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Haplogroup R (mtDNA)#Subclades

{{Short description|Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup}}

{{for|the Y-chromosome haplogroup|Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)}}

{{Infobox haplogroup

|name=R|map=Haplogroup R (mtDNA) & subclades.PNG

|origin-date= {{val|66.8|14.2|u=kya}} {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001 |title=Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock |year=2009 |last1=Soares |first1=Pedro |last2=Ermini |first2=Luca |last3=Thomson |first3=Noel |last4=Mormina |first4=Maru |last5=Rito |first5=Teresa |last6=Röhl |first6=Arne |last7=Salas |first7=Antonio |last8=Oppenheimer |first8=Stephen |last9=MacAulay |first9=Vincent |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=84 |issue=6 |pages=740–59 |pmid=19500773 |pmc=2694979 }}

|origin-place= Southeast Asia{{cite journal|last1=Larruga|first1=Jose M|title=Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup R colonized Eurasia and Australasia from a southeast Asia core area|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|date=23 May 2017|doi=10.1186/s12862-017-0964-5|pmid=28535779|volume=17|issue=1|pages=115|pmc=5442693 |bibcode=2017BMCEE..17..115L |doi-access=free }}

|ancestor=N

|descendants= R0, R1, R1b, R2'JT, R3, R5, R6'7, R8, R9, R11'B, R12'21, R14, R22, R23, R30, R31, P, U

|mutations=12705, 16223{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/humu.20921 |title=Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation |year=2009 |last1=Van Oven |first1=Mannis |last2=Kayser |first2=Manfred |journal=Human Mutation |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=E386–94 |pmid=18853457|s2cid=27566749 |doi-access=free }}

}}

Haplogroup R is a widely distributed human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup R

is associated with the peopling of Eurasia after about 70,000 years ago, and is distributed in modern populations throughout the world outside of sub-Saharan Africa.{{cite journal|last1=Larruga|first1=Jose M|title=Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup R colonized Eurasia and Australasia from a southeast Asia core area|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|date=23 May 2017|doi=10.1186/s12862-017-0964-5|pmid=28535779|volume=17|issue=1|pages=115|pmc=5442693 |bibcode=2017BMCEE..17..115L |doi-access=free }}

Haplogroup R is a descendant of the macro-haplogroup N. Among the R clade's descendant haplogroups are B, U (and thus K), F, R0 (and thus HV, H, and V), and JT (the ancestral haplogroup of J and T).

Origin

Soares et al. (2009) estimate the age of haplogroup R at roughly 50,000 to 70,000 years ago.

This is consistent with an emergence in the course of the Coastal Migration out of East Africa to West, South and Southeast Asia.{{cite thesis |last=Karmin |first=Monika |year=2005 |hdl=10062/567 |oclc=692161090 |title=Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup R in India: dissecting the phylogenetic tree of South Asian-specific lineages |type=M.Sc. Thesis |publisher=University of Tartu}}{{page needed|date=June 2013}}

It has been suggested that the early lineage of haplogroups M, N and R along the coastal route during the period of roughly 70,000 to 60,000 years ago.{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/425871 |title=Phylogeny of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup N in India, Based on Complete Sequencing: Implications for the Peopling of South Asia |year=2004 |last1=Palanichamy |first1=Malliya Gounder |last2=Sun |first2=Chang |last3=Agrawal |first3=Suraksha |last4=Bandelt |first4=Hans-Jürgen |last5=Kong |first5=Qing-Peng |last6=Khan |first6=Faisal |last7=Wang |first7=Cheng-Ye |last8=Chaudhuri |first8=Tapas Kumar |last9=Palla |first9=Venkatramana |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=75 |issue=6 |pages=966–78 |pmid=15467980 |pmc=1182158 }} The northern route out of Africa is another possibility, where the expansion of haplogroup R may originate from South East Asia.{{cite journal | doi=10.1186/s12862-017-0964-5 | title=Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup R colonized Eurasia and Australasia from a southeast Asia core area | year=2017 | vauthors= Larruga JM, Marrero P, Abu-Amero KK, Golubenko MV, Cabrera VM | journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume=17 | issue=1 | page=115 | pmid=28535779 | pmc=5442693 | bibcode=2017BMCEE..17..115L | doi-access=free }}

Haplogroup R has wide diversity and antiquity in the indigenous population of South Asia. Tribes and castes of Western and Southern India

show higher diversity than the other regions, possibly suggesting their autochthonous status.{{cite journal |last1=Maji |first1=Suvendu |last2=Krithika |first2=S. |last3=Vasul |first3=T.S. |url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/IJHG/IJHG-08-0-000-000-2008-Web/IJHG-08-1-2-001-256-2007-Abst-PDF/IJHG-08-1-2-085-08-336-Maji-S/IJHG-08-1&2-085-08-336-Maji-S-Tt.pdf |title=Distribution of Mitochondrial DNA Macrohaplogroup N in India with Special Reference to Haplogroup R and its Sub-Haplogroup U |journal=International Journal of Human Genetics |volume=8 |issue=1–2 |pages=85–96 |year=2008|doi=10.1080/09723757.2008.11886022 |s2cid=14231815 }} Larruga et al. (2017) found mtDNA R spread out to Eurasia and Australia from a core area along the Southeast Asian coast.

Archaeogenetics

The Ust'-Ishim man fossil of Siberia, dated ca. 45,000 years old, belongs to haplogroup R* (formerly classified as U*).{{cite journal|doi=10.1186/s12862-016-0816-8|title=Carriers of human mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup M colonized India from southeastern Asia|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=16|issue=1|pages=246|year=2016|last1=Marrero|first1=Patricia|last2=Abu-Amero|first2=Khaled K|last3=Larruga|first3=Jose M|last4=Cabrera|first4=Vicente M|pmid=27832758|pmc=5105315 |bibcode=2016BMCEE..16..246M |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal|doi=10.1186/s12862-017-0964-5|title=Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup R colonized Eurasia and Australasia from a southeast Asia core area|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=17|issue=1|pages=115|year=2017|last1=Larruga|first1=Jose M|last2=Marrero|first2=Patricia|last3=Abu-Amero|first3=Khaled K|last4=Golubenko|first4=Maria V|last5=Cabrera|first5=Vicente M|pmid=28535779|pmc=5442693 |bibcode=2017BMCEE..17..115L |doi-access=free }}

Haplogroup R has also been observed among Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Northern Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom, Ptolemaic, and Roman periods.{{cite journal|last1=Schuenemann, Verena J.|display-authors=etal|title=Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods|journal=Nature Communications|date=2017|volume=8|page=15694|pmid=28556824|doi=10.1038/ncomms15694|pmc=5459999|bibcode=2017NatCo...815694S}}

Subclade R2 was observed in the remains of a Neolithic human from western Iran in Tepe Abdul Hosein.{{cite journal |last1=Broushaki |first1=Farnaz |last2=Thomas |first2=Mark G. |last3=Link |first3=Vivian |last4=López |first4=Saioa |last5=van Dorp |first5=Lucy |last6=Kirsanow |first6=Karola |last7=Hofmanová |first7=Zuzana |last8=Diekmann |first8=Yoan |last9=Cassidy |first9=Lara M. |last10=Díez-del-Molino |first10=David |last11=Kousathanas |first11=Athanasios |last12=Sell |first12=Christian |last13=Robson |first13=Harry K. |last14=Martiniano |first14=Rui |last15=Blöcher |first15=Jens |last16=Scheu |first16=Amelie |last17=Kreutzer |first17=Susanne |last18=Bollongino |first18=Ruth |last19=Bobo |first19=Dean |last20=Davoudi |first20=Hossein |last21=Munoz |first21=Olivia |last22=Currat |first22=Mathias |last23=Abdi |first23=Kamyar |last24=Biglari |first24=Fereidoun |last25=Craig |first25=Oliver E. |last26=Bradley |first26=Daniel G. |last27=Shennan |first27=Stephen |last28=Veeramah |first28=Krishna R. |last29=Mashkour |first29=Marjan |last30=Wegmann |first30=Daniel |last31=Hellenthal |first31=Garrett |last32=Burger |first32=Joachim |title=Early Neolithic genomes from the eastern Fertile Crescent |journal=Science |date=29 July 2016 |volume=353 |issue=6298 |pages=499–503 |doi=10.1126/science.aaf7943 |pmid=27417496 |pmc=5113750 |url=|bibcode=2016Sci...353..499B}}

Distribution

Haplogroup R and its descendants are distributed all over Australasia, Americas, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, West Asia, East Asia, Europe, North Africa and Horn of Africa.

The basal R* clade is found among the Soqotri (1.2%), as well as in Northeast Africa (1.5%), the Middle East (0.8%), the Near East (0.8%), and the Arabian Peninsula (0.3%).{{cite journal|last1=Černý, Viktor|title=Out of Arabia—the settlement of island Soqotra as revealed by mitochondrial and Y chromosome genetic diversity|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|date=2009|volume=138|issue=4|pages=439–447|url=http://ychrom.invint.net/upload/iblock/f30/Cerny%202009%20Out%20of%20ArabiarusThe%20Settlement%20of%20Island%20Soqotra%20as%20Revealed%20by%20Mitochondrial%20and%20Y.pdf|access-date=13 June 2016|display-authors=etal|doi=10.1002/ajpa.20960|pmid=19012329|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006125303/http://ychrom.invint.net/upload/iblock/f30/Cerny%202009%20Out%20of%20ArabiarusThe%20Settlement%20of%20Island%20Soqotra%20as%20Revealed%20by%20Mitochondrial%20and%20Y.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2016}}

=Subclades=

  • Haplogroup R
  • R0 or pre-HV
  • R0a or (preHV)1: Occurs commonly in the Arabian peninsula, with its highest frequency observed among the Soqotri.{{cite web|last1=Non|first1=Amy|title=ANALYSES OF GENETIC DATA WITHIN AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FRAMEWORK TO INVESTIGATE RECENT HUMAN EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY AND COMPLEX DISEASE|url=http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0041981/non_a.pdf|publisher=University of Florida|access-date=22 April 2016|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013000218/http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0041981/non_a.pdf|url-status=dead}} Moderate frequencies found in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and Central Asia.
  • HV: It is a west Eurasian haplogroup mainly found throughout the Middle East, including Iran.{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/383236 |title=Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor |year=2004 |last1=Quintana-Murci |first1=Lluís |last2=Chaix |first2=Raphaëlle |last3=Wells |first3=R. Spencer |last4=Behar |first4=Doron M. |last5=Sayar |first5=Hamid |last6=Scozzari |first6=Rosaria |last7=Rengo |first7=Chiara |last8=Al-Zahery |first8=Nadia |last9=Semino |first9=Ornella |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=827–45 |pmid=15077202 |pmc=1181978 }} It is also found in North Africa, Central Asia and South Asia.
  • V: Found at moderately low frequencies around Europe; the highest frequency is in the Sami people 40%.{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/318785 |title=MtDNA and the Islands of the North Atlantic: Estimating the Proportions of Norse and Gaelic Ancestry |year=2001 |last1=Helgason |first1=Agnar |last2=Hickey |first2=Eileen |last3=Goodacre |first3=Sara |last4=Bosnes |first4=Vidar |last5=Stefánsson |first5=Kári |last6=Ward |first6=Ryk |last7=Sykes |first7=Bryan |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=723–37 |pmid=11179019 |pmc=1274484}}
  • HV1: Mainly in the Middle East.{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-45 |title=Mitochondrial DNA structure in the Arabian Peninsula |year=2008 |last1=Abu-Amero |first1=Khaled K |last2=Larruga |first2=José M |last3=Cabrera |first3=Vicente M |last4=González |first4=Ana M |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=45 |pmid=18269758 |pmc=2268671 |bibcode=2008BMCEE...8...45A |doi-access=free }}
  • HV2: Mainly in South Asia.
  • HV3: Mainly in Eastern Europe.{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/molbev/msn114 |title=Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeny in Eastern and Western Slavs |year=2008 |last1=Malyarchuk |first1=B. |last2=Grzybowski |first2=T. |last3=Derenko |first3=M. |last4=Perkova |first4=M. |last5=Vanecek |first5=T. |last6=Lazur |first6=J. |last7=Gomolcak |first7=P. |last8=Tsybovsky |first8=I. |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=25 |issue=8 |pages=1651–8 |pmid=18477584|doi-access=free }}
  • H: In West Eurasia. It is the most common mtDNA haplogroup in Europe.
  • R1
  • R1a* (3337): Found in Brahmins from Uttar Pradesh (India).
  • R1a1: Found in Northwest Caucasian people like Kabardins and Adygei people. Observed in eastern European populations like northwestern Russians and Poles.
  • R1b: Observed in an Eastern hunter gatherer from Karelia, Russia, dated to 5500 BCE.{{Cite journal|last1=Mittnik|first1=Alissa|last2=Wang|first2=Chuan-Chao|last3=Pfrengle|first3=Saskia|last4=Daubaras|first4=Mantas|last5=Zariņa|first5=Gunita|last6=Hallgren|first6=Fredrik|last7=Allmäe|first7=Raili|last8=Khartanovich|first8=Valery|last9=Moiseyev|first9=Vyacheslav|last10=Tõrv|first10=Mari|last11=Furtwängler|first11=Anja|date=2018-01-30|title=The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=442|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-02825-9|pmid=29382937|pmc=5789860|issn=2041-1723|bibcode=2018NatCo...9..442M}}
  • R1b1: Observed in Bulgaria, Armenia (including an ancient specimen), and India
  • R1b1a: Observed in Uyghurs
  • R1b1b: Observed in Finland (including Finland Swedes)
  • R1b2
  • R1b2a: Observed in Yakuts
  • R1b2b: Observed in Uyghurs
  • pre-JT or R2'JT
  • R2: Present in low frequencies in Middle East, Pakistan, and India. Found in a few populations in the Volga basin. Found in Balochistan (Pakistan)
  • (13500): Found in Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh (India).
  • (150, 303+1C): In Iran, Georgia and Turkey.
  • JT
  • J: The highest frequency is in the Near East (12%), 21% in Saudi Arabia. J declines towards Europe at 11%, Caucasus 8%, North Africa 6% and becomes practically missing in East Asia.{{cite thesis |last=Serk |first=Piia |year=2004 |hdl=10062/777 |oclc=692161303 |title=Human Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup J in Europe and Near East |type=M.Sc. Thesis |publisher=University of Tartu |location=Estonia}}{{page needed|date=June 2013}}
  • T: The highest frequency is in the Caspian region (Caucasus, Northern Iran, Turkmenistan). It is important in Europe (almost 10%),oxfordancestors.com {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170715205636/http://www.oxfordancestors.com/content/view/35/55/ Maternal Ancestry]}} Middle East, Central Asia, Pakistan and North Africa. Small frequency in the Horn of Africa and India.
  • R3: Found in Armenia.Mannis van Oven's [http://www.phylotree.org/tree/subtree_R.htm PhyloTree.org – mtDNA subtree R] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090613015316/http://www.phylotree.org/tree/subtree_R.htm |date=2009-06-13 }} Also observed in an ancient individual from Hungary, dating to 7000 years ago{{Cite journal|last1=Fu|first1=Qiaomei|last2=Posth|first2=Cosimo|last3=Hajdinjak|first3=Mateja|last4=Petr|first4=Martin|last5=Mallick|first5=Swapan|last6=Fernandes|first6=Daniel|last7=Furtwängler|first7=Anja|last8=Haak|first8=Wolfgang|last9=Meyer|first9=Matthias|last10=Mittnik|first10=Alissa|last11=Nickel|first11=Birgit|date=June 2016|title=The genetic history of Ice Age Europe|url= |journal=Nature|language=en|volume=534|issue=7606|pages=200–205|doi=10.1038/nature17993|issn=1476-4687|pmid=27135931|pmc=4943878|bibcode=2016Natur.534..200F|hdl=10211.3/198594}}
  • R5: Widely spread in the Indian subcontinent. Specially in Madhya Pradesh (India) at 17%.{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1471-2156-5-26 |year=2004 |last1=Metspalu |first1=Mait |last2=Kivisild |first2=Toomas |last3=Metspalu |first3=Ene |last4=Parik |first4=Jüri |last5=Hudjashov |first5=Georgi |last6=Kaldma |first6=Katrin |last7=Serk |first7=Piia |last8=Karmin |first8=Monika |last9=Behar |first9=Doron M |journal=BMC Genetics |volume=5 |pages=26 |pmid=15339343 |title=Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in south and southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans |pmc=516768|last10=Gilbert |first10=M Thomas P |last11=Endicott |first11=Phillip |last12=Mastana |first12=Sarabjit |last13=Papiha |first13=Surinder S |last14=Skorecki |first14=Karl |last15=Torroni |first15=Antonio |last16=Villems |first16=Richard |doi-access=free }}
  • R5a
  • R5a1: Found within the Indo-European speaking populations of India.{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-227 |title=Phylogeography of mtDNA haplogroup R7 in the Indian peninsula |year=2008 |last1=Chaubey |first1=Gyaneshwer |last2=Karmin |first2=Monika |last3=Metspalu |first3=Ene |last4=Metspalu |first4=Mait |last5=Selvi-Rani |first5=Deepa |last6=Singh |first6=Vijay |last7=Parik |first7=Jüri |last8=Solnik |first8=Anu |last9=Naidu |first9=B Prathap |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=8 |pages=227 |pmid=18680585 |pmc=2529308|last10=Kumar |first10=Ajay |last11=Adarsh |first11=Niharika |last12=Mallick |first12=Chandana |last13=Trivedi |first13=Bhargav |last14=Prakash |first14=Swami |last15=Reddy |first15=Ramesh |last16=Shukla |first16=Parul |last17=Bhagat |first17=Sanjana |last18=Verma |first18=Swati |last19=Vasnik |first19=Samiksha |last20=Khan |first20=Imran |last21=Barwa |first21=Anshu |last22=Sahoo |first22=Dipti |last23=Sharma |first23=Archana |last24=Rashid |first24=Mamoon |last25=Chandra |first25=Vishal |last26=Reddy |first26=Alla G |last27=Torroni |first27=Antonio |last28=Foley |first28=Robert A |last29=Thangaraj |first29=Kumarasamy |last30=Singh |first30=Lalji |issue=1 |bibcode=2008BMCEE...8..227C |doi-access=free }}
  • R5a2: Specially among Dravidic groups of India and Sri Lanka. And Arain of Pakistan at 8%.{{Cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=Farah |last2=Afzal |first2=Muhammad |last3=Shahzad |first3=Muhammad Saqib |date=2023-11-04 |title=GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF MITOCHONDRIAL DNA CONTROL REGION OF ARAIN ETHNIC GROUP IN PAKISTAN |url=https://jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/3311#:~:text=The%20samples%20were%20compared%20with,be%20useful%20in%20criminal%20investigations. |journal=Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology |language=en |volume=30 |issue=18 |pages=1577–1591 |doi=10.53555/jptcp.v30i18.3311 |issn=2561-8741|doi-access=free }}
  • R6'7 (16362) The most important presence is among Austroasiatic language-speakers from India (10%).
  • R6: Small frequencies in India and Pakistan found prominently in both Tamil and Kashmiri populations.
  • R7: In the Indian subcontinent.{{cite journal |title=Figure 4. The frequency distribution of R7a and R7b clades in Indian subcontinent|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|date=4 August 2008|volume=8|issue=1|page=227|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-227|last1=Chaubey|first1=Gyaneshwer|last2=Karmin|first2=Monika|last3=Metspalu|first3=Ene|last4=Metspalu|first4=Mait|last5=Selvi-Rani|first5=Deepa|last6=Singh|first6=Vijay Kumar|last7=Parik|first7=Jüri|last8=Solnik|first8=Anu|last9=Naidu|first9=B. Prathap|last10=Kumar|first10=Ajay|last11=Adarsh|first11=Niharika|last12=Mallick|first12=Chandana Basu|last13=Trivedi|first13=Bhargav|last14=Prakash|first14=Swami|last15=Reddy|first15=Ramesh|last16=Shukla|first16=Parul|last17=Bhagat|first17=Sanjana|last18=Verma|first18=Swati|last19=Vasnik|first19=Samiksha|last20=Khan|first20=Imran|last21=Barwa|first21=Anshu|last22=Sahoo|first22=Dipti|last23=Sharma|first23=Archana|last24=Rashid|first24=Mamoon|last25=Chandra|first25=Vishal|last26=Reddy|first26=Alla G.|last27=Torroni|first27=Antonio|last28=Foley|first28=Robert A.|last29=Thangaraj|first29=Kumarasamy|last30=Singh|first30=Lalji|pmid=18680585|pmc=2529308|bibcode=2008BMCEE...8..227C |display-authors=1 |doi-access=free }} in {{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-227 |title=Phylogeography of mtDNA haplogroup R7 in the Indian peninsula |year=2008 |last1=Chaubey |first1=Gyaneshwer |last2=Karmin |first2=Monika |last3=Metspalu |first3=Ene |last4=Metspalu |first4=Mait |last5=Selvi-Rani |first5=Deepa |last6=Singh |first6=Vijay |last7=Parik |first7=Jüri |last8=Solnik |first8=Anu |last9=Naidu |first9=B Prathap |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=8 |pages=227 |pmid=18680585 |pmc=2529308|last10=Kumar |first10=Ajay |last11=Adarsh |first11=Niharika |last12=Mallick |first12=Chandana |last13=Trivedi |first13=Bhargav |last14=Prakash |first14=Swami |last15=Reddy |first15=Ramesh |last16=Shukla |first16=Parul |last17=Bhagat |first17=Sanjana |last18=Verma |first18=Swati |last19=Vasnik |first19=Samiksha |last20=Khan |first20=Imran |last21=Barwa |first21=Anshu |last22=Sahoo |first22=Dipti |last23=Sharma |first23=Archana |last24=Rashid |first24=Mamoon |last25=Chandra |first25=Vishal |last26=Reddy |first26=Alla G |last27=Torroni |first27=Antonio |last28=Foley |first28=Robert A |last29=Thangaraj |first29=Kumarasamy |last30=Singh |first30=Lalji |issue=1 |bibcode=2008BMCEE...8..227C |doi-access=free }}
  • R7a: Mainly in East India, specially in Santals from Bihar and Jharkhand.
  • R7b: Specially in Dravidian tribes of East India.
  • R8: The highest frequency occurs towards East India, especially within Orissa (12%), and it is found among the Austroasiatic tribes (Munda and Khasi speakers). It is also present in low frequency among speakers of Dravidian, Indo-European, and Tibeto-Burman (e.g. Nyishi, Changpa, Sherpa).Figure 4 in {{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0006545 |title=Deep Rooting In-Situ Expansion of mtDNA Haplogroup R8 in South Asia |year=2009 |editor1-last=Ahmed |editor1-first=Niyaz |last1=Thangaraj |first1=Kumarasamy |last2=Nandan |first2=Amrita |last3=Sharma |first3=Vishwas |last4=Sharma |first4=Varun Kumar |last5=Eaaswarkhanth |first5=Muthukrishnan |last6=Patra |first6=Pradeep Kumar |last7=Singh |first7=Sandhya |last8=Rekha |first8=Sashi |last9=Dua |first9=Monika |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=e6545 |pmid=19662095 |pmc=2718812|bibcode = 2009PLoSO...4.6545T |display-authors=9 |last10=Verma |first10=Narendra |last11=Reddy |first11=Alla G. |last12=Singh |first12=Lalji |doi-access=free }}
  • R8a: Found mainly in Orissa and Andhra Pradesh (India).
  • R8b: In Orissa, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh (India).
  • R9 (16304)
  • R9b: It appears mostly in Southeast Asia.Ian Logan 2009, [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_R9b.htm Haplogrupo R9b], Mitochondrial DNA Site Found all over Indonesia, in Indochina, Malaysia, in Aboriginal Malays like Semelai at 28% and Temuan 21%.{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/molbev/msl124 |title=Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians |year=2006 |last1=Hill |first1=C. |last2=Soares |first2=P. |last3=Mormina |first3=M. |last4=MacAulay |first4=V. |last5=Meehan |first5=W. |last6=Blackburn |first6=J. |last7=Clarke |first7=D. |last8=Raja |first8=J. M. |last9=Ismail |first9=P. |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=23 |issue=12 |pages=2480–91 |pmid=16982817 |doi-access=free |hdl=1885/23220 |hdl-access=free }}
  • (249d)
  • R9c: All over the Malay Archipelago and Taiwan. Mainly in Batak (Palawan) at 58%,{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/ajpa.21544 |title=Genetic diversity and evidence for population admixture in Batak Negritos from Palawan |year=2011 |last1=Scholes |first1=Clarissa |last2=Siddle |first2=Katherine |last3=Ducourneau |first3=Axel |last4=Crivellaro |first4=Federica |last5=Järve |first5=Mari |last6=Rootsi |first6=Siiri |last7=Bellatti |first7=Maggie |last8=Tabbada |first8=Kristina |last9=Mormina |first9=Maru |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=146 |pages=62–72 |pmid=21796613 |issue=1 }} the Tsou of Taiwan (22.9%),Albert Min-Shan Ko, Chung-Yu Chen, Qiaomei Fu, et al. (2014), "Early Austronesians: Into and Out Of Taiwan." The American Journal of Human Genetics 94, 426–436, March 6, 2014. and Alor (Indonesia) at 11%.{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/510412 |title=A Mitochondrial Stratigraphy for Island Southeast Asia |year=2007 |last1=Hill |first1=Catherine |last2=Soares |first2=Pedro |last3=Mormina |first3=Maru |last4=MacAulay |first4=Vincent |last5=Clarke |first5=Dougie |last6=Blumbach |first6=Petya B. |last7=Vizuete-Forster |first7=Matthieu |last8=Forster |first8=Peter |last9=Bulbeck |first9=David |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=29–43|last10=Oppenheimer |first10=Stephen |last11=Richards |first11=Martin |pmid=17160892 |pmc=1876738}}
  • F: Fairly common in East Asia and Southeast Asia. Higher frequencies occur in some areas like Nicobar at 50% and Arunachal Pradesh 31% (India), and Shors people from Siberia at 44%.{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/522933 |title=Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations |year=2007 |last1=Derenko |first1=Miroslava |last2=Malyarchuk |first2=Boris |last3=Grzybowski |first3=Tomasz |last4=Denisova |first4=Galina |last5=Dambueva |first5=Irina |last6=Perkova |first6=Maria |last7=Dorzhu |first7=Choduraa |last8=Luzina |first8=Faina |last9=Lee |first9=Hong Kyu |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=81 |issue=5 |pages=1025–41 |pmid=17924343 |pmc=2265662 }} There is also an important frequency in Taiwanese aborigines, Guangdong (China), Maluku (Indonesia), Thailand and Vietnam.
  • R11'B (16189)
  • R11: Found in China, mainly in Lahu people from Yunnan at 12.5%.{{cite journal |doi=10.1101/gr.2286304 |title=Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan |year=2004 |last1=Tanaka |first1=M. |journal=Genome Research |volume=14 |issue=10a |pages=1832–50 |pmid=15466285 |last2=Cabrera |first2=VM |last3=González |first3=AM |last4=Larruga |first4=JM |last5=Takeyasu |first5=T |last6=Fuku |first6=N |last7=Guo |first7=LJ |last8=Hirose |first8=R |last9=Fujita |first9=Y |pmc=524407 }} Also in Japan, Korea,Hwan Young Lee, Ji-Eun Yoo, Myung Jin Park, Ukhee Chung, Chong-Youl Kim, and Kyoung-Jin Shin, "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: Haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis." Electrophoresis (2006). DOI 10.1002/elps.200600151. Chams,{{cite journal | last1 = He | first1 = J-D | last2 = Peng | first2 = M-S | last3 = Quang | first3 = HH | last4 = Dang | first4 = KP | last5 = Trieu | first5 = AV | display-authors = etal | year = 2012 | title = Patrilineal Perspective on the Austronesian Diffusion in Mainland Southeast Asia | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 5| page = e36437 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0036437 | pmid = 22586471 | pmc = 3346718 | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...736437H | doi-access = free }} and Rajasthan (India).
  • B
  • B4: It is found often in East Asia, Southeast Asia, Polynesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Madagascar and Indigenous peoples of the Americas.
  • B5: Spread in East Asia and Southeast Asia.
  • R24: Found in Philippines.{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/molbev/msp215 |title=Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia? |year=2009 |last1=Tabbada |first1=K. A. |last2=Trejaut |first2=J. |last3=Loo |first3=J.-H. |last4=Chen |first4=Y.-M. |last5=Lin |first5=M. |last6=Mirazon-Lahr |first6=M. |last7=Kivisild |first7=T. |last8=De Ungria |first8=M. C. A. |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=27 |pages=21–31 |pmid=19755666 |issue=1|doi-access=free }}
  • R12'21
  • R12: Found in Australia.{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/molbev/msl063 |title=Deciphering Past Human Population Movements in Oceania: Provably Optimal Trees of 127 mtDNA Genomes |year=2006 |last1=Pierson |first1=M. J. |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=23 |issue=10 |pages=1966–75 |pmid=16855009 |last2=Martinez-Arias |first2=R |last3=Holland |first3=BR |last4=Gemmell |first4=NJ |last5=Hurles |first5=ME |last6=Penny |first6=D |pmc=2674580}}
  • R21: In indigenous peoples of Malaysia like Jahai Negritos at 63% and Senoi 37% as well as in the Maniq of Southern Thailand and in a few other Thai and Malaysian individuals.{{cite journal | last1 = Kutanan | first1 = Wibhu | last2 = Kampuansai | first2 = Jatupol | last3 = Changmai | first3 = Piya | display-authors = etal | year = 2018 | title = Contrasting maternal and paternal genetic variation of hunter-gatherer groups in Thailand | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | page = 1536 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-018-20020-0 | pmid = 29367746 | pmc = 5784115 | bibcode = 2018NatSR...8.1536K }}
  • R14: Found in Papua New Guinea[http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/discussion/hap_R14.htm Haplogroup R14], Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site and in Austronesian speakers of East Timor and Lembata.{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/molbev/msp097 |title=Genetic Admixture History of Eastern Indonesia as Revealed by Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Analysis |year=2009 |last1=Mona |first1=S. |last2=Grunz |first2=K. E. |last3=Brauer |first3=S. |last4=Pakendorf |first4=B. |last5=Castri |first5=L. |last6=Sudoyo |first6=H. |last7=Marzuki |first7=S. |last8=Barnes |first8=R. H. |last9=Schmidtke |first9=J. |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=1865–77 |pmid=19414523 |doi-access=free }}
  • R22 or R12: Very frequent in the Shompen (10/29 = 34.5%).{{cite journal | last1 = Trivedi | first1 = Rajni | last2 = Sitalaximi | first2 = T. | last3 = Banerjee | first3 = Jheelam | display-authors = etal | year = 2006 | title = Molecular insights into the origins of the Shompen, a declining population of the Nicobar archipelago | journal = J Hum Genet | volume = 51 | issue = 3| pages = 217–226 | doi = 10.1007/s10038-005-0349-2 | pmid=16453062| doi-access = free }} Elsewhere found mainly in south-central Indonesia (11.4% Mataram, 8.0% Waingapu, 7.3% Bali, 1.9% Borneo) and in Cham of Bình Thuận, Vietnam (7/168 = 4.2%),{{cite journal | last1 = Peng | first1 = Min-Sheng | last2 = Ho Quang | first2 = Huy | last3 = Pham Dang | first3 = Khoa | display-authors = etal | year = 2010 | title = Tracing the Austronesian Footprint in Mainland Southeast Asia: A Perspective from Mitochondrial DNA | journal = Mol. Biol. Evol. | volume = 27 | issue = 10| pages = 2417–2430 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msq131 | pmid=20513740| doi-access = free }} with singleton or sporadic occurrences in Thailand, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and Alor.
  • R23: Small clade found in Bali and Sumba (Indonesia).
  • R30
  • R30a: Found in Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh (India), in the Tharu people from Nepal{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-154 |title=Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): A reservoir of genetic variation |year=2009 |last1=Fornarino |first1=Simona |last2=Pala |first2=Maria |last3=Battaglia |first3=Vincenza |last4=Maranta |first4=Ramona |last5=Achilli |first5=Alessandro |last6=Modiano |first6=Guido |last7=Torroni |first7=Antonio |last8=Semino |first8=Ornella |last9=Santachiara-Benerecetti |first9=Silvana A |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=154 |pmid=19573232 |pmc=2720951 |bibcode=2009BMCEE...9..154F |doi-access=free }} and Sinhalese people from Sri Lanka.
  • R30b: Found in Punjab.
  • R30* (1598, 16189): Found in Punjab, Nepal and Japan.
  • R31
  • R31a: In Brahmins from Uttar Pradesh and Rajputs from Rajasthan (India).
  • R31b: In Reddys from Andhra Pradesh (India).
  • R32
  • Found in Mauritius
  • P: It is characteristic of Sahul. Found in Philippines and East Indonesia.
  • (16176)
  • P1: Widespread in Melanesia. Higher frequencies occur in Papua New Guinea.{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/molbev/msi142 |title=Expanding Southwest Pacific Mitochondrial Haplogroups P and Q |year=2005 |last1=Friedlaender |first1=J. |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=1506–17 |pmid=15814828 |last2=Schurr |first2=T |last3=Gentz |first3=F |last4=Koki |first4=G |last5=Friedlaender |first5=F |last6=Horvat |first6=G |last7=Babb |first7=P |last8=Cerchio |first8=S |last9=Kaestle |first9=F |doi-access=free }} Also found in Maluku, Nusa Tenggara and Polynesia.{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/molbev/msl093 |title=Melanesian and Asian Origins of Polynesians: MtDNA and Y Chromosome Gradients Across the Pacific |year=2006 |last1=Kayser |first1=M. |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=23 |issue=11 |pages=2234–44 |pmid=16923821 |last2=Brauer |first2=S |last3=Cordaux |first3=R |last4=Casto |first4=A |last5=Lao |first5=O |last6=Zhivotovsky |first6=LA |last7=Moyse-Faurie |first7=C |last8=Rutledge |first8=RB |last9=Schiefenhoevel |first9=W |doi-access=free |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0010-0145-0 |hdl-access=free }}
  • P2'10
  • P2: In Melanesia, specially in New Guinea and New Caledonia.
  • P10: Found in Philippines.
  • P9 (or AuE): In Aboriginal Australians from the central region.Harding, Rosalind 2006, [http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~harding/files/Conferences/Hyderabad_talk.ppt Gene tree analyses of Aboriginal Australians.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920003620/http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~harding/files/Conferences/Hyderabad_talk.ppt |date=2009-09-20 }} University of Oxford
  • P3: In Australia and Melanesia.
  • P4: In Australia and Melanesia.{{cite journal |bibcode=2007PNAS..104.8726H |jstor=25427741 |title=Revealing the prehistoric settlement of Australia by Y chromosome and mtDNA analysis |last1=Hudjashov |first1=G. |last2=Kivisild |first2=T. |last3=Underhill |first3=P. A. |last4=Endicott |first4=P. |last5=Sanchez |first5=J. J. |last6=Lin |first6=A. A. |last7=Shen |first7=P. |last8=Oefner |first8=P. |last9=Renfrew |first9=C. |volume=104 |year=2007 |pages=8726–30 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |doi=10.1073/pnas.0702928104 |issue=21 |pmid=17496137 |pmc=1885570|display-authors=9 |last10=Villems |first10=R. |last11=Forster |first11=P. |doi-access=free }}
  • U
  • U1: It appears mostly in the Middle East and Caucasus. Found from India to the Mediterranean and to the rest of Europe.[http://www.cagetti.com/Genetics/U1a-haplogroup.html mtDNA Haplogroup U1a page at cagetti.com]{{unreliable source?|date=June 2013}}
  • U5: Approximately 11% of total Europeans and 10% of European-Americans. The highest frequency is in the Sami people.
  • U6: It is common in North Africa and the Horn of Africa, especially in the Maghreb.{{cite journal|author1=Karima Fadhlaoui-Zid |author2=Laura Rodríguez-Botigué |author3=Nejib Naoui |author4=Amel Benammar-Elgaaied |author5=Francesc Calafell |author6=David Comas |title=Mitochondrial DNA structure in North Africa reveals a genetic discontinuity in the Nile Valley|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|date=May 2011|volume=145|issue=1|pages=107–117|doi=10.1002/ajpa.21472|url=http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/42802/3/mitochondrial_DNA_structure_Fadhlaoui.pdf|access-date=22 April 2016 |pmid=21312180|hdl=10261/42802 |hdl-access=free}} Highest frequencies of the subclade occur among Algerian Berbers (29%){{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1471-2156-4-15 |year=2003 |last1=Maca-Meyer |first1=Nicole |last2=González |first2=Ana M |last3=Pestano |first3=José |last4=Flores |first4=Carlos |last5=Larruga |first5=José M |last6=Cabrera |first6=Vicente M |journal=BMC Genetics |volume=4 |pages=15 |pmid=14563219 |title=Mitochondrial DNA transit between West Asia and North Africa inferred from U6 phylogeography |pmc=270091 |doi-access=free }} and Egyptian Copts (27.6%).{{cite web|last1=Mohamed|first1=Hisham Yousif Hassan|title=Genetic Patterns of Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation, with Implications to the Peopling of the Sudan|url=http://khartoumspace.uofk.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/6376/Genetic%20Patterns%20of%20Y-chromosome%20and%20Mitochondrial.pdf?sequence=1|publisher=University of Khartoum|access-date=22 April 2016|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110063820/http://khartoumspace.uofk.edu/handle/123456789/6376/restricted-resource?bitstreamId=11199|url-status=dead}} U6 has also been found among Iberomaurusian specimens dating from the Epipaleolithic at the Taforalt prehistoric site.{{cite journal|author1=Bernard Secher |author2=Rosa Fregel |author3=José M Larruga |author4=Vicente M Cabrera |author5=Phillip Endicott |author6=José J Pestano |author7=Ana M González |title=The history of the North African mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U6 gene flow into the African, Eurasian and American continents|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-109|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |pages=109 |pmid=24885141 |pmc=4062890 |year=2014 |issue=1 |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14..109S |doi-access=free }}
  • U2'3'4'7'8'9 (1811): Widely spread in West Eurasia and the Indian subcontinent.
  • U8
  • K

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.

  • R
  • R0 (formerly pre-HV)
  • R0a'b
  • R0a
  • R0a1
  • R0a1a
  • R0a1a1
  • R0a1a1a
  • R0a1a2
  • R0a1a3
  • R0a1a4
  • R0a1-T152C!
  • R0a1b
  • R0a-60.1T
  • R0a2'3
  • R0a2
  • R0a2a
  • R0a2a1
  • R0a2b
  • R0a2c
  • R0a2d
  • R0a2e
  • R0a2f
  • R0a2f1
  • R0a2f1a
  • R0a2f1b
  • R0a2g
  • R0a2h
  • R0a2i
  • R0a2-T195C!
  • R0a2j
  • R0a2k
  • R0a2k1
  • R0a2l
  • R0a2m
  • R0a2n
  • R0a3
  • R0a3a
  • R0a4
  • R0b
  • HV
  • HV0 (formerly pre-V)
  • HV0a
  • HV0a1
  • HV0a1a
  • V
  • HV0-T195C!
  • HV0b
  • HV0c
  • HV0d
  • HV0e
  • HV0f
  • HV0g
  • HV1
  • HV1a'b'c
  • HV1a
  • HV1a1
  • HV1a1a
  • HV1a1b
  • HV1a2
  • HV1a2a
  • HV1a2b
  • HV1a3
  • HV1a3a
  • HV1b
  • HV1b1
  • HV1b1a
  • HV1b1b
  • HV1b-T152C!
  • HV1b2
  • HV1b3
  • HV1b3a
  • HV1b3b
  • HV1c
  • HV1d
  • HV-A73G!
  • HV2
  • HV2a
  • HV2a1
  • HV2a2
  • HV2a3
  • HV20
  • HV4
  • HV4a
  • HV4a1
  • HV4a1-C16291T
  • HV4a1a
  • HV4a1a1
  • HV4a1a2
  • HV4a1a3
  • HV4a1a4
  • HV4a2
  • HV4a2a
  • HV4a2b
  • HV4b
  • HV4c
  • HV5
  • HV5a
  • HV5b
  • HV-T16311C!
  • HV6
  • HV6a
  • HV7
  • HV8
  • HV9
  • HV9-T152C!
  • HV9a
  • HV9a1
  • HV9a1a
  • HV9b
  • HV9c
  • HV10
  • HV11
  • HV11a
  • HV14
  • HV14a
  • HV15
  • HV16
  • HV17
  • HV17a
  • HV22
  • HV23
  • HV24
  • HV12
  • HV12a
  • HV12a1
  • HV12b
  • HV12b1
  • HV12b1a
  • HV13
  • HV13a
  • HV13b
  • HV18
  • HV19
  • HV21
  • H
  • R1
  • R1a
  • R1a1
  • R1a1a
  • R1a1a1
  • R1a1a1a
  • R1a1a2
  • R1a1b
  • R1a1c
  • R1b
  • R1b1
  • R2'JT
  • R2
  • R2-T13500C
  • R2-T13500C-T195C!
  • R2a
  • R2b
  • R2b1
  • R2c
  • R2d
  • JT
  • J
  • T
  • R5
  • R5a
  • R5a1
  • R5a1a
  • R5a2
  • R5a2a
  • R5a2b
  • R5a2b1
  • R5a2b2
  • R5a2b3
  • R5a2b4
  • R6'7
  • R6
  • R6-G16129A!
  • R6a
  • R6a1
  • R6a1a
  • R6a2
  • R6b
  • R7
  • R7a'b
  • R7a
  • R7a1
  • R7a1a
  • R7a1b
  • R7a1b1
  • R7a1b2
  • R7b
  • R7b1
  • R7b1a
  • R7b1a1
  • R7b2
  • R8 - India
  • R8a - Sri Lanka
  • R8a1
  • R8a1a
  • R8a1a1
  • R8a1a1a
  • R8a1a1a1
  • R8a1a1a1a
  • R8a1a1a2
  • R8a1a1b
  • R8a1a1c
  • R8a1a1d
  • R8a1a2
  • R8a1a2a
  • R8a1a3 - South Africa, Norway
  • R8a1-T16093C
  • R8a1b
  • R8a2
  • R8b
  • R8b1
  • R8b1a
  • R8b2
  • (16304)
  • R9
  • R9b - Cambodia, Thailand (Lao Isan in Ubon Ratchathani Province and Roi Et Province),{{cite journal | last1 = Kutanan | first1 = Wibhu | last2 = Kampuansai | first2 = Jatupol | last3 = Srikummool | first3 = Metawee | last4 = Kangwanpong | first4 = Daoroong | last5 = Ghirotto | first5 = Silvia | last6 = Brunelli | first6 = Andrea | last7 = Stoneking | first7 = Mark | year = 2016 | title = Complete mitochondrial genomes of Thai and Lao populations indicate an ancient origin of Austroasiatic groups and demic diffusion in the spread of Tai–Kadai languages | journal = Hum Genet | volume = 136| issue = 1| pages = 85–98| doi = 10.1007/s00439-016-1742-y | pmid = 27837350 | pmc = 5214972 | doi-access = free }} Guinea
  • R9b1 - China, Uyghur, Thailand (Mon in Central Thailand, Thai in Western Thailand), Laos (Lao in Vientiane), Vietnam (La Hủ), Denmark
  • R9b1a
  • R9b1a1 - Philippines (Mamanwa)
  • R9b1a1a - China, Thailand (Karen and Thai Lue in Northern Thailand, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province, Thai in Central Thailand and Eastern Thailand), Cambodia (Banteay Meanchey), Malaysia (Semelai, aboriginal Malay), Singapore, Indonesia (Tengger, Palembang, Padang, Manado), Vietnam (Giarai)
  • R9b1a2 - Taiwan (Tsou), Thailand (Lao Isan in Loei Province, Thai in Western Thailand)
  • R9b1a2a - China (Han from Tai'an, etc.), Vietnam (Tay, etc.), Russia (Tubalar)
  • R9b1a2b - China, Taiwan (Minnan, Hakka), Vietnam (Tay), Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Rai Province, Tai Khuen from Northern Thailand)
  • R9b1a3 - Thailand, China (Han, Dai), Vietnam (Dao, Nùng, etc.), Kazakhstan
  • R9b1b - China, Vietnam, Cambodia (Siem Reap), Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province, Tai Yuan from Central Thailand, Mon from Northern Thailand)
  • R9b2 - Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam
  • R9c - China (Barghut from Hulun Buir), Taiwan
  • R9c1
  • R9c1a - Philippines, Indonesia, Taiwan (Makatao), Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Rai Province)
  • R9c1a1 - Taiwan (Makatao, Rukai, Puyuma, etc.), Guam
  • R9c1a2 - Taiwan (Tsou, Bunun)
  • R9c1a3 - Philippines (Batak of Palawan)
  • R9c1b
  • R9c1b1 - China (Han), Vietnam (Kinh, Dao), Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province, Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province, Tai Yuan in Northern Thailand, Thai Lue in Northern Thailand), Myanmar
  • R9c1b2 - Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province), Taiwan (Makatao, etc.), Philippines (Ifugao, Bugkalot), East Timor
  • F
  • R-T16189C!
  • R11'B (16189)
  • R11'B6
  • R11
  • R11a
  • R11b
  • R11b1
  • R11b1a
  • R11b1b
  • B6
  • B6a
  • B6a1
  • B6a1a
  • B
  • B4'5
  • R24
  • R24a
  • R12'21
  • R12
  • R21
  • R14
  • R22
  • R23
  • R30
  • R30a
  • R30a1
  • R30a1a
  • R30a1b
  • R30a1b1
  • R30a1c
  • R30b
  • R30b1
  • R30b2
  • R30b2a
  • R31
  • R31a
  • R31a1
  • R31b
  • R32
  • P
  • U

References

{{Reflist|2}}

External links

{{Commons category|Haplogroup R (mtDNA)}}

  • Mannis van Oven's [https://web.archive.org/web/20090613015316/http://www.phylotree.org/tree/subtree_R.htm PhyloTree.org – mtDNA subtree R]
  • Ian Logan's [http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/sequences_by_group/haplogroup_select.htm Mitochondrial DNA Site]

{{Clear}}

{{MtDNA}}

R