassan|publisher=Foundation Books|year=2012|isbn=9788175969339|editor-last=Raj|editor-first=Rizio Yohannan|location=India|pages=191–212|language=en|chapter=Arabic Literature in Diaspora: An Example from South Asia|doi=10.1017/cbo9788175969346.018}}
  • {{Cite book|title=Sufis and scholars of the sea: Family networks in East Africa, 1860-1925|last=Bang|first=Anne K.|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn=9780415317634|oclc=51879622}}
  • {{Cite book|title=On the edge of empire: Hadhramawt, emigration, and the Indian Ocean, 1880s-1930s|last=Boxberger|first=Linda|publisher=SUNY Press|year=2002|isbn=9780791452172|issn=2472-954X|oclc=53226033}}
  • {{Cite journal|last=Freitag|first=Ulrike|date=1999|title=Hadhramaut: A Religious Centre for the Indian Ocean in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries?|jstor=1596090|journal=Studia Islamica|issue=89|pages=165–183|doi=10.2307/1596090}}
  • {{Cite book|title=Southeast Asia and the Middle East: Islam, movement, and the Longue Durée|last=Freitag|first=Ulrike|date=2009|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=9789971694241|editor-last=Tagliacozzo|editor-first=Eric|pages=235–249|chapter=From Golden Youth in Arabia to Business Leaders in Singapore: Instructions of a Hadrami Patriarch|oclc=260294282|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S3nlvRJyjUEC&pg=PA235}}
  • {{Cite book|title=Hadrami Arabs in present-day Indonesia: An Indonesia-oriented group with an Arab signature|last=Jacobsen|first=Frode F.|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|isbn=9780203884614|oclc=310362117}}
  • {{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_WNqSH4ByQC&pg=PA52|title=Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi|last=Khalidi|first=Omar|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=1996|isbn=9788171545797|editor-last=Kulakarṇī|editor-first=A. Rā|location=Bombay, India|language=en|chapter=The Arabs of Hadramawt in Hyderabad: Mystics, Mercenaries and Money-lenders|editor-last2=Nayeem|editor-first2=M. A.|editor-last3=Souza|editor-first3=Teotonio R. De}}
  • {{Cite book |url=https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nai:diva-502 |title=Diasporas within and without Africa: Dynamism, heterogeneity, variation |publisher=Stylus Pub Llc, Nordiska Afrikainstitutet |year=2006 |isbn=9789171065636 |editor-last=Manger |editor-first=Leif |pages=61 |chapter=A Hadrami Diaspora in the Sudan |oclc=74650767 |editor-last2=Assal |editor-first2=Munzoul A. M.}}
  • {{Cite journal|last=Manger|first=Leif|date=2007|title=Hadramis in Hyderabad: From Winners to Losers|journal=Asian Journal of Social Science|volume=35|issue=4|pages=405–433|doi=10.1163/156853107x240279|issn=1568-5314}}
  • {{Cite book|title=The Hadrami diaspora: Community-building on the Indian Ocean rim|last=Manger|first=Leif|publisher=Berghahn Books|year=2010|isbn=9781845459789|oclc=732958389}}
  • {{Cite journal|last=Miran|first=Jonathan|date=2012|title=Red Sea Translocals: Hadrami Migration, Entrepreneurship, and Strategies of Integration in Eritrea, 1840s–1970s|journal=Northeast African Studies|volume=12|issue=1|pages=129–167|doi=10.1353/nas.2012.0035|s2cid=143621961|issn=1535-6574}}
  • {{Cite book|title=The Hadrami awakening: Community and identity in the Netherlands East Indies, 1900-1942|last=Mobini-Kesheh|first=Natalie|publisher=SEAP Publications|year=1999|isbn=9780877277279|oclc=43269837}}
  • {{Cite book|title=Lamu: History, society, and family in an East African port city|last=Romero|first=Patricia W.|date=1997|publisher=Markus Wiener|isbn=9781558761070|pages=93–108, 167–184|oclc=35919259}}
  • {{Cite journal|last=Talib|first=Ameen Ali|date=1997|title=Hadramis in Singapore|journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs|volume=17|issue=1|pages=89–96|doi=10.1080/13602009708716360|issn=1360-2004}}
  • {{Cite journal|last=Walker|first=Iain|date=2008|title=Hadramis, Shimalis and Muwalladin: Negotiating Cosmopolitan Identities between the Swahili Coast and Southern Yemen|journal=Journal of Eastern African Studies|volume=2|issue=1|pages=44–59|doi=10.1080/17531050701846724|s2cid=143463975|issn=1753-1055}}
  • {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DigPvwHTqJ4C&pg=PA201|title=An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change|last=Yimene|first=Ababu Minda|publisher=Cuvillier Verlag|year=2004|isbn=9783865372062|pages=204|language=en}}

{{Yemeni diaspora}}

Category:Arab ethnic groups

Category:Yemeni diaspora

Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East

Category:Ethnic groups in Yemen

Category:Hadhramaut