Jair Bolsonaro#Views on homosexuality

Jair Messias Bolsonaro was born on 21 March 1955 in Glicério, São Paulo,{{cite news |author=Godoy, Marcelo |date=2 April 2017 |title=Um fantasma ronda o Planalto |trans-title=A ghost haunts the Plateau |url=http://infograficos.estadao.com.br/politica/bolsonaro-um-fantasma-ronda-o-planalto |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225071459/http://infograficos.estadao.com.br/public/politica/bolsonaro-um-fantasma-ronda-o-planalto/ |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=5 August 2018 |work=O Estado de S. Paulo |language=pt-BR}} in southeast Brazil, to Percy Geraldo Bolsonaro and Olinda Bonturi.{{Cite news |last=Sanches |first=Valdir |date=2 March 2015 |title=Mãe de Bolsonaro: "Ele não era de falar besteira" |trans-title=Bolsonaro's mother: "He wasn't the kind to talk nonsense" |url=https://revistacrescer.globo.com/Voce-precisa-saber/noticia/2015/03/ele-era-digno-nao-era-de-falar-besteira-diz-mae-de-jair-bolsonaro.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703162827/https://revistacrescer.globo.com/Voce-precisa-saber/noticia/2015/03/ele-era-digno-nao-era-de-falar-besteira-diz-mae-de-jair-bolsonaro.html |archive-date=3 July 2018 |access-date=28 April 2018 |work=Crescer |language=pt-BR}}{{cite news |author=Ferraz |first=Lucas |date=25 October 2018 |title=Eleições 2018: berço do clã Bolsonaro, região do norte da Itália se agita com disputa no Brasil |trans-title=2018 elections: Bolsonaro clan's birthplace, northern Italian region is shaken by dispute in Brazil |url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-45973980 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225071448/https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-45973980%20 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=27 October 2018 |work=BBC News |language=pt-BR}} His family is mostly of Italian descent, with German ancestry as well. On his father's side, he is the great-grandson of Italians from Veneto and Calabria.{{Cite news |last=Taddone |first=Daniel |date=23 October 2018 |title=Taddone revela genealogia de Bolsonaro: 13 dos 16 trisavôs do candidato são italianos da Toscana, do Vêneto e da Calábria |trans-title=Taddone reveals Bolsonaro's genealogy: 13 of the candidate's 16 great-great-grandfathers are Italians from Tuscany, Veneto and Calabria |url=https://www.insieme.com.br/pb/taddone-revela-genealogia-de-bolsonaro/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225071511/http://www.insieme.com.br/pb/taddone-revela-genealogia-de-bolsonaro/ |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=29 October 2018}} Bolsonaro's paternal grandfather's family comes from Veneto, more precisely Anguillara Veneta, in the province of Padua. His great-grandfather, Vittorio Bolzonaro (the surname was originally written with a "z"), was born on 12 April 1878. Vittorio's parents immigrated to Brazil when he was ten, together with his siblings, Giovanna and Tranquillo.{{cite news|title=In Veneto il paese del probabile presidente brasiliano Bolsonaro|url=https://stream24.ilsole24ore.com/video/mondo/in-veneto-paese-probabile-presidente-brasiliano-bolsonaro/AE9J8MWG|date=26 October 2018|website=Il Sole 24 ore | access-date=27 October 2018|language=it | archive-date=29 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029031046/https://stream24.ilsole24ore.com/video/mondo/in-veneto-paese-probabile-presidente-brasiliano-bolsonaro/AE9J8MWG | url-status=live}} His German ancestry came from his father's maternal grandfather, Carl "Carlos" Hintze, born in Hamburg around 1876, who immigrated to Brazil in 1883. His maternal grandparents were born in Lucca, in Tuscany, and went to live in Brazil in the 1890s. On 21 January 2022, his mother Olinda Bonturi Bolsonaro died at age 94. His father Percy Geraldo Bolsonaro died in 1995.{{cite news |date=21 January 2022 |title=President Bolsonaro calls off visit to Guyana after mom's death |url=https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/president-bolsonaro-calls-visit-guyana-after-moms-death |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202214333/https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/president-bolsonaro-calls-visit-guyana-after-moms-death |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=Caribbean Loop News |language=en}}

Bolsonaro spent most of his childhood moving around São Paulo with his family, living in Ribeira, Jundiaí, and Sete Barras, before settling in Eldorado, in the state's southern region, in 1966, where he grew up with his five brothers.{{cite book|last=Bolsonaro|first=Flávio|date=2017|title=Jair Messias Bolsonaro – Mito ou Verdade|publisher=Altadena Editora|isbn=9788594307002}} His first name is a tribute to Jair da Rosa Pinto, a football player for Palmeiras, with whom he shares a birthday.{{cite news |date=29 October 2018 |title=Inspiração para o nome de Bolsonaro, Jair brilhou por Palmeiras e seleção |url=https://veja.abril.com.br/placar/inspiracao-para-nome-de-bolsonaro-jair-brilhou-por-palmeiras-e-selecao/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925084247/https://veja.abril.com.br/placar/inspiracao-para-nome-de-bolsonaro-jair-brilhou-por-palmeiras-e-selecao/ |archive-date=25 September 2020 |access-date=2 March 2020 |newspaper=Veja |language=pt-BR}}{{cite news |last=Nogueira |first=Alberto |date=29 October 2018 |title=Craque do Palmeiras da década de 1950 inspirou nome de Jair Bolsonaro |trans-title=Palmeiras star from the 1950s inspired Jair Bolsonaro's name |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/esporte/2018/10/craque-do-palmeiras-da-decada-de-1950-inspirou-nome-de-jair-bolsonaro.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925084252/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/amp/esporte/2018/10/craque-do-palmeiras-da-decada-de-1950-inspirou-nome-de-jair-bolsonaro.shtml |archive-date=25 September 2020 |access-date=2 March 2020 |newspaper=Folha de S.Paulo |language=pt-BR |publication-place=São Paulo}}

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In his final years in high school, Bolsonaro was admitted to the Escola Preparatória de Cadetes do Exército (the prep school of the Brazilian Army), which he entered in 1973. In 1974, he went to the Military Academy of Agulhas Negras (Brazil's main military academy), graduating in 1977 as an artillery officer. He served in the 9th Field Artillery Group, in Nioaque, Mato Grosso do Sul. Later he studied at the Army Physical Training School in Rio de Janeiro and served in the 21st Field Artillery Group and the 8th Paratrooper Field Artillery Group, from the Paratrooper Brigade, both in the same city. His superior officers said he was "aggressive" and had "excessive ambition to get financial and economical gain". The assessment referred to Bolsonaro's attempt to mine gold in Bahia state; according to him, the activity was only a "hobby and mental hygiene".{{cite web|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/05/1884332-bolsonaro-era-agressivo-e-tinha-excessiva-ambicao-diz-ficha-militar.shtml#_=_|title=Bolsonaro era agressivo e tinha 'excessiva ambição', diz ficha militar|website=Folha de S. Paulo|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225071507/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/05/1884332-bolsonaro-era-agressivo-e-tinha-excessiva-ambicao-diz-ficha-militar.shtml#_=_|url-status=live}}

In 1987, he studied in the Officers Improvement School, where he made the Artillery Advanced Course. Bolsonaro first rose to public attention in 1986 when he gave an interview to the news magazine Veja. He complained about low military salaries and claimed that the High Command was dismissing officers due to budgetary cuts, not because they were displaying "deviations of conduct", as the command had told the press.{{cite web|url=http://www.arqanalagoa.ufscar.br/pdf/recortes/R03088.pdf|title=O salário está baixo|website=Arqanalagoa.ufsacr.br|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125181956/http://www.arqanalagoa.ufscar.br/pdf/recortes/R03088.pdf|url-status=live}} Despite being reprimanded by his superiors, Bolsonaro received praise from fellow officers and wives of military men, becoming a household name for hardliners and right-wingers who were growing disenchanted with Brazil's new civilian democratic government.{{cite web|url=http://observatoriodaimprensa.com.br/jornal-de-debates/capitao-bolsonaro-a-historia-esquecida/|title=Capitão Bolsonaro, a história esquecida – Observatório da Imprensa – Você nunca mais vai ler jornal do mesmo jeito|date=6 April 2011|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225071456/http://observatoriodaimprensa.com.br/jornal-de-debates/capitao-bolsonaro-a-historia-esquecida/|url-status=live}}

In October 1987, Bolsonaro faced a new accusation. Veja reported that, with an Army colleague, he had plans to plant bombs in military units in Rio de Janeiro. After Bolsonaro called the allegation "a fantasy", the magazine published, in its next issue, sketches in which the plan was detailed. The drawings had allegedly been made by Bolsonaro. Official records unearthed by the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo in 2018 detailed the case. After an investigation by an administrative military bureau named Justification Board, Bolsonaro was unanimously considered guilty. According to this board, Bolsonaro had a "serious personality deviation and a professional deformation", "lack of moral courage to leave the Army" and "lied throughout the process" when denying frequent contacts with Veja. The Supreme Military Court then analysed the case. The general in charge of reporting the case voted to acquit Bolsonaro, arguing that he had already been penalized for the initial Veja article, that there was no testimonial evidence of his plans to plant bombs, and that there were "deep contradictions in the four graphological exams", two of which failed to conclude that Bolsonaro was the author of the sketches. Bolsonaro was acquitted by the majority of the court (9{{nbsp}}v 4{{nbsp}}votes). In December 1988, just after this ruling, he left the Army to begin his political career. He served in the military for 15 years, reaching the rank of captain.{{cite web|url=https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,o-julgamento-que-tirou-bolsonaro-do-anonimato,70002249929|title=O julgamento que tirou Bolsonaro do anonimato – Política|website=Estadão |access-date=8 October 2018 |archive-date=8 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008061308/https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,o-julgamento-que-tirou-bolsonaro-do-anonimato,70002249929 |url-status=live}}

File:Bolsonaro em março de 1990 (Acervo Globo).jpg city councilor in March 1990. In October of the same year, he was elected Federal Deputy for the city]]

Bolsonaro entered politics in 1988, elected city councilor in Rio de Janeiro, representing the Christian Democratic Party (PDC). According to the biography by his son Flávio, Bolsonaro "was a candidate for councilor because it happened to be the only option he had at the moment to avoid persecution by some superiors. His entry into politics happened by chance, for his desire was to continue in his military career".

Bolsonaro spent only two years in the Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro. He was described as a quiet, discreet and conservative councilor, and showed little participation.{{cite journal|date=26 November 2017|title=Como vereador, projeto de transporte gratuito para tropas – Política – Estadão|url=https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,como-vereador-projeto-de-transporte-gratuito-para-tropas,70002097328|journal=Estadão|language=pt |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925084303/https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,como-vereador-projeto-de-transporte-gratuito-para-tropas,70002097328 |url-status=live}} His term as councilor was used mainly to give visibility to military causes, such as retirement benefits for former officers.{{cite book|title=Jair Messias Bolsonaro – Mito ou Verdade|last=Bolsonaro|first=Flávio|publisher=Altadena Editora|year=2017|location=Rio de Janeiro|isbn=9788594307002|language=pt-br|pages=77–79}}

In the 1990 elections, Bolsonaro was elected a federal deputy for the Christian Democratic Party. He served seven consecutive terms, from 1991 to 2018. He has been affiliated with several other Brazilian political parties over the years. In 2014, he was the congressman who gained the most votes in Rio de Janeiro, with 465,000.{{cite news|url=https://eleicoes.uol.com.br/2014/noticias/2014/10/05/bolsonaro-rj-e-eleito-deputado-federal-no-rj-com-o-maior-numero-de-votos.htm|title=Bolsonaro (PP) é o deputado federal com maior número de votos no RJ – Notícias|work=UOL Eleições 2014 |access-date=29 October 2018|language=pt-BR |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225071444/https://eleicoes.uol.com.br/2014/noticias/2014/10/05/bolsonaro-rj-e-eleito-deputado-federal-no-rj-com-o-maior-numero-de-votos.htm |url-status=live}}

Bolsonaro's name was listed on the "{{interlanguage link|Lista de Furnas|pt}}", a list detailing a corruption and money laundering scheme involving the state-owned electricity company, Eletrobras Furnas.{{Cite web|last=Nassif|first=Luis|date=10 April 2017|title=Os nomes e valores da Lista de Furnas, por Stanley Burburinho|url=https://jornalggn.com.br/justica/os-nomes-e-valores-da-lista-de-furnas/|access-date=11 November 2022|website=GGN|language=pt-BR|archive-date=11 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111142441/https://jornalggn.com.br/justica/os-nomes-e-valores-da-lista-de-furnas/|url-status=live}} He received housing assistance for deputies who do not have residences in the Brazilian capitalBrasília despite having an apartment in the southwest of Brasília. He has later admitted that he considers this practice of his "immoral".{{Cite web|title=Bolsonaro admits he was "immoral" to benefit from aid for homeless deputies in Brasília|url=https://www.msn.com/en-au/news/other/bolsonaro-admits-he-was-%C2%ABimmoral%C2%BB-to-benefit-from-aid-for-homeless-deputies-in-bras%C3%ADlia/ar-AA10tEKJ|access-date=2023-01-25|website=MSN|language=en-AU|archive-date=25 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125123012/https://www.msn.com/en-au/news/other/bolsonaro-admits-he-was-%C2%ABimmoral%C2%BB-to-benefit-from-aid-for-homeless-deputies-in-bras%C3%ADlia/ar-AA10tEKJ|url-status=live}} He has also been accused of engaging in fuel allowance fraud.{{Cite web|title=Fux envia à PGR notícia-crime contra Bolsonaro por superfaturamento|url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/fux-envia-a-pgr-noticia-crime-contra-bolsonaro-por-superfaturamento/|access-date=2023-01-25|website=CNN Brasil|language=pt-BR|archive-date=25 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125123016/https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/fux-envia-a-pgr-noticia-crime-contra-bolsonaro-por-superfaturamento/|url-status=live}}

In his 27 years of service in the Brazilian National Congress, Bolsonaro put forward one constitutional amendment and at least 171 bills, two of which became law.[https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,bolsonaro-aprova-dois-projetos-em-26-anos-de-congresso,70001900653 "Bolsonaro aprova dois projetos em 26 anos de Congresso"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142850/https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,bolsonaro-aprova-dois-projetos-em-26-anos-de-congresso,70001900653 |date=12 June 2018 }} {{in lang|pt}}. Page accessed on 7 June 2018. Bolsonaro, who claims to be persecuted by the left-wing parties, said most congressmen do not vote according to their agenda, but "by who the author of the bill is".[https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2015/06/camara-aprova-pela-primeira-vez-emenda-de-jair-bolsonaro.html "Câmara aprova pela primeira vez emenda de Jair Bolsonaro"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718203306/http://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2015/06/camara-aprova-pela-primeira-vez-emenda-de-jair-bolsonaro.html |date=18 July 2018 }}. Page accessed on 1 August 2018.

In January 2018, Bolsonaro abandoned the Social Christian Party and switched to the Social Liberal Party (PSL).{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} After his arrival, the PSL adopted conservative and right-wing positions, and its social liberal group Livres announced its departure from the PSL.{{cite web|url=https://politica.estadao.com.br/blogs/blog-do-fucs/com-chegada-de-bolsonaro-livres-anuncia-saida-do-psl/|title=Com chegada de Bolsonaro, Livres anuncia saída do PSL|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321013923/https://politica.estadao.com.br/blogs/blog-do-fucs/com-chegada-de-bolsonaro-livres-anuncia-saida-do-psl/|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.nexojornal.com.br/expresso/2018/10/09/Como-o-PSL-tomou-espa%C3%A7o-da-centro-direita-na-C%C3%A2mara|title=Como o PSL tomou espaço da centro-direita na Câmara|website=Nexo Jornal|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124135424/https://www.nexojornal.com.br/expresso/2018/10/09/Como-o-PSL-tomou-espa%C3%A7o-da-centro-direita-na-C%C3%A2mara|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Jair Bolsonaro 2018 presidential campaign}}

On 22 July 2018, the PSL nominated Bolsonaro for president in the 2018 election.{{cite web|title=PSL oficializa candidatura de Jair Bolsonaro à Presidência, mas adia definição de vice|date=22 July 2018 |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/07/22/psl-confirma-candidatura-de-jair-bolsonaro-a-presidencia-da-republica.ghtml |access-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live |archive-date=8 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908151337/https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/07/22/psl-confirma-candidatura-de-jair-bolsonaro-a-presidencia-da-republica.ghtml}} The Brazilian Labour Renewal Party also endorsed him. His coalition name was "Brazil above everything, God above everyone" ({{lang|pt|Brasil acima de tudo, Deus acima de todos}}).{{cite news|url=https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/eleicoes/2018/brasil-acima-de-tudo-conheca-a-origem-do-slogan-de-bolsonaro-7r6utek3uk1axzyruk1fj9nas|title=Conheça a origem do slogan de Bolsonaro|work=Gazeta do Povo |access-date=1 November 2018 |url-status=live|language=pt-BR |archive-date=1 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101095428/https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/eleicoes/2018/brasil-acima-de-tudo-conheca-a-origem-do-slogan-de-bolsonaro-7r6utek3uk1axzyruk1fj9nas}}{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2017/11/09/jair-bolsonaro-hopes-to-be-brazils-donald-trump|title=Jair Bolsonaro hopes to be Brazil's Donald Trump|newspaper=The Economist |access-date=1 November 2018 |url-status=live |archive-date=30 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030165226/https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2017/11/09/jair-bolsonaro-hopes-to-be-brazils-donald-trump}} Though contested by two lawsuits, the Superior Electoral Court of Brazil deferred them and his candidacy was made official on 6 August.{{cite news|title=TSE aprova por unanimidade candidatura de Bolsonaro à Presidência|work=G1|language=pt|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/09/06/tse-aprova-por-unanimidade-candidatura-de-bolsonaro-a-presidencia.ghtml |access-date=7 September 2018 |archive-date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906231625/https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/09/06/tse-aprova-por-unanimidade-candidatura-de-bolsonaro-a-presidencia.ghtml |url-status=live}} In August, Bolsonaro announced that Antônio Hamilton Mourão, a retired army general, would be his running mate.{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/08/05/bolsonaro-anuncia-general-mourao-como-vice.ghtml|title=Bolsonaro anuncia general Hamilton Mourão como vice|date=5 August 2013|website=G1 |access-date=21 August 2018 |url-status=live |archive-date=6 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806110757/https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/08/05/bolsonaro-anuncia-general-mourao-como-vice.ghtml}}

File:Protesto pró-Bolsonaro em Londres.jpg

According to political pundits, Bolsonaro moderated his tone early in the campaign, taking a less aggressive and confrontational style. Economically, he started to support less government intervention in the economy (in contrast to the past, when he defended developmentalist policies). On the other hand, he maintained his tough stance on crime and his defence of "traditional family values".{{cite news|title=Bolsonaro modera discurso econômico em aceno ao mercado|url=https://istoe.com.br/bolsonaro-modera-discurso-economico-em-aceno-ao-mercado/|work=Isto É magazine|access-date= 7 September 2018|language=pt|archive-date= 7 September 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180907183206/https://istoe.com.br/bolsonaro-modera-discurso-economico-em-aceno-ao-mercado/|url-status= dead}} Bolsonaro also said he planned to cut taxes across the board, particularly on inheritances and businesses, to generate growth and tackle unemployment.{{cite news|title=Bolsonaro quer menos fiscal em empresas e nenhum imposto sobre herança|url=https://www.valor.com.br/politica/5574761/bolsonaro-quer-menos-fiscal-em-empresas-e-nenhum-imposto-sobre-heranca|first=Raphael|last=Di Cunto|work=Valor Econômico|date=6 June 2018|access-date=7 September 2018|language=pt|archive-date=9 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909073835/https://www.valor.com.br/politica/5574761/bolsonaro-quer-menos-fiscal-em-empresas-e-nenhum-imposto-sobre-heranca|url-status=dead}} He also promised more austerity measures and cuts in government spending, but had difficulty naming the areas where he would make cuts. He also said he would work to diminish the federal government's size and bureaucracy by enacting a wide variety of deregulation measures.{{cite web|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/em-encontro-com-empresarios-bolsonaro-promete-gestao-austera-corte-de-impostos-22851805|title=Em encontro com empresários, Bolsonaro promete gestão austera e e corte de impostos|date=4 July 2018|access-date=8 September 2018|website=G1|archive-date=8 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908054237/https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/em-encontro-com-empresarios-bolsonaro-promete-gestao-austera-corte-de-impostos-22851805|url-status=live}} Bolsonaro's promises to restore security amid record high crime and to stamp out Brazil's rampant political corruption won him huge popular support.{{cite news|title=How Women Could Win It for Bolsonaro|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/10/26/how-women-could-win-it-for-bolsonaro/|work=Foreign Policy|first=Clara|last=Long|date=26 October 2018 |access-date=30 October 2018 |archive-date=30 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030131238/https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/10/26/how-women-could-win-it-for-bolsonaro/ |url-status=live}} In October, he announced he would name Paulo Guedes, a liberal economist, as his finance minister.{{cite web|url=https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/eleicoes,bolsonaro-anuncia-nomes-de-tres-ministros-em-eventual-governo,70002544037|title=Bolsonaro anuncia nomes de três ministros em eventual governo – Política|website=Estadão|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=16 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016164906/https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/eleicoes,bolsonaro-anuncia-nomes-de-tres-ministros-em-eventual-governo,70002544037|url-status=dead}}

On 9 August 2018, Bolsonaro attended the first presidential debate of the year, organized by the TV network Rede Bandeirantes.{{cite news|title=Band faz primeiro debate com candidatos ao Planalto nesta quinta|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/08/band-faz-primeiro-debate-com-candidatos-ao-planalto-nesta-quinta.shtml|work=Folha.uol.com.br|access-date=7 September 2018|language=pt|archive-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820074655/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/08/band-faz-primeiro-debate-com-candidatos-ao-planalto-nesta-quinta.shtml|url-status=live}} A week later, there was another debate at RedeTV!{{cite news|title=Oito presidenciáveis discutem propostas de governo no segundo debate da campanha eleitoral de 2018|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/08/18/oito-presidenciaveis-discutem-propostas-de-governo-no-segundo-debate-da-campanha-eleitoral-de-2018.ghtml|work=G1|access-date=7 September 2018|language=pt|archive-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032632/https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/08/18/oito-presidenciaveis-discutem-propostas-de-governo-no-segundo-debate-da-campanha-eleitoral-de-2018.ghtml|url-status=live}} On 28 August, he gave an interview to Jornal Nacional, Brazil's highest-rated primetime news programme, at Rede Globo.{{cite news|title=Jair Bolsonaro (PSL) é entrevistado no Jornal Nacional|url=https://g1.globo.com/jornal-nacional/noticia/2018/08/28/jair-bolsonaro-psl-e-entrevistado-no-jornal-nacional.ghtml|work=G1|access-date=7 September 2018|language=pt|archive-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032536/https://g1.globo.com/jornal-nacional/noticia/2018/08/28/jair-bolsonaro-psl-e-entrevistado-no-jornal-nacional.ghtml|url-status=live}} Bolsonaro was the first presidential candidate to raise over R$1 million in donations from the public during the 2018 campaign. In the first 59 days, he amassed an average of R$17,000 per day.{{cite news|title=Bolsonaro é 1º presidenciável a arrecadar mais de R$ 1 milhão em vaquinha|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticias/2018/09/03/bolsonaro-arrecada-mais-de-r-1-milhao-veja-quanto-renderam-vaquinhas.htm|work=UOL Eleições|access-date=7 September 2018|language=pt|archive-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032625/https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticias/2018/09/03/bolsonaro-arrecada-mais-de-r-1-milhao-veja-quanto-renderam-vaquinhas.htm|url-status=live}}

After the Workers' Party candidate Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was arrested in April 2018, Bolsonaro became the frontrunner according to all major opinion polls.{{cite journal|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/brazil/2018-07-12/will-brazils-next-president-be-far-right-nationalist|title=Will Brazil's Next President be a Far-Right Nationalist?|journal=Foreign Affairs|access-date=30 September 2018|date=12 July 2018|archive-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929155411/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/brazil/2018-07-12/will-brazils-next-president-be-far-right-nationalist|url-status=live|last1=Carazza|first1=Bruno}}{{cite news|last1=Brooks|first1=Brad|title=A Disciple of Brazil's Dictatorship Moves Closer to the Presidency|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-election-bolsonaro-newsmaker/a-disciple-of-brazils-dictatorship-moves-closer-to-the-presidency-idUSKCN1MF1DP|date=5 October 2018|work=Reuters | access-date=5 October 2018 | archive-date=5 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005123917/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-election-bolsonaro-newsmaker/a-disciple-of-brazils-dictatorship-moves-closer-to-the-presidency-idUSKCN1MF1DP | url-status=live}} A Datafolha poll from September showed Bolsonaro as the leading candidate in the first round with 28% of vote intentions, though runoff scenarios showed him losing to Geraldo Alckmin, Fernando Haddad, and Ciro Gomes and tying with Marina Silva.{{cite web|url=https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/eleicoes,bolsonaro-mantem-lideranca-mas-perde-para-adversarios-no-2-turno-diz-pesquisa,70002524399|title=Bolsonaro mantém liderança mas perde para adversários no 2º turno, diz pesquisa|work=Estado de São Paulo|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=30 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930232045/https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/eleicoes,bolsonaro-mantem-lideranca-mas-perde-para-adversarios-no-2-turno-diz-pesquisa,70002524399|url-status=live}} Another Datafolha poll, conducted the week before election day, showed a considerable surge for Bolsonaro, who had 40% of vote intentions, or 36% when null or blank vote intentions were included. Haddad came in second with 25% and Gomes third with 15%.{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/10/06/datafolha-para-presidente-votos-validos-bolsonaro-40-haddad-25-ciro-15-alckmin-8.ghtml|title=Datafolha para presidente, votos válidos: Bolsonaro, 40%; Haddad, 25%; Ciro, 15%; Alckmin, 8%|work=G1|date=6 October 2018 |access-date=7 October 2018|archive-date=7 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007015617/https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/10/06/datafolha-para-presidente-votos-validos-bolsonaro-40-haddad-25-ciro-15-alckmin-8.ghtml|url-status=live}}

File:2019 Solenidade de Assinatura do Decreto que revoga o Horário de Verão (cropped).jpg gesture, which he used during the presidential campaign]]

The first round of the election occurred on 7{{nbsp}}October 2018. Bolsonaro finished in first place with 46% of the popular vote (49.2 million). Since he failed to win over 50%, he faced the second-place finisher, Haddad, in a runoff held on 28 October 2018.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45780176|title=Jair Bolsonaro: Far-right candidate wins first round of Brazil election|publisher=BBC News |access-date=8 October 2018|date=8 October 2018|archive-date=19 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619130608/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45780176|url-status=live}} After the first round, when his victory looked certain, Bolsonaro gave a speech by videolink to thousands of supporters who gathered at Paulista Avenue, in São Paulo. In the speech, he threatened to arrest, purge or kill "reds" and "petralhas" (a derogatory term for Workers' Party members), and promised that members of the social movements MST and MTST would be treated as "terrorists". He said: "This time, the clean-up will be even greater. This group ["reds"], if they want to stay, will have to abide by our laws{{nbsp}}... These red outlaws will be banned from our homeland. Either they go overseas, or they go to jail{{nbsp}}... Petralhada, you all go to the edge of the beach. It will be a cleaning never seen in the history of Brazil".{{cite web|url=https://br.reuters.com/article/topNews/idBRKCN1MW017-OBRTP|title="Esses marginais vermelhos serão banidos de nossa pátria", diz{{nbsp}}...|date=22 October 2018|website=Reuters|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=17 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117095602/https://br.reuters.com/article/topNews/idBRKCN1MW017-OBRTP|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/22/brazils-jair-bolsonaro-says-he-would-put-army-on-streets-to-fight|title=Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro threatens purge of leftwing 'outlaws'|first=Tom|last=Phillips|date=22 October 2018|website=The Guardian|access-date=7 March 2019|archive-date=26 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226060918/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/22/brazils-jair-bolsonaro-says-he-would-put-army-on-streets-to-fight|url-status=live}} The "edge of the beach", a Bolsonaro aide later confirmed, was a reference to a Navy base at Restinga da Marambaia, in Rio de Janeiro State, where the Brazilian military dictatorship tortured and killed dissidents.{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/12/bolsonaro-fez-referencia-a-area-de-desova-de-mortos-pela-ditadura.shtml|title=Bolsonaro fez referência a área de desova de mortos pela ditadura|date=29 December 2018|website=Folha de S.Paulo|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331173321/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/12/bolsonaro-fez-referencia-a-area-de-desova-de-mortos-pela-ditadura.shtml|url-status=live}} The speech was widely condemned by rivals, journalists and politicians.{{cite web|url=https://jornalggn.com.br/eleicoes/fascismo-ditadura-morte-da-democracia-as-reacoes-a-ameaca-de-bolsonaro-aos-adversarios-politicos-e-a-folha/|title=Fascismo e ditadura: as reações à ameaça de Bolsonaro aos adversários políticos e à Folha|first=Cíntia|last=Alves|date=22 October 2018|website=Jornalggn.com|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612150259/https://jornalggn.com.br/eleicoes/fascismo-ditadura-morte-da-democracia-as-reacoes-a-ameaca-de-bolsonaro-aos-adversarios-politicos-e-a-folha/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://blogdosakamoto.blogosfera.uol.com.br/2018/10/22/apos-justica-demonstrar-fraqueza-bolsonaro-avisa-que-banira-opositores/|title=Após Justiça demonstrar fraqueza, Bolsonaro avisa que banirá opositores|website=blogdosakamoto.blogosfera.uol.com.br|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=7 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107211803/https://blogdosakamoto.blogosfera.uol.com.br/2018/10/22/apos-justica-demonstrar-fraqueza-bolsonaro-avisa-que-banira-opositores/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://epoca.globo.com/conrado-hubner-mendes/nunca-mais-nunca-menos-23195184|title=Nunca mais, nunca menos|first=Conrado Hübner|last=Mendes|date=29 October 2018|website=Época|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=9 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109191914/https://epoca.globo.com/conrado-hubner-mendes/nunca-mais-nunca-menos-23195184|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrissima/2019/01/bolsonaro-inaugura-o-presidencialismo-de-assombracao-diz-renato-lessa.shtml|title=Bolsonaro inaugura o presidencialismo de assombração, diz Renato Lessa|date=5 January 2019|website=Folha de S.Paulo|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=5 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305203400/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrissima/2019/01/bolsonaro-inaugura-o-presidencialismo-de-assombracao-diz-renato-lessa.shtml|url-status=live}}

Bolsonaro won the runoff election with 55.13% of the votes, and was elected the 38th president of Brazil.{{cite news|title=Brazil's far-right candidate takes big lead in presidential election|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/world/the_americas/brazilians-vote-in-presidential-election-with-a-trump-fan-as-front-runner/2018/10/07/7d82d512-c65d-11e8-9c0f-2ffaf6d422aa_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=7 October 2018|archive-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427233434/https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/world/the_americas/brazilians-vote-in-presidential-election-with-a-trump-fan-as-front-runner/2018/10/07/7d82d512-c65d-11e8-9c0f-2ffaf6d422aa_story.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news|first=Tom|last=Phillips|date=29 October 2018|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/28/jair-bolsonaro-wins-brazil-presidential-election|title=Jair Bolsonaro declared Brazil's next president|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=7 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207045914/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/28/jair-bolsonaro-wins-brazil-presidential-election|url-status=live}}{{cite news|first1=Ernesto|last1=Londoño|first2=Shasta|last2=Darlington|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/28/world/americas/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-election.html|title=Jair Bolsonaro Wins Brazil's Presidency, in a Shift to the Far Right|date=28 October 2018|access-date=7 December 2018|newspaper=The New York Times|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321013923/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/28/world/americas/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-election.html|url-status=live}} He took office on 1{{nbsp}}January 2019.{{cite web|title=Jair Bolsonaro sworn in as president of Brazil|url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/world/jair-bolsonaro-sworn-in-as-president-of-brazil/video/f7fa46708a7a55391d7b9391b5aa0db8|date=2 January 2019|website=Herald Sun|access-date=2 January 2019|url-status=live|archive-date=13 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613151325/https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/world/jair-bolsonaro-sworn-in-as-president-of-brazil/video/f7fa46708a7a55391d7b9391b5aa0db8}} During the campaign, academics repeatedly raised concerns about the consequences of Bolsonaro's rise for Brazilian democracy. In the news magazine Foreign Policy, Federico Finchelstein, a historian at the New School for Social Research who specializes in fascism, wrote, "Bolsonaro's vocabulary recalls the rhetoric behind Nazi policies of persecution and victimization. But does sounding like a Nazi make him a Nazi? Insomuch as he believes in holding elections, he is not there yet. However, things could change quickly if he gains power".{{cite web|first=Federico|last=Finchelstein|title=Jair Bolsonaro's Model Isn't Berlusconi. It's Goebbels.|website=Foreign Policy|date=5 October 2018 |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/10/05/bolsonaros-model-its-goebbels-fascism-nazism-brazil-latin-america-populism-argentina-venezuela/|access-date=9 March 2019|url-status=live|archive-date=26 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326232416/https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/10/05/bolsonaros-model-its-goebbels-fascism-nazism-brazil-latin-america-populism-argentina-venezuela/}} Jason Stanley, a Yale philosopher who has published widely on Nazism, said that Bolsonaro "uses more tactics associated to fascism than [the] American president Donald Trump".{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/world/2018/10/bolsonaro-uses-same-fascist-tactics-as-trump-says-yale-professor.shtml|title=Bolsonaro Uses Same Fascist Tactics As Trump, Says Yale Professor|date=4 October 2018|website=Folha de S.Paulo|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090853/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/world/2018/10/bolsonaro-uses-same-fascist-tactics-as-trump-says-yale-professor.shtml|url-status=live}} Harvard's Steven Levitsky said that Bolsonaro "is clearly authoritarian", but not a fascist.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-45829323|title=Por que este professor de Harvard acredita que a democracia brasileira está em risco|first=Ricardo|last=Ferraz|date=19 October 2018|publisher=BBC News|access-date=9 March 2019 |url-status=live|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101339/https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-45829323|language=pt}} Similar concerns were raised by analysts in Portugal{{cite web|first=João Miguel|last=Tavares|url=https://www.publico.pt/2018/10/06/mundo/opiniao/bolsonaro-um-fascista-e-um-fascista-1846282|title=Bolsonaro: um fascista é um fascista|website=PÚBLICO|date=6 October 2018 |access-date=9 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112250/https://www.publico.pt/2018/10/06/mundo/opiniao/bolsonaro-um-fascista-e-um-fascista-1846282|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=live}} and Brazil.{{cite news|url=https://www.nexojornal.com.br/colunistas/2018/N%C3%A3o-use-a-palavra-%E2%80%98fascismo%E2%80%99-em-v%C3%A3o|title=Não use a palavra 'fascismo' em vão|website=Nexo Jornal|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085924/https://www.nexojornal.com.br/colunistas/2018/N%C3%A3o-use-a-palavra-%E2%80%98fascismo%E2%80%99-em-v%C3%A3o|url-status=live}} Others, such as Marxist historian Perry Anderson, dismissed the "fascist" and "populist" labels altogether.{{cite journal|url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/v41/n03/perry-anderson/bolsonaros-brazil|title=Bolsonaro's Brazil|first=Perry|last=Anderson|date=7 February 2019|issue=3|pages=11–22|journal=London Review of Books|volume=41|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-date=26 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326122031/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v41/n03/perry-anderson/bolsonaros-brazil|url-status=live}}

Another highly controversial aspect of the campaign was the alleged use of illegal digital communication strategies by some of Bolsonaro's most important financial supporters. According to an investigation by Folha, one of Brazil's bestselling newspapers, "Bolsonaro has been getting an illegal helping hand from a group of Brazilian entrepreneurs who are bankrolling a campaign to bombard WhatsApp users with fake news about Haddad".{{cite web|first=Tom|last=Phillips|date=18 October 2018|website=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/18/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-whatsapp-fake-news-campaign|title=Bolsonaro business backers accused of illegal Whatsapp fake news campaign|access-date=9 March 2019|url-status=live|archive-date=8 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308202314/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/18/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-whatsapp-fake-news-campaign}} The suspicions led to a formal investigation by electoral authorities and the Federal Police; Bolsonaro and allies denied any wrongdoing.{{cite web|title=TSE e PF vão investigar se empresas bancaram esquema ilegal pró-Bolsonaro no WhatsApp|author=Ricardo della Coletta|url=https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2018/10/19/politica/1539978047_019665.html|date=20 October 2018|website=El País|language=pt |access-date=9 March 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105220232/https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2018/10/19/politica/1539978047_019665.html |archive-date=5 November 2018}} Another controversial point was that Taíse Feijó, an adviser in Bolsonaro's government, was among those paid to feed fake news to his supporters.{{cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-whatsapp_n_5d542b0de4b05fa9df088ccc|title=WhatsApp Is Radicalizing The Right In Bolsonaro's Brazil|last=Nemer|first=David|date=16 August 2019|website=HuffPost|access-date=23 January 2020|url-status=live|archive-date=31 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131133309/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-whatsapp_n_5d542b0de4b05fa9df088ccc}}

{{Main|Attempted assassination of Jair Bolsonaro}}

File:Bolsonaro é esfaqueado (2).jpg rally]]

Bolsonaro was stabbed in the abdomen on 6{{nbsp}}September 2018 while campaigning and interacting with supporters in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais.{{cite news|last1=Londoño|first1=Ernesto|title=Brazil Presidential Candidate Jair Bolsonaro Is Stabbed at Campaign Rally|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/06/world/americas/brazil-jair-bolsonaro.html |access-date=6 September 2018|work=The New York Times|date=6 September 2018 |archive-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907010028/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/06/world/americas/brazil-jair-bolsonaro.html |url-status=live}} At first, his son Flávio Bolsonaro stated that his father's wounds were only superficial and he was recovering in the hospital,{{cite news|last1=Phillips|first1=Dom|title=Jair Bolsonaro: Brazil's far-right presidential hopeful stabbed at campaign rally|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/06/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-far-right-presidential-candidate-stabbed |access-date=6 September 2018|work=The Guardian|date=6 September 2018 |archive-date=28 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528160925/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/06/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-far-right-presidential-candidate-stabbed |url-status=live}} but he later said the wounds seemed worse than initially thought{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/right-wing-brazilian-presidential-candidate-jair-bolsonaro-stabbed-while-campaigning/2018/09/06/62381332-b20b-11e8-8b53-50116768e499_story.html|title=Brazilian presidential front-runner is stabbed while campaigning|date=6 September 2018|newspaper=The Washington Post|archive-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907112900/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/right-wing-brazilian-presidential-candidate-jair-bolsonaro-stabbed-while-campaigning/2018/09/06/62381332-b20b-11e8-8b53-50116768e499_story.html|url-status=live}} and his father most likely would not be able to start campaigning personally before the end of the first round.{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45451473|title=Stabbed Brazil politician 'lost 40% blood'|date=8 September 2018|publisher=BBC News|access-date=9 September 2018|archive-date=9 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909020435/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45451473|url-status=live}} He tweeted about his father's condition, explaining that the perforation had reached parts of the liver, lung, and intestine. He also said that Bolsonaro had lost a large amount of blood, arriving at the hospital with severe hypotension (his blood pressure was 10/3, equivalent to 100/30 mmHg), but that he had since stabilized.{{cite tweet|user=FlavioBolsonaro|number=1037808900660256773|title=Infelizmente foi mais grave que esperávamos|first=Flávio|last=Bolsonaro |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032456/https://twitter.com/flaviobolsonaro/status/1037808900660256773 |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=6 September 2018}}{{cite news|last1=Savarese|first1=Mauricio|last2=Prengaman|first2=Peter|title=Brazilian candidate Jair Bolsonaro stabbed during event|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/brazilian-candidate-jair-bolsonaro-stabbed-event-57652075 |access-date=6 September 2018|work=ABC News|date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906232058/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/brazilian-candidate-jair-bolsonaro-stabbed-event-57652075 |archive-date=6 September 2018 |url-status=dead}} The attack was condemned by most of the other candidates in the presidential race, and by then president Michel Temer.{{cite news|title=Bolsonaro leva facada em MG: veja repercussão|work=G1.com|date=6 September 2018|language=pt|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/09/06/bolsonaro-leva-facada-veja-repercussao.ghtml |access-date=6 September 2018 |archive-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907001457/https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/09/06/bolsonaro-leva-facada-veja-repercussao.ghtml |url-status=live}} The day after the attack, Bolsonaro was transferred to the Albert Einstein Israelite Hospital in São Paulo, after a request from his family. According to the doctors, he was in an "extremely stable" condition.{{cite news|title=Jair Bolsonaro é internado no Hospital Albert Einstein, em SP|url=https://g1.globo.com/sp/sao-paulo/noticia/2018/09/07/jair-bolsonaro-chega-a-sao-paulo-para-ser-internado-no-albert-einstein.ghtml|work=G1|access-date=7 September 2018|language=pt|archive-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907155053/https://g1.globo.com/sp/sao-paulo/noticia/2018/09/07/jair-bolsonaro-chega-a-sao-paulo-para-ser-internado-no-albert-einstein.ghtml|url-status=live}}

Police arrested the attacker and identified him as Adélio Bispo de Oliveira, who, according to security agents, claimed he was on "a mission from God".{{cite news|title=Brazilian presidential candidate stabbed at campaign rally|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/brazilian-candidate-stabbed-gets-hospital-almost-dead-n907311|date=6 September 2018|publisher=NBC News|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907014410/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/brazilian-candidate-stabbed-gets-hospital-almost-dead-n907311|url-status=live}} He had been a member of the Socialism and Liberty Party from 2007 to 2014. His social media posts included political criticisms of both Bolsonaro and Temer.{{cite news|title=Quem é o autor do ataque a Bolsonaro|url=https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2018/09/07/politica/1536275050_403883.html|work=El País Brasil|access-date=7 September 2018|language=pt|archive-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907125256/https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2018/09/07/politica/1536275050_403883.html|url-status=live}} But an initial Federal Police investigation concluded that Adélio had no help from political organizations and acted alone.{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/jornal-nacional/noticia/2018/09/28/pf-conclui-que-agressor-de-jair-bolsonaro-agiu-sozinho.ghtml|title=PF conclui que agressor de Jair Bolsonaro agiu sozinho|website=G1|date=29 September 2018 |access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=28 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128082737/https://g1.globo.com/jornal-nacional/noticia/2018/09/28/pf-conclui-que-agressor-de-jair-bolsonaro-agiu-sozinho.ghtml|url-status=live}} A medical report produced for a second investigation concluded that Bispo is mentally disturbed, having a "permanent paranoid delusional disorder" which, according to Brazilian law, prevents him from being considered legally liable for his actions.{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/mg/minas-gerais/noticia/2019/03/07/laudo-aponta-que-agressor-de-bolsonaro-tem-doenca-mental.ghtml|title=Laudo aponta que agressor de Bolsonaro tem doença mental|website=G1|date=7 March 2019 |access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=8 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308041657/https://g1.globo.com/mg/minas-gerais/noticia/2019/03/07/laudo-aponta-que-agressor-de-bolsonaro-tem-doenca-mental.ghtml|url-status=live}} In a May 2019 decision, the Federal Court found Bispo not liable. Bolsonaro did not appeal the decision.{{cite web|author=Maria Eduarda Pessoa|date=4 November 2021|title=Em depoimento à PF, Bolsonaro reclama de inação de Moro na investigação de facada|url=https://www.opovo.com.br/noticias/politica/2021/11/04/em-depoimento-a-pf-bolsonaro-reclama-de-inacao-de-moro-na-investigacao-de-facada.html|access-date=4 November 2021|website=O POVO|language=pt-br|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104233350/https://www.opovo.com.br/noticias/politica/2021/11/04/em-depoimento-a-pf-bolsonaro-reclama-de-inacao-de-moro-na-investigacao-de-facada.html|url-status=live}}

On 29 September, a month after the attack, Bolsonaro was released from the hospital and returned to his home in Rio de Janeiro. His condition prevented him from returning to the campaign trail for the remainder of the first round of the presidential election.{{cite news|title=Bolsonaro recebe alta e deixa hospital em São Paulo|url=https://g1.globo.com/sp/sao-paulo/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/09/29/bolsonaro-recebe-alta-de-hospital-em-sao-paulo-diz-presidente-do-psl.ghtml|work=G1|access-date=30 September 2018|language=pt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929192357/https://g1.globo.com/sp/sao-paulo/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/09/29/bolsonaro-recebe-alta-de-hospital-em-sao-paulo-diz-presidente-do-psl.ghtml|archive-date=29 September 2018|url-status=live}} The first federal police investigation into the attack concluded that the attacker acted alone, but the investigation "leaves out many issues".{{cite web|last=Paiva|first=Fred Melo|date=26 January 2019|title=O que tem de verdade na 'Facada no Mito'?|url=https://www.cartacapital.com.br/politica/a-faca-de-dois-gumes/|access-date=4 November 2021|website=CartaCapital|language=pt-BR|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104233349/https://www.cartacapital.com.br/politica/a-faca-de-dois-gumes/|url-status=live}} Bolsonaro said he did not observe "any effort by former minister Sergio Moro to resolve the matter". Joaquim de Carvalho has said that the police left out of their investigation the search for information by a mastermind of the attack or even a self-attack. For this, expert medical examination of Bolsonaro and review of the medical records would be needed.{{cite web|last=Emilio|first=Paulo|date=4 November 2021|title=Flavio Bolsonaro faz ataque ao 247 por causa do documentário sobre a "fakeada"|url=https://www.brasil247.com/brasil/flavio-bolsonaro-faz-ataque-ao-247-por-causa-do-documentario-sobre-a-fakeada|access-date=5 November 2021|website=Brasil 247|language=pt-br|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105014504/https://www.brasil247.com/brasil/flavio-bolsonaro-faz-ataque-ao-247-por-causa-do-documentario-sobre-a-fakeada|url-status=live}}

Bolsonaro's personal motto, which he established in 2016, is John 8:32: "The truth will set you free".{{Cite tweet|user=jairbolsonaro|first=Jair M.|last=Bolsonaro|number=727618002737348608|title=João 8:32 – " E conhecereis a verdade, e a verdade vos libertará" |access-date=1 July 2022|language=pt-BR}}{{Cite web|last1=Minas|first1=Estado de|date=26 August 2019|title=Bolsonaro cita João 8:32 e afirma que revelará 'a verdade' sobre a Amazônia|url=https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2019/08/26/interna_politica,1080106/bolsonaro-cita-joao-8-32-afirma-revelara-verdade-sobre-amazonia.shtml|access-date=1 July 2022|website=Estado de Minas|language=pt-BR|archive-date=1 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701040722/https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2019/08/26/interna_politica,1080106/bolsonaro-cita-joao-8-32-afirma-revelara-verdade-sobre-amazonia.shtml|url-status=live}}{{Citation |title=João 8:32 – " E conhecereis a... – Jair Messias Bolsonaro {{!}} By Jair Messias Bolsonaro {{!}} João 8:32 – " E conhecereis a verdade, e a verdade vos libertará". |url=https://www.facebook.com/jairmessias.bolsonaro/videos/jo%C3%A3o-832-e-conhecereis-a-verdade-e-a-verdade-vos-libertar%C3%A1/626043744211282/ |language=en |access-date=1 July 2022 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701040721/https://www.facebook.com/jairmessias.bolsonaro/videos/jo%C3%A3o-832-e-conhecereis-a-verdade-e-a-verdade-vos-libertar%C3%A1/626043744211282/ |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Ele Não movement}}

The same weekend he left the hospital, thousands of people took the streets in dozens of cities in Brazil to protest against Bolsonaro and his political stances, chanting "{{lang|pt|Ele não}}" ("Not him").{{cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4500818/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-election-protests/|title=Thousands protest leading far-right presidential candidate in Brazil|work=Global News|access-date=30 September 2018|date=29 September 2018|archive-date=30 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930015754/https://globalnews.ca/news/4500818/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-election-protests/|url-status=live}} There were also rallies in support of the candidate in sixteen states.{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/jornal-nacional/noticia/2018/09/29/manifestacoes-a-favor-de-bolsonaro-ocorrem-em-16-estados.ghtml|title=Manifestações a favor de Bolsonaro ocorrem em 16 estados|work=G1|date=30 September 2018 |access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=30 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930041841/https://g1.globo.com/jornal-nacional/noticia/2018/09/29/manifestacoes-a-favor-de-bolsonaro-ocorrem-em-16-estados.ghtml|url-status=live}}

{{main|Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro}}

File:Solenidades. Homenagens (44744824410).jpg with Bolsonaro and his wife Michelle during the inauguration on 1 January 2019]]

Bolsonaro was sworn in as President of the Republic on 1{{nbsp}}January 2019, succeeding Michel Temer.{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/will-bolsonaro-win-brazil-usher-right-wing-ripple-effects-latin-n926816|title=Will Bolsonaro's victory in Brazil usher right-wing ripple effects in Latin America?|date=31 October 2018 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=7 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207060713/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/will-bolsonaro-win-brazil-usher-right-wing-ripple-effects-latin-n926816|url-status=live}} Bolsonaro began to get his cabinet together before his inauguration, choosing economist Paulo Guedes as his Economy minister and astronaut Marcos Pontes as his Science and Technology minister.{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2018/10/31/bolsonaro-anuncia-astronauta-marcos-pontes-como-ministro-da-ciencia-e-tecnologia.ghtml|title=Bolsonaro anuncia astronauta Marcos Pontes como ministro da Ciência e Tecnologia|website=G1|date=31 October 2018 |access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=20 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120102811/https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2018/10/31/bolsonaro-anuncia-astronauta-marcos-pontes-como-ministro-da-ciencia-e-tecnologia.ghtml|url-status=live}} Bolsonaro initially said his cabinet would be composed of 15 members; this figure later rose to 22 when he announced his final minister, Ricardo Salles, in December. His predecessor, Michel Temer, had a cabinet of 29 members.{{cite web|url=https://www.poder360.com.br/governo/saiba-quem-sao-os-22-ministros-da-esplanada-de-bolsonaro/|title=Saiba quem são os 22 ministros da Esplanada de Bolsonaro|date=10 December 2018|website=Poder360|access-date=2 January 2019|archive-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215123731/https://www.poder360.com.br/governo/saiba-quem-sao-os-22-ministros-da-esplanada-de-bolsonaro/|url-status=live}}

Bolsonaro's initial cabinet was composed of 16 ministers, two cabinet-level positions, and four presidential secretaries, including Chief of Staff Onyx Lorenzoni. Bolsonaro's ministers included Operation Car Wash judge Sergio Moro as Justice minister and congresswoman Tereza Cristina as minister of Agriculture.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-46063656|title=Brazil top judge becomes justice minister|date=1 November 2018|access-date=7 December 2018|publisher=BBC News|archive-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206015101/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-46063656|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,bolsonaro-escolhe-deputada-tereza-cristina-para-chefiar-ministerio-da-agricultura,70002593049|title=Bolsonaro escolhe deputada Tereza Cristina para chefiar Ministério da Agricultura – Política|website=Estadão|access-date=7 December 2018|archive-date=16 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116074748/https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,bolsonaro-escolhe-deputada-tereza-cristina-para-chefiar-ministerio-da-agricultura,70002593049|url-status=live}} Bolsonaro placed many army officers in key positions in his cabinet. Before his inauguration, he said he would fill positions in his government based only on technical qualifications and skills rather than ideological sympathy; however, many appointees clashed ideologically with the government during his presidency and fell out of favor with Bolsonaro.{{cite web|url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/politica/noticia/2019/02/quem-sao-e-que-cargos-ocupam-os-militares-no-governo-bolsonaro-cjrwm3z6w027901tdxl16reku.html|title=Quem são e que cargos ocupam os militares no governo Bolsonaro|trans-title=Who and what are the jobs that the military occupy in Bolsonaro's government|work=Clicrbs.com.br|date=9 February 2019|access-date=10 February 2019|language=pt|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023539/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/politica/noticia/2019/02/quem-sao-e-que-cargos-ocupam-os-militares-no-governo-bolsonaro-cjrwm3z6w027901tdxl16reku.html|url-status=live}} By June 2020, the ministers of Justice and Education, the Secretary of Government, the head of the postal service and other government officials had already resigned.{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/pt-br/as-principais-baixas-do-governo-bolsonaro/g-49368323|title=As principais baixas do governo Bolsonaro|work=DW.com.br|access-date=8 July 2020|language=pt|archive-date=9 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709094432/https://www.dw.com/pt-br/as-principais-baixas-do-governo-bolsonaro/g-49368323|url-status=live}}

Early in his administration, Bolsonaro focused primarily on domestic and economic issues, ranging from tax reform to changes in social security, but he faced an uphill battle with Congress.{{cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/whats-happening-pension-reform-brazil|title=What's Happening with Pension Reform in Brazil?|website=Wilsoncenter.org|date=22 October 2019|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122648/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/whats-happening-pension-reform-brazil|url-status=live}} Bolsonaro stripped the indigenous affairs agency FUNAI of the responsibility to identify and demarcate indigenous lands, arguing that those territories have tiny, isolated populations who would be controlled by NPOs, and proposed to integrate them into the larger Brazilian society. Critics feared that such integration would force Brazilian Amerindians to suffer cultural assimilation.{{cite news |last=Savarese |first=Mauricio |date=2 January 2019 |title=Brazil's new president makes it harder to define indigenous lands |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4808295/jair-bolsonaro-funai-indigenous-farm-brazil/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121906/https://globalnews.ca/news/4808295/jair-bolsonaro-funai-indigenous-farm-brazil/ |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=17 January 2019 |work=Global News}} Argentine President Mauricio Macri was the first foreign leader Bolsonaro received on a state visit to Brasília after he became president.{{cite news|date=16 January 2019|title=All Smiles in Brasilia as Macri and Bolsonaro Reset Relationship|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-16/all-smiles-in-brasilia-as-macri-and-bolsonaro-reset-relationship|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120095119/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-16/all-smiles-in-brasilia-as-macri-and-bolsonaro-reset-relationship|archive-date=20 January 2019|access-date=22 January 2019|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.}}

File:2020-03-19 Entrevista concedida ao apresentador Ratinho do SBT 17.jpg

The second inauguration of Nicolás Maduro in Venezuela took place nine days after Bolsonaro's inauguration. The disputed results of the 2018 Venezuelan presidential election led to the Venezuelan presidential crisis, as the National Assembly rejected the results, considered Maduro an illegitimate ruler since his first term of office ended, and appointed Juan Guaidó as acting president. Bolsonaro did not attend Maduro's inauguration and recognized Guaidó as the legitimate ruler of Venezuela, alongside Mauricio Macri from Argentina and Donald Trump from the US, among others.{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-argentina/brazil-argentina-step-up-pressure-on-venezuelas-maduro-idUSKCN1PA23T|title=Brazil, Argentina step up pressure on Venezuela's Maduro|first=Anthony|last=Boadle|date=16 January 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=24 January 2019|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925084327/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-argentina/brazil-argentina-step-up-pressure-on-venezuelas-maduro-idUSKCN1PA23T|url-status=live}} He said that "We will continue doing everything possible to re-establish order, democracy and freedom there".{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-venezuela/brazils-bolsonaro-pledges-action-to-restore-democracy-in-venezuela-idUSKCN1PC00N|title=Brazil's Bolsonaro pledges action to 'restore democracy' in Venezuela|date=17 January 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=24 January 2019|archive-date=25 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125020436/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-venezuela/brazils-bolsonaro-pledges-action-to-restore-democracy-in-venezuela-idUSKCN1PC00N|url-status= live}}

After his first year in power, Bolsonaro's popularity steadily declined. A Datafolha survey, published on 21 May 2019, showed that 34% of respondents described Bolsonaro's administration as "great or good"; 26% as "regular", 36% as "bad or awful", while 4% did not respond. This was the first time more Brazilians rejected the politics of Bolsonaro than affirmed it.{{cite news|url=https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2019/05/21/politica/1558459667_020362.html|title=Desaprovação do Governo Bolsonaro supera aprovação pela primeira vez, mostra pesquisa Atlas Político |trans-title=Disapproval of Government Bolsonaro exceeds approval for the first time, shows Political Atlas research|first=Flávia|last=Marreiro|date=23 May 2019|newspaper=El País |access-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214073020/https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2019/05/21/politica/1558459667_020362.html |archive-date=14 December 2019 |url-status=live}} Meanwhile, after allegations of campaign-finance fraud, Bolsonaro fired Gustavo Bebianno, a top adviser and general secretary for the president. His party was accused of diverting public campaign funds to candidates who did not run for office.{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/brazils-bolsonaro-fires-top-adviser-amid-accusations-of-campaign-finance-fraud-11550534863|title=Brazil's Bolsonaro Fires Key Adviser Amid Accusations of Campaign-Finance Fraud|first1=Paulo|last1=Trevisani|first2=Jeffrey T.|last2=Lewis|date=18 February 2019|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=19 February 2019|archive-date=20 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220013009/https://www.wsj.com/articles/brazils-bolsonaro-fires-top-adviser-amid-accusations-of-campaign-finance-fraud-11550534863|url-status= live}} In November 2019, Bolsonaro left the Social Liberal Party due to conflicts with its leadership. He attempted to form his own party, Alliance for Brazil ({{langx|pt|Aliança pelo Brasil}}),{{cite web|last=Amaral|first=Luciana|date=12 November 2019|title=Bolsonaro anuncia saída do PSL e confirma novo partido: Aliança pelo Brasil|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2019/11/12/bolsonaro-anuncia-saida-do-psl-e-confirma-partido-alianca-pelo-brasil.htm|accessdate=13 November 2019|publisher=Uol|language=pt|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227053852/https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2019/11/12/bolsonaro-anuncia-saida-do-psl-e-confirma-partido-alianca-pelo-brasil.htm|url-status=live}} but it failed to gather enough signatures to register at the Superior Electoral Court for the 2020 Brazilian municipal elections or the 2022 Brazilian general election, leaving Bolsonaro without a party until 2021.{{cite web|last=Cruz|first=Isabela|date=27 February 2020|title=Aliança não sai em 2020: quais as opções dos bolsonaristas|work=Nexo Jornal |url=https://www.nexojornal.com.br/expresso/2020/02/27/Alian%C3%A7a-n%C3%A3o-sai-em-2020-quais-as-op%C3%A7%C3%B5es-dos-bolsonaristas|url-access=subscription|accessdate=15 May 2020|language=pt|archive-date=15 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615222119/https://www.nexojornal.com.br/expresso/2020/02/27/Alian%C3%A7a-n%C3%A3o-sai-em-2020-quais-as-op%C3%A7%C3%B5es-dos-bolsonaristas|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|date=8 November 2021|title=Bolsonaro to join right-wing Liberal Party for re-election campaign|url=https://brazilian.report/liveblog/2021/11/08/liberal-party-re-election-campaign/|access-date=1 December 2021|website=The Brazilian Report|language=en-US|archive-date=9 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709194539/https://brazilian.report/liveblog/2021/11/08/liberal-party-re-election-campaign/|url-status=live |last1=Spigariol |first1=André }}

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, Bolsonaro and his administration were accused of downplaying the crisis while the number of Brazilians infected by the virus climbed exponentially by mid-2020.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-52040205|title=Coronavirus: Bolsonaro downplays threat of pandemic to Brazil|publisher=BBC News|date=25 March 2020|access-date=7 July 2020|archive-date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501054300/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-52040205|url-status=live}} Bolsonaro claimed that COVID-19 was no deadlier than "the flu" and that his priority was the nation's economic recovery rather than the health crisis.{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/just-like-trump-brazils-bolsonaro-puts-the-economy-ahead-of-his-people-during-coronavirus-136351|title=Just like Trump, Brazil's Bolsonaro puts the economy ahead of his people during coronavirus|date=20 April 2020|website=TheConversation.com|access-date=7 July 2020|archive-date=9 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609005226/https://theconversation.com/just-like-trump-brazils-bolsonaro-puts-the-economy-ahead-of-his-people-during-coronavirus-136351|url-status=live}} In fact, as of early 2021, the Brazilian economy was bouncing back, albeit somewhat slowly and inconsistently, as the pandemic was still threatening to undo any economic recovery.{{cite web|title=País já recuperou 89% da perda do PIB provocada pela pandemia, mas retomada não deve ganhar ritmo|url=https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2021/03/04/pais-ja-recuperou-89percent-da-perda-do-pib-provocada-pela-pandemia-mas-retomada-nao-deve-ganhar-ritmo.ghtml|date=3 April 2021|access-date=9 August 2021|website=G1|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809205920/https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2021/03/04/pais-ja-recuperou-89percent-da-perda-do-pib-provocada-pela-pandemia-mas-retomada-nao-deve-ganhar-ritmo.ghtml|url-status=live}} Bolsonaro continually accused political opponents and the press of exaggerating the threat of the virus and called it a "fantasy" created by the media.{{Cite news|last=Phillips|first=Tom|date=23 March 2020|title=Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro says coronavirus crisis is a media trick|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/23/brazils-jair-bolsonaro-says-coronavirus-crisis-is-a-media-trick|access-date=7 July 2020|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702014127/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/23/brazils-jair-bolsonaro-says-coronavirus-crisis-is-a-media-trick|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Bolsonaro diz que 'pequena crise' do coronavírus é 'mais fantasia' e não 'isso tudo' que mídia propaga|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2020/03/10/bolsonaro-diz-que-questao-do-coronavirus-e-muito-mais-fantasia.ghtml|access-date=9 May 2021|website=G1|date=10 March 2020|language=pt-br|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422182518/https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2020/03/10/bolsonaro-diz-que-questao-do-coronavirus-e-muito-mais-fantasia.ghtml|url-status=live}}

In August 2020, in the middle of the pandemic, Bolsonaro's approval rating showed signs of recovery, reaching its highest level since his inauguration.{{cite web|title=Datafolha: aprovação de Bolsonaro sobe para 37%, a melhor do mandato, e reprovação cai para 34%|website=G1|date=14 August 2020 |language=pt-br|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2020/08/13/bolsonaro-tem-aprovacao-de-37percent-e-reprovacao-de-34percent-diz-datafolha.ghtml|access-date=14 August 2020 |archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814081948/https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2020/08/13/bolsonaro-tem-aprovacao-de-37percent-e-reprovacao-de-34percent-diz-datafolha.ghtml|url-status=live}} In November 2020, he said he would not take a COVID vaccine if it became available, but he later said he would support any possible vaccine if the Brazilian Health Agency deemed it safe.{{cite web|title=Brazil's Bolsonaro rejects COVID-19 shot, calls masks taboo|url=https://apnews.com/article/pandemics-brazil-health-coronavirus-pandemic-latin-america-0295d39d3032aa14c6675b8b4080e8cc|access-date=9 May 2021|work=Associated Press News|date=5 May 2021|archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923085404/https://apnews.com/article/pandemics-brazil-health-coronavirus-pandemic-latin-america-0295d39d3032aa14c6675b8b4080e8cc|url-status=live}} In the same broadcast, he called face masks "the last taboo to fall". In 2020, the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP), an international non-governmental organization that investigates crime and corruption, gave Bolsonaro its Person of the Year Award, which "recognizes the individual who has done the most in the world to advance organized criminal activity and corruption". Bolsonaro received the award for "surrounding himself with corrupt figures, using propaganda to promote his populist agenda, undermining the justice system, and waging a destructive war against the Amazon region that has enriched some of the country's worst land owners".{{cite web |url=https://www.occrp.org/en/poy/2020/ |title=Person of the Year · 2020 Winner: Jair Bolsonaro |website=www.occrp.org |year=2020 |access-date=30 December 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901095904/https://www.occrp.org/en/poy/2020/ |url-status=live }}

File:President Trump at the G20 (48144136177).jpg

In early 2021, Bolsonaro's approval ratings fell again, mostly due to the government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination controversies, and the concurrent economic crisis that evolved under his watch.{{cite web|date=22 January 2021|title=Crise derruba popularidade de Bolsonaro, aponta Datafolha|website=Folha de S.Paulo|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2021/01/crise-derruba-popularidade-de-bolsonaro-aponta-datafolha.shtml|access-date=9 February 2021|language=pt-BR|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201145455/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2021/01/crise-derruba-popularidade-de-bolsonaro-aponta-datafolha.shtml|url-status=live}} Days after Brazil surpassed Russia as the country worst hit by COVID, Bolsonaro held a political rally in Brasília; while surrounded by supporters and his own security guards, who were wearing masks, he did not.{{cite web|title=Bolsonaro attends rally as Brazil political scandal heats up|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/5/24/bolsonaro-attends-rally-as-brazil-political-scandal-heats-up|access-date=9 May 2021|publisher=Al Jazeera|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509134714/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/5/24/bolsonaro-attends-rally-as-brazil-political-scandal-heats-up|url-status=live}} In June 2021, nationwide protests erupted against Bolsonaro's response to the pandemic; in São Paulo alone there were estimated to be 100,000 protesters on the streets.{{cite web|title=COVID-19: Bolsonaro doesn't believe in social distancing, masks or vaccines. That wasn't lost on those protesting|url=https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-in-brazil-the-fact-500-000-have-died-and-the-country-isnt-in-lockdown-is-too-much-for-some-to-take-12336762|access-date=5 August 2021|publisher=Sky News|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805234015/https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-in-brazil-the-fact-500-000-have-died-and-the-country-isnt-in-lockdown-is-too-much-for-some-to-take-12336762|url-status=live}} In July, YouTube removed videos posted by Bolsonaro for spreading false information about the virus. YouTube has reportedly removed 15 videos altogether; one that was removed had shown Brazil's former health minister, Eduardo Pazuello, comparing the virus to HIV.{{Cite news|date=22 July 2021|title=YouTube removes Bolsonaro videos for Covid misinformation|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57923862|access-date=5 August 2021|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805234013/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57923862|url-status=live}} In other videos, Bolsonaro criticized efforts to stop the spread of the virus, such as wearing masks or taking the vaccine.{{Cite news|title=YouTube removes videos posted by Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro that spread coronavirus misinformation|newspaper=The Washington Post|first=Miriam|last=Berger|issn=0190-8286|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/07/22/youtube-bolsonaro-brazil-removal-covid-19/|access-date=5 August 2021|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412151139/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/07/22/youtube-bolsonaro-brazil-removal-covid-19/|url-status=live}}

By the end of June 2021, more members of the opposition started to call for his impeachment over his handling of the pandemic and spreading misinformation. The opposition signed a document with multiple accusations, such as blaming Bolsonaro for the deaths of 500,000 Brazilians from COVID-19, stating that his government had blatantly turned down expert advice on tackling the virus, and at least 20 other grievances.{{cite web|date=30 June 2021|title=Fresh bid to impeach Brazil's Bolsonaro over Covid response|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210630-fresh-bid-to-impeach-brazil-s-bolsonaro-over-covid-response|access-date=6 August 2021|publisher=France 24|archive-date=28 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328100707/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210630-fresh-bid-to-impeach-brazil-s-bolsonaro-over-covid-response|url-status=live}}{{cite web|date=30 June 2021|title=Fresh bid to impeach Brazil's Bolsonaro over Covid response|url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/fresh-bid-to-impeach-brazil-s-bolsonaro-over-covid-response|access-date=6 August 2021|publisher=Radio France Internationale|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806171108/https://www.rfi.fr/en/fresh-bid-to-impeach-brazil-s-bolsonaro-over-covid-response|url-status=live}} In July 2021, Bolsonaro claimed on Brazilian radio that his government's greatest achievement was "two and a half years without corruption".{{Cite news|title=Become an FT subscriber to read |url=https://www.ft.com/content/95820cc7-94a8-42e5-af40-bfedeae0833a|access-date=5 August 2021|newspaper=Financial Times|date=28 July 2021|last1=Harris|first1=Bryan|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805234013/https://www.ft.com/content/95820cc7-94a8-42e5-af40-bfedeae0833a|url-status=live}} In the same month, a scandal dubbed "vaccine-gate" emerged. After months of denying offers of vaccines and bartering the costs, Bolsonaro's government made a deal to buy the unapproved Covaxin vaccine from the Indian company Bharat Biotech at a very high price.{{Cite news|last=McCoy|first=Terrence|date=5 July 2021|title=As coronavirus probe deepens, Bolsonaro increasingly threatened by a corruption scandal|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/07/05/brazil-bolsonaro-corruption-investigation/|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=5 August 2021|archive-date=6 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706101213/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/07/05/brazil-bolsonaro-corruption-investigation/|url-status=live}} It was found that the government allegedly paid ten times the amount agreed by Bharat Biotech for the vaccine{{Cite news|title=CPI da Covid: Quem é quem no escândalo Covaxin|language=pt-BR|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-57647163|access-date=5 August 2021|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805234013/https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-57647163|url-status=live}} and that the irregularities were not found in the prices of the vaccines, but in a payment of $45 million to a company in Singapore.{{cite web|date=3 July 2021|title=Brazil court approves investigation into Bolsonaro over vaccine deal|url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/07/03/brazil-court-approves-corruption-investigation-into-bolsonaro-over-vaccine-deal|access-date=6 August 2021|website=euronews|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806172612/https://www.euronews.com/2021/07/03/brazil-court-approves-corruption-investigation-into-bolsonaro-over-vaccine-deal|url-status=live}} In response, the Brazilian Supreme Court authorized a criminal investigation of Bolsonaro.{{cite web|date=2 July 2021|title=STF autoriza investigação de Bolsonaro por prevaricação no caso Covaxin|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/stf-autoriza-investigacao-de-bolsonaro-por-prevaricacao-no-caso-covaxin-1-25088702|access-date=5 August 2021|website=O Globo|language=pt-BR|archive-date=9 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909073949/https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/stf-autoriza-investigacao-de-bolsonaro-por-prevaricacao-no-caso-covaxin-1-25088702|url-status=dead}}

File:Jair Bolsonaro e Paulo Guedes em solenidade.jpg in Brasilia, 2020.]]

In March 2021, Bolsonaro replaced defence minister Fernando Azevedo e Silva with Walter Souza Braga Netto; like Bolsonaro, Netto lionized the 1964–1985 military dictatorship in Brazil. A day later, the leaders of the army, air force, and navy all resigned.{{cite news|last1=Jeantet|first1=Diane|last2=Biller|first2=David|title=Brazil military chiefs quit as Bolsonaro seeks their support|url=https://apnews.com/article/brazil-rio-de-janeiro-cabinets-health-coronavirus-pandemic-fdeb61a84563bca5ed9ddf9dd437a8c9|access-date=7 September 2021|work=Associated Press News|date=31 March 2021|archive-date=4 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404175902/https://apnews.com/article/brazil-rio-de-janeiro-cabinets-health-coronavirus-pandemic-fdeb61a84563bca5ed9ddf9dd437a8c9|url-status=live}} In April, Bolsonaro declared that the Brazilian armed forces would "go into the streets" if he ordered them.{{cite news|last1=Brito|first1=Ricardo|last2=Perry|first2=Michael|title=Brazil's Bolsonaro says military would follow his orders to take the streets|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazils-bolsonaro-says-military-would-follow-his-orders-take-streets-2021-04-24/|access-date=7 September 2021|work=Reuters|date=24 April 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907085629/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazils-bolsonaro-says-military-would-follow-his-orders-take-streets-2021-04-24/|url-status=live}} In mid-August, the military conducted a ten-minute tank parade in Brasília, with Bolsonaro in attendance. The parade had been held annually in the last 30 years, but tanks had never been sent to the capital before. The parade was announced only a day in advance, and passed by the national congressional building, where lawmakers were due to vote on Bolsonaro's proposed election-related changes hours later. The lawmakers ultimately rejected the changes.{{cite news|last1=Alvares|first1=Debora|last2=Savares|first2=Mauricio|title=Military display rolls into Brazil capital before tense vote|url=https://apnews.com/article/science-caribbean-brazil-74267e007a4c09417d905b5447d16782|access-date=7 September 2021|work=Associated Press News|date=11 August 2021|archive-date=28 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328100912/https://apnews.com/article/science-caribbean-brazil-74267e007a4c09417d905b5447d16782|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last1=Phillips|first1=Tom|title=Bolsonaro's 'banana republic' military parade condemned by critics|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/10/bolsonaro-banana-republic-military-parade-condemned-by-critics-brazil|access-date=7 September 2021|work=The Guardian|date=10 August 2021|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907051930/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/10/bolsonaro-banana-republic-military-parade-condemned-by-critics-brazil|url-status=live}}

On 28 July 2021, Bolsonaro appointed Ciro Noguiera, a senator who was implicated in the Odebrecht corruption case, as his chief of staff.{{Cite web|title=Bolsonaro nomeia Ciro Nogueira para Casa Civil|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2021/07/28/bolsonaro-nomeia-ciro-nogueira-para-a-casa-civil.ghtml|access-date=17 December 2022|website=G1|date=28 July 2021|language=pt-br|archive-date=17 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217175802/https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2021/07/28/bolsonaro-nomeia-ciro-nogueira-para-a-casa-civil.ghtml|url-status=live}} In early August 2021, Bolsonaro threatened to respond with unconstitutional measures to an investigation over his baseless allegations of fraud vulnerabilities in Brazil's electronic voting system, because he deemed that investigation unconstitutional. Brazilian Supreme Court Justice Alexandre de Moraes had approved the investigation.{{cite news|last1=Fonseca|first1=Pedro|title=Brazil's Bolsonaro rages against probe, threatens to act beyond constitution|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazils-bolsonaro-rages-against-probe-threatens-act-beyond-constitution-2021-08-05/|access-date=7 September 2021|work=Reuters|date=5 August 2021|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813145234/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazils-bolsonaro-rages-against-probe-threatens-act-beyond-constitution-2021-08-05/|url-status=live}} In mid-August 2021, Bolsonaro warned of a potential "institutional rupture", while urging the Brazilian Senate to charge de Moraes and another Supreme Court Judge, Luis Roberto Barroso, the leader of the electoral court.{{cite news|last1=Paraguassu|first1=Lisandra|title=Bolsonaro attacks Brazil judges, warns of "institutional rupture"|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/bolsonaro-attacks-brazil-judges-warns-institutional-rupture-2021-08-14/|access-date=7 September 2021|work=Reuters|date=15 August 2021|archive-date=28 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328100707/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/bolsonaro-attacks-brazil-judges-warns-institutional-rupture-2021-08-14/|url-status=live}} On 26 October 2021, a senate committee approved a report calling for Bolsonaro to face criminal charges, including crimes against humanity, for his handling of the COVID-19 pandemic.{{cite news|date=27 October 2021|title=Brazilian Senate Committee Approves Report Calling for Criminal Charges Against President Jair Bolsonaro Over COVID-19 Handling – October 27, 2021|url=https://dailynewsbrief.com/2021/10/27/brazilian-senate-committee-approves-report-calling-for-criminal-charges-against-president-jair-bolsonaro-over-covid-19-handling/|access-date=27 October 2021|newspaper=The Daily Newsbrief|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027103443/https://dailynewsbrief.com/2021/10/27/brazilian-senate-committee-approves-report-calling-for-criminal-charges-against-president-jair-bolsonaro-over-covid-19-handling/|url-status=live}}

File:17 02 2022 Assinatura de atos Internacionais (51887572183).jpg

Without a political party, Bolsonaro began to negotiate his entrance in one in preparation for the 2022 Brazilian general election (as the 1988 Brazilian Constitution does not allow independent politicians).{{cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/constituicaocompilado.htm|language=pt-BR|title=Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988|trans-title=Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, 1988|work=Palácio do Planalto|access-date=12 October 2022|archive-date=5 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505161928/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/ConstituicaoCompilado.htm|url-status=live}} He negotiated with the Progressistas (PP), of which he was a member from 1995 to 2003 and from 2005 to 2016,{{cite news|date=8 November 2021|title=Bolsonaro to join right-wing Liberal Party for re-election campaign|url=https://brazilian.report/liveblog/2021/11/08/liberal-party-re-election-campaign/|access-date=1 December 2021|website=The Brazilian Report|archive-date=9 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709194539/https://brazilian.report/liveblog/2021/11/08/liberal-party-re-election-campaign/|url-status=live |last1=Spigariol |first1=André }} and the Social Christian Party (PSC), of which he was a member from 2016 to 2018,{{Cite web|date=8 March 2021|title=Bolsonaro negocia com DC, PMN e PSC e deve anunciar novo partido este mês|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/bolsonaro-negocia-com-dc-pmn-psc-deve-anunciar-novo-partido-este-mes-24914087|access-date=12 October 2022|website=O Globo|language=pt-BR|archive-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012150225/https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/bolsonaro-negocia-com-dc-pmn-psc-deve-anunciar-novo-partido-este-mes-24914087|url-status=live}} the Brazilian Labour Party (PTB),{{Cite web|title=De partido sem ideologia a sigla dos "leões conservadores": como o PTB quer atrair Bolsonaro|url=https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/republica/ptb-roberto-jefferson-convite-a-bolsonaro-eleicoes-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721104158/https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/republica/ptb-roberto-jefferson-convite-a-bolsonaro-eleicoes-2022/ |archive-date=21 July 2020 |access-date=27 February 2021|website=Gazeta do Povo|language=pt-BR}} Brazilian Woman's Party (PMB),{{Cite web|date=26 April 2021|title=PMB é o décimo partido que muda de nome em dez anos; veja outros|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/pmb-o-decimo-partido-que-muda-de-nome-em-dez-anos-veja-outros-24987602|access-date=12 October 2022|website=O Globo|language=pt-BR|archive-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012150227/https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/pmb-o-decimo-partido-que-muda-de-nome-em-dez-anos-veja-outros-24987602|url-status=live}} Christian Democracy (DC), Party of National Mobilization (PMN), the Republicans and Patriot (PATRI).{{Cite web|title=Bolsonaro negocia com 3 partidos além do Patriota, diz Flávio|url=https://www.poder360.com.br/eleicoes/bolsonaro-negocia-com-3-partidos-alem-do-patriota-diz-flavio/|access-date=13 October 2022|website=Poder360|date=13 July 2021|language=pt-br|archive-date=13 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013214147/https://www.poder360.com.br/eleicoes/bolsonaro-negocia-com-3-partidos-alem-do-patriota-diz-flavio/|url-status=live}} On 30 November 2021, Bolsonaro and his son Senator Flávio Bolsonaro joined the Liberal Party (PL). According to political analysts, the choice represents the consolidation of the alliance of Bolsonaro with the {{lang|pt|Centrão}},{{Cite web|title=Bolsonaro se filia ao PL e retoma 'casamento' com o centrão|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2021/11/30/bolsonaro-filiacao-pl.htm|access-date=28 October 2022|website=noticias.uol.com.br|language=pt-br|archive-date=27 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027213447/https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2021/11/30/bolsonaro-filiacao-pl.htm|url-status=live}} a large bloc of parties without consistent ideological orientation that supports different sides of the political spectrum to gain political privileges—PL being one of them. Bolsonaro previously made deals with the Centrão for support in Congress.{{Cite web|last=Soares'|first='Ingrid|date=23 July 2021|title=Bolsonaro defende aliança com o Centrão: 'É pela governabilidade'|url=https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/politica/2021/07/4939353-bolsonaro-defende-alianca-com-o-centrao-e-pela-governabilidade.html|access-date=28 October 2022|website=Política|language=pt-BR|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120034729/https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/politica/2021/07/4939353-bolsonaro-defende-alianca-com-o-centrao-e-pela-governabilidade.html|url-status=live}} On 23 June 2022, Bolsonaro defended his former education minister, Milton Ribeiro, after the latter was arrested on corruption charges.{{Cite news|date=24 June 2022|title=Bolsonaro defends ex-education minister arrested on corruption charges|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/bolsonaro-defends-ex-education-minister-arrested-corruption-charges-2022-06-24/|access-date=17 December 2022|archive-date=17 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217175802/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/bolsonaro-defends-ex-education-minister-arrested-corruption-charges-2022-06-24/|url-status=live}}

{{main|2022 Brazilian general election}}

In a runoff presidential election on 30 October, Bolsonaro was defeated by former president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, who took 50.9% of the votes cast.{{cite web|last=Buschschlüter|first=Vanessa|title=Brazil election: Lula makes stunning comeback|publisher=BBC News|date=31 October 2022|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63451470|access-date=31 October 2022|archive-date=31 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031014844/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63451470|url-status=live}} Lula had won the most votes in the first round of the election on 2 October, receiving 48.43% of the votes cast: Bolsonaro received 43.20%.{{Cite web|title=Análise das Eleições 2022: Veja Detalhes dos Resultados da Votação|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/eleicoes/2022/analise/presidente-1-turno/|access-date=31 October 2022|website=noticias.uol.com.br|language=pt-br|archive-date=30 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030225737/https://noticias.uol.com.br/eleicoes/2022/analise/presidente-1-turno/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=Resultados – TSE|url=https://resultados.tse.jus.br/oficial/app/index.html#/eleicao/resultados |access-date=31 October 2022|website=resultados.tse.jus.br |archive-date=2 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102121453/https://resultados.tse.jus.br/oficial/app/index.html#/eleicao/resultados |url-status=dead}} In a press conference at the Palácio da Alvorada on 1 November, Bolsonaro did not acknowledge his defeat but stated that he would "comply with the Constitution". Regarding the protests by his supporters, he referred to them as "the fruit of indignation and a sense of injustice of how the electoral process unfolded", while calling on them to remain peaceful and not block roads. Shortly after his speech, the Supreme Court stated that by authorizing the transition of power he had recognized the results,{{cite web|last1=Henrique Gomes|first1=Pedro|last2=Mazui|first2=Guilherme|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2022/noticia/2022/11/01/bolsonaro-faz-primeiro-discurso-apos-perder-a-eleicao.ghtml|title=Bolsonaro diz que vai cumprir a Constituição; Ciro Nogueira inicia a transição|date=1 November 2022|accessdate=1 November 2022|language=pt|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101195038/https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2022/noticia/2022/11/01/bolsonaro-faz-primeiro-discurso-apos-perder-a-eleicao.ghtml|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last=Buschschlüter|first=Vanessa|date=1 November 2022|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63451860|title=Bolsonaro breaks silence without publicly conceding|publisher=BBC News|access-date=1 November 2022|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101164957/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63451860|url-status=live}} paving the way for the transition two days after Lula was recognized as the winner.{{cite news|last1=Nicas|first1=Jack|last2=Spigariol|first2=André|date=1 November 2022|title=Bolsonaro Agrees to Transition, Two Days After Losing Brazil Election|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/01/world/americas/bolsonaro-protest-brazil-election.html|access-date=2 November 2022|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=4 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604135438/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/01/world/americas/bolsonaro-protest-brazil-election.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last1=Brito|first1=Ricardo|last2=Ellsworth|first2=Brian|last3=Gaier|first3=Rodrigo Viga|date=2 November 2022|title=Brazil's Bolsonaro does not concede to Lula, but authorizes transition|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazilian-court-orders-roadblocks-cleared-bolsonaro-silent-election-loss-2022-11-01/|access-date=2 November 2022|archive-date=19 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519101012/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazilian-court-orders-roadblocks-cleared-bolsonaro-silent-election-loss-2022-11-01/|url-status=live}} Bolsonaro left for the United States on 30 December to avoid taking part in the swearing-in ceremony of Lula, leaving Vice President Hamilton Mourão as the acting president.{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/30/jair-bolsonaro-leaves-brazil-for-florida-avoiding-lula-handover|title=Jair Bolsonaro leaves Brazil for Florida, avoiding Lula handover|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=30 December 2022|access-date=31 December 2022|archive-date=30 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230222959/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/30/jair-bolsonaro-leaves-brazil-for-florida-avoiding-lula-handover|url-status=live}}

The documentary Apocalypse in the Tropics (2024) shows how evangelical pastor Silas Malafaia had a defining influence on Bolsanaro, while mustering support from Brazil's evangelical movement, in the path to Bolsanaro losing the election and in the protests and attempted insurrection that followed.{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/apocalypse-in-the-tropics-review-documentary-petra-costa-1235983889/|title=Apocalypse in the Tropics' Review: A Riveting Account of How Evangelism Became a Major Threat to Brazilian Democracy|access-date=2024-11-22|last=Mintzer|first=Jordan|date=2024-08-29|website=The Hollywood Reporter}}

File:2023-12-15 Sessão solene de entrega de título de cidadão honorário do estado do Paraná ao senhor Jair Bolsonaro 006.jpg.]]

On December 30, 2022, one day before Bolsonaro's term ended, he arrived in Florida and resided in Kissimmee for a couple of months.{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/brazils-bolsonaro-lands-florida-avoiding-handover-power-leftist-lula-rcna63802|title=Brazil's Bolsonaro lands in Florida, avoiding handover to Lula|work=NBC News|agency=Reuters|date=31 December 2022|access-date=10 January 2023|archive-date=9 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109233916/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/brazils-bolsonaro-lands-florida-avoiding-handover-power-leftist-lula-rcna63802|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last1=Dias|first1=Isabela|title=Bolsonaro is living the American Dream: Retired in Florida and posting on TikTok|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2023/02/bolsonaro-is-living-the-american-dream-retired-in-florida-and-posting-on-tiktok/|access-date=16 February 2023|work=Mother Jones|date=8 February 2023|archive-date=16 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216225539/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2023/02/bolsonaro-is-living-the-american-dream-retired-in-florida-and-posting-on-tiktok/|url-status=live}} On 8 January 2023, his supporters attacked the buildings of the Supreme Court of Brazil, the National Congress of Brazil and the Planalto Presidential Palace in an attempt to instigate a military coup d'état and reinstate Bolsonaro as president.{{Cite news|last1=Nicas|first1=Jack|last2=Spigariol|first2=André|date=9 January 2023|title=Bolsonaro Supporters Lay Siege to Brazil's Capital|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/08/world/americas/brazil-election-protests-bolsonaro.html|access-date=9 January 2023|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=9 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109002005/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/08/world/americas/brazil-election-protests-bolsonaro.html|url-status=live}} While the riots were going on, President Lula blamed Bolsonaro in a press conference.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/jan/08/brazils-presidential-palace-and-supreme-court-stormed-by-pro-bolsonaro-supporters-live#block-63bb5eb08f08fc0016454c95|title=Court orders removal of Brasília governor after Bolsonaro supporters storm congress – as it happened|newspaper=The Guardian|date=9 January 2023|access-date=9 January 2023|archive-date=8 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108205126/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/jan/08/brazils-presidential-palace-and-supreme-court-stormed-by-pro-bolsonaro-supporters-live#block-63bb5eb08f08fc0016454c95|url-status=live}} Bolsonaro condemned the protesters in a tweet on 9 January,{{cite tweet|user=jairbolsonaro|first=Jair M.|last=Bolsonaro|number=1612242019564548097|title=Manifestações pacíficas, na forma da lei, fazem parte da democracia |access-date=2023-01-09}} and denied responsibility. In February 2023, Bolsonaro announced that he would be returning to Brazil in March.{{cite news|last1=Pearson|first1=Luciana Magalhaes and Samantha|title=WSJ News Exclusive: Bolsonaro Says He Will Return to Brazil in March to Lead Opposition|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bolsonaro-says-he-will-return-to-brazil-in-march-to-lead-opposition-b57411f9|access-date=16 February 2023|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=14 February 2023|archive-date=15 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215222303/https://www.wsj.com/articles/bolsonaro-says-he-will-return-to-brazil-in-march-to-lead-opposition-b57411f9|url-status=live}} This would be the first time Bolsonaro returned to the country since December 2022.{{Cite web|date=2023-02-12|title=Bolsonaro says he may return to Brazil in the coming weeks|url=https://apnews.com/article/jair-bolsonaro-politics-brazil-government-united-states-florida-state-a1dc9e7ddaeaa2799cee80bb018ee9d2|access-date=2023-02-12|website=AP News|first=Carla|last=Bridi|language=en|archive-date=12 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212133017/https://apnews.com/article/jair-bolsonaro-politics-brazil-government-united-states-florida-state-a1dc9e7ddaeaa2799cee80bb018ee9d2|url-status=live}} Bolsonaro had entered the United States on a diplomatic visa which expired on 31 January, but the family applied for tourist visas to extend their stay in Florida.{{cite news|last1=Psaledakis|first1=Daphne|title=Bolsonaro, Brazil's former president, has applied for U.S. tourist visa|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/bolsonaro-brazils-former-president-has-applied-us-tourist-visa-2023-01-30/|access-date=16 February 2023|work=Reuters|date=31 January 2023|language=en|archive-date=16 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216224714/https://www.reuters.com/world/bolsonaro-brazils-former-president-has-applied-us-tourist-visa-2023-01-30/|url-status=live}}

Bolsonaro returned to Brazil in March 2023 for the first time since his supporters stormed the Supreme Court, Congress, and the presidential palace two months before. Bolsonaro has stated that he returned to the country to help his party and asserted that he intended to campaign for the 2024 elections.{{cite news|last1=Fajardo|first1=Luis|last2=Durbin|first2=Adam|title=Jair Bolsonaro returning to Brazil for first time since 8 January riots|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-65120313|access-date=30 March 2023|work=BBC News|date=30 March 2023|language=en-GB|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330025231/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-65120313|url-status=live}} On 14 April 2023, Supreme Court judge Alexandre de Moraes ordered Bolsonaro to submit himself for questioning with the Brazilian Federal Police over the storming of the Congress.{{cite news |title=Brazil: Bolsonaro to be questioned over riots |url=https://www.dw.com/en/brazil-bolsonaro-to-be-questioned-over-riots/a-65331581 |access-date=15 April 2023 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=15 April 2023 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415053502/https://www.dw.com/en/brazil-bolsonaro-to-be-questioned-over-riots/a-65331581 |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Operation Counter-coup}}

On 30 June 2023, the Brazilian Superior Electoral Court barred Bolsonaro from running for public office until 2030 as a result of his attempts to undermine the validity of Brazil's 2022 democratic election, as well as for abuse of power with regard to using government channels to promote his campaign.{{Cite web |date=2023-06-30 |title=Brazil: Judges vote to bar Bolsonaro from office for 8 years |url=https://www.dw.com/en/brazil-judges-vote-to-bar-bolsonaro-from-office-for-8-years/a-66084986 |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=DW |language=en |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630183308/https://www.dw.com/en/brazil-judges-vote-to-bar-bolsonaro-from-office-for-8-years/a-66084986 |url-status=live }} The decision applies to municipal, state and federal elections for the next eight years. He was prosecuted for several allegations of fraud in the 2022 Brazilian elections and situations linked to the January 8 attack on federal government buildings. The decision came after a 5–2 vote in favor of conviction. Following the decision, Bolsonaro stated his intentions to appeal.{{cite news|title=Brazil Bars Bolsonaro From Office for Election-Fraud Claims|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/30/world/americas/bolsonaro-brazil-banned-office.html|access-date=30 June 2023|work=The New York Times|first=Jack|last=Nicas|date=30 June 2023|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630160058/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/30/world/americas/bolsonaro-brazil-banned-office.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro is barred from running for office until 2030|url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-06-30/brazils-jair-bolsonaro-is-barred-from-running-for-office-until-2030.html|access-date=30 June 2023|work=El País|date=30 June 2023|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630233519/https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-06-30/brazils-jair-bolsonaro-is-barred-from-running-for-office-until-2030.html|url-status=live}}

On 31 October 2023, Bolsonaro was again convicted by the Superior Electoral Court over abuse of power for using official Brazil's Independence Day ceremony to promote himself as a candidate which is banned under the Brazilian law. Former defence minister Walter Braga Netto, who also attended the ceremony, and also ran for vice president on Bolsonaro's ticket, was convicted by the Court and ruled disqualified, like Bolsonaro, to run for any office for the next eight years.{{Cite web |date=2023-11-01 |title=Bolsonaro Again Ruled Ineligible to Hold Public Office by Brazil Electoral Court |url=https://news.yahoo.com/bolsonaro-again-ruled-ineligible-hold-232806102.html |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110125543/https://news.yahoo.com/bolsonaro-again-ruled-ineligible-hold-232806102.html |url-status=live }}

In February 2024, the Brazilian Federal Police raided former government officials and ordered Bolsonaro to hand in his passport over accusations that he and his allies tried to overturn the results of the 2022 election and planned a coup d'état.{{cite news |last=Nicas |first=Jack |date=2024-02-08 |title=Bolsonaro and Allies Planned a Coup, Brazil Police Say |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/08/world/americas/brazil-police-raid-bolsonaro-attempted-coup-investigation.html |access-date=2024-03-17 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}} In March 2024, witness documents released by the Superior Electoral Court were made public. According to two military officials, Bolsonaro had plotted to overturn the 2022 results and presented top military officials a plan to carry out a coup with the goal of keeping him in power.

In his testimony, former Brazilian Army commander Marco Antônio Freire Gomes said that he had warned Bolsonaro the army would not tolerate "any act of institutional rupture", and further added that Bolsonaro's actions could result in his arrest. Former Brazilian Air Force commander Carlos Baptista Júnior testified that he tried to dissuade Bolsonaro of "any extreme measure" and expressed his belief that Freire Gomes was instrumental in avoiding the use of a legal document that Bolsonaro presented in several meetings in December 2022 to overturn the results of the election. Baptista Júnior further said that the then Brazilian Navy commander Almir Garnier told Bolsonaro he would put his troops at his disposal, and commented: "If the commander [Freire Gomes] had agreed, possibly, a coup d'etat attempt would have taken place."{{cite news |last=Malleret |first=Constance |date=2024-03-15 |title=Bolsonaro laid out plan for Brazil coup after defeat by Lula, ex-commanders say |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/15/bolsonaro-brazil-coup-lula-testimony |access-date=2024-03-17 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}{{cite web |date=2024-03-15 |title=Bolsonaro proposed Brazil coup plan after 2022 election loss: Court records |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/15/bolsonaro-presented-plan-to-reverse-election-after-2022-loss-court-records |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Al Jazeera}}{{cite web |last1=El Damanhoury |first1=Kareem |last2=Vargas Jones |first2=Julia |date=2024-03-16 |title=Brazil's ex-president Bolsonaro presented coup plot to top military leaders, court documents allege |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/15/americas/brazil-bolsonaro-coup-plot-allegations-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=CNN}}

In late March 2024, The New York Times released footage from internal security cameras in the Hungarian embassy in Brasília showing Bolsonaro and his aides and bodyguards entering the building on February 12 and leaving the place on February 14. This happened after his Brazilian and Italian passports were confiscated, and Bolsonaro was prohibited from leaving the country due to an investigation about an alleged plot to carry out a military coup in Brazil. Bolsonaro was welcomed by Hungarian ambassador to Brazil Miklós Halmai who reportedly sent the embassy's local employees a message to work from home during those dates.{{Cite news |last=Nicas; Koettl; Coelho; Motoryn |first=Jack; Christoph; Leonardo; Paulo |date=2024-03-25 |title=Video: Bolsonaro, Facing Investigations, Hid at Hungarian Embassy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/25/world/americas/jair-bolsonaro-hungary-video.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240325193220/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/25/world/americas/jair-bolsonaro-hungary-video.html |archive-date=2024-03-25 |access-date=2024-03-27 |work=The New York Times}}

Following the report, the Brazilian Supreme Court gave Bolsonaro a 48-hours deadline to explain his stay in the embassy,{{Cite web |date=2024-03-26 |title=Moraes dá 48h para Bolsonaro explicar por que passou duas noites na embaixada da Hungria |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2024/03/25/moraes-da-48h-para-bolsonaro-explicar-por-que-passou-duas-noites-na-embaixada-da-hungria.ghtml |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=G1 |language=pt-br}} and the Federal Police announced it was opening an investigation into the incident; which could have been viewed as an attempt to escape justice via diplomatic asylum, since embassies are typically considered inviolable and host countries cannot enforce their law inside them without permission.{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=PF vai apurar ida de Bolsonaro à embaixada da Hungria, em Brasília |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/blog/andreia-sadi/post/2024/03/25/pf-vai-apurar-bolsonaro-na-embaixada-da-hungria-em-brasilia.ghtml |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=G1 |language=pt-br}} Media commentators and people on social media speculated this hypothesis was likely to be true citing Bolsonaro and Hungarian prime-minister Viktor Orbán are both far-right politicians who share a personal friendship, and Hungary's previous granting of asylum to sanctioned former Macedonian prime minister Nikola Gruevski.{{Cite web |date=2024-03-26 |title=Análise: Mão amiga de Orbán que acena a Bolsonaro já deu asilo a outro aliado sem passaporte |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2024/03/mao-amiga-de-orban-que-acena-a-bolsonaro-ja-deu-asilo-a-outro-aliado-sem-passaporte.shtml |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Folha de S.Paulo |language=pt-BR}}{{Cite web |title=Hungria já se envolveu em escândalo por ajudar premiê a fugir da Macedônia |url=https://veja.abril.com.br/mundo/hungria-ja-se-envolveu-em-escandalo-por-ajudar-premie-a-fugir-da-macedonia/ |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=VEJA |language=pt-BR}} Additionally, Itamaraty (Brazil's Foreign Ministry) summoned Halmai to give explanations about Bolsonaro's two-nights stay in the embassy.{{Cite news |last=Phillips |first=Tom |date=2024-03-25 |title=Brazil summons Hungarian envoy to explain why Bolsonaro hid in embassy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/25/jair-bolsonaro-hiding-embassy |access-date=2024-03-27 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}

On 19 March 2024, federal police formally accused Bolsanaro of fraud on his COVID-19 vaccine records.{{Cite news |last1=Viga Gaier |first1=Rodrigo |last2=Brito |first2=Ricardo |title=Brazilian Police Accuse Bolsanaro of Fraud in Vaccine Records |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazils-bolsonaro-indicted-suspected-fraud-vaccine-records-2024-03-19/ |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=Reuters}} In November 2024, Bolsonaro and 36 others were formally charged with plotting a coup d'état, violent abolition of the democratic rule of law, and criminal organisation.{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Amy |title=Brazil police formally accuse Bolsonaro of alleged coup plot |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c98e29yvl88o |access-date=22 November 2024 |work=BBC}}{{Cite web |title=Brazil Supreme Court to put Bolsonaro on trial for alleged coup attempt |website=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-top-court-justice-recommends-that-bolsonaro-stand-trial-alleged-coup-2025-03-26/}} In February 2025, Bolsonaro and 33 others were formally charged with plotting to assassinate Lula da Silva and Supreme Court Justice Alexandre de Moraes.{{Cite news |title=Brazil's prosecutor charges Jair Bolsonaro, says he approved plot to poison Lula |url=https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20250219-brazil-s-prosecutor-charges-jair-bolsonaro-says-he-approved-plot-to-poison-lula |access-date=19 February 2025 |work=France 24}} On 26 March, the Supreme Federal Court ordered Bolsonaro and seven of his associates to stand trial over the charges.{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-supreme-court-trial-80e98eba0b7868580f78916850200c8d |title=Brazil ex-President Bolsonaro will stand trial over an alleged coup plan. Here's what happens next |access-date=28 March 2025|date=27 March 2025 |publisher=AP News}}

The trial against Bolsonaro and 80 other officials began in Brasília on 19 May 2025.{{cite news |title=Bolsonaro's trial on coup charges to begin in Brazil |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250519-bolsonaro-s-trial-on-coup-charges-to-begin-in-brazil |access-date=19 May 2025 |work=France 24 |date=19 May 2025}}

In April to May 2025, Bolsonaro underwent surgery and was hospitalized at the DF Star clinic in Brasilia for 17 days to fix an intestinal obstruction as a result of his assassination attempt in 2018.{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250504-bolsonaro-leaves-hospital-three-weeks-after-abdominal-surgery |title=Bolsonaro leaves hospital three weeks after abdominal surgery |access-date=5 May 2025|date=5 May 2025 |publisher=France 24}}

File:Press conference EU-Mercosul on June 26, 2019 (VII).jpg, which would form one of the world's largest free trade areas.]]

Bolsonaro's political views have been described as Brazilian nationalist and right-wing populist in nature, and he himself as an advocate of far-right politics.{{cite news|first=Anthony|last=Boadle|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics-bolsonaro-interview/far-right-presidential-hopeful-aims-to-be-brazils-trump-idUSKCN1C2384|title=Far-right presidential hopeful aims to be Brazil's Trump|work=Reuters|location=London, England|date=27 September 2017|access-date=24 April 2018|archive-date=21 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421191747/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics-bolsonaro-interview/far-right-presidential-hopeful-aims-to-be-brazils-trump-idUSKCN1C2384|url-status=live}}{{cite web|first=Pedro Henrique|last=Leal|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/democraciaabierta/pedro-henrique-leal/bolsonaro-and-brazilian-far-right|title=Bolsonaro and the Brazilian far right|website=opendemocracy.net|date=24 April 2017|access-date=24 April 2018|archive-date=13 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213084134/https://www.opendemocracy.net/democraciaabierta/pedro-henrique-leal/bolsonaro-and-brazilian-far-right|url-status=live}} His supporters say that his views are more aligned with traditional right-wing conservatism.{{cite news|first=Katy|last=Watson|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43414315|title=Brazil's rising tide of young conservatives seeks change|publisher=BBC News|location=London, England|date=2 April 2018|access-date=24 April 2018|archive-date=8 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408230925/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43414315|url-status=live}} His electorate is mainly formed by adults above the age of 34, the working middle to upper class (mainly in the southeast region of the country), conservatives in general, college graduates, some centrists and the Christian right.{{cite web|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/renda-estudo-regiao-separam-eleitores-de-lula-bolsonaro-21286515|title=Renda, estudo e região separam eleitores de Lula e Bolsonaro|date=3 May 2017|website=O Globo|access-date=24 April 2018|archive-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731165433/https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/renda-estudo-regiao-separam-eleitores-de-lula-bolsonaro-21286515|url-status=live}} According to some polls, Bolsonaro's main support comes from the southeast, central-west, and south regions of Brazil. His voters are usually male and white, with a noticeable gender gap, with Bolsonaro polling poorly among female voters (mustering only 18% support with this demographic).{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/12/1945680-nichos-realcam-contrastes-de-eleitores-de-lula-e-bolsonaro.shtml|title=Nichos realçam contrastes de eleitores de Lula e Bolsonaro|publisher=Folha de São Paulo|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-date=30 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930231946/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/12/1945680-nichos-realcam-contrastes-de-eleitores-de-lula-e-bolsonaro.shtml|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://noticias.r7.com/eleicoes-2018/ibope-mostra-queda-de-8-pontos-de-bolsonaro-na-regiao-sul-24092018|title=Ibope mostra queda de 8 pontos de Bolsonaro na região Sul|newspaper=R7.Com |publisher=R7|access-date=30 September 2018|date=25 September 2018|archive-date=30 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930232001/https://noticias.r7.com/eleicoes-2018/ibope-mostra-queda-de-8-pontos-de-bolsonaro-na-regiao-sul-24092018|url-status=live}} Just before the 2018 election, however, it was reported that female support for him had risen to 27%.{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/10/brazil-bolsonaro-election-far-right-lula-election/572203/|title=A Brazilian Far-Right Populist and the Women Who Like Him|work=The Atlantic|first=Shannon|last=Sims|access-date=4 October 2018|date=4 October 2018|archive-date=4 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004225644/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/10/brazil-bolsonaro-election-far-right-lula-election/572203/|url-status=live}}

Bolsonaro is viewed as an anti-abortion,{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45982501|title=Jair Bolsonaro beyond the sound bites: What are his policies?|publisher=BBC News|access-date=30 October 2019|date=28 October 2018|archive-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813110137/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45982501|url-status=live}} anti-establishment, and pro-gun politician, voicing opposition to most forms of gun laws in Brazil, arguing that law-abiding citizens have the right to self-defence, especially those living in rural areas.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/19/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-presidential-candidate-trump-parallels|title=Trump of the tropics: the 'dangerous' candidate leading Brazil's presidential race|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=27 October 2018|date=19 April 2018|last1=Phillips|first1=Tom|archive-date=20 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520200018/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/19/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-presidential-candidate-trump-parallels|url-status=live}} According to The Washington Post, "Homicides hit a record high of 63,880 last year ... Bolsonaro's solution is zero tolerance. He has called for police to use more lethal force and wants to relax gun laws so that average citizens can defend themselves."{{cite news |last1=Faiola |first1=Anthony |last2=Lopes |first2=Marina |date=28 October 2018 |title=Who is Jair Bolsonaro, the man likely to be Brazil's next president? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2018/10/28/critics-are-afraid-jair-bolsonaro-heres-where-he-stands-issues/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030131250/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2018/10/28/critics-are-afraid-jair-bolsonaro-heres-where-he-stands-issues/ |archive-date=30 October 2018 |access-date=30 October 2018 |newspaper=The Washington Post}} Bolsonaro often rejects accusations made against him of misogyny and homophobia, and says he is not far-right but simply right-wing.{{cite news|first=Constança|last=Rezende|url=https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,bolsonaro-quer-campo-de-refugiados-em-roraima,70002226010|title=Bolsonaro quer campo de refugiados em Roraima|newspaper=O Estado de S. Paulo|publisher=Grupo Estado|location=São Paulo, Brazil|date=14 March 2018|access-date=14 March 2018|archive-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427233428/https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,bolsonaro-quer-campo-de-refugiados-em-roraima,70002226010|url-status=live}}

Bolsonaro is known for his strong opposition to left-wing politics. Most notably, he has been a vocal opponent of same-sex marriage, environmental regulations,{{cite web|last=Atkins|first=Ed|title=Jair Bolsonaro's Brazil Is a Disaster for the Amazon and Global Climate Change|website=Motherboard|date=29 October 2018|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/jair-bolsonaros-brazil-is-a-disaster-for-the-amazon-and-global-climate-change/ | access-date=30 October 2018 | archive-date=30 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030090701/https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/43ejw3/jair-bolsonaros-brazil-is-a-disaster-for-the-amazon-and-global-climate-change | url-status=live}} abortion, affirmative action (particularly racial quotas), as well as immigration,{{cite news|url=http://www.jornalopcao.com.br/ultimas-noticias/bolsonaro-ve-imigrantes-como-ameaca-e-chama-refugiados-de-a-escoria-do-mundo-46043/|title=Bolsonaro vê imigrantes como "ameaça" e chama refugiados de "a escória do mundo" – Jornal Opção|newspaper=Jornal Opção |date=18 September 2015|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=16 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616185010/https://www.jornalopcao.com.br/ultimas-noticias/bolsonaro-ve-imigrantes-como-ameaca-e-chama-refugiados-de-a-escoria-do-mundo-46043/|url-status=live}} particularly from Haiti, Africa and the Middle East, which he once called "the scum of humanity". He has also opposed drug liberalization, land reforms,{{cite web|url=http://www.olhardireto.com.br/noticias/exibir.asp?noticia=em-mato-grosso-bolsonaro-defende-radicalizacao-dos-produtores-contra-mst&id=410525|title=Em Mato Grosso, Bolsonaro defende radicalização dos produtores contra MST|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=16 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716062524/http://www.olhardireto.com.br/noticias/exibir.asp?id=410525¬icia=em-mato-grosso-bolsonaro-defende-radicalizacao-dos-produtores-contra-mst|url-status=live}} and secularism at the federal level, among other things.{{cite web|url=http://www.americasquarterly.org/content/jair-bolsonaro-pro-torture-anti-gay-and-brazils-future-president|title=Jair Bolsonaro: Pro-Torture, Anti-Gay and Brazil's Future President?|website=Americasquarterly.org|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=30 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830011436/https://www.americasquarterly.org/content/jair-bolsonaro-pro-torture-anti-gay-and-brazils-future-president|url-status=live}} Additionally, he made statements in defence of the Brazilian military regime,{{cite web|url=http://www.ebc.com.br/noticias/politica/2013/02/jair-bolsonaro-defende-golpe-militar-de-1964-em-recepcao-a-yoani-sanchez|title=Jair Bolsonaro defende golpe militar de 1964 em recepção a Yoani Sánchez|work=EBC |date=20 February 2013|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=5 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005121115/http://www.ebc.com.br/noticias/politica/2013/02/jair-bolsonaro-defende-golpe-militar-de-1964-em-recepcao-a-yoani-sanchez|url-status=live}} (a dictatorship known for constant human rights violations).{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/14/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-energy-drink-bolsomito|title=Brazil's far-right presidential contender gets soft drink named after him|first=Dom|last=Phillips|date=14 January 2018|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=9 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909063314/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/14/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-energy-drink-bolsomito|url-status=live}} He argues that torture is a "legitimate practice" and says that he would try to pass new legislation regarding the introduction of life imprisonment to the Brazilian penal code.{{cite web|url=http://www.terra.com.br/istoegente/28/reportagens/entrev_jair.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531142150/http://www.terra.com.br/istoegente/28/reportagens/entrev_jair.htm|archive-date=31 May 2013|title=Terra – ISTO GENTE – Entrevista: Jair Bolsonaro|date=31 May 2013|access-date=7 September 2018}} Bolsonaro supports the privatization of state-owned companies and advocates free-market policies,{{cite web|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/10/1925458-bolsonaro-diz-que-e-liberal-e-adota-discurso-que-agrada-investidores.shtml|title=Bolsonaro diz que é liberal e adota discurso que agrada investidores|website=1.folha.uol.com.br|access-date=24 April 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163556/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/10/1925458-bolsonaro-diz-que-e-liberal-e-adota-discurso-que-agrada-investidores.shtml|url-status=live}} although critics have stated that his policy-making record does not in fact show him to be a supporter of economic liberalism.{{cite web|url=https://jornalggn.com.br/eleicoes/em-7-mandatos-bolsonaro-nao-foi-um-deputado-liberal-nem-totalmente-anti-pt/|title=Em 7 mandatos, Bolsonaro não foi um deputado liberal nem totalmente anti-PT|first=Cíntia|last=Alves|date=13 November 2017|access-date=11 February 2019|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212070451/https://jornalggn.com.br/eleicoes/em-7-mandatos-bolsonaro-nao-foi-um-deputado-liberal-nem-totalmente-anti-pt/|url-status=live}}

File:2019 Reunião Bilateral com o Príncipe Charles - 48947648318.jpg, then Prince of Wales, in October 2019]]

In a 2017 interview with journalist Claudio Dantas Sequeira from O Antagonista, Bolsonaro said that his views are directly aligned with the centrist to right-wing United States citizens' views on gun ownership, abortion, gender politics, and trade, despite the "left-leaning media frenzy" against him. He reiterated that he intends to reverse some disarmament laws, improve public security, and also improve trade ties with the United States, which he said were broken during Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's and Dilma Rousseff's administrations.{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=etEDQOZJJK0|title=ENTREVISTA | Bolsonaro revela a O Antagonista seus planos para a Presidência|date=20 October 2017 |via=YouTube|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=2 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102042224/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=etEDQOZJJK0&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}

During his long political career, Bolsonaro expressed views regarded as being far-right.{{cite news|title=With Rousseff on the ropes, Brazil's far right sees an opening|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/05/brazil-far-right-dilma-rousseff-impeachment|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=18 June 2017|date=5 May 2016|last1=Watts|first1=Jonathan|archive-date=10 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710180129/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/05/brazil-far-right-dilma-rousseff-impeachment|url-status=live}} He has made statements that some people considered insulting, homophobic,{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/unlikely-and-unlikable-jair-bolsonaro-could-lead-brazil/a-45083300|title=Unlikely and unlikable, Jair Bolsonaro could lead Brazil|publisher=Deutsche Welle|access-date=11 October 2018|archive-date=11 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011214620/https://www.dw.com/en/unlikely-and-unlikable-jair-bolsonaro-could-lead-brazil/a-45083300|url-status=live}} violence-inciting,{{cite web|url=http://oglobo.globo.com/cultura/ellen-page-confronta-jair-bolsonaro-em-cena-de-documentario-18855202|title=Ellen Page confronta Jair Bolsonaro em cena de documentário|author=Globo|website=Globo.com|date=11 March 2016|access-date=13 September 2016|archive-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916130943/http://oglobo.globo.com/cultura/ellen-page-confronta-jair-bolsonaro-em-cena-de-documentario-18855202|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/opinion/world-report/articles/2017-10-20/could-jair-bolsonaro-become-brazils-next-president|title=Brazil's Donald Trump?|first=Mark|last=Weisbrot|website=US News|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-date=2 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302105325/https://www.usnews.com/opinion/world-report/articles/2017-10-20/could-jair-bolsonaro-become-brazils-next-president|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/11/28/a-trump-like-politician-in-brazil-could-snag-the-support-of-a-powerful-religious-group-evangelicals/|title=Acts of Faith. A Trump-like politician in Brazil could snag the support of a powerful religious group: evangelicals|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-date=18 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218173247/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/11/28/a-trump-like-politician-in-brazil-could-snag-the-support-of-a-powerful-religious-group-evangelicals/|url-status=live}} misogynistic, sexist,{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/18/brazilian-congressman-rape-remark-compensation|title=Brazilian congressman ordered to pay compensation over rape remark|newspaper=The Guardian|date=18 September 2015|access-date=13 September 2016|archive-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916130946/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/18/brazilian-congressman-rape-remark-compensation|url-status=live}} racist,{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/wtf/is-this-the-worlds-most-repulsive-politician/news-story/926a4a59cf6132f770dfdbd46f610e97|title=Is this the world's most repulsive politician?|first=Gavin|last=Fernando|newspaper=News|access-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913032510/http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/wtf/is-this-the-worlds-most-repulsive-politician/news-story/926a4a59cf6132f770dfdbd46f610e97|archive-date=13 September 2016 |url-status=live}} or anti-refugee.{{cite news|first=Simon|last=Romero|date=7 May 2016|title=Conservative's Star Rises in Brazil as Polarizing Views Tap Into Discontent|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/08/world/americas/conservatives-star-rises-in-brazil-as-polarizing-views-tap-into-discontent.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=1 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-date=27 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827070550/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/08/world/americas/conservatives-star-rises-in-brazil-as-polarizing-views-tap-into-discontent.html}} Other controversial political stances expressed by Bolsonaro have been the defence of the death penalty, which is banned under the Constitution of Brazil of 1988, and of radical interventionism in Brazil by the military, along with an imposition of a Brazilian military government.{{cite news|last1=Londoño|first1=Ernesto|last2=Darlington|first2=Shasta|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/20/world/americas/brazil-lula-bolsonaro-election.html|title=Leftist Lion and Far-Right Provocateur Vie for Brazil Presidency|newspaper=The New York Times|date=20 January 2018 |access-date=7 June 2018|url-status=live|archive-date=3 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603021425/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/20/world/americas/brazil-lula-bolsonaro-election.html}}

Journalist Glenn Greenwald called Bolsonaro "the most misogynistic, hateful elected official in the democratic world".{{cite news|url=https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2014/12/11/misogynistic-hateful-elected-official-democacratic-world-brazils-jair-bolsonaro/|title=The Most Misogynistic, Hateful Elected Official in the Democratic World: Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro – The Intercept|website=The Intercept|date=11 December 2014|access-date=4 May 2015|archive-date=27 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427174401/https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2014/12/11/misogynistic-hateful-elected-official-democacratic-world-brazils-jair-bolsonaro/|url-status=live}} News.com.au wondered whether Bolsonaro was "the world's most repulsive politician". British news magazine The Economist referred to him as a "radical", "religious nationalist", a "right-wing demagogue", and "apologist of dictators".{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21731190-can-right-wing-demagogue-win-next-years-election-jair-bolsonaro-hopes-be-brazils-donald|title=Jair Bolsonaro hopes to be Brazil's Donald Trump|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=7 September 2018|date=9 November 2017|archive-date=10 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810130937/https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21731190-can-right-wing-demagogue-win-next-years-election-jair-bolsonaro-hopes-be-brazils-donald|url-status=live}} Federico Finchelstein, scholar on fascism and populism, has considered Bolsonaro, as he would link violence to austerity and neoliberal economic ideas, to be the most similar leader to Augusto Pinochet to come out from the young South American democracies.{{Cite journal|author-link=Federico Finchelstein|first=Federico|last=Finchelstein|journal=Clarín|url=https://www.clarin.com/opinion/brasil-todas-opciones-malas_0_CyhTjjk9e.html|date=14 October 2018|title=Brasil: todas las opciones son malas|access-date=4 November 2018|archive-date=4 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104130053/https://www.clarin.com/opinion/brasil-todas-opciones-malas_0_CyhTjjk9e.html|url-status=live}} Leonardo Fontes, a postdoctoral researcher at the Brazilian Centre for Analysis and Planning, characterized Bolsonaro's economic views as authoritarian neoliberalism.{{Cite news |last=Fontes |first=Leonardo |date=2022-09-22 |title=Bolsonaro's authoritarian neoliberalism and the future of Brazilian democracy |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2022/09/22/bolsonaros-authoritarian-future-of-brazilian-democracy/ |access-date=2023-08-14 |newspaper=Lse Latin America and Caribbean Blog |archive-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814224949/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2022/09/22/bolsonaros-authoritarian-future-of-brazilian-democracy/ |url-status=live }}

As President of Brazil, Bolsonaro professed to be an open admirer of then-President of the United States, Donald Trump, during his first term. During Bolsonaro's campaign, some observers saw similarities between the two's ideals, hardline attacks and a reputation for incendiary rhetoric, as well as social media presence. Because of this, Bolsonaro has been called the Brazilian equivalent of Trump or the "Trump of the Tropics".{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/10/29/brazils-president-elect-jair-bolsonaro-really-trump-tropics/|date=29 October 2018|title=Why Brazil's president-elect Jair Bolsonaro really is the 'Trump of the Tropics'|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=18 December 2018|archive-date=18 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218102259/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/10/29/brazils-president-elect-jair-bolsonaro-really-trump-tropics/|url-status=live}}

On 1 May 2019, Bolsonaro awarded Olavo de Carvalho, a Brazilian conservative writer and far-right conspiracy theorist,{{Cite web|last=Duarte|first=Letícia|date=28 December 2019|title=Meet the Intellectual Founder of Brazil's Far Right|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/12/brazil-olavo-de-carvalho-jair-bolsonaro/604117/|access-date=20 November 2022|website=The Atlantic|language=en|archive-date=10 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010121649/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/12/brazil-olavo-de-carvalho-jair-bolsonaro/604117/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=After Capitol Hill Fury, Bolsonaro 'Guru' in US Spreads Conspiracy Theories|url=https://www.polygraph.info/a/fact-check-olavo-de-carvalho-spreads-qanon-and-other-conspiracy-theories-after-storming-of-capitol-hill/6742759.html|access-date=20 November 2022|website=POLYGRAPH.info|date=14 January 2021|language=en|archive-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120024914/https://www.polygraph.info/a/fact-check-olavo-de-carvalho-spreads-qanon-and-other-conspiracy-theories-after-storming-of-capitol-hill/6742759.html|url-status=live}} the Order of Rio Branco honorific order. Carvalho, who wrote books about leftist politics in Brazil and modern issues in general, was openly admired by Bolsonaro and sarcastically called by journalists his guru.{{Cite web|date=1 May 2019|title=Bolsonaro concede a Olavo de Carvalho condecoração igual à de Mourão e Moro|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2019/05/bolsonaro-concede-a-olavo-de-carvalho-condecoracao-igual-a-de-mourao-e-moro.shtml|access-date=29 June 2022|website=Folha de S.Paulo|language=pt-BR|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629051421/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2019/05/bolsonaro-concede-a-olavo-de-carvalho-condecoracao-igual-a-de-mourao-e-moro.shtml|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|date=2 May 2022|title=Jair Bolsonaro homenageia Olavo de Carvalho|url=https://www.metropoles.com/colunas/igor-gadelha/jair-bolsonaro-homenageia-olavo-de-carvalho|access-date=29 June 2022|website=Metrópoles|language=pt-BR|archive-date=23 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523080654/https://www.metropoles.com/colunas/igor-gadelha/jair-bolsonaro-homenageia-olavo-de-carvalho|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=Bolsonaro concede mais alta condecoração diplomática a Olavo de Carvalho|url=https://www.poder360.com.br/governo/bolsonaro-concede-mais-alta-condecoracao-diplomatica-a-olavo-de-carvalho/|access-date=29 June 2022|website=Poder360|date=May 2019|language=pt-br|archive-date=10 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810225706/https://www.poder360.com.br/governo/bolsonaro-concede-mais-alta-condecoracao-diplomatica-a-olavo-de-carvalho/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|date=1 May 2019|title=Bolsonaro concede a Olavo de Carvalho condecoração igual à de Mourão e Moro|url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/politica/noticia/2019/05/bolsonaro-concede-a-olavo-de-carvalho-condecoracao-igual-a-de-mourao-e-moro-cjv5o8qg5009201o5u77w0lsc.html|access-date=29 June 2022|website=GZH|language=pt-BR|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814121533/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/politica/noticia/2019/05/bolsonaro-concede-a-olavo-de-carvalho-condecoracao-igual-a-de-mourao-e-moro-cjv5o8qg5009201o5u77w0lsc.html|url-status=live}} Carvalho was sometimes harshly critical of Bolsonaro, even calling him "dumb".{{Cite web|title='Burro', 'covarde'... Bolsonaro já foi alvo de Olavo de Carvalho; confira outros ataques – Política|url=https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,eleicoes-2022-jair-bolsonaro-olavo-carvalho,70003933386|access-date=29 June 2022|website=Estadão|language=pt-BR|archive-date=16 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816165002/https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,eleicoes-2022-jair-bolsonaro-olavo-carvalho,70003933386|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|date=7 June 2020|title=Vídeo. Olavo de Carvalho a Bolsonaro: "Enfia a condecoração no cu"|url=https://www.metropoles.com/brasil/politica-brasil/video-olavo-de-carvalho-a-bolsonaro-enfia-a-condecoracao-no-cu|access-date=29 June 2022|website=Metrópoles|language=pt-BR|archive-date=20 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520215020/https://www.metropoles.com/brasil/politica-brasil/video-olavo-de-carvalho-a-bolsonaro-enfia-a-condecoracao-no-cu|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|date=7 June 2020|title=Olavo abandona Bolsonaro, diz que derruba seu governo e manda ele enfiar a condecoração|url=https://www.brasil247.com/brasil/olavo-abandona-bolsonaro-diz-que-derruba-seu-governo-e-manda-ele-enfiar-a-condecoracao|access-date=29 June 2022|website=Brasil 247|language=pt-br|archive-date=21 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521125308/https://www.brasil247.com/brasil/olavo-abandona-bolsonaro-diz-que-derruba-seu-governo-e-manda-ele-enfiar-a-condecoracao|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=Vídeo: Olavo de Carvalho xinga Bolsonaro e Luciano Hang e diz que vai derrubar governo|url=https://revistaforum.com.br/politica/2020/6/7/video-olavo-de-carvalho-xinga-bolsonaro-luciano-hang-diz-que-vai-derrubar-governo-76588.html|access-date=29 June 2022|website=Revista Fórum|date=7 June 2020|language=pt-BR|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629051422/https://revistaforum.com.br/politica/2020/6/7/video-olavo-de-carvalho-xinga-bolsonaro-luciano-hang-diz-que-vai-derrubar-governo-76588.html|url-status=live}}

File:Jair e Eduardo Bolsonaro no congresso com bandeira do Brasil.jpg hold up a Brazilian flag during a ceremony to mark the 50th anniversary of the 1964 military coup d'état, 1 April 2014]]

Throughout his political career, Bolsonaro has made several admiring comments about the U.S.–supported Brazilian military dictatorship which ruled the country from 1964 to 1985. He said in 1993, eight years after the return of democracy, that the military regime had "led to a more sustainable and prosperous Brazil". Bolsonaro has publicly referred to the military dictatorship as a "glorious" period in Brazil's history,{{Cite news|url=https://noticias.r7.com/brasil/bolsonaro-chama-ditadura-militar-brasileira-de-intervencao-democratica-31032015|title=Bolsonaro chama ditadura militar brasileira de "intervenção democrática"|date=31 March 2015|work=R7.com|access-date=13 September 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-date=5 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005123054/https://noticias.r7.com/brasil/bolsonaro-chama-ditadura-militar-brasileira-de-intervencao-democratica-31032015|url-status=live}} and that under the military dictatorship, Brazil enjoyed "20 years of order and progress". In December 2008, Bolsonaro said that "the error of the dictatorship was that it tortured, but did not kill".{{cite web|url=http://jovempanfm.uol.com.br/panico/defensor-da-ditadura-jair-bolsonaro-reforca-frase-polemica-o-erro-foi-torturar-e-nao-matar.html|title=Defensor da Ditadura, Jair Bolsonaro reforça frase polêmica: "o erro foi torturar e não matar" – Pânico – Jovem Pan FM São Paulo 100.9|website=Jovem Pan FM|language=pt-BR|access-date=13 September 2018|date=8 July 2016|archive-date=4 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904101345/http://jovempanfm.uol.com.br/panico/defensor-da-ditadura-jair-bolsonaro-reforca-frase-polemica-o-erro-foi-torturar-e-nao-matar.html|url-status=live}}

Bolsonaro has also repeatedly made admiring comments about a number of other Latin American dictatorships. He praised Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori as a role model for his use of military intervention via self-coup against the judiciary and legislature. In a 1998 interview with Veja magazine, Bolsonaro praised the Chilean dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet, and said the Pinochet regime, which killed over 3,000 Chilean citizens, "should have killed more people".{{Cite news|url=https://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/especial/noticias/as-frases-polemicas-de-jair-bolsonaro/|title=As frases polêmicas de Jair Bolsonaro|date=5 August 2017|work=Congresso em Foco|access-date=13 September 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-date=10 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910170238/https://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/especial/noticias/as-frases-polemicas-de-jair-bolsonaro/|url-status=live}} In 1999, Bolsonaro said that Hugo Chávez represented "hope for Latin America", comments that became a matter of controversy during the 2018 campaign, when Bolsonaro presented himself as a harsh critic of Chavismo.{{cite news|url=https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,entrevista-de-bolsonaro-ao-estado-com-elogios-a-chavez-mobiliza-militancia,70002117151|title=Entrevista de Bolsonaro ao 'Estado' com elogios a Chávez mobiliza militância – Política|website=Estadão|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085902/https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,entrevista-de-bolsonaro-ao-estado-com-elogios-a-chavez-mobiliza-militancia,70002117151|url-status=live}} In 2019, already in power, Bolsonaro commended Paraguayan dictator Alfredo Stroessner as a "visionary" and "statesman", drawing immediate criticism, particularly due to multiple allegations of pedophilia against Stroessner.{{cite web|url=https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2019/02/26/internacional/1551213499_127441.html|title=Bolsonaro elogia ditador paraguaio Alfredo Stroessner em público|first=Santi|last=Carneri|date=27 February 2019|website=El País|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227144247/https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2019/02/26/internacional/1551213499_127441.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://epoca.globo.com/7-fatos-sobre-ditador-e-pedofilo-reiterado-elogiado-por-bolsonaro-23486277|title=7 fatos sobre o ditador — e pedófilo reiterado — elogiado por Bolsonaro|date=27 February 2019|website=Epoca.globo.com|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=9 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309000559/https://epoca.globo.com/7-fatos-sobre-ditador-e-pedofilo-reiterado-elogiado-por-bolsonaro-23486277|url-status=live}} The comments were made in front of Paraguayan president Mario Abdo Benítez, himself a child of Stroessner's personal secretary, Mario Abdo Benítez Sr.{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2018/04/22/mario-abdo-benitez-el-poderoso-empresario-que-crecio-en-el-circulo-privado-de-stroessner/|title=Mario Abdo Benítez, el poderoso empresario que creció en el círculo privado de Stroessner|date=22 April 2018|website=Infobae|access-date=14 May 2024}}

Speaking before his vote in favor of President Dilma Rousseff's impeachment amid the massive corruption scandal, Bolsonaro paid homage to Colonel Brilhante Ustra, an agent of Brazil's military dictatorship, and announced on the floor of the Chamber of Deputies that he was dedicating his pro-impeachment vote to Ustra's memory. Ustra had headed the DOI-CODI torture unit where Rousseff was allegedly tortured during the military dictatorship. Left-wing deputy Jean Wyllys spat at him after his statement during the same session. The congressman claimed to have suffered homophobic offenses from Jair Bolsonaro and his allies.{{cite web|title=A lightning rod for attacks by Brazil's right-wing|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/brazil/la-fg-brazil-congressman-20151128-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times|date=28 November 2015 |access-date=7 September 2018 |archive-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907011053/http://www.latimes.com/world/brazil/la-fg-brazil-congressman-20151128-story.html |url-status=live}}{{Cite news|last=Watts|first=Jonathan|date=18 April 2016|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/18/dilma-rousseff-congress-impeach-brazilian-president|title=Dilma Rousseff: Brazilian congress votes to impeach president|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=18 April 2016|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=18 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418080130/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/18/dilma-rousseff-congress-impeach-brazilian-president|url-status=live}}

In a TV interview with Câmera Aberta in the 1990s, Bolsonaro said that if he ever became president, he would use this as an opportunity to shut down the National Congress and instigate a military coup himself. {{as of|2018}}, he appeared to have changed his mind, and said that if someone becomes the head of the country, it would be through voting.{{cite web|title=Folha de S.Paulo – Internacional – En – Brazil – Congressman Bolsonaro Defended New Military Coup in the 1990s|date=4 June 2018|website=1.folha.uol.com.br|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2018/06/1970871-congressman-bolsonaro-defended-new-military-coup-in-the-1990s.shtml|access-date=4 June 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612165428/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2018/06/1970871-congressman-bolsonaro-defended-new-military-coup-in-the-1990s.shtml|url-status=live}} In March 2019, Bolsonaro stated that the 1964 coup d'état, which overthrew President João Goulart,{{cite news|author=Kingstone, Steve|date=1 April 2004|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3588339.stm|title=Brazil remembers 1964 coup d'etat|publisher=BBC News|access-date=8 May 2007|url-status=live|archive-date=23 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123103343/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3588339.stm}} was not a coup, and that 31 March, the day the coup was installed, should be "properly commemorated".{{cite web|title=Bolsonaro determinou que Defesa faça as 'comemorações devidas' do golpe de 64, diz porta-voz|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2019/03/25/bolsonaro-determinou-que-defesa-faca-as-comemoracoes-devidas-do-golpe-de-64-diz-porta-voz.ghtml|website=G1|date=25 March 2019 |access-date=26 March 2019 |archive-date=26 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326131421/https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2019/03/25/bolsonaro-determinou-que-defesa-faca-as-comemoracoes-devidas-do-golpe-de-64-diz-porta-voz.ghtml|url-status=live}}{{cite web|last1=Santa Rita|first1=Bruno|last2=Souza|first2=Renato|last3=Kafruni|first3=Simone|title=Bolsonaro recomendou 'devidas comemorações' do golpe de 1964, diz Porta-Voz|url=https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2019/03/25/interna_politica,745271/bolsonaro-recomendou-devidas-comemoracoes-do-golpe-de-1964-diz-port.shtml|website=Correio Braziliense|language=pt-BR|date=25 March 2019 |access-date=26 March 2019 |archive-date=26 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326141815/https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2019/03/25/interna_politica,745271/bolsonaro-recomendou-devidas-comemoracoes-do-golpe-de-1964-diz-port.shtml |url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/brasil/politica/bolsonaro-nao-considera-que-houve-golpe-em-1964-e-determina-comemoracoes-devidas-diz-porta-voz,a833162dc1987b126cd259b9717d944d6sjaukq7.html|title=Bolsonaro determina "comemorações devidas" do 31 de março|website=Terra|access-date=26 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327022159/https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/brasil/politica/bolsonaro-nao-considera-que-houve-golpe-em-1964-e-determina-comemoracoes-devidas-diz-porta-voz,a833162dc1987b126cd259b9717d944d6sjaukq7.html|url-status=live}}

{{See also|List of international presidential trips made by Jair Bolsonaro}}

File:20 09 2021 - Encontro com o Primeiro Ministro do Reino Unido, Boris Johnson (51496837523).jpg, 20 September 2021]]

During the 2018 presidential campaign, Bolsonaro said he would make considerable changes to Brazil's foreign relations, saying that the "Itamaraty needs to be in service of the values that were always associated with the Brazilian people". He also said that the country should stop "praising dictators" and attacking democracies, such as the United States, Israel and Italy.{{Cite news|first=Ana Cristina|last=Campos|url=http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/politica/noticia/2018-10/veja-propostas-de-bolsonaro-e-haddad-para-politica-externa|title=Veja as propostas de Bolsonaro e Haddad para a política externa|work=Agência Brasil|date=26 October 2018|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=26 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026133450/http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/politica/noticia/2018-10/veja-propostas-de-bolsonaro-e-haddad-para-politica-externa|url-status=live}} In early 2018, he affirmed that his "trip to the five democratic countries the United States, Israel, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan showed who we will be and we would like to join good people". Bolsonaro showed distrust towards China throughout the presidential campaign claiming they "[want to] buy Brazil",{{Cite news|url=https://manchikoni.com/presidential-candidates-present-a-drastic-turn-in-foreign-policy-jair-bolsonaro-psl-promises-to-break-brazils-traditional-diplomatic-positions-while-fernando-haddad/|title=Presidential candidates present a drastic turn in foreign policy Jair Bolsonaro (PSL) promises to break Brazil's traditional diplomatic positions while Fernando Haddad|access-date=27 October 2018|archive-date=28 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028073809/https://manchikoni.com/presidential-candidates-present-a-drastic-turn-in-foreign-policy-jair-bolsonaro-psl-promises-to-break-brazils-traditional-diplomatic-positions-while-fernando-haddad/|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKVnvgrkcfQ|title=Os compromissos de Bolsonaro em Taiwan.|work=Jair Bolsonaro|date=4 March 2018|access-date=29 October 2018|archive-date=7 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007191057/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKVnvgrkcfQ|url-status=live}} although Brazil recorded a US$20 billion trade surplus with China in 2018, and China is only the 13th largest source of foreign direct investment into Brazil.{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/b5371a10-044a-11e9-bf0f-53b8511afd73|title=Bolsonaro will regret baiting the Chinese tiger|last=Spektor|first=Matias|date=27 December 2018|website=Financial Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228035040/https://www.ft.com/content/b5371a10-044a-11e9-bf0f-53b8511afd73|archive-date=28 December 2018|url-status=live|access-date=27 December 2018}} Bolsonaro said he wished to continue to do business with the Chinese but he also said that Brazil should "make better [economic] deals" with other countries, with no "ideological agenda" behind it. His stance towards China has also been interpreted by some{{who|date=April 2021}} as an attempt to curry favor with the Trump administration to garner concessions from the US. However, Bolsonaro mostly changed his position on China after he took office, saying that the two countries were "born to walk together" during his visit to Beijing in October 2019.{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/12/06/bolsonaro-losing-bet-trump-brazil-tariffs/|title=Bolsonaro Placed a Losing Bet on Trump|last=Stuenkel|first=Oliver|website=Foreign Policy|date=6 December 2019 |access-date=6 December 2019|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206191650/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/12/06/bolsonaro-losing-bet-trump-brazil-tariffs/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|date=25 October 2019|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3034658/common-ground-investment-still-no-hint-brazil-signing-chinas|title=Still no hint of Brazil signing up for China's Belt and Road Initiative|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=6 December 2019|archive-date=6 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206191640/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3034658/common-ground-investment-still-no-hint-brazil-signing-chinas|url-status=live}} He also said that Brazil would stay out of the ongoing China-U.S. trade war. According to Oliver Stuenkel, Bolsonaro's stance on global politics evolved from anti-China to anti-Western during his presidency.{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/09/22/brazil-election-china-economy-brics-bolsonaro-lula/|website=Foreign Policy|first=Oliver|last=Stuenkel|author-link=Oliver Stuenkel|date=22 September 2022|title=Why Beijing Wants Bolsonaro to Win|access-date=2 October 2022|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002151810/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/09/22/brazil-election-china-economy-brics-bolsonaro-lula/|url-status=live}} In 2022, he praised the role of BRICS during the 2008 financial crisis and described BRICS cooperation as a "factor of stability and prosperity in the international situation".

Bolsonaro said that his first international trip as president would be to Israel.{{cite news|title=Israel hails election of Brazil's controversial Bolsonaro, who plans visit soon|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-hails-election-of-brazils-controversial-bolsonaro-who-plans-visit/|work=The Times of Israel|date=29 October 2018 |access-date=31 October 2018 |archive-date=1 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101020510/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-hails-election-of-brazils-controversial-bolsonaro-who-plans-visit/ |url-status=live}} Bolsonaro also said that the State of Palestine "is not a country, so there should be no embassy here", adding that "you don't negotiate with terrorists." The announcement was warmly received by the prime minister of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu, who welcomed Bolsonaro to Israel in March 2019 during the final weeks of a re-election campaign,{{cite news|url=https://jg-tc.com/news/world/netanyahu-warmly-welcomes-brazil-s-bolsonaro-in-israel/article_2b286bf8-4d6e-5f02-9a6d-4e83a9cf4e34.html|title=Netanyahu embraces Brazil's far-right Bolsonaro in Israel|work=Associated Presa|date=31 March 2019|access-date=6 April 2018|first=Ilan|last=Ben Zion|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406124230/https://jg-tc.com/news/world/netanyahu-warmly-welcomes-brazil-s-bolsonaro-in-israel/article_2b286bf8-4d6e-5f02-9a6d-4e83a9cf4e34.html|url-status=live}} but was met with condemnation from the Arab League, which warned Bolsonaro it could damage diplomatic ties.{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/arab-league-warns-brazil-that-jerusalem-embassy-move-could-harm-ties/|title=Arab League warns Brazil that Jerusalem embassy move could harm ties|work=The Times of Israel|date=11 December 2018 |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=31 March 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331171504/https://www.timesofisrael.com/arab-league-warns-brazil-that-jerusalem-embassy-move-could-harm-ties/}} "I love Israel", Bolsonaro said in Hebrew at a welcoming ceremony, with Netanyahu at his side, at Tel Aviv's Ben-Gurion airport.{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/i-love-israel-brazils-bolsonaro-lands-in-tel-aviv/a-48134150|title='I love Israel' — Brazil's Bolsonaro lands in Tel Aviv|publisher=Deutsche Welle|access-date=5 December 2019|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204235025/https://www.dw.com/en/i-love-israel-brazils-bolsonaro-lands-in-tel-aviv/a-48134150|url-status=live}}

File:Bolsonaro Xi Jinping China 2019.jpg in October 2019]]

Bolsonaro also praised U.S. President Donald Trump and his foreign policy, and has been called "the tropical Trump".{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/874c8a46-4873-11e9-bbc9-6917dce3dc62|title=Brazil's 'Tropical Trump' seeks to reset ties with White House visit|newspaper=Financial Times|date=18 March 2019 |access-date=9 November 2019|archive-date=9 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109155433/https://www.ft.com/content/874c8a46-4873-11e9-bbc9-6917dce3dc62|url-status=live}} His son Eduardo has indicated that Brazil should distance itself from Iran, sever ties with Nicolás Maduro's government in Venezuela and relocate Brazil's embassy in Israel to Jerusalem, although he never committed to his plan to move the embassy and instead opened a trade office in the city.{{cite news|title=Brazil Should Shun Venezuela and Embrace Israel, Bolsonaro's Son Says|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-10/brazil-to-shun-venezuela-and-embrace-israel-bolsonaro-son-says|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|date=10 October 2018 |access-date=29 October 2018 |archive-date=29 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029232403/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-10/brazil-to-shun-venezuela-and-embrace-israel-bolsonaro-son-says |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |date=2019-04-01 |title=Brazil won't move embassy to Jerusalem, opens diplomatic office instead |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/brazil-wont-move-embassy-to-jerusalem-opens-diplomatic-office-instead-585363 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en-US |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118204858/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/brazil-wont-move-embassy-to-jerusalem-opens-diplomatic-office-instead-585363 |url-status=live }} Bolsonaro is widely considered the most pro-American candidate in Brazil since the 1980s. PSL members said that if elected, he would dramatically improve relations between the United States and Brazil. During an October 2017 campaign rally in Miami, he saluted the American flag and led chants of "USA! USA!" to a large crowd.{{cite web|url=https://www.americasquarterly.org/content/what-expect-jair-bolsonaro|title=What to Expect from Jair Bolsonaro|last=Winter|first=Brian|date=9 October 2018|website=Americas Quarterly|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012053919/https://www.americasquarterly.org/content/what-expect-jair-bolsonaro|archive-date=12 October 2018|url-status=live|access-date=11 October 2018}} U.S. National Security Advisor John Bolton praised Bolsonaro as a "like-minded" partner and said his victory was a "positive sign" for Latin America.{{cite news|title=Jair Bolsonaro: Brazil's far-right president-elect wants to move Israel embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-embassy-israel-tel-aviv-jerusalem-middle-east-palestine-a8614066.html|work=The Independent|date=2 November 2018 |access-date=2 November 2018 |archive-date=2 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102190515/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-embassy-israel-tel-aviv-jerusalem-middle-east-palestine-a8614066.html |url-status=live}} Bolsonaro had a fractious relationship with U.S. President Joe Biden,{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/bolsonaros-florida-stay-puts-ball-bidens-court-after-brasilia-riots-2023-01-09/ | title=Pressure mounts on Biden over Bolsonaro's Florida stay after Brasilia riots | newspaper=Reuters | date=10 January 2023 | last1=Stargardter | first1=Gabriel | access-date=20 March 2023 | archive-date=20 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320073821/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/bolsonaros-florida-stay-puts-ball-bidens-court-after-brasilia-riots-2023-01-09/ | url-status=live }} and subsequently deepened ties with Russia, emphasising his neutrality over the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.{{cite news |last1=Stargardter |first1=Gabriel |date=27 February 2022 |title=Bolsonaro won't condemn Putin, says Brazil will remain neutral over invasion |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/bolsonaro-wont-condemn-putin-says-brazil-will-remain-neutral-over-invasion-2022-02-27/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305053938/https://www.reuters.com/world/bolsonaro-wont-condemn-putin-says-brazil-will-remain-neutral-over-invasion-2022-02-27/ |archive-date=5 March 2022 |access-date=20 March 2023 |newspaper=Reuters |publication-place=Rio de Janeiro}}

At the regional level, Bolsonaro praised Argentine President Mauricio Macri for ending the 12-year rule of Néstor and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, which he saw as similar to Lula and Rousseff. Although he does not have plans to leave the Mercosur, he criticized it for prioritizing ideological issues over economic ones.{{cite news|first=Alberto|last=Almendariz|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/2180830-bolsonaro-un-saludo-macri-termino-dilma-kirchner|title=Bolsonaro: "Un abrazo a Macri, que terminó con la 'Dilma Kirchner'"|trans-title= Bolsonaro: "A hug for Macri, who ended the 'Dilma-Kirchner'"|language=es|date=11 October 2018|newspaper=La Nación|access-date= 29 October 2018|archive-date= 30 October 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035503/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/2180830-bolsonaro-un-saludo-macri-termino-dilma-kirchner|url-status= live}} A staunch anti-communist, Bolsonaro has condemned Cuba's former leader Fidel Castro and the current regime in that island.{{cite news|title=Brazil's Bolsonaro names Trump fan top diplomat as Cuba relations sour|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics/brazils-bolsonaro-names-trump-fan-top-diplomat-as-cuba-relations-sour-idUSKCN1NJ31M|work=Reuters|date=3 December 2018 |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-date=4 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005931/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics/brazils-bolsonaro-names-trump-fan-top-diplomat-as-cuba-relations-sour-idUSKCN1NJ31M |url-status=live}}

Bolsonaro praised British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, saying that he had learned from Churchill: "Patriotism, love for your fatherland, respect for your flag – something that has been lost over the last few years here in Brazil{{nbsp}}... and governing through example, especially at that difficult moment of the Second World War."{{cite news|title=Jair Bolsonaro denies he is a fascist and paints himself as a Brazilian Churchill|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/30/jair-bolsonaro-denies-he-is-a-fascist-brazilian-churchill|work=The Guardian|date=30 October 2018 |access-date=31 October 2018 |archive-date=30 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030232222/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/30/jair-bolsonaro-denies-he-is-a-fascist-brazilian-churchill |url-status=live}} Bolsonaro said he was open to the possibility of hosting a U.S. military base in Brazil to counter Russian influence in the region.{{cite news|title=Brazil military uneasy with Bolsonaro's openness to U.S. base: source|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-usa-base/brazil-military-uneasy-with-bolsonaros-openness-to-u-s-base-source-idUSKCN1OZ0IW|work=Reuters|date=5 January 2019 |access-date=17 January 2019 |archive-date=19 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121406/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-usa-base/brazil-military-uneasy-with-bolsonaros-openness-to-u-s-base-source-idUSKCN1OZ0IW |url-status=live}} With the intention to persuade Trump to make Brazil a NATO member in March 2019, Bolsonaro said: "the discussions with the United States will begin in the coming months".{{cite news|title=Trump says strongly considering NATO membership for Brazil|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-brazil-nato/trump-says-looking-at-nato-membership-for-brazil-idUSKCN1R024O|work=Reuters|date=19 March 2019 |access-date=20 March 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320191314/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-brazil-nato/trump-says-looking-at-nato-membership-for-brazil-idUSKCN1R024O |url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=Trump says looking at NATO membership for Brazil|url=https://www.euronews.com/2019/03/19/trump-says-looking-at-nato-membership-for-brazil|publisher=Euronews|date=19 March 2019|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320191315/https://www.euronews.com/2019/03/19/trump-says-looking-at-nato-membership-for-brazil|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title='Diplomacia em primeiro lugar, até as últimas consequências', diz Bolsonaro sobre Venezuela|url=https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2019/03/19/diplomacia-em-primeiro-lugar-ate-as-ultimas-consequencias-diz-bolsonaro-sobre-venezuela.ghtml|website=G1.globo.com|date=19 March 2019|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320191314/https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2019/03/19/diplomacia-em-primeiro-lugar-ate-as-ultimas-consequencias-diz-bolsonaro-sobre-venezuela.ghtml|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=Em almoço fechado, Trump diz querer Brasil como membro pleno da Otan|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2019/03/em-almoco-fechado-trump-diz-querer-brasil-como-membro-pleno-da-otan.shtml|publisher=Folha de S.Paulo|date=20 March 2019|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320191318/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2019/03/em-almoco-fechado-trump-diz-querer-brasil-como-membro-pleno-da-otan.shtml|url-status=live}}

File:Bolsonaro and Putin in November 2019 (cropped).jpg in November 2019]]

With formal U.S. support for Brazil's entry to OECD in May 2019, Bolsonaro said, "currently, all 36 members of the organization support the entry of the country, fruit of confidence in the new Brazil being built, more free, open and fair".{{cite tweet|title=Na reunião ministerial da OCDE que ocorre hoje em Paris, os EUA reafirmaram seu apoio ao ingresso do Brasil na organização|user=jairbolsonaro|first=Jair M.|last=Bolsonaro|number=1131634002824245248|language=pt-BR |access-date=28 May 2019|archive-date=19 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319082243/https://twitter.com/jairbolsonaro/status/1131634002824245248|url-status=live}}{{cite tweet|title=Os Estados Unidos mantêm seu apoio ao #Brasil para início do processo de adesão à #OECD (OCDE), como anunciado em 19 de março, na declaração do @POTUS, de @JairBolsonaro e pela @WHAAsstSecty|user=EmbaixadaEUA|author=Embaixada EUA Brasil|number=1131526230073851909|language=pt-BR |access-date=28 May 2019|archive-date=15 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815163809/https://twitter.com/EmbaixadaEUA/status/1131526230073851909 |url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=USA Officially Supports Brazil's Candidature to The OECD|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/business/2019/05/usa-officially-supports-brazils-candidature-to-the-oecd.shtml|publisher=Folha de S.Paulo|date=24 May 2019|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-date=8 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308151357/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/business/2019/05/usa-officially-supports-brazils-candidature-to-the-oecd.shtml|url-status=live}} In October 2019, on a state visit to China, he announced the end of the need for visas for Chinese and Indian entry into Brazil. Brazil had already removed the need for visas for people from the U.S., Canada, Japan, and Australia.{{cite news|title=Brazil says it will no longer require visas from Chinese, Indian citizens|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-visas/brazil-says-it-will-no-longer-require-visas-from-chinese-indian-citizens-idUSKBN1X32AX|work=Reuters|date=25 October 2019|access-date=25 October 2019|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025204021/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-visas/brazil-says-it-will-no-longer-require-visas-from-chinese-indian-citizens-idUSKBN1X32AX|url-status=live}}

{{anchor|Environment|environment}}

File:1988- Deforestation rates in Brazil - Terra Brasilis.svg

Brazil has the world's largest tropical rainforest in the Amazon basin. According to The Washington Post, "Bolsonaro is a powerful supporter of agribusiness ... and is likely to favor profits over preservation. ... Bolsonaro has chafed at foreign pressure to safeguard the Amazon rainforest, and he served notice to international nonprofit groups such as the World Wide Fund for Nature that he will not tolerate their agendas in Brazil. He has also come out strongly against lands reserved for indigenous tribes. Bolsonaro advisers additionally say that he plans to expand nuclear and hydroelectric power into the Amazon."

Bolsonaro rejects the scientific consensus on climate change. He repeatedly threatened to withdraw from the Paris Agreement during his campaign.{{cite news|title=Bolsonaro diz que Brasil deixará Acordo de Paris se não forem aceitas mudanças|url=https://br.reuters.com/article/topNews/idBRKBN1OB2ZY-OBRTP|language=pt|work=Reuters|date=12 December 2018|access-date=29 June 2019|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629164348/https://br.reuters.com/article/topNews/idBRKBN1OB2ZY-OBRTP |url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/brazil-s-new-president-has-scientists-worried-here-s-why|title=Brazil's new president has scientists worried. Here's why|last=Escobar|first=Herton|date=22 January 2019|work=Science|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125183232/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/01/brazil-s-new-president-has-scientists-worried-here-s-why|archive-date=25 January 2019|url-status=live|access-date=25 January 2019}} Even before taking office, he backed out of Brazil's offer to host the 2019 UN Climate Change Conference.{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-accord-brazil-idUSKCN1NX27B|title=Brazil's Bolsonaro nixes plans to host U.N. climate event|date=28 November 2018|work=Reuters|access-date=25 January 2019|archive-date=25 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125131020/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-accord-brazil-idUSKCN1NX27B|url-status=live}} Ernesto Araújo, the new Minister of Foreign Affairs appointed by Bolsonaro, has called global warming a plot by "cultural Marxists",{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/15/brazil-foreign-minister-ernesto-araujo-climate-change-marxist-plot|title=Brazil's new foreign minister believes climate change is a Marxist plot|first=Jonathan|last=Watts|date=15 November 2018|work=The Guardian|access-date=25 January 2019|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=13 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113045658/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/15/brazil-foreign-minister-ernesto-araujo-climate-change-marxist-plot|url-status=live}} and eliminated the Climate Change Division of the ministry. Two departments of the Ministry of the Environment dealing with climate change in Brazil and mitigation and one dealing with deforestation were also eliminated.

In April 2019, the American Museum of Natural History canceled an event honouring Bolsonaro after facing heavy public criticism, including from New York Mayor Bill de Blasio. The museum's directorate justified its decision in a statement, "With mutual respect for the work and goals of our organizations, we jointly agreed that the Museum is not the optimal location for the Brazilian-Am. Chamber of Commerce gala dinner. This traditional event will go forward at another location on the original date and time."{{cite news|title=Museum cancels event honouring Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro|publisher=BBC News|date=16 April 2019|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-47946955 |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416122909/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-47946955 |url-status=live}} Bolsonaro supported plans to open the Reserva Nacional do Cobre e Associados (Renca) Amazonian reserve in Brazil's northern states of Pará and Amapá to commercial mining.{{cite news|title=Bolsonaro says Brazil rainforest reserve may be opened to mining|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-amazon-mining/brazils-bolsonaro-says-rainforest-reserve-should-be-opened-to-mining-idUSKCN1RO29H|work=Reuters|date=12 April 2019 |access-date=17 April 2019 |url-status=live |archive-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417155619/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-amazon-mining/brazils-bolsonaro-says-rainforest-reserve-should-be-opened-to-mining-idUSKCN1RO29H}}

File:28 06 2019 Reunião Paralela dos Líderes do G20, sobre Economia Digital (48142864762).jpg and Saudi Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman at the 2019 G20 Osaka summit]]

Destruction of the Amazon rainforest increased by 88% for the month of June 2019, during Bolsonaro's first year as president, as compared with the previous year, according to the National Institute for Space Research (INPE). Bolsonaro rejected the agency's data as false. The INPE director was fired after he rebutted Bolsonaro's criticism of the institute.{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/natureza/noticia/2019/07/03/desmatamento-na-amazonia-em-junho-e-88percent-maior-do-que-no-mesmo-periodo-de-2018.ghtml|title=Desmatamento na Amazônia em junho é 88% maior do que no mesmo período de 2018|website=G1|date=3 July 2019 |language=pt-br|access-date=28 July 2019|archive-date=21 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821174847/https://g1.globo.com/natureza/noticia/2019/07/03/desmatamento-na-amazonia-em-junho-e-88percent-maior-do-que-no-mesmo-periodo-de-2018.ghtml|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-climatechange-protests/london-climate-change-protesters-daub-brazilian-embassy-blood-red-idUKKCN1V30LA|title=London climate change protesters daub Brazilian embassy blood red|work=Reuters|access-date=15 August 2019|archive-date=15 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815214303/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-climatechange-protests/london-climate-change-protesters-daub-brazilian-embassy-blood-red-idUKKCN1V30LA|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|title=Amazon deforestation: Brazil's Bolsonaro dismisses data as 'lies'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-49052360|publisher=BBC News |access-date=23 August 2019|date=20 July 2019 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821164317/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-49052360 |url-status=live}}{{cite web|last1=de Campos|first1=João Pedroso|title=Após rebater Bolsonaro, diretor do Inpe deixará o cargo|url=https://veja.abril.com.br/politica/apos-rebater-bolsonaro-diretor-do-inpe-deixara-o-cargo/|website=Veja |access-date=23 August 2019|language=pt|date=2 August 2019 |archive-date=23 August 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823072444/https://veja.abril.com.br/politica/apos-rebater-bolsonaro-diretor-do-inpe-deixara-o-cargo/}} The Bolsonaro administration decreased government efforts to combat illegal logging, ranching and mining in the Amazon. Government enforcement actions such as fines, warnings and the confiscation or destruction of illegal equipment in protected areas decreased by 20% in the first half of 2018 compared to the first half of 2017.{{cite news|last1=Casado|first1=Letícia|last2=Londoño|first2=Ernesto|title=Under Brazil's Far-Right Leader, Amazon Protections Slashed and Forests Fall|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/28/world/americas/brazil-deforestation-amazon-bolsonaro.html|website=The New York Times |access-date=23 August 2019|date=28 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823025943/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/28/world/americas/brazil-deforestation-amazon-bolsonaro.html |archive-date=23 August 2019 |url-status=live}}

His damage to the Amazon has widely been described by indigenous groups, human rights groups, politicians, academics and journalists as an ecocide and a genocide.{{Cite news |date=2021-04-25 |title=Imagine Jair Bolsonaro Standing Trial for Ecocide at The Hague - The New York Times |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/21/sunday-review/bolsonaro-amazon-fire.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425160936/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/21/sunday-review/bolsonaro-amazon-fire.html |archive-date=25 April 2021 |last1=Londoño |first1=Ernesto |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last=Watts |first=Jonathan |date=2023-02-06 |title=Investigate Bolsonaro for genocide, says Brazil's Marina Silva |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/06/investigate-bolsonaro-for-genocide-says-brazils-marina-silva |access-date=2023-07-10 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714095934/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/06/investigate-bolsonaro-for-genocide-says-brazils-marina-silva |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |title=Bolsonaro should be investigated by International Criminal Court for crimes against humanity and nature |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/environment/climate-crisis/2022/10/27/bolsonaro-should-be-investigated-by-international-criminal-court-for-crimes-against-humanity-and-nature/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710154447/https://www.irishtimes.com/environment/climate-crisis/2022/10/27/bolsonaro-should-be-investigated-by-international-criminal-court-for-crimes-against-humanity-and-nature/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite journal |last=McCartin |first=Matthew J. |date=2022–2023 |title=The Planet v. Bolsonaro: How an International Crime of Ecocide Could Aid in Enforcing the UNFCCC |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jgro13&id=6&div=&collection= |journal=Journal of Global Rights and Organizations |volume=13 |pages=1 |access-date=10 July 2023 |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710154452/https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jgro13&id=6&div=&collection= |url-status=live }} Indigenous chiefs and human rights organizations have submitted an Article 15 communication to the International Criminal Court for crimes against humanity and genocide for harm to Indigenous people and destruction of the Amazon.{{Cite web |date=2021-08-11 |title=Brazil indigenous group accuses Bolsonaro of 'genocide' and 'ecocide' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/brazil-indigenous-icc-bolsonaro-genocide-b1900078.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=The Independent |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710154447/https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/brazil-indigenous-icc-bolsonaro-genocide-b1900078.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=2022-02-04 |title=Indigenous Groups Accuse Brazil's Bolsonaro of Genocide, Call on the ICC to Investigate |url=https://soundsandcolours.com/articles/brazil/indigenous-groups-accuse-brazils-bolsonaro-of-genocide-call-on-the-icc-to-investigate-64683/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Sounds and Colours |language=en-GB |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710154452/https://soundsandcolours.com/articles/brazil/indigenous-groups-accuse-brazils-bolsonaro-of-genocide-call-on-the-icc-to-investigate-64683/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=ICC climate crimes suit filed against Brazil's Bolsonaro – DW – 10/12/2021 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/icc-climate-crimes-suit-filed-against-brazils-bolsonaro/a-59480922 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=dw.com |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710154447/https://www.dw.com/en/icc-climate-crimes-suit-filed-against-brazils-bolsonaro/a-59480922 |url-status=live }} Another has been submitted for ecocide by indigenous chiefs.{{Cite web |date=2021-06-24 |title=Chiefs demand Bolsonaro's prosecution, say Amazon close to irreversible destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/bolsonaro-should-be-tried-crimes-against-humanity-indigenous-leaders-say-n1272193 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=NBC News |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710154452/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/bolsonaro-should-be-tried-crimes-against-humanity-indigenous-leaders-say-n1272193 |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last=Milhorance |first=Flávia |date=2021-01-23 |title=Jair Bolsonaro could face charges in The Hague over Amazon rainforest |language=en-GB |work=The Observer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/23/jair-bolsonaro-could-face-charges-in-the-hague-over-amazon-rainforest |access-date=2023-07-10 |issn=0029-7712 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124213129/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/23/jair-bolsonaro-could-face-charges-in-the-hague-over-amazon-rainforest |url-status=live }}

Bolsonaro is a member of the Catholic Church (while his wife and one of his sons are Evangelical Christians){{Cite news|title=Bolsonaro, a Catholic, Expanded His Base Among Evangelicals|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2018/10/bolsonaro-a-catholic-expanded-his-base-among-evangelicals.shtml|date=30 October 2018|work=Folha de S.Paulo|access-date=1 November 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925084335/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2018/10/bolsonaro-a-catholic-expanded-his-base-among-evangelicals.shtml|url-status=live}} and is registered as one with the Superior Electoral Court. In 2016, he had himself baptised along with three of his sons Flávio, Carlos and Eduardo in the Jordan River by a Pentecostal church. Sociologist Christina Vital of the Fluminense Federal University stated that this act was more than an expression of conversion to Evangelicalism and was meant to create an ambiguous religious identity, through which the Bolsonaro family could appeal to the various groups of voters.{{cite web|url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/brazils-president-jair-bolsonaro-won-election-thanks-votes-conservative-christians|title=Playing with religious identity|author=Carlos Albuquerque|work=D+C Development and Cooperation|date=29 September 2019|access-date=13 January 2023|archive-date=28 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128192022/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/brazils-president-jair-bolsonaro-won-election-thanks-votes-conservative-christians|url-status=live}}

Bolsonaro reportedly attended a Baptist church for 10 years.{{cite web|first1=Chayenne|last1=Polimédio|title=The Rise of the Brazilian Evangelicals|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/01/the-evangelical-takeover-of-brazilian-politics/551423/|magazine=The Atlantic|publisher=Emerson Collective|location=Washington DC|date=24 January 2018 |access-date=30 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427233429/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/01/the-evangelical-takeover-of-brazilian-politics/551423/ |archive-date=27 April 2019 |url-status=live}} In a 2017 speech, Bolsonaro stated, "God above everything. There is no such thing as a secular state. The state is Christian, and any minority that is against this has to change, if they can."{{cite news|last1=Johny|first1=Stanly|title=Who is Jair Bolsonaro?|work=The Hindu|date=3 November 2018|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/who-is-jair-bolsonaro/article25413969.ece |access-date=7 December 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612184354/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/who-is-jair-bolsonaro/article25413969.ece |url-status=live}} He later evolved his position to keeping the country a secular state during the first round of the Brazilian presidential elections: "We are going to make a government for everyone, regardless of religion. Even for atheists. We have almost 5% of atheists in Brazil, and they have the same needs that others have."{{cite web|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticias/2018/10/06/em-ultima-fala-antes-de-votacao-bolsonaro-faz-aceno-para-ateus-e-gays.htm|title=Em última fala antes de votação, Bolsonaro faz aceno para ateus e gays|publisher=UOL|date=6 October 2018 |access-date=10 October 2018 |url-status=live |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925084328/https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticias/2018/10/06/em-ultima-fala-antes-de-votacao-bolsonaro-faz-aceno-para-ateus-e-gays.htm}}

In an interview with Zero Hora in 2015, Bolsonaro argued that men and women should not receive the same salaries, because women get pregnant, adding that he believes federal law mandating paid maternity leave harms work productivity.{{Cite news|first=Vanessa|last=Lima|url=https://revistacrescer.globo.com/Familia/Maes-e-Trabalho/noticia/2015/02/jair-bolsonaro-diz-que-mulher-deve-ganhar-salario-menor-porque-engravida.html|title=Jair Bolsonaro diz que mulher deve ganhar salário menor porque engravida|work=revistacrescer.globo.com|access-date=2 June 2018|language=pt-br|archive-date=16 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616203800/https://revistacrescer.globo.com/Familia/Maes-e-Trabalho/noticia/2015/02/jair-bolsonaro-diz-que-mulher-deve-ganhar-salario-menor-porque-engravida.html|url-status=live}} Bolsonaro has denied saying that women should receive less than men; he claims it was statistical data by IBGE.{{Cite news|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/08/bolsonaro-diz-que-cabe-a-justica-diferenca-salarial-entre-homens-e-mulheres.shtml|title=Bolsonaro diz que cabe à justiça acabar com a diferença salarial entre homens e mulheres|date=28 August 2018|work=Folha de S.Paulo|access-date=22 October 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925084332/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/08/bolsonaro-diz-que-cabe-a-justica-diferenca-salarial-entre-homens-e-mulheres.shtml|url-status=live}} In a public speech in April 2017, Bolsonaro said he had five children, that the first four were male and that for the fifth he produced a daughter out of "a moment of weakness".{{cite web|url=https://exame.abril.com.br/brasil/piada-de-bolsonaro-sobre-sua-filha-gera-revolta-nas-redes-sociais/|title=Piada de Bolsonaro sobre sua filha gera revolta nas redes sociais|website=exame.abril.com.br|language=pt-BR|access-date=2 June 2018|date=6 April 2017|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612184611/https://exame.abril.com.br/brasil/piada-de-bolsonaro-sobre-sua-filha-gera-revolta-nas-redes-sociais/|url-status=dead}}

File:Maria do Rosário e Jair Bolsonaro 2016.jpg in the Chamber of Deputies, 14 September 2016]]

Bolsonaro provoked controversy for a series of remarks made to and about Federal Deputy and former Human Rights Minister Maria do Rosário. During a Congressional debate, Bolsonaro said that minors should be treated as adults if they commit heinous crimes such as murder or rape, to which Maria do Rosário responded by calling him a "rapist".{{cite web|url=http://veja.abril.com.br/blog/reinaldo/geral/e-chegada-a-hora-de-dar-um-basta-as-bocalidades-de-bolsonaro-hoje-o-mais-importante-aliado-da-esquerda-bocal-ambos-se-alimentam-e-se-merecem/|title=É chegada a hora de dar um "Basta!" às boçalidades de Bolsonaro, hoje o mais importante aliado da esquerda boçal: ambos se alimentam e se merecem!|website=Reinaldo Azevedo – VEJA.com.br|access-date=5 May 2016|archive-date=5 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805232539/http://veja.abril.com.br/blog/reinaldo/geral/e-chegada-a-hora-de-dar-um-basta-as-bocalidades-de-bolsonaro-hoje-o-mais-importante-aliado-da-esquerda-bocal-ambos-se-alimentam-e-se-merecem/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2014/12/1559815-para-rebater-deputada-bolsonaro-diz-que-nao-a-estupraria.shtml|title=Para rebater deputada, Bolsonaro diz que não a 'estupraria'|website=Márcio Falcão e Gabriela Guerreiro – Folha de São Paulo|access-date=1 August 2018|archive-date=16 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616180508/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2014/12/1559815-para-rebater-deputada-bolsonaro-diz-que-nao-a-estupraria.shtml|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/brasil/politica/bolsonaro-sobre-ataque-a-deputada-me-acusou-de-estuprador,36ba9a143643a410VgnVCM5000009ccceb0aRCRD.html|title=Bolsonaro sobre ataque a deputada: "me acusou de estuprador"|website=André Naddeo – Terra|access-date=16 August 2018|archive-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801131851/https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/brasil/politica/bolsonaro-sobre-ataque-a-deputada-me-acusou-de-estuprador,36ba9a143643a410VgnVCM5000009ccceb0aRCRD.html|url-status=live}} Bolsonaro then stated that Congresswoman Rosário was "not worth raping; she is very ugly". The remarks drew considerable condemnation throughout Brazil. In the aftermath of these remarks, Bolsonaro was tried and convicted in a Federal court in September 2015 on counts of hedonic damages against Rosário.{{Cite news|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/monicabergamo/2015/09/1682452-bolsonaro-e-condenado-por-dizer-que-maria-do-rosario-nao-merece-estupro.shtml|title=Mônica Bergamo: Bolsonaro é condenado por dizer que Maria do Rosário 'não merece' estupro|work=Folha de S.Paulo|access-date=2 June 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925084344/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/paywall/login.shtml?https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.folha.uol.com.br%2Fcolunas%2Fmonicabergamo%2F2015%2F09%2F1682452-bolsonaro-e-condenado-por-dizer-que-maria-do-rosario-nao-merece-estupro.shtml|archive-date=25 September 2020|url-status=live}} In June 2016, the Federal Supreme Court responded to a complaint filed by the Attorney General and decided to open two criminal actions against Bolsonaro. The Supreme Court ruled that he had potentially incited rape and defamed the honour of his fellow Deputy. He faced a penalty of up to six months of jail and a fine.{{Cite news|url=http://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2016/06/bolsonaro-vira-reu-por-falar-que-maria-do-rosario-nao-merece-ser-estuprada.html|title=Bolsonaro vira réu por falar que Maria do Rosário não merece ser estuprada|date=21 June 2016|work=Política|access-date=2 June 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-date=30 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530091704/http://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2016/06/bolsonaro-vira-reu-por-falar-que-maria-do-rosario-nao-merece-ser-estuprada.html|url-status=live}} Ultimately in August 2017, an appellate court upheld a lower court's verdict which found Bolsonaro guilty and sentenced him to pay a fine to Rosário of R$10,000 (roughly equivalent to US$2,500).{{Cite news|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/08/1910097-stj-determina-que-bolsonaro-indenize-maria-do-rosario-por-danos-morais.shtml|title=STJ determina que Bolsonaro indenize Maria do Rosário por danos morais|work=Folha de S.Paulo |access-date=2 June 2018|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925084335/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/08/1910097-stj-determina-que-bolsonaro-indenize-maria-do-rosario-por-danos-morais.shtml|url-status=live}} This lawsuit was dismissed by the Supreme Federal Court as Bolsonaro was inaugurated as president in 2019 and acquired immunity from prosecution.{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-46012367|title=Após posse presidencial, processos contra Bolsonaro no STF serão suspensos|last=Gragnani|first=Juliana|date=30 October 2018|publisher=BBC News|access-date=15 November 2018 |url-status=live|archive-date=15 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115202043/https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-46012367|language=pt}}

File:Parada gay 2011 - bonecos dilma e bolsonaro.jpg parade in São Paulo, June 2011]]

In May 2002, after then-President Fernando Henrique Cardoso attended a pro-gay-marriage gathering, Bolsonaro said, "If I see two men kissing in the street, I will beat them."{{cite web|first=Pedro Henrique|last=Fonseca|url=https://apnews.com/article/1f9b79df9b1d4f14aeb1694f0dc13276|title=A look at offensive comments by Brazil candidate Bolsonaro|website=AP News|date=29 September 2018|access-date=14 July 2021}} He later publicly defended beating gay children, saying, "If your child starts to become like that, a little bit gay, you take a whip and you change their behaviour." He also said, "If a kid hangs out with someone who uses marijuana, he'll end up snorting, and if he hangs out with gay person, he definitely is going to turn into a faggot."{{cite web|title=Folha de S.Paulo – Câmara: Palmada muda filho "gayzinho", declara deputado federal – 26/11/2010|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/cotidian/ff2611201025.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925084342/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/cotidian/ff2611201025.htm|archive-date=25 September 2020|access-date=3 June 2018|website=1.folha.uol.com.br}}

In a June 2011 interview with Playboy, Bolsonaro said, "I would be incapable of loving a gay son", and added that he would prefer any gay son of his "to die in an accident".{{Cite news|url=http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/bolsonaro-quotprefiro-filho-morto-em-acidente-a-um-homossexualquot,cf89cc00a90ea310VgnCLD200000bbcceb0aRCRD.html|title=Bolsonaro: "prefiro filho morto em acidente a um homossexual"|work=Terra|access-date=2 June 2018|language=pt-BR|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925084333/http://noticias.terra.com.br/brasil/bolsonaro-quotprefiro-filho-morto-em-acidente-a-um-homossexualquot,cf89cc00a90ea310VgnCLD200000bbcceb0aRCRD.html|url-status=live}} In an interview that same month with Jornal de Notícias, Bolsonaro linked homosexuality to pedophilia, saying, "many of the children who are adopted by gay couples will be abused by these couples".{{cite web|first=Pedro Henrique|last=Fonseca|url=https://www.jn.pt/brasil/interior/deputado-bolsonaro-diz-que-governo-transforma-gays-numa-classe-privilegiada-1879387.html|title=Deputado Bolsonaro diz que Governo transforma gays numa classe privilegiada|website=Jornal de Notícias|date=21 June 2011|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=12 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812114615/https://www.jn.pt/brasil/interior/deputado-bolsonaro-diz-que-governo-transforma-gays-numa-classe-privilegiada-1879387.html|url-status=live}} He further argued that Brazil does not need legislation specifically targeting homophobia, because "most homosexuals are murdered by their respective pimps at hours when good citizens are already asleep". In British actor Stephen Fry's 2013 documentary Out There, Bolsonaro said, "no father is ever proud of having a gay son" and "we Brazilians do not like homosexuals".{{cite AV media|last=novoiluminismo|title=Entrevista – Jair Bolsonaro e Angélica Ivo [ORIGINAL]|date=17 October 2013|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9TiqyO5JQZs|access-date=3 June 2018}}

File:Beijaço contra Bolsonaro e Marco Feliciano 2.jpg, watching as a couple of protesters for LGBT rights kiss on the floor of the Committee on Culture of the Chamber of Deputies, May 2016]]

In a March 2016 video interview for Vice with Elliot Page, an openly lesbian actress at the time, Page asked Bolsonaro whether he should have been beaten as a child (alluding to Bolsonaro's public statements that gay children should be beaten). Bolsonaro replied, "You are very nice. If I were a cadet in the military academy and saw you on the street, I would whistle at you. All right? You are very pretty."{{Cite news|url=https://www.advocate.com/world/2016/3/12/watch-ellen-page-confronts-brazils-biggest-homophobe-gaycation|title=WATCH: Ellen Page Confronts Brazil's Biggest Homophobe on 'Gaycation'|date=12 March 2016|access-date=10 June 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143655/https://www.advocate.com/world/2016/3/12/watch-ellen-page-confronts-brazils-biggest-homophobe-gaycation|url-status=live}} Bolsonaro added, "Over time, due to liberal habits, drugs, with women also working, the number of homosexuals has really increased."

On 9 November 2017, the Court of Justice for the State of Rio de Janeiro sentenced Bolsonaro to pay a fine of R$150,000 for hate speech because of televised comments he made in 2011 to the Custe o Que Custar television programme, when Bolsonaro stated that "there is no risk" of his family producing a homosexual child because his children had a "good education". Judge Luciana Teixeira said that the deputy had abused his right of free expression to commit a wrongful act. "You cannot deliberately attack and humiliate, ignoring the principles of equality, just because you invoke freedom of expression", said the judge.{{Cite news|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/11/1934062-bolsonaro-e-condenado-a-pagar-r-150-mil-por-declaracoes-contra-gays.shtml|title=Bolsonaro é condenado a pagar R$ 150 mil por declarações contra gays|work=Folha de S.Paulo |access-date=11 September 2018|archive-date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002122427/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/11/1934062-bolsonaro-e-condenado-a-pagar-r-150-mil-por-declaracoes-contra-gays.shtml|url-status=live}}

However, on 11 January 2016, when he began to present himself as a pre-candidate to the Presidency of Brazil, Bolsonaro began to moderate his discourse on gay people by publishing a video on his official YouTube channel:

I have nothing to do with anyone's behaviour. If the husband and wife later decide to live with their partner, to form a couple, to live with a person of the same sex, they should and be happy. But we cannot state that, because of our omission in the Parliament, children become homosexuals in the future, or have such homosexual behaviour in the future, because the influence of school. That is unacceptable.{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mbiNDU3ztyw|publisher=Jair Bolsonaro|title=Homofobia? |access-date=1 November 2018 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007200813/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mbiNDU3ztyw&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live|via=Youtube}}

Since then, Bolsonaro states he has nothing against gays and that he only fights against the "gay kit" in schools.{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/07/bolsonaro-se-diz-vitima-de-noticias-falsas-mas-recorre-a-fakes-sobre-seu-proprio-passado.shtml|title=Bolsonaro se diz vítima de notícias falsas, mas recorre a 'fakes' sobre seu próprio passado|work=Folha de S. Paulo|date=31 July 2018 |access-date=10 August 2018}} On 4{{nbsp}}October 2018, for example, Bolsonaro said:

Each person, after a certain age, is responsible for their acts, and will take care of their life. For six-year-old children, this does not hold true. A father does not want to come home and see his son playing with a doll because of the influence of school. Homosexuals will be happy if I become president.{{cite web|url=https://ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/politica/2018-10-04/bolsonaro-sobre-homossexuais-serao-felizes.html|title="Homossexuais serão felizes se eu for presidente", diz Bolsonaro em entrevista|publisher=iG|date=4 October 2018|access-date=10 October 2018|archive-date=11 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011013754/https://ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/politica/2018-10-04/bolsonaro-sobre-homossexuais-serao-felizes.html|url-status=live}}

That same month, shortly before the first round of the Brazilian presidential elections, he said: "We are going to make a government for everybody. For gays, and some gays are fathers, who are mothers. It is a work for everyone". After being elected president, when asked by William Bonner in the Jornal Nacional about what he would say to those who are more prejudiced and aggressive against gays, Bolsonaro replied: "The aggression against a fellow man has to be punished in the way of law. And if [such aggression is committed] for a reason like this, you have to have your sentence increased."{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/jornal-nacional/noticia/2018/10/29/presidente-eleito-jair-bolsonaro-e-entrevistado-no-jornal-nacional.ghtml|title=Presidente eleito, Jair Bolsonaro é entrevistado no Jornal Nacional|publisher=Jornal Nacional|date=29 October 2018 |access-date=6 November 2018 |archive-date=6 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106132502/https://g1.globo.com/jornal-nacional/noticia/2018/10/29/presidente-eleito-jair-bolsonaro-e-entrevistado-no-jornal-nacional.ghtml |url-status=live}}

File:Plenário do Senado (24998818073).jpg, March 2016.]]

On multiple occasions, Bolsonaro has publicly endorsed physical violence as a legitimate and necessary form of political action. In 1999, when he was 44 years old and a representative in the Brazilian Congress, Bolsonaro said during a TV interview that the only way of "changing" Brazil was by "killing thirty thousand people, beginning with Fernando Henrique Cardoso" (then President of Brazil).{{cite web|url=https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/politica/republica/o-dia-que-bolsonaro-quis-matar-fhc-sonegar-impostos-e-declarar-guerra-civil-8mtm0u0so6pk88kqnqo0n1l69|title=Bolsonaro sincero quis matar FHC e sonegar impostos|website=Gazeta do Povo|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404184459/https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/politica/republica/o-dia-que-bolsonaro-quis-matar-fhc-sonegar-impostos-e-declarar-guerra-civil-8mtm0u0so6pk88kqnqo0n1l69/|url-status=live}} During the 2018 campaign, he stated during a rally in Acre that the local "petralhas" (a derogatory term for members of the Workers' Party) would be "shot"; according to his aides, the statement was a "joke".{{cite web|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/campanha-confirma-video-em-que-bolsonaro-fala-em-fuzilar-petralhada-do-acre-foi-brincadeira-23033857|title=Campanha confirma vídeo em que Bolsonaro fala em 'fuzilar petralhada do Acre': 'Foi brincadeira'|date=3 September 2018|website=O Globo|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-date=20 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320122344/https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/campanha-confirma-video-em-que-bolsonaro-fala-em-fuzilar-petralhada-do-acre-foi-brincadeira-23033857|url-status=live}} One week before the second round, Bolsonaro said during a speech that in his administration "petralhas" and "reds" (i.e. leftists) would be arrested, purged or taken to the "corner of the beach", a term that was later revealed to mean a Navy base where dissidents of the Brazilian military dictatorship were murdered.

In 1999, talking about Chico Lopes, a former president of the Brazilian Central Bank who invoked his right to remain silent during a Congress hearing, Bolsonaro declared himself in favor of torture in this sort of situation.{{cite web|url=https://piaui.folha.uol.com.br/lupa/2018/07/31/bolsonaro-roda-viva/|title=Bolsonaro no Roda Viva: erros e acertos do candidato do PSL à Presidência|first1=Chico|last1=Marés|first2=Clara|last2=Becker|first3=Leandro|last3=Resende|first4=Nathália|last4=Afonso|date=31 July 2018|website=Lupa|language=pt |access-date=9 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228185717/https://piaui.folha.uol.com.br/lupa/2018/07/31/bolsonaro-roda-viva/ |archive-date=28 December 2018 |url-status=live}} Asked about this phrase years later, Bolsonaro said: "Ask the father of a kidnapped child what he would like him to do to discover [where the kid is]. You have to take brutal measures, which some consider torture".{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/10/veja-11-frases-polemicas-de-bolsonaro.shtml|title=Veja 11 frases polêmicas de Bolsonaro|date=6 October 2018|website=Folha de S.Paulo|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090657/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/10/veja-11-frases-polemicas-de-bolsonaro.shtml|url-status=live}}

Throughout his political career, Bolsonaro has made numerous statements that have been described as racist.{{Cite web |date=2022-02-07 |title=Bolsonaro acumula frases preconceituosas contra diferentes alvos; relembre |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2022/02/bolsonaro-acumula-frases-preconceituosas-contra-diferentes-alvos-relembre.shtml |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=Folha de S.Paulo |language=pt-BR}} In 2011, when asked by Afro-Brazilian singer Preta Gil on TV show Custe o Que Custar (CQC) what he would do if one of his sons had a Black girlfriend, he answered that he "would not discuss promiscuity" and that there was "no such risk", because his children were "very well educated". Bolsonaro later claimed that he was misunderstood and denied promoting racism, although he stood by his attacks on gay people.{{Cite web |title=Deputado nega ser racista, mas mantém declarações homofóbicas |url=https://www.correio24horas.com.br/brasil/deputado-nega-ser-racista-mas-mantem-declaracoes-homofobicas-0311 |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=www.correio24horas.com.br |language=pt-br}}

In 2017, in an event at the Hebraica club in Rio de Janeiro, Bolsonaro promised to abolish all indigenous and Quilombola territories in Brazil, saying that he would not cede "a centimiter" of land to these groups. He also claimed to have visited a quilombo, a settlement formed by descendants of enslaved people, accusing Afro-Brazilians who lived there of being lazy and unproductive. The politician also claimed that the "least heavy" of the quilombolas weighed seven arrobas, a unit of measure that is used in Brazil to weigh cattle.{{Cite web |date=2017-04-03 |title=Bolsonaro diz que irá acabar com reservas indígenas se for eleito |url=https://www.metropoles.com/brasil/politica-brasil/bolsonaro-diz-que-ira-acabar-com-reservas-indigenas-se-for-eleito |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=Metrópoles |language=pt-BR}} These comments have been criticized as an attempt to dehumanize Black Brazilians.{{Cite web |date=2017-04-10 |title=MPF-RJ move ação contra Bolsonaro por ataques a negros e quilombolas |url=http://www.conjur.com.br/2017-abr-10/mpf-move-acao-bolsonaro-ataques-negros-quilombolas |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=Consultor Jurídico |language=pt-BR}}

Bolsonaro is a strong opponent of affirmative action, and has criticized the Brazilian racial quotas system in universities as a way of dividing society that is at odds with equality between citizens.{{Cite web |date=2018-10-24 |title=Bolsonaro diz que política de cotas é 'equivocada' e que política de combate ao preconceito é 'coitadismo' |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/10/24/bolsonaro-diz-ser-contra-cotas-e-que-politica-de-combate-ao-preconceito-e-coitadismo.ghtml |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=G1 |language=pt-br}} In 2011, he was accused of racism after questioning the capabilities of Black and indigenous graduates who benefitted from affirmative action, claiming that he would not fly on an airplane piloted by one of them, nor accept a doctor who was admitted to a university through racial quotas to perform surgery on him.

Bolsonaro provoked considerable controversy for public remarks made in July 2008, where he proposed to provide poor people with birth control methods, who he suggested might be too uneducated to understand family planning education. Bolsonaro said:

I wish Brazil had a family planning programme. It's not even worthy to talk about education when most of these [poor] people are not prepared to receive education, therefore they won't educate themselves. Only rigid birth control can save us from chaos. An educated man and woman will hardly desire an extra child with the sole purpose of engaging in a social welfare assistance programme [as it is nowadays]. We need to adopt a rigid birth control policy. We can't make demagogic speeches any longer, proposing bills and means of government to support these poor people [who] are increasingly proliferating throughout the country. ... People who aren't prepared to have children, shouldn't have them. This is what I stand for and I'm not worried about getting votes in the future. It's past time to discuss a policy to contain this demographic explosion, otherwise, we'll keep voting in this Chamber only matters such as Bolsa Família, loans for the poor, gas vouchers, etc. Methods [of birth control] have to be provided for those who, unfortunately, are ignorant and have no means to control their offspring. Because we [as upper-middle class] can control ours. Poor people don't control [theirs].{{cite web|url=https://www.opovo.com.br/noticias/politica/2018/06/bolsonaro-defendeu-esterilizacao-como-forma-de-combater-miseria-e-crim.html|title=Bolsonaro defendeu esterilização de pobres como forma de combater miséria e criminalidade|website=O POVO|date=11 June 2018|language=pt-br|access-date=15 June 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615111031/https://www.opovo.com.br/noticias/politica/2018/06/bolsonaro-defendeu-esterilizacao-como-forma-de-combater-miseria-e-crim.html|archive-date=15 June 2018}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-stabbing-video-president-candidate-juiz-de-fora-minas-gerais-a8526726.html|title='Brazil's Donald Trump' critically injured in presidential campaign rally stabbing|work=The Independent|first=Chris|last=Baynes|access-date=2018-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916101510/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-stabbing-video-president-candidate-juiz-de-fora-minas-gerais-a8526726.html|archive-date=16 September 2018|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/world/2018-06-14-forced-sterilisation-of-brazilian-woman-sparks-uproar/|title='Forced' sterilisation of Brazilian woman sparks uproar|access-date=2018-09-16|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916093516/https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/world/2018-06-14-forced-sterilisation-of-brazilian-woman-sparks-uproar/|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|date=2018-06-11|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/06/bolsonaro-defendeu-esterilizacao-de-pobres-para-combater-miseria-e-crime.shtml|title=Bolsonaro defendeu esterilização de pobres para combater miséria e crime|work=Folha de S.Paulo|access-date=2018-10-18|language=pt-BR|archive-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018201612/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/06/bolsonaro-defendeu-esterilizacao-de-pobres-para-combater-miseria-e-crime.shtml|url-status=live}}

As a Congressman, Bolsonaro put forward three bills trying to remove "virtually all" legal restrictions to surgical sterilization via the public health system, including the reduction of "the minimum age of sterilization to 21 years".{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/06/bolsonaro-defendeu-esterilizacao-de-pobres-para-combater-miseria-e-crime.shtml|title=Bolsonaro defendeu esterilização de pobres para combater miséria e crime|date=11 June 2018|website=Folha de S.Paulo|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018201612/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/06/bolsonaro-defendeu-esterilizacao-de-pobres-para-combater-miseria-e-crime.shtml|url-status=live}} None of the bills were voted through.

Bolsonaro has endorsed conspiracy theories of voter fraud in past elections, including claims that attempts were made to rig the 2018 presidential election against him;{{cite news|title=In Bolsonaro's Brazil, Trump's Deadly Capitol Riot Felt Like A Warning For The Future|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/jair-bolsonaro-donald-trump-brazil-capitol-riot_n_5ff8d77cc5b6c77d85e6b148|work=HuffPost|date=10 January 2021|language=en}} he has also questioned the outcome of the 2020 United States presidential election.{{cite news|title=Bolsonaro Intensifies Push For Military Support As He Plots To Undermine Brazil's Election|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/jair-bolsonaro-general-coup-brazil_n_62ba0986e4b06b5fea99339a|last=Waldron|first=Travis|work=HuffPost|date=28 June 2022|language=en}} During his presidency, he has repeatedly challenged the legitimacy of electronic voting and advocated the use of paper ballots in the 2022 election.{{cite magazine|title=Why 2022 Might Be the Year Brazil Says Goodbye to President Bolsonaro|url=https://time.com/6130308/bolsonaro-brazil-2022-election/|magazine=Time|last=Nugent|first=Ciara|date=28 December 2021|access-date=12 July 2023|language=en}} Bolsonaro said that he would not accept the results of the 2022 election if electoral reforms were not implemented.{{cite news|title=CIA director urged Bolsonaro to stop doubting Brazil's voting system – report|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/05/cia-director-bolsonaro-brazil-voting-system-election|work=the Guardia|last=Phillips|first=Tom|date=5 May 2022|language=en}} Most experts on Brazilian politics, including defence minister Celso Amorim, questioned the likelihood of a coup attempt, and polls found that few Bolsonaro supporters would likely endorse a coup. In May 2022, Central Intelligence Agency director William Burns warned Bolsonaro against any further attacks on Brazil's electoral system. The 2022 election occurred days after the success of far-right politician Giorgia Meloni in the 2022 Italian general election,{{Cite web|date=30 September 2022|title=Deconstructed: Bolsonaro on the Brink|url=https://theintercept.com/2022/09/30/deconstructed-brazil-italy-elections/ |access-date=5 October 2022|website=The Intercept|language=en}} with analysts noting that Bolsonaro performed better than expected during the first round of elections and that his party's success had the potential to moderate Lula's government if Lula won the election.{{Cite news|last1=Borges|first1=Victor|last2=Slattery|first2=Gram|last3=Slattery|first3=Gram|date=3 October 2022|title=Brazil election goes to runoff as Bolsonaro outperforms polls|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-votes-tense-lula-bolsonaro-presidential-contest-2022-10-02/ |access-date=5 October 2022}}{{Cite web|last1=Rosati|first1=Andrew|last2=Sanches|first2=Isadora|date=2 October 2022|title=Bolsonaro Has Momentum Ahead of Brazil Runoff: Analyst React|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-10-03/bolsonaro-has-momentum-ahead-of-brazil-runoff-analyst-reaction |access-date=5 October 2022|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.}}

File:Bolsonaro e filhos.jpg

Bolsonaro has been married three times and has five children. His first wife was Rogéria Nantes Braga (with whom he has three sons: Flávio, Carlos and Eduardo). His second marriage was with Ana Cristina Valle (with whom he has a son, Renan). In 2007, he married his third and current wife Michelle de Paula Firmo Reinaldo (with whom he has a daughter, Laura).{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/10/28/a-mulher-dos-bastidores-saiba-quem-e-michelle-bolsonaro-a-nova-primeira-dama.ghtml|title=A mulher dos bastidores: saiba quem é Michelle Bolsonaro, a nova primeira-dama|publisher=G1|language=pt|date=28 October 2018|access-date=9 January 2019|archive-date=18 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118111148/https://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2018/noticia/2018/10/28/a-mulher-dos-bastidores-saiba-quem-e-michelle-bolsonaro-a-nova-primeira-dama.ghtml|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.terra.com.br/istoegente/65/reportagem/rep_bolsonaro.htm|title=ISTOÉ Gente Online|website=Terra.com.br|access-date=28 April 2018|archive-date=12 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512004300/http://www.terra.com.br/istoegente/65/reportagem/rep_bolsonaro.htm|url-status=live}}

While working in Congress, Bolsonaro hired Michelle as a secretary and over the next two years she received unusual promotions and her salary more than tripled. He was forced to fire her after the Supreme Federal Court ruled that nepotism is illegal in the public administration.{{cite web|url=https://universa.uol.com.br/especiais/michelle-bolsonaro/index.htm#tematico-1|title=A bela da fera|website=universa.uol.com.br|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=16 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616180516/https://universa.uol.com.br/especiais/michelle-bolsonaro/index.htm#tematico-1|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/bolsonaro-empregou-ex-mulher-parentes-dela-no-legislativo-22143135|title=Bolsonaro empregou ex-mulher e parentes dela no Legislativo|website=O Globo|access-date=18 October 2018|date=3 December 2017|archive-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018161858/https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/bolsonaro-empregou-ex-mulher-parentes-dela-no-legislativo-22143135|url-status=live}} {{as of|2018}}, Bolsonaro and his wife lived in Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro.{{cite web|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2018/12/29/bolsonaro-posa-com-vizinhos-no-rio-antes-de-se-mudar-para-brasilia.htm|title=Bolsonaro posa com vizinhos no Rio antes de se mudar para Brasília|website=noticias.uol.com.br|language=pt-br|access-date=2 January 2019|archive-date=2 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102143216/https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2018/12/29/bolsonaro-posa-com-vizinhos-no-rio-antes-de-se-mudar-para-brasilia.htm|url-status=live}}

Bolsonaro has three granddaughters, two by his son Flávio{{Cite web|url=https://www.ebiografia.com/flavio_bolsonaro/|title=Biografia de Flávio Bolsonaro|website=eBiografia|date=12 February 2021 }} and one by his son Eduardo.{{Cite web|url=https://www.poder360.com.br/congresso/nasce-filha-de-eduardo-bolsonaro-com-psicologa-heloisa-wolf/|title=Nasce filha de Eduardo Bolsonaro com psicóloga Heloísa Wolf|website=Poder360|date=11 October 2020}} Bolsonaro is Catholic.{{Cite web |date=2022-09-27 |title=Bolsonaro campaign to evangelicals: Brazil's soul at stake |url=https://apnews.com/article/jair-bolsonaro-caribbean-campaigns-presidential-elections-brazil-f2cb52e760b30d4f1ebe4ad5013c2564 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=AP News |language=en}} On October 25, 2018, Bolsonaro was presented with an honorary black belt by Robson Gracie despite never having trained Brazilian jiu-jitsu.{{cite web |last1=de Souza |first1=Diogo |title=Robson Gracie Passes Away At 88 |url=https://jitsmagazine.com/robson-gracie-passes-away-at-88/ |website=JitsMagazine |date=29 April 2023 |access-date=29 April 2023}}

File:2019 Saída para a Cerimônia de Entronização - 48939479843.jpg during the enthronement ceremony of Japanese Emperor Naruhito, October 2019]]

• 50x50px Grand Master and Grand Cross of the Order of Rio Branco (1 January 2019){{cite news|title=Itamaraty foge de padrão ao condecorar Eduardo e Flávio Bolsonaro|url=https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2019/05/03/interna_politica,1050870/itamaraty-foge-de-padrao-ao-condecorar-eduardo-e-flavio-bolsonaro.shtml|website=Estado de Minas|date=3 March 2019 |access-date=23 October 2019 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821021628/https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2019/05/03/interna_politica,1050870/itamaraty-foge-de-padrao-ao-condecorar-eduardo-e-flavio-bolsonaro.shtml |url-status=live}}
• 50x50px Grand Master and Grand Cross of the Order of Defence Merit (8 January 2019){{cite web|title=Presidente recebe Ordem do Mérito da Defesa|url=https://www.defesa.gov.br/noticias/51335-ministro-da-defesa-recebe-a-ordem-do-merito-naval-no-grau-gra-cruz|work=Ministério da Defesa |access-date=27 June 2019 |archive-date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627205910/https://www.defesa.gov.br/noticias/51335-ministro-da-defesa-recebe-a-ordem-do-merito-naval-no-grau-gra-cruz |url-status=live}}
• 50x50px Grand Master and Grand Cross of the Order of Military Merit (16 June 2019){{cite web|url=https://www.defesa.gov.br/noticias/55035-discursos-condecoracoes-e-apresentacoes-marcam-o-dia-do-exercito-em-brasilia|title=Discursos, condecorações e apresentações marcam o Dia do Exército em Brasília|publisher=defesa.gov.br|date=17 April 2019 |access-date=16 June 2019 |archive-date=16 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616232329/https://www.defesa.gov.br/noticias/55035-discursos-condecoracoes-e-apresentacoes-marcam-o-dia-do-exercito-em-brasilia |url-status=live}}
• 50x50px Grand Master and Grand Cross of the Order of Naval Merit (8 January 2019)
• 50x50px Grand Master and Grand Cross of the Order of Aeronautical Merit (3 January 2019){{cite web|title=Após Aeronáutica e Exército, Bolsonaro é homenageado pela Marinha|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2019/01/08/apos-aeronautica-e-exercito-bolsonaro-e-homenageado-pela-marinha.htm|work=noticias.uol.com.br|access-date=27 June 2019|language=pt-br|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023140550/https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2019/01/08/apos-aeronautica-e-exercito-bolsonaro-e-homenageado-pela-marinha.htm|url-status=live}}
• 50x50px Grand Collar of the Order of Labour Judicial Merit (13 August 2019){{cite web|title=TST entrega comenda da Ordem do Mérito Judiciário do Trabalho 2019 – Notícias – TST|url=http://www.tst.jus.br/web/guest/noticias/-/asset_publisher/89Dk/content/tst-entrega-comenda-da-ordem-do-merito-judiciario-do-trabalho-2019?inheritRedirect=false&redirect=http://www.tst.jus.br/web/guest/noticias?p_p_id=101_INSTANCE_89Dk&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-2&p_p_col_count=2|work=tst.jus.br|access-date=19 August 2019|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802003330/http://www.tst.jus.br/web/guest/noticias/-/asset_publisher/89Dk/content/tst-entrega-comenda-da-ordem-do-merito-judiciario-do-trabalho-2019?inheritRedirect=false&redirect=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tst.jus.br%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Fnoticias%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_89Dk&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-2&p_p_col_count=2|url-status=live}}
• 50x50px Grand Cross of the Order of Military Judicial Merit (28 March 2019){{cite news|title=Bolsonaro recebe, em Brasília, homenagem da Justiça Militar|url=http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/politica/noticia/2019-03/bolsonaro-recebe-em-brasilia-homenagem-da-justica-militar|website=EBC|date=28 March 2019|access-date=23 October 2019|archive-date=15 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015013043/http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/politica/noticia/2019-03/bolsonaro-recebe-em-brasilia-homenagem-da-justica-militar|url-status=live}}
• 50x50px The Mauá Medal of Merit (15 August 2019){{cite web|title="Existe abuso, mas não pode cercear o trabalho das instituições", diz Bolsonaro|url=https://odocumento.com.br/existe-abuso-mas-nao-pode-cercear-o-trabalho-das-instituicoes-diz-bolsonaro/|website=Odocumento.com.br|date=15 August 2019|access-date=19 August 2019|language=pt-BR|archive-date=18 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218042533/https://odocumento.com.br/existe-abuso-mas-nao-pode-cercear-o-trabalho-das-instituicoes-diz-bolsonaro/|url-status=live}}
• 50x50px The Peacemaker Medal (5 December 2018)

• One of Time magazine's 100 most influential people in 2019 and 2020{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2019/|magazine=Time|title=Most influential people 2019|access-date=26 April 2019|archive-date=17 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417231322/http://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2019/|url-status=live}}{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2020/|magazine=Time|title=Most influential people 2020|access-date=23 September 2020|archive-date=23 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923054625/https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2020/|url-status=live}}
• Brazilian-American Chamber of Commerce's 2019 Person of the Year{{cite news|title=2019 Person of the Year Awards|url=https://brazilcham.com/event/2019-person-of-the-year-awards-gala-dinner|website=Brazilcham.com|date=14 May 2019 |access-date=19 September 2019 |archive-date=2 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102044906/https://brazilcham.com/event/2019-person-of-the-year-awards-gala-dinner/ |url-status=live}}
• OCCRP's 2020 Person of the Year "for his role in promoting organized crime and corruption"{{cite web|url=https://www.occrp.org/en/poy/2020/|title=Person of the Year · 2020 Winner: Jair Bolsonaro|website=OCCRP|year=2020 | access-date=30 December 2020}}
• On 25 October 2021, Bolsonaro was recognized as an honorary citizen by the city council of Anguillara Veneta, Italy, his paternal grandfather's hometown.{{cite web|author=di Gian Antonio Stella|url=https://www.corriere.it/cronache/21_ottobre_27/bolsonaro-anguillara-veneta-cittadino-onorario-lega-dba50ad4-3694-11ec-9169-9535c00f6f72.shtml|title=Bolsonaro, ad Anguillara Veneta è cittadino onorario: la scelta (discussa) della giunta leghista|work=Corriere della Sera|date=27 October 2021|access-date=21 February 2022}} This aroused reactions in Italy.{{cite web|url=https://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/padova/bolsonaro-anguillara-200-pesone-1.6984363|title=Bolsonaro Padova, 500 antagonisti caricati dalla polizia: idranti per fermarli – Cronaca|date=November 2021}}

In July 2024, Brazil's Federal Police charged Jair Bolsonaro with money laundering and criminal conspiracy related to undeclared diamonds that he allegedly received from Saudi Arabia while he was in office.{{Cite web |date=2024-07-04 |title=Brazilian police indict ex-President Bolsonaro in undeclared diamonds case, sources say |url=https://apnews.com/article/bolsonaro-indictment-brazil-money-laundering-e740dfd750f96f02c44b282aa667fea2 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=AP News |language=en}}

On November 21, 2024, Brazil's federal police indicted Bolsonaro and 36 other people related to Bolsonaro's defeat in the 2022 presidential elections. He is alleged to have known of a plot to assassinate his successor, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, and to overturn the election result.{{Cite web |last1=Hauser |first1=Jennifer |last2=Jones |first2=Julia Vargas |date=2024-11-21 |title=Brazil ex-President Jair Bolsonaro indicted over alleged knowledge of coup plot |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/11/21/americas/brazilian-ex-president-jair-bolsonaro-indicted-over-attempted-coup-plot/index.html |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=CNN |language=en}}

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

• Amaral, Oswald E. "The Victory of Jair Bolsonaro According to the Brazilian Electoral Study of 2018." Brazilian Political Science Review (2020). 14 (1): e0004 -1/13 [https://www.scielo.br/j/bpsr/a/LqxmCxx8pX3W448MX6dRcWP/?lang=en&format=html online]
• Bloch, Agata, and Marco Vallada Lemonte. "Introduction to the Meteoric Political Rise of Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro Under a Crisis of the 'Brazilianness'." Ameryka Łacińska. Kwartalnik Analityczno-Informacyjny 4.106 (2020): 1–22. [http://amerykalacinska.com/ojs/index.php/al/article/download/1031/888 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715104031/http://amerykalacinska.com/ojs/index.php/al/article/download/1031/888 |date=15 July 2021 }}
• Boito, Armando. "Reform and Political Crisis in Brazil: Class Conflicts in Workers' Party Governments and the Rise of Bolsonaro Neo-fascism." in Reform and Political Crisis in Brazil (Brill, 2021).
• Burity, Joanildo. "The Brazilian Conservative Wave, the Bolsonaro Administration, and Religious Actors." Brazilian Political Science Review 15 (2021). [https://www.scielo.br/j/bpsr/a/K6WPj8yxktVRMQcqcxpWQFc/ online]
• Casarões, Guilherme et al. "Brazilian foreign policy under Jair Bolsonaro: far-right populism and the rejection of the liberal international order." Cambridge Review of International Affairs (September 2021), pp. 1–21.
• De Sá Guimarães, Feliciano, and Irma Dutra De Oliveira E Silva. "Far-right populism and foreign policy identity: Jair Bolsonaro's ultra-conservatism and the new politics of alignment." International Affairs 97.2 (2021): 345–363. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Feliciano-Guimaraes-2/publication/349975845_Far-right_populism_and_foreign_policy_identity_Jair_Bolsonaro's_ultra-conservatism_and_the_new_politics_of_alignment/links/606cb0fca6fdccf289fd4420/Far-right-populism-and-foreign-policy-identity-Jair-Bolsonaros-ultra-conservatism-and-the-new-politics-of-alignment.pdf online]
• Da Silva, Antonio José Bacelar, and Erika Robb Larkins. "The Bolsonaro election, antiblackness, and changing race relations in Brazil." Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 24.4 (2019): 893–913. [https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/636332/Bacelar_da_Silva_and_Larkins_final.pdf?sequence=1 online]
• Layton, Matthew L., et al. "Demographic polarization and the rise of the far right: Brazil's 2018 presidential election." Research & Politics 8.1 (2021): 2053168021990204. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2053168021990204 online]
• Neto, Octavio Amorim, and Gabriel Alves Pimenta. "The First Year of Bolsonaro in Office: Same Old Story, Same Old Song?." Revista de Ciencia Politica 40.2 (2020): 187–213. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Octavio-Amorim-Neto-2/publication/343778878_The_First_Year_of_Bolsonaro_in_Office_Same_Old_Story_Same_Old_Song/links/5f3fbfdca6fdcccc43e0290e/The-First-Year-of-Bolsonaro-in-Office-Same-Old-Story-Same-Old-Song.pdf online]
• Pagliarini, Andre. "Facing Bolsonaro's Brazil: A progressive US foreign policy toward Brazil must neither defer to nor confront far-right president Jair Bolsonaro. instead, it should illuminate his antidemocratic tendencies while centering key global fights against inequality and climate change." NACLA Report on the Americas 52.1 (2020): 47–52.
• Pereira, Frederico Batista, and Felipe Nunes. "Media Choice and the Polarization of Public Opinion About Covid-19 in Brazil." Revista Latinoamericana de Opinión Pública (2021) 1–19. [https://revistas.usal.es/index.php/1852-9003/article/download/23681/24949/ online]

{{Sister project links|d=Q10304982|c=Category:Jair Bolsonaro|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|s=no|wikt=no}}

• [http://www2.planalto.gov.br/ President of Brazil] {{in lang|pt}}
• [https://www.camara.leg.br/deputados/74847/biografia Profile in the Chamber of Deputies]

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