Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act#High Priority Corridors

{{Short description|US federal highway legislation}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2021}}

{{Infobox U.S. legislation

| enacted by = 102nd

| effective date =

| cite public law = {{USPL|102|240}}

| cite statutes at large = {{USStat|105|1914}}

| public law url =

| leghisturl = https://www.congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/house-bill/2950

| introducedin = House

| introducedbill = {{USBill|102|HR|2950}}

| introducedby = Norman Mineta (D-CA)

| introduceddate = July 18, 1991

| committees =

| passedbody1 = House

| passeddate1 = October 23, 1991

| passedvote1 = [https://clerk.house.gov/cgi-bin/vote.asp?year=1991&rollnumber=384 343-83]

| passedbody2 = Senate

| passeddate2 = October 31, 1991

| passedvote2 = unanimous consent, in lieu of {{USBill|102|S|1204}} passed June 19, 1991 [https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=102&session=1&vote=00101 91-7]

| passedbody3 = House

| conferencedate = November 27, 1991

| passeddate3 = November 27, 1991

| passedvote3 = [https://clerk.house.gov/cgi-bin/vote.asp?year=1991&rollnumber=440 372-47]

| passedbody4 = Senate

| passeddate4 = November 27, 1991

| passedvote4 = [https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=102&session=1&vote=00277 79-8]

| signedpresident = George H. W. Bush

| signeddate = December 18, 1991

|unsignedpresident=|vetoedpresident=| amendments = I-27 Numbering Act of 2023

| SCOTUS cases =

| name = Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991

| fullname = An act to develop a national intermodal surface transportation system, to authorize funds for construction of highways, for highway safety programs, and for mass transit programs, and for other purposes

| acronym = ISTEA

| nickname = Ice Tea

| acts amended =

| acts repealed =

| title amended = {{ubl|15 U.S.C.: Commerce and Trade|23 U.S.C.: Highways| |26 U.S.C.: Internal Revenue Code|33 U.S.C.: Navigation and Navigable Waters|49 U.S.C.: Transportation}}

| sections created =

| sections amended =

}}

The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA, {{IPAc-en|aɪ|s|ˈ|t|i}}) is a United States federal law that posed a major change to transportation planning and policy, as the first U.S. federal legislation on the subject in the post-Interstate Highway System era.

The act was signed into law on December 18, 1991, by President George H. W. Bush and codified as {{USPL|102|240}} and {{USStat|105|1914}}. The bill was preceded by the Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act in 1987 and followed by the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) in 1998, the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) in 2005, the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21) in 2012, the Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (FAST) in 2015, and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act in 2021.

Objective

The act presented an overall intermodal approach to highway and transit funding with collaborative planning requirements, giving significant additional powers to metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs).

ISTEA also provided funds for the conversion of dormant railroad corridors into rail trails; the first rail trail to be funded was the Cedar Lake Regional Rail Trail, in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

High priority corridors

Section 1105 of the act also defines a number of High Priority Corridors, to be part of the National Highway System.{{Efn | Section 1105 did not amend the U.S. Code, nor is it editorially classified as part of the U.S. Code, or set out as a statutory note to a section of the U.S. Code. However, an up-to-date version of ISTEA as amended can be found at govinfo.gov{{cite web | publisher= Office of the Law Revision Counsel | title=United States Code | access-date=December 30, 2021| url=http://uscode.house.gov}}{{cite web | publisher= Government Printing Office | title=Statute Compilations | access-date=May 5, 2020| url=https://www.govinfo.gov/app/collection/comps/}}}}{{cite web|title=Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991, as Amended, §1105|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-1422/|access-date=December 30, 2021|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office}}{{cite web|title=High Priority Corridors - National Highway System - Planning |url= https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/high_priority_corridors/ |website=Federal Highway Administration |date=October 2012 |access-date=October 31, 2021}} After various amendments in subsequent transportation bills and other legislation, this is a list of the corridors:

{{clear right}}

class="wikitable"

|+ List of High Priority Corridors

! style="width: 7.5%;" | Corridor #

! style="width: 22.5%;" | Name

! style="width: 40%;" | Location

! style="width: 30%;" | Notes

1

|North-South Corridor

|Kansas City, Missouri to Shreveport, Louisiana

|Interstate 49

2

|Avenue of the Saints Corridor

|St. Louis, Missouri to St. Paul, Minnesota

3

|East-West Transamerica Corridor

|Hampton Roads, Virginia to southern Kansas

|Interstate 66 (Kansas–Kentucky)
Project officially cancelled on August 6, 2015

4

|Hoosier Heartland Industrial Corridor

|Lafayette, Indiana to Toledo, Ohio

5

|I-73/74 North-South Corridor

|Myrtle Beach, South Carolina to Cincinnati, Ohio, Detroit, Michigan and Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan

6

|United States Route 80 Corridor

|Meridian, Mississippi to Savannah, Georgia

7

|East-West Corridor

|Memphis, Tennessee to Atlanta, Georgia and Chattanooga, Tennessee

8

|Highway 412 East-West Corridor

|Tulsa, Oklahoma to Nashville, Tennessee

9

|United States Route 220 and the Appalachian Thruway Corridor

|Bedford, Pennsylvania to Corning, New York

|Interstate 99

10

|Appalachian Regional Corridor X

|Fulton, Mississippi to Birmingham, Alabama{{cite web |last1=Appalachian Regional Commission|title=Status of the Appalachian Development Highway System as of September 30, 2019 |url= https://www.arc.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ADHSStatusReportFY2019.pdf |work=Appalachian Regional Commission |access-date=December 12, 2020}}{{cite web |last1=Appalachian Regional Commission |title=Status of the Appalachian Development Highway System as of September 30, 2017 |url= https://www.arc.gov/images/programs/transp/ADHSStatusReportFY2017.pdf |work=Appalachian Regional Commission |access-date=July 3, 2020|url-status = dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200704022840/https://www.arc.gov/images/programs/transp/ADHSStatusReportFY2017.pdf

|archive-date=July 4, 2020

}}{{cite web |last1=Appalachian Regional Commission |title=ADHS Approved Corridors and Termini as of 2018 |url= https://www.arc.gov/program_areas/ADHSApprovedCorridorsandTermini.asp |work=Appalachian Regional Commission |access-date=July 3, 2020 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160610231044/http://route.transportation.org/Documents/2016%20SM%20Des%20Moines,%20IA/Agenda%20and%20List%20of%20Applications%20SM-2016.pdf |archive-date=June 10, 2016 }}

|See corridor 45

11

|Appalachian Regional Corridor V

|From Interstate 55 in northern Mississippi in the west to Interstate 24 in East Tennessee

|Route is from Batesville, Mississippi, and via Tupelo, Mississippi, Russellville, Alabama, and Huntsville, Alabama, ending just west of Chattanooga, Tennessee See also corridor 42.

12

|United States Route 25E Corridor

|Corbin, Kentucky to Morristown, Tennessee

13

|Raleigh-Norfolk Corridor

|Raleigh, North Carolina to Norfolk, Virginia

|Interstate 87 (North Carolina–Virginia)

14

|Heartland Expressway

|Denver, Colorado to Rapid City, South Dakota

15

|Urban Highway Corridor

|M-59 in Michigan

16

|Economic Lifeline Corridor

|I-15 and I-40 in California, Arizona, and Nevada

17

|Route 29 Corridor

|Greensboro, North Carolina to Washington, D.C.

18

|

|Port Huron, Michigan to Chicago, Illinois, Corpus Christi, Texas and Victoria, Texas

|Interstate 69 (see Corridor 20)

19

|United States Route 395 Corridor

|Canada–US border to Reno, Nevada

20

|United States Route 59 Corridor

|Laredo, Texas to Texarkana, Texas

|Interstate 69 (see Corridor 18)

21

|United States Route 219 Corridor

|Buffalo, New York to Interstate 80

22

|Alameda Transportation Corridor

|Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach to Interstate 10

|(See Corridor 34)

23

|Interstate Route 35 Corridor

|Laredo, Texas to Duluth, Minnesota and the Canada–US border (via Interstate 29)

24

|Dalton Highway

|Deadhorse, Alaska to Fairbanks, Alaska

25

|State Route 168 (South Battlefield Boulevard)

|Great Bridge, Virginia Bypass to the North Carolina state line

26

|CANAMEX Corridor

|Nogales, Arizona to the Canada–US border

|Interstate 11 and Interstate 15

27

|Camino Real Corridor

|El Paso, Texas to the Canada–US border

28

|Birmingham Northern Beltline

|Birmingham, Alabama

|Appalachian Highway Development System Corridor X-1

29

|Coalfields Expressway

|Beckley, West Virginia to Pound, Virginia

30

|Interstate Route 5

|California, Oregon and Washington

31

|Mon–Fayette Expressway and Southern Beltway

|Pennsylvania and West Virginia

32

|Wisconsin Development Corridor

|Dubuque, Iowa to Eau Claire, Wisconsin

|Consists of three different corridors in the state of Wisconsin

33

|Capital Gateway Corridor

|Washington, D.C. to the Baltimore-Washington Parkway in Maryland

|U.S. Route 50

34

|Alameda Corridor-East and Southwest Passage

|East Los Angeles, California to Barstow, California and Coachella, California, and San Bernardino, California to Arizona

|(See Corridor 22)

35

|Everett-Tacoma FAST Corridor

|Everett, Washington to Tacoma, Washington

36

|NY-17

|Harriman, New York to I-90 in Pennsylvania

|ISTEA mandates that route be Interstate 86

37

|United States Route 90

|Lafayette, Louisiana to New Orleans, Louisiana

|Interstate 49

38

|Ports to Plains Corridor

|Laredo, Texas to Denver, Colorado

|Interstate 27 (Lubbock, Texas to Amarillo, Texas)

39

|United States Route 63

|Marked Tree, Arkansas to Interstate 55

|Interstate 555

40

|Greensboro Corridor

|Danville, Virginia to Greensboro, North Carolina

|Interstate 785

41

|Falls-to-Falls Corridor

|International Falls, Minnesota to Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin

42

|

|Batesville to Fulton, Mississippi

|formed from portions of ADHS corridors V and X; law designates highway as a future Interstate highway (route number not specified in law)

43

|United States Route 95 Corridor

|Eastport, Idaho to Oregon

44

|Louisiana Highway 1 Corridor

|Grand Isle, Louisiana to U.S. Route 90

45

|United States Route 78 Corridor

|Memphis, Tennessee to Birmingham, Alabama

|Interstate 22

46

|Interstate Route 710

|Long Beach, California to California State Route 60

47

|Interstate Route 87

|Quebec to New York City

48

|Route 50 High Plains Corridor

|Newton, Kansas to Pueblo, Colorado

49

|Atlantic Commerce Corridor

|Jacksonville, Florida to Miami, Florida

50

|East-West Corridor

|Watertown, New York to Calais, Maine

51

|SPIRIT Corridor

|El Paso, Texas to Wichita, Kansas

52

|

|Swifton, Arkansas to Jonesboro, Arkansas

53

|United States Highway Route 6

|Interstate 70 to Interstate 15

54

|California Farm-to-Market Corridor

|south of Bakersfield, California to Sacramento, California

|California State Route 99

55

|

|Dallas, Texas to Memphis, Tennessee

56

|La Entrada al Pacifico Corridor

|Lamesa, Texas to Presidio, Texas

57

|United States Route 41 corridor

|Milwaukee, Wisconsin to Green Bay, Wisconsin

|Interstate 41

58

|Theodore Roosevelt Expressway

|Rapid City, South Dakota to Raymond, Montana

59

|Central North American Trade Corridor

|border between North Dakota and South Dakota to the Canada–US border

60

|Providence Beltline Corridor

|Hope Valley, Rhode Island to Massachusetts

61

|

|various corridors in Missouri

62

|Georgia Developmental Highway System Corridors

|various corridors in Georgia

63

|Liberty Corridor

|various corridors in northern New Jersey

64

|

|various corridors in southern New Jersey

65

|Interstate Route 95 Corridor

|Connecticut

66

|Interstate Route 91 Corridor

|Connecticut

67

|Fairbanks-Yukon International Corridor

|Canada–US border to Fairbanks, Alaska

68

|Intermountain West Corridor and Washoe County Corridor

|Las Vegas, Nevada to Reno, Nevada

|Interstate 11 and Interstate 80

69

|Cross Valley Connector

|Interstate 5 to State Route 14, Santa Clarita Valley, California

70

|Economic Lifeline corridor

|I-15, I-40 and other roads in California, Arizona and Nevada

71

|High Desert Corridor

|Los Angeles, California to Las Vegas, Nevada

|Brightline West via Interstate 15

72

|North-South corridor

|Kansas City, Missouri to Shreveport, Louisiana

|Interstate 49

73

|Louisiana Highway corridor

|Grand Isle, Louisiana to U.S. Route 90

74

|

|Lafayette, Louisiana to New Orleans, Louisiana

|Interstate 49

75

|Louisiana 28 corridor

|Fort Polk, Louisiana to Alexandria, Louisiana

76

|

|Toledo, Ohio to Cincinnati, Ohio

77

|

|Indiana to Toledo, Ohio

78

|

|Cincinnati, Ohio to Cleveland, Ohio

79

|Interstate Route 376

|Monroeville, Pennsylvania to Sharon, Pennsylvania

80

|Intercounty Connector

|Interstate 270 to Interstate 95/U.S. Route 1 in Maryland

81

|Interstate 795

|Goldsboro, North Carolina to Interstate 40 west of Faison, North Carolina

82

|U.S. Route 70

|U.S. 70 from Interstate 40 at Garner, North Carolina to the port of Morehead City, North Carolina

|law designates highway as a future Interstate highway (route number not specified in law). Assigned Interstate 42 by AASHTO{{cite web |publisher=AASHTO |url= http://route.transportation.org/Documents/2016%20SM%20Des%20Moines%2c%20IA/Agenda%20and%20List%20of%20Applications%20SM-2016.pdf |title=AASHTO Electronic Balloting System - View Ballot - Agenda and List of Applications SM-2016 |access-date =May 5, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160610231044/http://route.transportation.org/Documents/2016%20SM%20Des%20Moines,%20IA/Agenda%20and%20List%20of%20Applications%20SM-2016.pdf |archive-date=June 10, 2016}}

83

|Sonoran Corridor (State Rte. 410)

|A new highway from Interstate 19 to Interstate 10 south of Tucson International Airport, Arizona

|law designates highway as a future Interstate highway (route number not specified in law)

84

|Central Texas Corridor

|Two routes from Interstate 10 (Pecos County) and Interstate 20 (Midland–Odessa), joining in Brady and continuing east to the Sabine River, passing in or near Fort Hood; College Station; Huntsville; and Livingston; all in Texas (paragraphs A–C)

Also designates spurs from I-14 North in Eden to I-10 near Junction following U.S. 83 (paragraph D), from I-14 in Woodville to I-10 in Beaumont via U.S. 69 (paragraph E), from I-14 in Jasper to I-10 in Beaumont via U.S. 96 (paragraph F), and from I-20 in Odessa to I-10 in Pecos County via U.S. 385, RM 305, and U.S. 190 (paragraph G).

|FAST mandates that route be Interstate 14; IIJA designates Bryan–College Station loop as Interstate 214, the spur from Brady to I-10 as Interstate 14 South, and the spur from Brady to I-20 as Interstate 14 North. Routes in paragraphs D–G are designated as future Interstate highways (route number not specified in law)

See also corridors 93 and 99–102

85

|Interstate 81

|From Interstate 86 to the Canada–United States border

86

|Interstate 70 from Salt Lake City, Utah to Denver, Colorado{{Efn |{{no wrap|I-70}} does not come near Salt Lake City; instead terminating {{convert|173|miles}} south of such city at {{nowrap|I-15}}. Regardless, the law states "Interstate Route 70 from Denver, Colorado, to Salt Lake City, Utah"}}

|Utah and Colorado

87

|Newberg-Dundee Bypass route

|From Newberg, Oregon to Dayton, Oregon{{Efn | The law's text states, "The Oregon 99W Newberg-Dundee Bypass Route between Newberg, Oregon and Dayton, Oregon;" however, the actual route number is Oregon Route 18. The bypass runs east of {{nowrap|Oregon Rte. 99W}}. The southern portion, Phase 1, between {{nowrap|Rte. 99W}} at Dundee and Rte. 219 is finished. Sufficient funding for the northern portion, Phase 2, which is from {{nowrap|Rte. 219}} to {{nowrap|Rte. 99W}}, has not yet been identified.{{cite web | publisher= Oregon Department of Transportation |title=OR 18: Newberg Dundee Bypass Phase 2 Design Phase |access-date=June 7, 2020 |url= https://www.oregon.gov/odot/projects/pages/project-details.aspx?project=19909}}{{cite web |last1=Oregon Department of Transportation |title=Bypass Opened January 6, 2018 |url= http://www.oregonjta.org/region2/?p=highway99w&expandable=2 |publisher=Oregon Department of Transportation |access-date=June 7, 2020}}}}

|

88

|Interstate 205

|Interstate 205 in Oregon

89

|I-57 Corridor Extension

|Extending Interstate 57 from its southern terminus at I-55 in southeastern Missouri to I-40 in North Little Rock, Arkansas

|ISTEA mandates that route be Interstate 57

90

|Pennyrile Parkway

|From Interstate 69 near Nortonville, Kentucky in the north, to Interstate 24 south of Hopkinsville, Kentucky

|ISTEA mandates that route be Interstate 169

91

|Western Kentucky Parkway

|The portion of the Western Kentucky Parkway between Interstate 69 in the west (near Nortonville, Kentucky) to Interstate 165 (formerly the William H. Natcher Parkway) in the east

|ISTEA mandates that route be Interstate 569

92

|

|U.S. 421 from I-85 in Greensboro to I-95 in Dunn, North Carolina

|IIJA designates as future Interstate highway (route number not specified in law)

93

|South Mississippi Corridor

|U.S. 84 from Natchez to Laurel, Mississippi, I-59 from Laurel to Hattiesburg, Mississippi, and U.S. 49 and MS 601 from Hattiesburg to Gulfport, Mississippi

|Largely identical to Central Mississippi Corridor (Corridor 100). IIJA designates the U.S. 84 and I-59 portions as a future Interstate highway (indirectly mandating it to be I-14); see also Corridor 94

94

|Kosciusko to Gulf Coast Corridor

|Starting at I-55 near Vaiden, Mississippi, running south and passing east of the vicinity of the Jackson Urbanized Area, connecting to U.S. 49 north of Hattiesburg, Mississippi, and generally following U.S. 49 to I-10 near Gulfport, Mississippi.

|Overlaps with corridors 93 and 100 south of Hattiesburg; IIJA designates as future Interstate highway (route number not specified in law)

95

|Interstate 22 Spur

|U.S. 45 from I-22 in Tupelo south to near Shannon, Mississippi.

|IIJA designates as future Interstate highway (route number not specified in law)

96

|

|U.S. 412 from I-35 in Noble County, Oklahoma via Tulsa, to its intersection with I-49 in Springdale, Arkansas

|IIJA designates as future Interstate highway (route number not specified in law)

97

|Louie B. Nunn Cumberland Expressway (sic)

|Cumberland Parkway from I-65 in Barren County to U.S. 27 in Somerset, Kentucky

|Part of the cancelled East-West Transamerica Corridor route (Corridor 3); IIJA mandates this route be Interstate 365

98

|

|MS 7 from I-55 in Grenada via Oxford to I-22 in Holly Springs, Mississippi

|

99

|Central Louisiana Corridor

|From the Sabine River, follows LA 8 and LA 28 to Alexandria, continuing east to join U.S. 84 and cross the Mississippi River near Natchez, Mississippi

|IIJA mandates this route be Interstate 14

See corridors 84, 93, and 100–102

100

|Central Mississippi Corridor

|U.S. 84 east from Natchez to Laurel, Mississippi, then follows I-59 northeast through Meridian to the Mississippi–Alabama state line near Cuba, Alabama;

also includes a spur following I-59 south to Hattiesburg, then U.S. 49 and proposed MS 601 to Gulfport

|IIJA mandates the route from Natchez to the Alabama state line be Interstate 14

See corridors 84, 93, 99, and 101–102

101

|Middle Alabama Corridor

|U.S. 80 east from I-20/59 near Cuba to Montgomery, then follows the partially-completed Montgomery Outer Loop (AL 108) to I-85, continuing east from Tuskegee via either U.S. 80 or I-85 and U.S. 280 to the Alabama–Georgia border in Phenix City

|IIJA mandates this route be Interstate 14

See corridors 84, 93, 99–100, and 102

102

|Middle Georgia Corridor

|Fall Line Freeway (GA 540) from Columbus via Warner Robins and Macon to Augusta, Georgia

|IIJA mandates this route be Interstate 14

See corridors 84, 93, and 99–101

High-speed rail corridors

File:ARRA High Speed Rail Grants Details.jpg—seventeen years later.]]

The legislation also called for the designation of up to five high-speed rail corridors. The options were studied for several months, and announced in October 1992. The first four were announced by United States Secretary of Transportation Andrew Card, while the last was announced by Federal Railroad Administration head Gil Carmichael.{{cite web|url= http://www.fra.dot.gov/us/content/618 |title=Chronology of High-Speed Rail Corridors |publisher=Federal Railroad Administration, Department of Transportation |date=July 7, 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091130111104/http://www.fra.dot.gov/us/content/618 |archive-date=November 30, 2009 |access-date=March 16, 2014}}

There was not significant funding attached to these announcements: $30 million had been allocated to several states by 1997 to improve grade crossings,{{cite web|url= http://www.fra.dot.gov/us/content/515 |title=High Speed Ground Transportation for America - CFS Report To Congress |publisher=Federal Railroad Administration |date=September 1997 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090825213905/http://www.fra.dot.gov/us/content/515 |archive-date=August 25, 2009 |access-date=March 16, 2014}} but that was a very tiny amount in comparison to the billions required for a true high-speed network. Aside from a few places in California and the Chicago–Detroit Line, most areas outside the Northeast Corridor continued to be limited to {{convert|79|mph|abbr=on}} until $8 billion from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 was distributed in January 2010.{{cite web|url= https://www.wired.com/autopia/2010/02/high-speed-rail-grants/ |title=At Long Last, Clear Messages for High-Speed Rail |first=Zach |last=Rosenberg |date=February 1, 2010 |publisher=Wired Blogs |access-date=March 16, 2014}}

Jeff Morales one of the principal drafters of this bill, served as CEO of the California High-Speed Rail Authority, which is currently constructing a high-speed rail line along the route originally proposed in this bill, from 2012 to 2017.{{cite web|last1=The Registry-San Francisco |title=California High-Speed Rail Authority Hires World Recognized CEO |url= http://news.theregistrysf.com/california-high-speed-rail-authority-hires-world-recognized-ceo/ |date=May 29, 2012 |access-date=October 31, 2021}}

Airbags

The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 also mandated that passenger automobiles and light trucks built after September 1, 1998, to have airbags installed as standard equipment for the driver and the right front passenger.{{cite web |url=http://www.nhtsa.gov.edgesuite-staging.net/DOT/NHTSA/NRD/Multimedia/PDFs/Crashworthiness/Air%20Bags/rev_report.pdf |page=1 |date=June 21, 2001 |title=Air Bag Technology in Light Passenger Vehicles |author=Office of Research and Development |publisher=U.S. NHTSA |access-date=March 16, 2014 |archive-date=December 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215001813/http://www.nhtsa.gov.edgesuite-staging.net/DOT/NHTSA/NRD/Multimedia/PDFs/Crashworthiness/Air%20Bags/rev_report.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url= http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/federal-legislation-makes-airbags-mandatory |title=Sep 1, 1998: Federal legislation makes airbags mandatory |website=history.com |access-date=March 16, 2014}}

Notes

{{Notelist|30em}}

References

{{reflist}}