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Hybrid electric bus#Plug-in hybrid

{{short description|Bus that combines internal combustion and electric propulsion systems}}

{{About|hybrid combustion/battery hybrid buses|alternately powered buses|dual-mode bus|for fuel cell hybrids|fuel cell bus|all-electric buses|electric bus}}

{{See also|Hybrid electric vehicle}}

File:Tobus B-R114 BRC-hybrid.jpg hybrid diesel–electric bus]]

A hybrid electric bus is a bus that combines a conventional internal combustion engine propulsion system with an electric propulsion system. These types of buses normally use a diesel–electric powertrain and are also known as hybrid diesel–electric buses.

The introduction of hybrid electric vehicles and other green vehicles for purposes of public transport forms a part of sustainable transport schemes.

Powertrain

= Types of hybrid vehicle drivetrain =

{{Main|Hybrid vehicle drivetrain}}

A hybrid electric bus may have either a parallel powertrain (e.g., Volvo B5LH){{cite web|url=http://www.volvobuses.com/bus/uk/en-gb/bus%20and%20coach/b5l_hybrid/Pages/Hybrid.aspx |title=Hybrid - B5L - Hybrid |publisher=Volvo Buses |access-date=2013-05-29}}{{cite web|url=http://www.xlhybrids.com/content/assets/Uploads/XL-ShuttleBus-US-FLY-8.5x11-0417-LR.pdf|title=XL3 Hybrid Electric|access-date=3 February 2018}}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} or a series powertrain (e.g., some versions of the Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC).{{cite web|url=http://www.alexander-dennis.com/product-details.php?s=82&subs=44&tableID=221&itemID=1 |title=Double Deck (2 axle) |publisher=Alexander-dennis.com |access-date=2013-05-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222044204/http://www.alexander-dennis.com/product-details.php?s=82&subs=44&tableID=221&itemID=1 |archive-date=2012-02-22 }} Since 2003, Allison Transmission has produced dual-mode hybrid drive units which take the place of a conventional transmission, mostly for transit buses in North America; as the name implies, it is able to switch between series and parallel modes.{{cite web |url=https://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/success/dual-mode_hybrid.pdf |title=Dual-Mode Hybrid/Two-Mode Hybrid Accomplishment |publisher=Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, United States Department of Energy |access-date=8 July 2023}}{{cite web |url=https://dieselnet.com/news/2003/10hbus.php |title=Seattle ordering 235 diesel electric hybrid buses |date=22 October 2003 |work=DieselNet |access-date=8 July 2024}}

= Plug-in hybrid =

{{Main|Plug-in hybrid}}

A plug-in hybrid school bus effort began in 2003 in Raleigh, NC,{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncsl.org/documents/energy/KDulaney11-07.pdf|title=Hybrid School Bus Presentation|last=Dulaney}} when Advanced Energy began working between districts across the country and manufacturers to understand the needs of both. The effort demonstrated both a technical{{Cite book|last1=Pritchard|first1=Ewan|last2=Johnson|first2=Richard R.|title=SAE Technical Paper Series |date=2005-11-01|chapter=Hybrid Electric School Bus Technical Feasibility|volume=1 |chapter-url=https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/2005-01-3615/|language=en|location=Warrendale, PA|doi=10.4271/2005-01-3615 }} and business feasibility{{Cite report|last1=Pritchard|first1=Ewan|last2=Zickefoose|first2=P.|last3=Dulaney|first3=Ken|date=2019-10-03|title=HYBRID ELECTRIC SCHOOL BUS PRELIMINARY BUSINESS FEASIBILITY REPORT|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237699498}} and as a result was able to secure funding in 2005{{Cite web|url=https://www.schoolbusfleet.com/news/680866/hybrid-electric-project-gains-grant|title=Hybrid-electric project gains grant - Safety - School Bus Fleet|website=www.schoolbusfleet.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-27|archive-date=2019-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927151643/https://www.schoolbusfleet.com/news/680866/hybrid-electric-project-gains-grant|url-status=dead}} from [https://www.naseo.org/ NASEO] to purchase up to 20 buses. The resulting RFP from Advanced Energy was won by IC Bus using a product jointly produced with Enova for a 22-mile plug-in hybrid product with a $140k premium over existing buses.{{Cite web|url=https://www.schoolbusfleet.com/article/611257/pioneering-plug-in-hybrids|title=Pioneering Plug-In Hybrids - Alternative Fuels - School Bus Fleet|website=www.schoolbusfleet.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-27}} The buses performed well in testing with 70% reductions in fuel usage{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20080429006462/en/Enova-Systems-Announces-Plug-In-Hybrid-School-Bus|title=Enova Systems Announces Plug-In Hybrid School Bus Testing Shows 70 Percent Improved Fuel Economy and Significantly Reduced Emissions|date=2008-04-29|website=www.businesswire.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-27}} although only in specific conditions.

The United States Department of Energy (USDOE) announced the selection of Navistar Corporation for a cost-shared award of up to $10 million to develop, test, and deploy plug-in hybrid electric (PHEV) school buses. The project aims to deploy 60 vehicles for a three-year period in school bus fleets across the nation. The vehicles will be capable of running in either electric-only or hybrid modes and will be recharged from a standard electrical outlet. Because electricity will be their primary fuel, they will consume less petroleum than standard vehicles. To develop the PHEV school bus, Navistar will examine a range of hybrid architectures and evaluate advanced energy storage devices, with the goal of developing a vehicle with a {{convert|40|mi|adj=on}} electric range. Travel beyond the {{convert|40|mi|adj=on}} range will be facilitated by a clean Diesel engine capable of running on renewable fuels. The DOE funding will cover up to half of the project's cost and will be provided over three years, subject to annual appropriations.{{cite web|url=http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=12463 |title=Energy.gov |publisher=Apps1.eere.energy.gov |access-date=2010-11-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527230255/http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id%3D12463 |archive-date=2010-05-27 }}

= Tribrid Bus =

{{See also|Solar bus}}

  • Tribrid buses have been developed by the University of Glamorgan in Wales. They are powered by hydrogen fuel or solar cells, batteries and ultracapacitors.{{cite news |title=Green 'tribrid' minibus unveiled|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/7436908.stm |work=BBC |date=2008-06-05 |access-date = 2008-06-05 }}

Air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions

A report prepared by Purdue University suggests introducing more hybrid Diesel–electric buses and a fuel containing 20% biodiesel (BD20) would further reduce greenhouse emissions and petroleum consumption.{{cite web |url=http://www.energycurrent.com/?id=3&storyid=12618&email=1 |title=Energycurrent.com |publisher=Energycurrent.com |access-date=2010-11-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922130736/http://www.energycurrent.com/?id=3&storyid=12618&email=1 |archive-date=2008-09-22 }}

Manufacturers

{{See also|List of hybrid vehicles}}

{{multiple image

| align = right

| direction = vertical

| title = Hybrid buses

| image1 = Quaylink Bus On Gateshead Quays.JPG

| caption1 = A Designline-built gas turbine-electric bus on the QuayLink service in Tyne and Wear, England

| image2 = ABQ RIDE 6900 Series Rapid Ride Bus.jpg

| caption2 = A New Flyer Industries DE60LFR hybrid articulated bus

| image3 = CDTA Gillig Hybrid.jpg

| caption3 = A Gillig BRT hybrid

| image4 = 6726 M96.jpg

| caption4 = An OBI Orion VII OG HEV 07.501 in service with the Metropolitan Transportation Authority in New York City

}}

Current manufacturers of Diesel–electric hybrid buses include Alexander Dennis, Azure Dynamics Corporation, [http://www.ebus.com/ Ebus], [http://www.eletrabus.com.br/ Eletra] (Brazil), New Flyer Industries, Tata (India), Gillig, Motor Coach Industries, Novabus, Orion Bus Industries, Daimler AG's Mitsubishi Fuso, MAN,{{cite web|url=http://frontierindia.net/alm/munich-starts-using-the-first-man-hybrid-city-bus/1090/ |title=Munich starts using the first MAN hybrid city bus | Frontier India Aerospace, Land and Marine |publisher=Frontierindia.net |date=2010-05-25 |access-date=2010-11-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005842/http://frontierindia.net/alm/munich-starts-using-the-first-man-hybrid-city-bus/1090/ |archive-date=2010-06-15 }} Designline, BAE Systems, Volvo Buses, VDL Bus & Coach, Wrightbus, [http://www.castrosua.com/ Castrosua], Tata Hispano{{cite web|url=http://www.tatahispano.com/?p=848&lang=en |title=tatahispano.com |publisher=Tata Hispano |access-date=2013-08-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112034614/http://www.tatahispano.com/?p=848&lang=en |archive-date=2016-01-12 }} and many more.

Toyota claims to have started with the Coaster Hybrid Bus in 1997 on the Japanese market. Since 1999, Hybrid electric buses with gas turbine generators have been developed by several manufacturers in the US and New Zealand, with the most successful design being the buses made by Designline of New Zealand. The first model went into commercial service in Christchurch since 1999, and later models were sold for daily service in Auckland, Hong Kong, Newcastle upon Tyne, and Tokyo. The Whispering Wheel bus is another HEV using in-wheel motors. It was tested in winter 2003–04 in Apeldoorn in the Netherlands.{{cite news |url=http://www.newmediaexplorer.org/sepp/2003/12/27/the_whispering_wheel_electric_diesel_hybrid.htm |title=The Whispering Wheel - Electric Diesel Hybrid |author=Hasslberger, Sepp |date=December 27, 2003 |work=New Media Explorer |access-date=7 February 2021}}

In Japan, Mitsubishi Fuso have developed a diesel engine hybrid bus using lithium batteries in 2002, and this model has since seen limited service in several Japanese cities. The Blue Ribbon City Hybrid bus was presented by Hino, a Toyota affiliate, in January 2005.

For the North American transit bus market, New Flyer Industries, Gillig, and Nova Bus produce hybrid electric buses using components from either BAE Systems (series hybrid, initially branded HybriDrive and now branded Series-E),{{cite web |url=https://gettozero.com/pdf/transit/Series-EPropulsionandPower.pdf |title=Series-E: Electric Propulsion and Power System |date=September 2014 |publisher=BAE Systems |access-date=7 February 2021}} or Allison Transmission (parallel/series hybrid, branded Hybrid EP or H 40/50 EP).{{cite web |url=https://www.allisontransmission.com/docs/default-source/marketing-materials/hybrid-bus-brochure.pdf |title=Allison Hybrids Deliver Advanced Technology And Proven Reliability |date=2016 |publisher=Allison Transmission |access-date=7 February 2021}} In May 2003 General Motors started to tour with hybrid electric buses developed together with Allison. General Electric introduced its hybrid electric gear shifters on the market in 2005. Several hundreds of those buses have entered into daily operation in the U.S. In 2006, Nova Bus, which had previously marketed the RTS hybrid before that model was discontinued, added a Diesel–electric hybrid option for its LFS series.

In the United Kingdom, Wrightbus has introduced a development of the London "Double-Decker", a new interpretation of the traditional red buses that are a feature of the extreme traffic density in London. The Wright Pulsar Gemini HEV bus uses a small Diesel engine with electric storage through a lithium ion battery pack. The use of a 1.9-litre Diesel instead of the typical 7.0-litre engine in a traditional bus demonstrates the possible advantages of serial hybrids in extremely traffic-dense environments. Based on a London test cycle, a reduction in CO2 emissions of 31% and fuel savings in the range of 40% have been demonstrated, compared with a "Euro-4" compliant bus.

= Former hybrid bus manufacturers =

= Conversions =

Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technologies (HEVT) makes conversions of new and used vehicles (aftermarket and retrofit conversions), from combustion buses and conventional hybrid electric buses into plug-in buses.{{cite web|url=http://www.hevt.com |title=Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technologies, Inc (HEVT) | An IIT (Illinois Institute of Technology) Startup in Chicago | Home |publisher=HEVT |access-date=2010-11-27}}

List of transit authorities using hybrid electric buses

Transit authorities that use hybrid electric buses:{{cite web|title=Analysis of electric drive technologies for transit applications: Battery-electric, hybrid-electric, and fuel cells|url=https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/Electric_Drive_Bus_Analysis_0.pdf|year=2005|access-date=2017-03-09|page=20}} More transit authorities with HEV here (FTA)

= North America =

== United States ==

File:Pioneer Valley Transit Authority University of Massachusetts Transit New Flyer Xcelsior articulated bus.jpg hybrid-electric articulated bus on the University of Massachusetts Amherst campus, operated by the school]]

Federal funding generally comes from the federal Diesel Emissions Reduction Act.

File:CyRide 419.jpg 40 foot hybrid-electric bus equipped with a Voith DIWAhybrid transmission, operated by CyRide.]]

== Canada ==

File:Hybrid bus Ottawa 11 2011 3508.jpg hybrid bus, Ottawa]]

= Asia =

A Tata Marcopolo CNG Hybrid bus in [[Mumbai|thumb]]

== China ==

== Hong Kong ==

== India ==

== Iran ==

== Pakistan ==

== Japan ==

File:Entetsubus_aerostar-HEV.jpg, Japan]]

etc.

== Philippines ==

== Singapore ==

== Thailand ==

File:Hino HU2ASKP-VJT A1 1-46001.jpg, Thailand, operator by BMTA]]

= Europe =

File:AKSM 4202K Vitovt hybrid bus (2).jpg

== Belarus ==

  • Minsk{{cite news |date=2019-07-19 |title=В Минске начали работать гибридные автобусы |work=The Village Беларусь |trans-title=Hybrid buses start operating in Minsk |url=https://www.the-village.me/village/city/news-city/276213-hybrid-bus |language=be}}
  • Slutsk{{cite web|url=https://bkm.by/news/v-slutske-sostoyalas-tseremoniya-peredachi-gibridnogo-avtobusa-belkommunmash/|title=В СЛУЦКЕ СОСТОЯЛАСЬ ЦЕРЕМОНИЯ ПЕРЕДАЧИ ГИБРИДНОГО АВТОБУСА БЕЛКОММУНМАШ|date=2019-08-01|access-date=2019-11-07|archive-date=2019-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107165245/https://bkm.by/news/v-slutske-sostoyalas-tseremoniya-peredachi-gibridnogo-avtobusa-belkommunmash/|url-status=dead}}

== Germany ==

File:HL Fuhrpark - Hybridbus.jpg

  • Dresden
  • Hagen{{cite web|url=http://www.busportal.sk/modules.php?name=article&sid=6667 |title=BUSportal - Viac ako 30 percent nižšie CO2 |publisher=Busportal.sk |access-date=2010-11-27}}
  • Lübeck
  • Munich{{cite web|url=http://www.automotiveworld.com/news/commercial-vehicles/82233-germany-first-man-lion-city-hybrid-launches-in-munich |title=Germany: MAN Lion's City Hybrid launches in Munich |publisher=Automotive World |date=2010-05-27 |access-date=2010-11-27}}
  • Nuremberg{{cite web|url=http://www.physorg.com/news106841346.html |title=Hybrid Bus in the City: A Prototype with a Future |publisher=Physorg.com |date=2007-08-20 |access-date=2010-11-27}}

== Hungary ==

== Norway ==

== Romania ==

  • STB, Bucharest – The fleet consists of 130 Mercedes-Benz Citaro Hybrid.
  • Transurb, Galati - using 20 hybrid buses model Solaris Urbino 12 Hybrid.
  • Transurban, Satu Mare - using 17 hybrid buses, 15 Solaris Urbino 12 Hybrid and 2 Solaris Urbino 18 Hybrid.
  • S.P.M.T., Târgoviște - using 28 Mercedes Citaro Hybrid.
  • Publitrans 2000, Pitești - using 20 Mercedes Conecto Hybrid.

== UK ==

File:GNW 163 3065.jpg Bee Network branded MCV EvoSeti bodied Volvo B5LH at Piccadilly Gardens bus station in June 2025]]

{{See also|Low emission buses in London}}

The Green Bus Fund is a fund which is supporting bus companies and local authorities in the UK to help them buy new electric buses.{{cite web|url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/regional/buses/greenbusfund/ |title=Green Bus Fund |publisher=Dft.gov.uk |access-date=2010-11-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113234021/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/regional/buses/greenbusfund/ |archive-date=2010-11-13 }}

  • London Buses, London. This is the largest fleet in the UK, with around 2,300 vehicles in use.{{cite web|url=https://tfl.gov.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/bus-fleet-audit-130117.pdf|title=Bus fleet audit—13 January 2017|publisher=Transport for London}}
  • National Express West Midlands, Birmingham – 18 currently,{{cite web|title=Birmingham hybrid buses launched |url=http://nxbus.co.uk/west-midlands/news/birmingham-hybrids-launched |publisher=National Express West Midlands Buses |access-date=31 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513170739/http://nxbus.co.uk/west-midlands/news/birmingham-hybrids-launched/ |archive-date=13 May 2012 }} 21 more planned{{cite web|title=More green hybrid buses on Way to West Midlands |url=http://nxbus.co.uk/west-midlands/news/more-green-hybrid-buses-on-way-to-west-midlands/ |publisher=National Express West Midlands Buses |access-date=31 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611060705/http://nxbus.co.uk/west-midlands/news/more-green-hybrid-buses-on-way-to-west-midlands |archive-date=11 June 2012 }}
  • Stagecoach, Manchester, Oxford, Sheffield, Newcastle
  • Oxford Bus Company, Oxfordshire – 52 currently{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordbus.co.uk/about-us/oxford-bus-company/|title=Oxford Bus Company|website=www.oxfordbus.co.uk|access-date=3 February 2018}}
  • FirstGroup, Bath, Somerset, Bristol, Manchester Metroshuttle, Leeds, Essex
  • Reading Buses
  • Lothian Buses
  • Cumfybus, Merseyside
  • Brighton & Hove
  • Stagecoach East Scotland, Aberdeen
  • Arriva Yorkshire, from April 2013

== Spain ==

File:Castrosua Tempus 001.JPG (International Bus and Coach Fair) in Madrid]]

  • Barcelona (MAN Lion's City Hybrid){{cite web|url=http://www.interempresas.net/Equipamiento_Municipal/Articulos/34296-Autobus-urbano-ecologico-y-eficiente.html |title=Autobús urbano ecológico y eficiente - 29/09/2009 - Equipamiento para municipios |publisher=Interempresas.net |date=2009-09-29 |access-date=2010-11-27}}
  • Empresa Municipal de Transportes, Madrid
  • Figueres, within the electric bus Project, IDAE

== Sweden ==

== Other European countries ==

  • Ljubljanski potniški promet (5 Kutsenits Hydra City II/III Hybrid's), Ljubljana, Slovenia
  • Paris: RATP is using a hybrid electric bus outfitted with ultracapacitors; the model used is the MAN Lion's City Hybrid.{{cite web|last=Navarro |first=Xavier |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2009/04/15/paris-tests-a-new-hybrid-bus-that-uses-ultracapacitors/ |title=Paris tests a new hybrid bus that uses ultracapacitors — Autoblog Green |publisher=Green.autoblog.com |date=2009-04-15 |access-date=2010-11-27}}{{cite web|url=http://www.man-mn.com/en/Innovation_and_Competence/Alternative_drive_systems/Hybrid_drive.jsp |title=MAN Nutzfahrzeuge - Hybrid drive |publisher=Man-mn.com |access-date=2010-11-27}}
  • Milan, Italy
  • Team Trafikk, Trondheim, Norway, with 10 Volvo B5L
  • Vienna, Austria
  • PostAuto,{{cite web|author=Volvo Buses - when productivity counts |url=http://www.volvobuses.com/bus/na/en-us/newsmedia/press%20releases/_layouts/CWP.Internet.VolvoCom/NewsItem.aspx?News.ItemId=81110&News.Language=en-gb |title=PostAuto operates the Volvo 7700 Hybrid on rural routes |publisher=Volvobuses.com |date=2010-04-20 |access-date=2010-11-27}} Switzerland: one vehicle is being tested since April 2010; the test will continue for three years.{{cite web|url=http://www.postauto.ch/en/pag-startseite/pag-kundenservice/pag-postauto-in-ihrer-naehe/pag-bern/pag-postauto-in-ihrer-naehe-bern-erstes-hybrid-postauto.htm |title=First hybrid Postbus |publisher=Postauto.ch |access-date=2010-11-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721033857/http://www.postauto.ch/en/pag-startseite/pag-kundenservice/pag-postauto-in-ihrer-naehe/pag-bern/pag-postauto-in-ihrer-naehe-bern-erstes-hybrid-postauto.htm |archive-date=2011-07-21 }}
  • Warsaw, Poland, 4 Solaris hybrid (combustion-electric) buses
  • Luxemburg (Sales-Lentz, Emile Weber and AVL)
  • Belgium / Flanders (De Lijn)
  • Belgium / Wallonia (TEC): 90 Volvo 7900H (plug-in hybrid) + 208 solaris (combustion-electric) ordered in 2016Q4

= Other countries =

Egypt IMUT: http://www.i-mut.net/en/about-us.

File:Curitiba BRT 02 2013 Hybrid bus 6094.JPG biodiesel–electric buses provide feeder services in some routes of Curitiba's Rede Integrada de Transporte, Brazil.]]

See also

{{portal|Buses}}

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References

{{Reflist}}

External links

  • [https://www.hybridschoolbus.com/ The Plug-in Hybrid Electric School Bus Project]

{{Commons category-inline|Hybrid-powered buses}}

{{Buses}}

Category:Plug-in hybrid vehicles