LGBTQ rights in China

{{Further|LGBT history in China|Homosexuality in China}}

Buddhism and Taoism are not known to have been homophobic.{{Cite web |last=Low |first=Stuart |date=2001-11-08 |title=Hard facts for heterosexuals |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/9701 |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Malaysiakini |archive-date=2024-02-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229093948/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/9701 |url-status=live }}{{undue weight inline|date=March 2024}} Indic philosophy preferred celibacy to procreation, as opposed to both western and Sinic philosophy which championed procreation and marriage.{{Cite book |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/522/chapter-abstract/135275904?redirectedFrom=fulltext |chapter=Sexuality |title=Buddhist Ethics: a very short introduction |last=Keown |first=Damien |date=June 2005 |pages=53–68 |doi=10.1093/actrade/9780192804570.003.0004 |isbn=978-0-19-280457-0 |access-date=April 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206233515/https://academic.oup.com/book/522/chapter-abstract/135275904?redirectedFrom=fulltext |archive-date=February 6, 2024}}{{Cite journal |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/2116/chapter-abstract/142059049?redirectedFrom=fulltext |title=Celibacy in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism |date=November 2007 |journal=Celibacy and Religious Traditions |pages=201–224 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306316.003.0011 |access-date=April 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621002411/https://academic.oup.com/book/2116/chapter-abstract/142059049?redirectedFrom=fulltext |archive-date=June 21, 2023 |last1=Powers |first1=John |isbn=978-0-19-530631-6 }} Confucianism on the other hand explicitly prohibited homosexual marriage.{{Cite book|title=Sexuality and gender |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/28469/chapter/229097470 |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=academic.oup.com |date=2020 |doi=10.1093/actrade/9780198850052.003.0004 |archive-date=2022-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019071537/https://academic.oup.com/book/28469/chapter/229097470 |url-status=live |last1=Keown |first1=Damien |chapter=(page 48)p. 48C4Sexuality and gender |pages=48–60 |isbn=978-0-19-885005-2 }}{{Cite journal |last=Fian |first=Andi |date=2 December 2022 |title=BUDDHISM AND CONFUCIANISM ON HOMOSEXUALITY: THE ACCEPTANCE AND REJECTION BASED ON THE ARGUMENTS OF RELIGIOUS TEXTS |url=https://philarchive.org/archive/ALFBAC |journal=Journal of Religious Studies |language=English |publisher=Center for Religious and Cross-cultural Studies (CRCS) |publication-place=Sekolah Pascasarjana, Universitas Gadjah Mada |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=73–82 |via=Phil}}

The earliest records of homosexuality and same-sex relations in China date from the Shang dynasty era ({{circa}} 16th to 11th century BCE). The term luan feng was used to describe homosexuality. No records of lesbian relations exist, however. In this time, homosexuality was largely viewed with indifference and usually treated with openness.

Several stories of homosexual love during the Zhou dynasty ({{circa}} 1046–256 BCE) are well known, even to this day. One such story refers to Duke Xian of Jin (reigned 676–651 BCE) planting a handsome young man in a rival's court in order to influence the other ruler with the young man's sexual charm and to give him bad advice.Hinsch, Bret. (1990). Passions of the Cut Sleeve. University of California Press. p. 31. A more exalted example is the relationship of Mi Zixia (彌子瑕) and Duke Ling of Wei (衛靈公). Mizi Xia's sharing of an especially delicious peach with his lover was referenced by later writers as yútáo ({{lang|zh-Hant|餘桃|italic=no}}), or "the leftover peach". Another example of homosexuality at the highest level of society from the Warring States period is the story of King Anxi of Wei and his lover Lord Long Yang.Hinsch, Bret. (1990). Passions of the Cut Sleeve. University of California Press. p. 32.

Homosexuality was widely referenced during this period through popular literature. Poet Qu Yuan is said to have expressed his love for the ruling monarch, King Huai of Chu, through several of this works, most notably "Li Sao" and "Longing for Beauty".

File:Love play in China.jpg

Homosexuality and homoeroticism were common and accepted during the Han dynasty (202 BCE - 220 CE). Emperor Ai of Han is one of the most famous Chinese emperors to have engaged in same-sex sexual activity. Historians characterize the relationship between Emperor Ai and his male lover Dong Xian as "the passion of the cut sleeve" (斷袖之癖, duànxiù zhī pì) after a story that one afternoon after falling asleep for a nap on the same bed, Emperor Ai cut off his own sleeve, which Dong Xian was asleep on, rather than disturb him when he had to get out of bed. Dong was noted for his relative simplicity contrasted with the highly ornamented court, and was given progressively higher and higher posts as part of the relationship, eventually becoming the supreme commander of the armed forces by the time of Emperor Ai's death.Hinsch, Bret. (1990). [https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520078697/passions-of-the-cut-sleeve Passions of the Cut Sleeve]. University of California Press. p.46

It was also during this period that one of the first mentions of female homosexuality surfaced. A historian in the Eastern Han dynasty, Ying Shao, made observations regarding several Imperial Palace women forming homosexual attachments with one another, in a relationship titled duishi ({{lang|zh-Hant|對食|italic=no}}, a term interpreted to refer to reciprocal cunnilingus), in which the two acted as a married couple.

Writings from the Liu Song dynasty era (420–479 CE) claim that homosexuality was as common as heterosexuality. It is said that men engaged so often in homosexual activity, that unmarried women became jealous.Hinsch, Bret. (1990). [https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520078697/passions-of-the-cut-sleeve Passions of the Cut Sleeve]. University of California Press. p. 56

During the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE) era, there were traditions of pederastic same-sex relationships, typically in Buddhist temples, among a young boy and an adult man. Lesbian relationships also commonly occurred in Buddhist nunneries, as many Buddhist nuns sought relationships with one another. Taoist nuns meanwhile were recorded as having exchanged many upon many love poems to one another.

The earliest law against homosexual prostitution in China dates from the Zhenghe era (政和, 1111–1118) of Emperor Zhao Ji (趙佶) in the Song dynasty (960–1279), punishing nánchāng ({{lang|zh-Hant|男娼}}), young males who act as prostitutes, with a punishment of 100 blows with heavy bamboo and a fine of 50,000 cash. Another text from the Song dynasty prohibits the offense of bu nan ({{zh|s=不男|l=[being] not man}}, crossdressing). They were never enforced.

In addition to having relationships with men, the Zhengde Emperor also had many relationships with women. He sought the daughters of many of his officials. The Tianqi Emperor is believed to have had two private palaces, one for his female lovers and one for his male lovers. During this era, lesbian sexual practices became meeting the rapidly rising trend of "sapphism", which were created all in the name of pleasure. This included, but was not limited to the acts of frottage, cunnilingus and mutual masturbation.

Chinese homosexuals did not experience persecution which would compare to that experienced by homosexuals in Christian Europe during the Middle Ages, and in some areas, particularly among the merchant classes, same-sex love was particularly appreciated. There was a stereotype in the late Ming dynasty that the province of Fujian was the only place where homosexuality was prominent,Brook, 232. but Xie Zhaozhe (1567–1624) wrote that "from Jiangnan and Zhejiang to Beijing and Shanxi, there is none that does not know of this fondness." European Jesuit missionaries such as Matteo Ricci took note of what they deemed "unnatural perversions", distressed over its often open and public nature.Brook, 231. Historian Timothy Brook writes that abhorrence of sexual norms went both ways, since "the celibate Jesuits were rich food for sexual speculation among the Chinese." Chinese writers typically made fun of these men, insisting that the only reason they condemned homosexuality was because they were forced to refrain from sexual pleasure as they were celibate.Li, Yinhe. (1992). Their World: a Study of Homosexuality in China. Shanxi People's Press.

The first statute specifically prohibiting same-sex sexual intercourse was enacted in the Jiajing era (嘉靖, 1522–1567) of Emperor Zhu Houcong (朱厚熜) in 1546.{{cite book| last = Sommer| first = Matthew| title = Sex, Law, and Society in Late Imperial China| publisher = Stanford University Press| year = 2000| page = 413| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=E6ClbegXuWUC&pg=PA119| isbn = 0-8047-3695-2| access-date = 2019-06-17| archive-date = 2024-06-28| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240628151930/https://books.google.com/books?id=E6ClbegXuWUC&pg=PA119#v=onepage&q&f=false| url-status = live}} Despite this, homosexuality was still commonly accepted and practiced, providing that the men produced heirs and married women later on. Homosexuality was even viewed as "luxurious" by middle classes.

File:Painting - 18th Century.jpg

By 1655, Qing courts began to use the term jījiān ({{lang|zh-Hant|雞姦|italic=no}}) for homosexual anal intercourse. Society began to emphasise strict obedience to the social order, which referred to a relationship between husband and wife. In 1740, an anti-homosexual decree was promulgated, defining voluntarily homosexual intercourse between adults as illegal. Though there were no records on the effectiveness of this decree, it was the first time homosexuality had been subject to legal proscription in China. The punishment, which included a month in prison and 100 heavy blows with heavy bamboo, was actually the lightest punishment which existed in the Qing legal system.{{cite web|title=History of Homosexuality|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Oct/44940.htm|website=china.org.cn|publisher=Shanghai Star|access-date=26 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031119114502/http://www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Oct/44940.htm|archive-date=November 19, 2003}}

In 1912, the Xinhai Revolution toppled the Qing dynasty and its explicit prohibition of ji jian was abolished by the succeeding states.{{cite web |title=State-Sponsored Discrimination, 11th edition |url=https://ilga.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |publisher=International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association |date=2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405183244/https://ilga.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=April 5, 2024}}

Heteronormativity and intolerance of gays and lesbians became more mainstream through the Westernization efforts of the early Republic of China.Kang, Wenqing. Obsession: male same-sex relations in China, 1900-1950, Hong Kong University Press. Page 3

Homosexuality was largely invisible during the Mao era. During the Cultural Revolution (1966 to 1976), homosexuals were regarded as "disgraceful" and "undesirable", and heavily persecuted.{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/06/13/CHN01001.pdf|title=China: Information on Treatment of Homosexuals|work=www.justice.gov|date=14 June 2002|access-date=9 September 2019|archive-date=7 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907233229/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/06/13/CHN01001.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/china/articles/a-history-of-homosexuality-in-china/|title=A History Of Homosexuality In China|work=www.theculturetrip.com|date=12 July 2019|access-date=9 September 2019|archive-date=7 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907233233/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/china/articles/a-history-of-homosexuality-in-china/|url-status=live}}

• Zhu Zhenhua ({{Lang-zh|c=朱振华}}) In 1983, an old photograph shows him being publicly humiliated for the crime of hooliganism and sodomy.

File:Zhu Zhenhua.jpg

• Zhu Shouqing ({{Lang-zh|c=朱寿卿}}) was born in Hanyang, Wuhan. H was first arrested in 1958, and again on 9 December 1977, at the age of 62, when past charges were revisited. {{Cite web|title=鸡奸罪，一段被遗忘的历史 Sodomy, a forgotten history |date=13 June 2013 |url=https://helanonline.cn/archive/article/4471|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522032503/https://helanonline.cn/archive/article/4471 |archive-date=22 May 2025 }}

File:Zhu Shouqing.jpg

• Chen Baoping ({{Lang-zh|c=陈保平}}) In 1962, this 30-year-old man from Xingwen, Sichuan, was convicted sodomy. He was sentenced to nine years in prison.

File:Zhu Shouqing2.jpg

• Ning Guofeng ({{Lang-zh|c=宁国风}}) Beijing resident. In 1977, he was subjected to labor reform for hooliganism. {{Cite web|title=老"同志"爱情故事 Old "Gay" Love Story|url=https://mp.china.com.au/index.php/cms/show-282.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522011014/https://mp.china.com.au/index.php/cms/show-282.html |archive-date=22 May 2025 }}

Prior to 1997 revisions to the criminal laws, homosexual acts could be punished under the crime of hooliganism.{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=John James |url=https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/vx021h696 |title=China as Number One? The Emerging Values of a Rising Power |date=2024 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-07635-2 |editor-last=Zhong |editor-first=Yang |series=China Understandings Today series |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |chapter=Contained Emancipative Social Values: Waves of Conservative and Liberal Trends in China |format=EPUB |editor-last2=Inglehart |editor-first2=Ronald }}{{Rp|page=252}}

The Chinese Society of Psychiatry declassified homosexuality as a mental disorder in 2001 but still claims that a person could be conflicted or suffering from mental problems due to their sexuality.{{Cite journal|last=Talha|first=Burki|date=2017-04-01|title=Health and rights challenges for China's LGBT community|journal=World Report|volume=389|page=1286}} However, such change is yet to be reflected by the regulations of National Health and Family Planning Commission,{{cite web |date=15 November 2017 |title="Have You Considered Your Parents' Happiness?" Conversion Therapy Against LGBT People in China |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/11/15/have-you-considered-your-parents-happiness/conversion-therapy-against-lgbt-people |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907233242/https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/11/15/have-you-considered-your-parents-happiness/conversion-therapy-against-lgbt-people |archive-date=7 September 2020 |access-date=31 July 2019 |website=Human Rights Watch}} a government branch that controls all regulations of health care services in China, which has resulted in psychiatric facilities and psychiatry education textbooks across the country still de facto considering homosexuality as a mental disorder and continuing to offer conversion therapy treatments.{{cite web|url=https://www.usask.ca/education/profiles/cochrane/policy-panel-remarks.pdf|title=Policy issues concerning sexual orientation in China, Canada, and the United States|access-date=29 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108115141/http://www.usask.ca/education/profiles/cochrane/policy-panel-remarks.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2016}}{{cite web |date=19 April 2019 |title=Conversion Therapy Still Promoted in China, Investigation Finds |url=https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1003870/conversion-therapy-still-promoted-in-china,-investigation-finds |website=Sixth Tone |publisher= |access-date=15 August 2021 |archive-date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628151836/https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1003870 |url-status=live }} Transgender identity is still classified as a disorder despite laws allowing legal gender changes.{{Cite news |last=Kuo |first=Lily |date=2019-07-05 |title=Taiwan's marriage law brings frustration and hope for LGBT China |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/05/taiwan-marriage-law-frustration-hope-lgbt-china |access-date=2024-06-28 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=2020-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907233241/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/05/taiwan-marriage-law-frustration-hope-lgbt-china |url-status=live }} In 2021, a court in Jiangsu upheld a ruling that a description of homosexuality as a mental disorder in a 2013 edition of a university textbook was a result of "perceptual differences", rather than factual error.{{Cite news |date=2021-02-26 |title=Chinese court backs publisher of textbook calling homosexuality 'psychological disorder' |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-rights-lgbt-idUSKBN2AQ1AH |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107195635/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-rights-lgbt-idUSKBN2AQ1AH |archive-date=2021-11-07 |access-date=2021-03-02 |work=Reuters |language=en}} According to the South China Morning Post, the textbook is used by a number of Chinese universities.{{Cite web |date=2021-03-02 |title=Chinese court ruled textbook can call homosexuality a mental disorder |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/people-culture/gender-diversity/article/3123549/homosexuality-can-be-called-mental-disorder |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107195635/https://www.scmp.com/news/people-culture/gender-diversity/article/3123549/homosexuality-can-be-called-mental-disorder |archive-date=2021-11-07 |access-date=2021-03-02 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}

In July 2021, a number of LGBT accounts run by university students on WeChat were deleted, with messages saying that the accounts "had violated regulations on the management of accounts offering public information service on the Chinese internet".{{cite web |last1=Yiu |first1=Pak |date=8 July 2021 |title=WeChat deletes Chinese university LGBT accounts in fresh crackdown |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-wechat-deletes-university-lgbt-accounts-2021-07-07/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107195635/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinas-wechat-deletes-university-lgbt-accounts-2021-07-07/ |archive-date=7 November 2021 |access-date=9 July 2021 |website=Reuters}} A 2016 UNDP survey indicated that less than five percent of LGBT people are fully out at school, work, or in their religious community, while about fifteen percent are out to their families.{{Cite web |title=Precarious Progress: Advocacy for the Human Rights of LGBT People in China {{!}} Outright International |url=https://outrightinternational.org/our-work/human-rights-research/precarious-progress-advocacy-human-rights-lgbt-people-china |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=outrightinternational.org |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312024135/https://outrightinternational.org/our-work/human-rights-research/precarious-progress-advocacy-human-rights-lgbt-people-china |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=Being LGBTI in China: A National Survey on Social Attitudes towards Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Gender Expression {{!}} United Nations Development Programme |url=https://www.undp.org/asia-pacific/publications/being-lgbti-china-national-survey-social-attitudes-towards-sexual-orientation-gender-identity-and-gender-expression |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=UNDP |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312024134/https://www.undp.org/asia-pacific/publications/being-lgbti-china-national-survey-social-attitudes-towards-sexual-orientation-gender-identity-and-gender-expression |url-status=live }} Under the general secretaryship of Xi Jinping, LGBT rights activists have been subject to increased scrutiny by the country's system of mass surveillance. Authors of boys' love works have been arrested and criminally prosecuted.{{Cite news |last=Mendelson |first=Allegra |date=2025-06-30 |title=China arrests 30 female writers over gay erotic fiction |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2025/06/30/china-gay-erotic-fiction-writers-arrests/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |work=The Daily Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}

{{Main|Recognition of same-sex unions in China}}

The Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China ({{lang-zh|{{linktext|中华|人民|共|和|国|婚姻|法}}}}, pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Hūnyīn Fǎ), adopted at the third session of the Fifth National People's Congress on September 10, 1980, defines marriage as a union between a man and a woman.{{cite web|url=http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/Law/2007-12/13/content_1384064.htm|title=laws|access-date=29 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122062434/http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/Law/2007-12/13/content_1384064.htm|archive-date=22 November 2016}}{{cite journal|last1=Jeffreys|first1=Elaine|last2=Wang|first2=Pan|title=The rise of Chinese-foreign marriage in mainland China, 1979–2010|journal=China Information|date=2013|volume=27|issue=3|pages=347–349|doi=10.1177/0920203X13492791|hdl=10453/27074|s2cid=147243003|hdl-access=free}}

On 5 January 2016, a court in Changsha, southern Hunan Province, agreed to hear a lawsuit filed in December 2015 against the Bureau of Civil Affairs of Furong District. This was the first case to litigate gay marriage rights in mainland China.{{cite news |last1=Wong |first1=Edward |last2=Piao |first2=Vanessa |title=Couple's Lawsuit Is First Test for Same-Sex Marriage in China |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/28/world/asia/couples-lawsuit-is-first-test-for-same-sex-marriage-in-china.html |access-date=23 March 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=27 January 2016 |archive-date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628151934/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/28/world/asia/couples-lawsuit-is-first-test-for-same-sex-marriage-in-china.html |url-status=live }} The lawsuit was filed by 26-year-old Sun Wenlin, who in June 2015 had been refused permission by the bureau to marry his 36-year-old partner, Hu Mingliang.{{cite web |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1898421/gay-man-sues-right-marry-chinas-first-same-sex-marriage |title=Gay man sues for right to marry in China's first same-sex marriage lawsuit |website=South China Morning Post |date=6 January 2016 |access-date=April 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106152549/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1898421/gay-man-sues-right-marry-chinas-first-same-sex-marriage |archive-date=January 6, 2016}} On 13 April 2016, with hundreds of same-sex marriage supporters outside, the Changsha court ruled against Sun, who said he would appeal.{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/13/474065742/chinese-court-rules-against-gay-couple-seeking-to-get-married |title=Chinese Court Rules Against Gay Couple Seeking To Get Married |publisher=The Two-Way |date=13 April 2016 |access-date=30 May 2024 |archive-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613160706/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/13/474065742/chinese-court-rules-against-gay-couple-seeking-to-get-married |url-status=live }} On 17 May 2016, Sun and Hu were married in a private ceremony in Changsha, expressing their intention to organize another 99 same-sex weddings across the country in order to normalize same-sex marriage in China.{{cite web |last= |first= |date=17 May 2016 |title=Gay Couple Vows Wedding to Be First of Many |url=http://www.sixthtone.com/news/853/after-gay-wedding-couple-want-organize-100-more |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807125937/http://www.sixthtone.com/news/853/after-gay-wedding-couple-want-organize-100-more |archive-date=7 August 2017 |access-date=29 April 2017 |website=Sixth Tone}}

In October 2017, the National People's Congress amended Chinese law so that "all adults of full capacity are given the liberty of appointing their own guardians by mutual agreement." The system, variously called "legal guardianship" or "guardianship agreement", permits same-sex partners to make important decisions about medical and personal care, death and funeral, property management, and maintenance of rights and interests. In case one partner loses the ability to make crucial decisions (i.e. mental or physical illness or accident), their guardian may decide for them in their best interest. Their legal relationship can also include wealth and inheritance, or pension, depending on which additional legal documents the couple decides to sign, such as a will.{{cite web|url=https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1004416/beijing-approves-mutual-guardianship-for-gay-couple|title=Beijing Approves Mutual Guardianship for Gay Couple|website=Sixth Tone|date=12 August 2019|access-date=26 August 2019|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108173707/https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1004416/beijing-approves-mutual-guardianship-for-gay-couple|url-status=live}}

On 12 April 2021, the Shenyang Intermediate People's Court in Liaoning province ruled that a 79-year-old woman could not sue her female partner of 50 years, whom she accused of stealing 294,000 yuan from her bank account, because their relationship is not recognized as a marriage in China.

Beijing currently provides dependent residency status to the same-sex partners of legal residents, such as expats.{{cite web|url=http://lexuniversal.com/en/news/16983 |title=CHINA - New Regulations for Foreigners in Beijing Starting July 1, 2013 |publisher=lexuniversal.com |access-date=2013-08-17 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190617191301/http://lexuniversal.com/en/news/16983|archive-date=2019-06-17}}

{{Excerpt|Recognition of same-sex unions in Hong Kong|only=paragraph|paragraphs=1-2}}

The Chinese Government requires parents adopting children from China to be in heterosexual marriages.{{cite web|url=http://adoption.state.gov/country/china.html#who1|title=Intercountry Adoption - China - Who Can Adopt|access-date=29 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323005828/http://adoption.state.gov/country/china.html#who1|archive-date=23 March 2011}} Adoption of Chinese children by foreign same-sex couples and homosexual individuals is prohibited by the Chinese authorities.

There is no anti-discrimination provision for sexual orientation or gender identity under Chinese labour law. Labour law specifically protects workers against discrimination on the basis of a person's ethnicity, gender or religion.{{cite web|url=https://www.outrightinternational.org/content/china-legal-position-and-status-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-people-people%E2%80%99s|title=China: The Legal Position and Status of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender People in the People's Republic of China|first=Tom|last=Mountford|date=24 March 2010|access-date=29 April 2017|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019233111/https://outrightinternational.org/content/china-legal-position-and-status-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-people-people%E2%80%99s}}. (use the "attachments" column to view the PDF) In 2018, a gay kindergarten teacher from Qingdao sued his former school after he was dismissed from his job, following a social media post he had made about attending an LGBT event.{{cite news |last1=Shepherd |first1=Christian |title=China school sued by fired gay teacher in potential landmark case |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/09/28/asia-pacific/social-issues-asia-pacific/china-school-sued-fired-gay-teacher-potential-landmark-case/ |access-date=9 October 2018 |work=The Japan Times Online |date=28 September 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009172019/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/09/28/asia-pacific/social-issues-asia-pacific/china-school-sued-fired-gay-teacher-potential-landmark-case/ |url-status=live }} The kindergarten was sentenced by the Laoshan District People's Court to compensate the teacher for six months of payable wages. It filed an appeal in December of the same year.

In November 2018 and March 2019, China accepted several recommendations pertaining to LGBT rights during its Universal Periodic Review. The "landmark" recommendations, from Argentina, Chile, France, Ireland, Mexico, the Netherlands and Sweden, urge China to pass an anti-discrimination law covering sexual orientation and enact anti-violence and social security measures. For the first time, the Chinese delegation responded positively. In March 2019, it was revealed at the UN that China aims to adopt an LGBT anti-discrimination law within a year. Activists described the recommendations as a "milestone".{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-lgbt-un/china-urged-to-take-action-on-lgbt-rights-after-backing-u-n-changes-idUSKCN1QO1MU|title=China urged to take action on LGBT+ rights after backing U.N. changes|website=Reuters|date=7 March 2019|last=Taylor|first=Michael|access-date=7 March 2019|archive-date=4 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604163932/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-lgbt-un/china-urged-to-take-action-on-lgbt-rights-after-backing-u-n-changes-idUSKCN1QO1MU|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/international/436487-china-urged-to-worked-with-activists-after-landmark-acceptance-of-unhrcs-lgbt-rights|title=China urged to worked with activists after 'landmark' acceptance of UNHRC's LGBT+ rights|website=Devdiscourse|date=7 March 2019|access-date=7 March 2019|archive-date=8 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308003016/https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/international/436487-china-urged-to-worked-with-activists-after-landmark-acceptance-of-unhrcs-lgbt-rights|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.translives.net/baike/news/755|title=中国首次在联合国UPR正面回应LGBT+问题|website=translives.net|date=8 November 2018|language=zh|access-date=7 March 2019|archive-date=11 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511131552/https://www.translives.net/baike/news/755}}

{{main|Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance}}

The Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance 1991 was utilized to strike down discrimination in the age of consent in the case of Leung TC William Roy v. Secretary for Justice (2005). However this does not protect against governmental discrimination in services and goods.{{cite web|url=http://www.cmab.gov.hk/doc/en/documents/policy_responsibilities/the_rights_of_the_individuals/human/BORO-InductoryChapterandBooklet-Eng.pdf|title=AN INTRODUCTION TO HONG KONG BILL OF RIGHTS ORDINANCE|access-date=29 April 2017|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406010210/https://www.cmab.gov.hk/doc/en/documents/policy_responsibilities/the_rights_of_the_individuals/human/BORO-InductoryChapterandBooklet-Eng.pdf|url-status=live}}

Article 25 of the Basic Law of Macau indicates the people of Macau are free from discrimination based on a non-exhaustive list of prohibited factors. Sexual orientation is not included in said list of prohibited discrimination grounds. However, there are anti-discrimination protections based on sexual orientation in the fields of labour relations (article 6/2 of the Law No. 7/2008),{{efn|{{lang-zh|勞動關係法}}, Cantonese romanization: Lòuhduhng Gwāanhaih Faat;
{{langx|pt|Lei das relações de trabalho}}.{{cite web|url=https://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2008/33/lei07_cn.asp#7|title=第7/2008號法律|work=macaolaw.gov.mo|language=zh|access-date=2019-07-24|archive-date=2018-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107095312/http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2008/33/lei07_cn.asp#7|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/macauconcealers/posts/848324201903349:0|title=愛瞞日報 Macau Concealers|website=Facebook|language=en|access-date=2019-07-01|archive-date=2019-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818035534/https://www.facebook.com/macauconcealers/posts/848324201903349:0|url-status=live}}}} protection of personal data (article 7/1,2 of Law No. 8/2005),{{efn|{{lang-zh|個人資料保護法}}, Cantonese romanization: Goyàhn Jīlíu Bóuwuh Faat;
{{langx|pt|Lei da Protecção de Dados Pessoais}}}} and ombudsman (article 31-A of Law No. 4/2012).{{efn|{{lang-zh|修改第10/2000號法律《澳門特別行政區廉政公署》}}, Cantonese romanization: Sāugói Daih 10/2000 Houh Faatleuht《Oumùhn Dahkbiht Hàhngjingkēui Lìhmjing Gūngchyúh》;
{{langx|pt|Alteração à Lei n.° 10/2000 «Comissariado contra a Corrupção da Região Administrativa Especial de Macau»}}}}

{{Main|Transgender people in China}}

In China, gender reassignment on official identification documents, such as the Resident Identity Card and Hukou, is permitted only after certain gender-affirming surgery procedures. As of 2022, following a policy revision by the National Health Commission, full gender-affirming surgery is no longer required to change one's gender marker. However, the removal of sexual and reproductive organs (such as orchiectomy or hysterectomy) remains necessary for the change.

Additionally, the eligibility criteria for sex reassignment surgery have been relaxed. Previous requirements, such as undergoing at least one year of mental health intervention and providing a notarized declaration, have been eliminated. Now, a signature from the individual seeking surgery is required, replacing the notarized document. Non-pathological diagnoses such as gender incongruence and gender dysphoria are now accepted as valid grounds for gender reassignment. The minimum age for undergoing sex reassignment surgery has been lowered to 18, down from the previous age of 20.{{Cite web |title=概述 |url=https://project-trans.org/china-legal/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=project-trans.org |language=zh}}{{Cite web |title=性别重置技术临床应用管理规范（2022 年版） |url=https://project-trans.org/china-legal/spec/2022-04-20/srs/readme/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=project-trans.org |language=zh}} Some criteria still remain, including the requirements of being unmarried, having notified direct family members, and having a persistent desire for gender reassignment for at least five years, without relapses or interruptions. Meanwhile, discrimination towards transgender people from wider society is common.{{cite news |title=Legal Gender Recognition in China: A Legal and Policy Review |url=https://www.cn.undp.org/content/dam/china/docs/Publications/UNDP-CH-Legal%20gender%20recognition%20-%20China%20180805.pdf |publisher=UNDP |date=2018 |access-date=April 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408165011/https://www1.undp.org/content/dam/china/docs/Publications/UNDP-CH-Legal%20gender%20recognition%20-%20China%20180805.pdf |archive-date=April 8, 2022}}

In 2009, the Chinese Government made it illegal for minors to change their officially-listed gender, stating that sex reassignment surgery, available to only those over the age of twenty, was required in order to apply for a revision of their identification card and residence registration.{{cite journal|last1=Jun|first1=Pi|title=Transgender in China|journal=Journal of LGBT Youth|date=9 October 2010|volume=7|issue=4|pages=346–351|doi=10.1080/19361653.2010.512518|s2cid=143885704}} According to The Economist, those seeking a legal gender change are also required to be unmarried, be heterosexual (with regards to their gender identity), and must obtain permission from their family. As of September 2019, the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders still classified transgender identity as a mental disorder.

In 2014, Shanxi Province started allowing minors to apply for the change with the additional information of their guardian's identification card. This shift in policy allows post-surgery marriages to be recognized as heterosexual and therefore legal.{{cite news|last1=Sun|first1=Nancy|title=Shanxi Permits Persons to Change Gender Information|url=http://www.womenofchina.cn/html/womenofchina/report/168827-1.htm|access-date=17 October 2014|publisher=All-China Women's Federation|date=9 January 2014|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129030210/http://www.womenofchina.cn/html/womenofchina/report/168827-1.htm}} In 2020, a court in Beijing said that a transgender woman was covered by anti-discrimination protections pertaining to sex, and her employer was obligated to treat her as female, because she had legally transitioned. In 2021, China's first clinic for transgender children and adolescents was set up at the Children's Hospital of Fudan University in Shanghai to safely and healthily manage transgender minors' transition.{{Cite web|last=Wenjun|first=Cai|date=November 5, 2021|title=Nation's first transgender clinic opens in Shanghai|url=https://www.shine.cn/news/metro/2111057625/|access-date=November 6, 2021|website=Shanghai Daily|language=en|archive-date=June 28, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628151848/https://www.shine.cn/news/metro/2406280963/|url-status=live}}{{cite web |date=11 November 2021 |title=China opens first clinic for transgender youths |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-health-and-wellness/china-opens-first-clinic-transgender-youth-rcna5313 |website=NBC News |language=en}}{{cite web |date=11 November 2021 |title=China's First Clinic for Transgender Kids Opens in Shanghai |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2021-11-11/china-s-first-clinic-for-transgender-kids-opens-in-shanghai |website=Bloomberg |language=en}}

According to a survey conducted by Peking University, Chinese trans female students face strong discrimination in many areas of education.{{cite web |title=2017中国跨性别群体生存现状调查报告 |url=https://doc.mbalib.com/view/23d82eecfd6765a009adcfd32e455028.html |website=MBA智库 |access-date=2022-02-08 |date= |archive-date=2022-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401115908/https://doc.mbalib.com/view/23d82eecfd6765a009adcfd32e455028.html }} Sex segregation is found everywhere in Chinese schools and universities: student enrollment (for some special schools, universities and majors), appearance standards (hairstyles and uniforms included), private spaces (bathrooms, toilets and dormitories included), physical examinations, military trainings, conscription, PE classes and exams and physical health tests. Chinese students are required to attend all the activities according to their legal gender marker. It is also difficult to change the gender information of educational attainments and academic degrees in China, even after sex reassignment surgery, which results in discrimination against well-educated trans women.{{cite web |title=跨性别者手术后：历时半年终于修改学历 就业遭歧视 |url=https://www.sohu.com/a/362100660_120146415 |website=搜狐 |access-date=2022-02-08 |date=2019-12-23 |archive-date=2021-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325032411/https://www.sohu.com/a/362100660_120146415 |url-status=live }}{{cite press release|title=变性人群体真实生态：唯学历证明无法修改性别|publisher=搜狐|date=2012-06-20|url=http://news.sohu.com/20120620/n346142516.shtml|language=zh-cn|access-date=2022-02-08|author=王若翰|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812205346/http://news.sohu.com/20120620/n346142516.shtml|archive-date=2014-08-12}}

Gender-affirming treatment in China is limited due to a conservative social environment and non-supportive families. As a result, many individuals, particularly trans women, previously resorted to purchasing hormone medication online. In December 2022, Chinese authorities imposed a ban on the online sale of estradiol and androgen blockers, even for individuals with valid prescriptions. This policy change requires patients to purchase these medications in person, with a valid prescription, further complicating access to gender-affirming treatment for many in the trans community.{{cite news |last1=Yang |first1=Caini |date=8 November 2022 |title=China's Plan to Ban Online Sale of Hormone Drugs Worries Trans Women |url=https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1011606/chinas-plan-to-ban-online-sale-of-hormone-drugs-worries-trans-women |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203193337/https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1011606/chinas-plan-to-ban-online-sale-of-hormone-drugs-worries-trans-women |archive-date=3 December 2022 |access-date=9 January 2023 |work=Sixth Tone |language=en}}{{cite web |title=国家药监局综合司公开征求《药品网络销售禁止清单（征求意见稿）》意见 |trans-title=The State Drug Administration Department of comprehensive public consultation "drug network sales ban list (draft for comment)" comments |url=https://www.nmpa.gov.cn/xxgk/zhqyj/zhqyjyp/20221103155815144.html |access-date=9 January 2023 |publisher=National Medical Products Administration}}{{cite magazine |last1=De Guzman |first1=Chad |date=21 March 2023 |title=A New Drug Law and Old Attitudes Threaten China's Trans Community |url=https://time.com/6261675/china-transgender-hormones-black-market/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628151857/https://time.com/6261675/china-transgender-hormones-black-market/ |archive-date=28 June 2024 |access-date=15 April 2023 |magazine=Time |language=en}}

Hong Kong law allows change in legal documents such as the identity cards and passports after a person has undergone sex reassignment surgery, but does not allow birth certificates to be changed.{{cite web|url=http://www.fridae.asia/gay-news/2010/08/19/10235.ms-w-vs-the-hong-kong-registrar-of-marriages|title=Ms W vs. the Hong Kong Registrar of Marriages|access-date=29 April 2017|archive-date=14 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714193249/https://www.fridae.asia/gay-news/2010/08/19/10235.ms-w-vs-the-hong-kong-registrar-of-marriages|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Intersex rights in China}}

Intersex rights are very limited in China. Issues include both the lack of access to health care for intersex people and coercive genital surgeries for intersex children.{{Cite web| last = Beyond the Boundary - Knowing and Concerns Intersex| title = Intersex report from Hong Kong China, and for the UN Committee Against Torture: the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment| date = October 2015| url = http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2fCAT%2fCSS%2fHKG%2f22156&Lang=en| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170326052617/http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=INT%2FCAT%2FCSS%2FHKG%2F22156&Lang=en| archive-date = 26 March 2017| df = dmy-all}}

{{See also|Internet censorship in China}}

The Chinese government has continued to suppress LGBT organizations online in recent years and label LGBT advocacy as a product of "foreign forces." The Great Firewall blocks over 311,000 domains, and frequently takes down social media accounts and posts. The government is most likely to censor online content that criticizes the party or risks mass mobilization, and recently they have sought to limit the expansion of online communities. Governmental advisories highlighted that “vulnerable groups” (ruoshi qunti) pose a security threat as they might be used by the West to infiltrate China.{{Cite news |last=Economy |first=Elizabeth C. |date=2018-06-29 |title=The great firewall of China: Xi Jinping's internet shutdown |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jun/29/the-great-firewall-of-china-xi-jinpings-internet-shutdown |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010172129/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jun/29/the-great-firewall-of-china-xi-jinpings-internet-shutdown |archive-date=2019-10-10 |access-date=2023-11-26 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}

In July 2021, the WeChat accounts of the several LGBT associations from Chinese universities were closed. The accounts that were closed include some of the most important and influential university associations including Purple from Tsinghua University, Colorsworld from Peking University, and Zhihe from Fudan University.{{Cite web |date=2021-07-09 |title=中国大学彩虹团体账号遭封杀引发抗议：我们都是"未命名公众号" |url=https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-57763594 |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=BBC News 中文 |language=zh-hans |archive-date=2024-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628152947/https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-57763594 |url-status=live }} Tencent, WeChat's parent company, declined to comment on the account closures.{{Cite news |last1=Ni |first1=Vincent |last2=Davidson |first2=Helen |date=2021-07-08 |title=Outrage over shutdown of LGBTQ WeChat accounts in China |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/08/outrage-over-crackdown-on-lgbtq-wechat-accounts-in-china |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708041516/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/08/outrage-over-crackdown-on-lgbtq-wechat-accounts-in-china |archive-date=2021-07-08 |access-date=2023-11-25 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} Ned Price, the US State Department spokesperson expressed that the accounts were "merely expressing their views, exercising their right to freedom of expression and freedom of speech".

In April 2018, Sina Weibo, one of the most popular social media platforms in China, banned discussion of LGBT issues.{{cite web |date=16 April 2018 |title=新浪微博：本次游戏动漫清理不再针对同性恋内容 |url=http://it.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0416/c1009-29929828.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212025233/http://it.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0416/c1009-29929828.html |archive-date=12 December 2018 |access-date=23 July 2019 |work=People's Daily |language=zh}}{{Rp|page=252}} This quickly drew criticism from the public at large{{Rp|page=252}} and the People's Daily, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s official newspaper. Forms of criticism included the hashtag #IamGay, which was viewed over 240 million times. Sina Weibo reversed its ban shortly thereafter.{{Rp|page=252}} Many Chinese interpreted the People's Daily editorial as a signal that the government may soften its attitude towards LGBT rights. However, a campaign marking the International Day Against Homophobia on school campuses was forbidden by public officials just one month later.{{cite web |author=Si Chen |date=1 June 2018 |title=China's Complicated LGBT Movement |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/chinas-complicated-lgbt-movement/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630133227/https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/chinas-complicated-lgbt-movement/ |archive-date=June 30, 2018 |access-date=April 11, 2024 |website=The Diplomat}}

In 2021, Li Ying (footballer, born 1993) became the first openly lesbian Chinese athlete, posting on her Sina Weibo account, a photo of herself and partner. The post garnered resounding support from the internet audience however it was also the subject of significant homophobic abuse. The photo was deleted without explanation.{{cite web |last1=Westcott |first1=Ben |last2=Jiang |first2=Steven |date=9 July 2021 |title=China's LGBTQ community is fading from rainbow to gray |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/09/china/china-pride-month-lgbt-weibo-intl-mic-hnk/index.html |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=CNN |publisher= |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126075504/https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/09/china/china-pride-month-lgbt-weibo-intl-mic-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }} Later in 2021, Sun Wenjing, a Chinese professional volleyball player also announced via social media that she was a lesbian by posting wedding photos of herself and her partner.{{cite web |last=Yan |first=Alice |date=14 September 2021 |title=Chinese LGBT athlete comes out as gay on social media and receives huge support despite government repression and censorship |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/people-culture/gender-diversity/article/3148708/chinese-lgbt-athlete-comes-out-gay-social |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915081544/https://www.scmp.com/news/people-culture/gender-diversity/article/3148708/chinese-lgbt-athlete-comes-out-gay-social |archive-date=September 15, 2021 |access-date=April 17, 2024 |website=South China Morning Post}} On 11 May 2021, LGBT Rights Advocacy China announced the end of its activities and the closure of its WeChat and Weibo accounts. “We are deeply regretful to tell everyone, Queer Advocacy Online will stop all of our work indefinitely,” said the group.{{Cite web |date=2021-11-05 |title=China LGBT rights group shuts down amid hostile environment |url=https://apnews.com/article/technology-china-media-social-media-taiwan-348cab147964f24ccf83907403d4c84a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124164612/https://apnews.com/article/technology-china-media-social-media-taiwan-348cab147964f24ccf83907403d4c84a |archive-date=2023-11-24 |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=Associated Press |language=en}} The popular advocacy group had largely focused on campaigning for legal rights such as anti-discrimination laws in the workplace and same-sex marriage.{{Cite news |title=Why the Communist Party fears gay rights |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/china/2023/05/25/why-the-communist-party-fears-gay-rights |access-date=2023-11-25 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=2024-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628152948/https://www.economist.com/china/2023/05/25/why-the-communist-party-fears-gay-rights |url-status=live }} LGBT Rights Advocacy China did not provide any reasons behind the decision to halt their work.

In February 2022, the gay dating app Grindr was removed from app stores in China as part of a month-long campaign to eradicate illegal and sensitive content in the run-up to the Beijing Winter Olympics and Lunar New Year.{{cite web |last1=Riley |first1=John |date=February 2022 |title=Grindr disappears from app stores in China amid crackdown on "bad internet culture" |url=https://www.metroweekly.com/2022/02/grindr-removed-from-apple-stores-in-china-amid-crackdown-on-bad-internet-culture/ |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=metroweekly.com/ |publisher=Metro Weekly |archive-date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628152903/https://www.metroweekly.com/2022/02/grindr-removed-from-apple-stores-in-china-amid-crackdown-on-bad-internet-culture/ |url-status=live }} The Chinese government does allow for the existence of various gay dating applications in China, such as Blued, one of the most important gay dating applications in China.{{cite news |last1=Hernández |first1=Javier C. |date=16 December 2016 |title=Building a Community, and an Empire, With a Gay Dating App in China |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/16/world/asia/building-a-community-and-an-empire-with-a-gay-dating-app-in-china.html |access-date=23 March 2023 |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026195259/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/16/world/asia/building-a-community-and-an-empire-with-a-gay-dating-app-in-china.html |url-status=live }} However, in August 2022, BlueCity, which controls Blued's operations, was delisted from the US-based Nasdaq stock exchange.{{Cite press release |date=August 12, 2022 |title=BlueCity Announces Completion of Merger |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/en/news-release/2022/08/12/2497825/0/en/BlueCity-Announces-Completion-of-Merger.html |access-date=April 15, 2025 |website=GlobeNewswire News Room |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125173820/https://www.globenewswire.com/en/news-release/2022/08/12/2497825/0/en/BlueCity-Announces-Completion-of-Merger.html |archive-date=2023-11-25}} In addition, its CEO and chairman, Ma Baoli, resigned without naming a successor, leaving the app's future uncertain.{{Cite news |date=2023-06-27 |title=China crackdown pushes LGBT groups into the shadows |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-65806846 |access-date=2023-11-25 |archive-date=2023-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125062541/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-65806846 |url-status=live }}

File:Hong Kong (2017) - 1,105.jpg has been held annually since 2008.]]

In 2015, film-maker Fan Popo sued government censors for pulling his gay documentary Mama Rainbow from online sites.{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/09/16/this-gay-rights-activist-is-suing-the-chinese-censors-who-banned-his-film/|title=This gay rights activist is suing the Chinese censors who banned his film|last=Rauhala|first=Emily|date=2015-09-16|newspaper=The Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2016-03-06|archive-date=2018-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023081634/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/09/16/this-gay-rights-activist-is-suing-the-chinese-censors-who-banned-his-film/|url-status=live}} The lawsuit concluded in December 2015 with a finding by the Beijing No.1 Intermediate People's Court that the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television (SAPPRFT) had not requested that hosting sites pull the documentary.{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2015/12/28/chinese-gay-activist-claims-victory-in-online-film-censorship-lawsuit/|title=Chinese Gay Activist Claims Victory in Online Film Censorship Lawsuit|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=28 December 2015|access-date=2016-03-06|archive-date=2019-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329030506/https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2015/12/28/chinese-gay-activist-claims-victory-in-online-film-censorship-lawsuit/|url-status=live}} Despite this ruling, which Fan felt was a victory because it effectively limited state involvement, "the film is still unavailable to see online on Chinese hosting sites."{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2016/feb/11/china-lgbt-media-xiaogang-wei-rainbow-media-awards|title=What is the Chinese media doing right for LGBT people?|last=Leach|first=Anna|date=2016-02-11|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2016-03-06|archive-date=2019-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522234857/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2016/feb/11/china-lgbt-media-xiaogang-wei-rainbow-media-awards|url-status=live}}

On 31 December 2015, the China Television Drama Production Industry Association posted new guidelines, including a ban on showing LGBT relationships on television. The regulations stated: "No television drama shall show abnormal sexual relationships and behaviours, such as incest, same-sex relationships, sexual perversion, sexual assault, sexual abuse, sexual violence, and so on."{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/03/asia/china-bans-same-sex-dramas/index.html|title=China bans same-sex romance from TV screens|website=CNN|access-date=2016-03-06|archive-date=2018-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910020108/https://www.cnn.com/2016/03/03/asia/china-bans-same-sex-dramas/index.html|url-status=live}} These new regulations have begun to affect web dramas,{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/mar/04/china-bans-gay-people-television-clampdown-xi-jinping-censorship|title=China bans depictions of gay people on television|last=Ellis-Petersen|first=Hannah|date=2016-03-04|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2016-03-06|archive-date=2020-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309082251/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/mar/04/china-bans-gay-people-television-clampdown-xi-jinping-censorship|url-status=live}} which have historically had fewer restrictions:{{cite web |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2016/01/21/chinas-censors-pull-more-web-dramas-including-hit-rom-com/ |title=China's Censors Pull More Web Dramas, Including Hit Rom-Com |last=Lin |first=Lilian |website=The Wall Street Journal |date=21 January 2016 |access-date=April 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121083626/https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2016/01/21/chinas-censors-pull-more-web-dramas-including-hit-rom-com/ |archive-date=January 21, 2016}}

Chinese Web dramas are commonly deemed as enjoying looser censorship compared with content on TV and the silver screen. They often feature more sexual, violent and other content that is deemed by traditional broadcasters to fall in the no-no area.

In February 2016, the popular Chinese gay web series Addicted (Heroin) was banned from being broadcast online 12 episodes into a 15-episode season. Makers of the series uploaded the remaining episodes on YouTube instead.{{cite web |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2016/02/24/chinas-censors-take-another-gay-themed-web-drama-offline/ |title=China's Censors Take Another Gay-Themed Web Drama Offline |last1=Lin |first1=Lilian |last2=Chen |first2=Chang |date=February 24, 2016 |website=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=April 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228034810/https://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2016/02/24/chinas-censors-take-another-gay-themed-web-drama-offline/ |archive-date=February 28, 2016}} In May 2018, the European Broadcasting Union blocked Mango TV, one of China's most watched channels, from airing the final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 after it edited out Irish singer Ryan O'Shaughnessy's performance, which depicted two male dancers, and blacked out rainbow flags during Switzerland's performance.{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/11/chinese-broadcaster-loses-eurovision-rights-over-lgbt-censorship |title=Chinese broadcaster loses Eurovision rights over LGBT censorship |last=Kuo |first=Lily |date=11 May 2018 |website=The Guardian |access-date=April 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511092915/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/11/chinese-broadcaster-loses-eurovision-rights-over-lgbt-censorship |archive-date=May 11, 2018}} Days before the International Day Against Homophobia in 2018, two women wearing rainbow badges were attacked and beaten by security guards in Beijing. The security company dismissed the three guards involved shortly thereafter.{{cite web |url=https://www.news24.com/World/News/chinas-lgbt-community-finds-trouble-hope-at-end-of-rainbow-20180602 |title=China's LGBT community finds trouble, hope at end of rainbow |date=2 June 2018 |website=news24 |access-date=April 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617191452/https://www.news24.com/World/News/chinas-lgbt-community-finds-trouble-hope-at-end-of-rainbow-20180602 |archive-date=June 17, 2019}}

Mr Gay China, a beauty pageant, was held in 2016 without incident.{{cite web |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/topics/sexuality/fast-lane/article/2016/08/08/china-crowned-its-first-ever-mr-gay |title=China crowned its first ever Mr Gay |first1=Ben |last1=Winsor |date=August 9, 2016 |access-date=May 14, 2019 |archive-date=May 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514183134/https://www.sbs.com.au/topics/sexuality/fast-lane/article/2016/08/08/china-crowned-its-first-ever-mr-gay |url-status=dead}} In 2018, the event host passively cancelled their engagement by not responding to any communications. Mr Gay World 2019 announced cancellation after communication began to deteriorate in early August. No official censorship notice was issued but some articles blamed the Chinese Government for the cancellation.{{cite news |title=Mr Gay World cancels Hong Kong event citing concerns over LGBTQ crackdown in mainland |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2018/08/20/mr-gay-world-cancels-hong-kong-event-citing-concerns-lgbtq-crackdown-mainland/ |access-date=22 September 2018 |agency=Hong Kong Free Press |archive-date=9 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409170737/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2018/08/20/mr-gay-world-cancels-hong-kong-event-citing-concerns-lgbtq-crackdown-mainland/ |url-status=live }} That same year, a woman who wrote a gay-themed novel was sentenced to 10 years and 6 months in prison for "breaking obscenity laws".{{cite web|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2018-11-23/woman-receives-10-year-prison-sentence-in-china-for-writing-boys-love-novels/.139808|title=Woman Receives 10-Year Prison Sentence in China For Writing Boys-Love Novels|website=Anime News Network|date=23 November 2018|access-date=2018-11-25|archive-date=2019-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630081925/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2018-11-23/woman-receives-10-year-prison-sentence-in-china-for-writing-boys-love-novels/.139808|url-status=live}} Amid increasing criticism of China's tightening of censorship under the rule of Chinese leader Xi Jinping,{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-53676789 |title=Hollywood censors films to appease China, report suggests |date=2020 |website=BBC News |access-date=April 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810205929/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-53676789 |archive-date=August 10, 2020}}{{cite web |url=https://pen.org/report/made-in-hollywood-censored-by-beijing/ |title=Made in Hollywood, Censored by Beijing |website=PEN America |date=5 August 2020 |access-date=April 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807082710/https://pen.org/report/made-in-hollywood-censored-by-beijing/ |archive-date=August 7, 2020}}{{cite web |url=https://static2.businessinsider.com/china-great-firewall-censorship-under-xi-jinping-2018-3 |title=China's 'Great Firewall' is taller than ever under 'president-for-life' Xi Jinping |author=Tara Francis Chan |date=March 24, 2018 |website=Business Insider |access-date=April 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916021448/https://static2.businessinsider.com/china-great-firewall-censorship-under-xi-jinping-2018-3 |archive-date=September 16, 2020}} the Beijing International Film Festival attracted controversy when in 2018, China's government censors banned the festival from screening the Oscar-winning Call Me by Your Name,{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN1H20OR/ |title=Beijing festival pulls award-winning gay film amid content squeeze |last1=Li |first1=Pei |last2=Jourdan |first2=Adam |date=March 26, 2018 |website=Reuters |access-date=April 17, 2024}}{{cite web |url=https://supchina.com/2018/04/05/call-me-by-your-name-pulled-from-beijing-international-film-festival/ |title=Gay romance 'Call Me By Your Name' pulled from Beijing International Film Festival |author=Pang-Chieh Ho |date=April 5, 2018 |website=SupChina |access-date=April 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919165646/https://supchina.com/2018/04/05/call-me-by-your-name-pulled-from-beijing-international-film-festival/ |archive-date=September 19, 2020}} throwing a spotlight on LGBT rights in China.

In February 2022, the first season of the series "Friends" returned to major streaming media in mainland China, but all the same-sex marriage and love plots were deleted, including dialogues that mentioned lesbian people and scenes of same-sex kissing. However, Sohu Video, which was authorised to rebroadcast "Friends" from 2012 to 2018, retained the same-sex marriage plot at the time. The deletion drew widespread criticism, and the related hashtag was immediately banned by Sina Weibo.{{Cite news |title=老友记：中国视频网站被指删除剧集LGBT内容 |language=zh-hans |work=BBC News 中文 |url=https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-60373513 |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-date=2022-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520093001/https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-60373513 |url-status=live }} China-made TV series were also victims of censorship towards same-sex plots. "Addiction," was pulled offline by China's regulators. The 15-episode show about a romance between two high school boys was the series with the second-highest views on iQiyi at the time it was taken down. The guidelines from the government in 2016 lay out an array of subjects that would be prohibited, including depictions of gay relationships.{{Cite web |last=Qin |first=Amy |date=2016-03-06 |title=中国收紧网络剧审查，同性恋与巫术皆禁止 |url=https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20160304/c04artsbeat-china/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=纽约时报中文网 |language=zh-cmn-hans |archive-date=2024-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628152906/https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20160304/c04artsbeat-china/ |url-status=live }}

In 2016, Qiu Bai sent a letter to the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, hoping that it would take measures in order to stop the use of homophobic teaching materials in colleges and universities,{{Cite web |title=中大女生诉教育部"教材歧视同性恋"，学校否认以不毕业施压_教育家_澎湃新闻-The Paper |url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1366994 |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=The Paper |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312002908/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1366994 |url-status=live }} this letter was received by the Ministry in February 2016. However, no official reply has been received from the Ministry. On April 25, 2016, Qiubai sued the Ministry of Education for inaction based on the relevant provisions of the Chinese Administrative Litigation Law, but the court refused to file the case. In May, she decided to file an administrative reconsideration with the Ministry of Education, which was not accepted.{{Cite web |title=女生秋白再磕教育部：举报教材同性恋问题没回复，提行政复议_教育家_澎湃新闻-The Paper |url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1471409 |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=The Paper |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312002911/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1471409 |url-status=live }} On June 14, she sued the Ministry of Education before the court, and the case was successfully filed. On September 27, the Court issued a decision by ruling that Qiubai's right as a lesbian is "an unspecific rights that all student or member of the gay community enjoy". Thus her allegation that her specific rights was hindered was not founded.{{Cite web |title=秋白打官司：有問題的是「櫃子」，不是我 |url=https://theinitium.com/article/20170315-mainland-qiubai/ |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Initium Media |date=15 March 2017 |language=zh-Hant |archive-date=2021-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121164734/https://theinitium.com/article/20170315-mainland-qiubai/ |url-status=live }} She then decided to file an appeal. The hearing for the second instance at the Beijing Municipal High People's Court was scheduled at January 10, 2017 . Qiubai's attorney Yu Liying stated that she provided new evidence and a more detailed explanation of the infringement suffered by Qiubai, but the Ministry of Education did not recognize the relevance of the evidence with the case.{{Cite web |title=称教材"污名"同性恋 秋白状告教育部案二审开庭 |url=http://www.bjnews.com.cn/news/2017/01/10/430137.html |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=www.bjnews.com.cn |archive-date=2018-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113035434/http://www.bjnews.com.cn/news/2017/01/10/430137.html |url-status=live }} On March 2, 2017, the High Court of Beijing made a final judgment, announcing that Qiubai lost the case and rejected her appeal based on the similar ground as the first instance.{{Cite web |title=教材疑污名化同性恋 大学女生告教育部二审败诉 |url=http://china.caixin.com/2017-03-06/101062813.html |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=china.caixin.com |archive-date=2017-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007040546/http://china.caixin.com/2017-03-06/101062813.html |url-status=live }} Thus, she has not managed to win any of her cases among the five litigations she was involved in before the court. During her legal fight, she was constantly under the pressure from the university administration. This final judgement means that for a long time to come, in the various textbooks used by Chinese university students, homosexuality may continue to be described as "disease", "mental disorder" and "abnormality".{{Cite web |title=秋白打官司：有問題的是「櫃子」，不是我 |url=https://theinitium.com/article/20170315-mainland-qiubai/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Initium Media |date=15 March 2017 |language=zh-Hant |archive-date=2021-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121164734/https://theinitium.com/article/20170315-mainland-qiubai/ |url-status=live }}

On March 2, 2017, the judgement of the "First Case of Chinese Gay Educational Right " was pronounced in the Beijing Higher People's Court. The plaintiff, Qiu Bai (pseudonym), a senior student at Sun Yat-Sen University in Guangzhou, lost the lawsuit.{{Cite web |title=Initium Media |url=https://theinitium.com/article/20170315-mainland-qiubai/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Initium Media |date=15 March 2017 |language=zh-Hant |archive-date=2021-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121164734/https://theinitium.com/article/20170315-mainland-qiubai/ |url-status=live }} In 2017, an LGBT conference was scheduled to be held in Xi'an. Western reports, using the organizers blog as their source, claimed the police had detained the organizers and threatened them.{{cite web |title=2017 Human Rights Report: China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau) |url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2017/eap/277073.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422124334/https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2017/eap/277073.htm |archive-date=2018-04-22 |publisher=U.S. State Department |quote=Xi'an police detained nine members of the gay advocacy group Speak Out hours before the conference it was hosting was slated to start.}}{{cite news |date=May 31, 2017 |title=China police detain gay activists after Xian event canceled |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-lgbt-idUSKBN18R168 |access-date=May 14, 2019 |archive-date=May 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514194321/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-lgbt-idUSKBN18R168 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |date=May 30, 2017 |title="Xi'an does not welcome homosexuality": 2017 Xi'an Conference changed from indefinite extension to official cancellation |url=https://www.weibo.com/ttarticle/p/show?id=2309404112953191308343&sudaref=t.co&retcode=6102 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227184546/https://www.weibo.com/ttarticle/p/show?id=2309404112953191308343&sudaref=t.co&retcode=6102 |archive-date=February 27, 2019 |publisher=SpeakOut |quote=你若要问我，是什么样的权力可以这样代表西安"不欢迎同性恋"的活动，是什么样的人在"阻挠"。我也只能耸耸肩，我也不知道，因为同样没有人告诉我。"被取消"的理由是什么，就是"没理由"。}}

In 2020, Shanghai Pride Festival, one of the most important gay rights festivals founded in 2009, were forced to cancel their activities.{{Cite web |title="上海骄傲节"突然停办 或涉政治原因 |url=https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/shehui/hj2-08142020131326.html |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=Radio Free Asia |date=14 August 2020 |language=zh-cn}} The announcement posted on their website read, “ShanghaiPRIDE regrets to announce that we are cancelling all upcoming activities”.{{Cite web |title=The End of the Rainbow {{!}} 上海骄傲节 ShanghaiPRIDE |url=https://shpride.com/2020/08/13/ending/?lang=en |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=shpride.com}} The organisation expressed solidarity with their community and encouraged them to remain “proud”, without specifying reasons for the cancellations. Subsequently, ShanghaiPRIDE has not resumed its celebrations. Limited online events remain accessible through their website.

In 2021, PFLAG China (Parents, Families, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays) changed its name to "Trueself",{{Cite web |title="出色伙伴"的公益路，坚持，让我们更出色。｜出色伙伴 |url=https://www.chuse8.com/Home/News/detail/id/66.html#:~:text=%E4%BB%8A%E5%B9%B4%E5%9B%9B%E6%9C%88%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B%E4%BA%8E,%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%85%B3%E7%88%B1%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%AA%E6%9D%BF%E5%9D%97%E3%80%82 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=www.chuse8.com |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312002910/https://www.chuse8.com/Home/News/detail/id/66.html#:~:text=%E4%BB%8A%E5%B9%B4%E5%9B%9B%E6%9C%88%EF%BC%8C%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B%E4%BA%8E,%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%85%B3%E7%88%B1%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%AA%E6%9D%BF%E5%9D%97%E3%80%82 |url-status=live }} and the goal of the association altered as well: it now connects the work with the governmental statement by claiming that they focus on " make tens of thousands of families an important basis for national development, national progress, and social harmony ".{{Cite web |title=机构简介｜出色伙伴 |url=https://www.chuse8.com/Home/About/index.html |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=www.chuse8.com |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312002910/https://www.chuse8.com/Home/About/index.html |url-status=live }} In 2024, one of the country's last remaining lesbian bars, the Roxie in Shanghai, was forced to close.{{Cite news |last=Thibault |first=Harold |date=2024-06-25 |title=Shanghai's lesbian bar Roxie closes down |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/06/25/farewell-to-lesbian-bar-the-roxie-in-shanghai-as-it-closes-down_6675641_4.html |access-date=2024-06-28 |work=Le Monde |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628071438/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/06/25/farewell-to-lesbian-bar-the-roxie-in-shanghai-as-it-closes-down_6675641_4.html |url-status=live }}

Po-Han Lee, a scholar at the University of Sussex, claims that the regulation of LGBT activism in Asia has increased in recent years as governments attempt to dissociate with the “individualistic” West.{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Po-Han |date=2016-10-02 |title=LGBT rights versus Asian values: de/re-constructing the universality of human rights |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13642987.2016.1192537 |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of Human Rights |language=en |volume=20 |issue=7 |pages=978–992 |doi=10.1080/13642987.2016.1192537 |issn=1364-2987 |s2cid=147935516 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530145935/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13642987.2016.1192537 |archive-date=2024-05-30 |access-date=2023-11-26}} He argues that there has been an “awakening of cultural nationalism and the re-emergence of sexual conservatism”, fuelled by post-colonial trauma.{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Po-Han |date=2020-01-01 |title=Multiplicity of Queer Activism in East Asia: A Cosmopolitan Imagination for Justices |url=https://www.academia.edu/43876948 |url-status=live |journal=Advances in Sociology Research |volume=30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530145940/https://www.academia.edu/43876948/Multiplicity_of_Queer_Activism_in_East_Asia_A_Cosmopolitan_Imagination_for_Justices |archive-date=2024-05-30 |access-date=2023-11-26}} Tamara Loos, a professor at Cornell University, adds that Western colonization had a significant impact on the economies, politics, and cultures of both colonized and non-colonized areas of Asia. According to Loos, the legacy of Western imperialism has imposed moral norms that have led to the stigmatization of LGBT people and the internalization of shame across Asia.{{Cite journal |last=Loos |first=Tamara |date=2009 |title=Transnational Histories of Sexualities in Asia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23303428 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=114 |issue=5 |pages=1309–1324 |doi=10.1086/ahr.114.5.1309 |issn=0002-8762 |jstor=23303428 |pmid=20425923|url-access=subscription }}

Scholars in queer studies argue that the history of colonialism has led to a "desexualization" of LGBT activism in Asia, where activist groups adopt a more "respectable" or "pragmatic" approach.{{Cite journal |last=Phillips |first=Robert |date=2014 |title="And I Am Also Gay": Illiberal Pragmatics, Neoliberal Homonormativity and LGBT Activism in Singapore |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24469640 |journal=Anthropologica |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=45–54 |issn=0003-5459 |jstor=24469640}} This means they often align with heteronormative standards to gain visibility and acceptance in society. This differs from Western LGBT activism, which has traditionally been more vocal and demanding in its fight for rights. Some researchers question whether this "pragmatic" activism is effective or if it simply reinforces heteronormative practices.{{Cite web |last=Hildebrandt |first=Timothy |date=2018-12-01 |title=NGOs and the success paradox: gay activism 'after' HIV/AIDS in China |url=https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/100112/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628153508/https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/100112/ |archive-date=2024-06-28 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=eprints.lse.ac.uk}}{{Cite journal |last=Chang |first=Stewart |date=2016-01-01 |title=Legacies of Exceptionalism and the Future of Gay Rights in Singapore |url=https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/facpub/1104 |url-status=live |journal=Scholarly Works |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127020454/https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/facpub/1104/ |archive-date=2023-11-27 |access-date=2023-11-26}}{{Cite journal |last1=Wei |first1=Wei |last2=Yan |first2=Yunxiang |date=2021-10-20 |title=Rainbow parents and the familial model of tongzhi (LGBT) activism in contemporary China |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21620555.2021.1981129 |url-status=live |journal=Chinese Sociological Review |language=en |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=451–472 |doi=10.1080/21620555.2021.1981129 |issn=2162-0555 |s2cid=241258297 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530145940/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21620555.2021.1981129 |archive-date=2024-05-30 |access-date=2023-11-26|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last1=Rowlett |first1=Benedict J. L. |last2=Go |first2=Christian |date=2021-07-16 |title=Tracing trans-regional discursive flows in Pink Dot Hong Kong promotional videos: (Homo)normativities and nationalism, activism and ambivalence |url=https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/jls.20007.row |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Language and Sexuality |language=en |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=157–179 |doi=10.1075/jls.20007.row |issn=2211-3770 |s2cid=237674212 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126184838/https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/jls.20007.row |archive-date=2023-11-26 |access-date=2023-11-26|url-access=subscription }}

However, some scholars find fault with this conclusion, explaining that it relies on Western-centric scholarship and methodologies. They claim that current analyses of LGBT activism in Asia do not capture the complexity of queer experiences and activism in a post-colonial context.{{Cite journal |last=Kong |first=Travis S.K. |date=2019 |title=Transnational queer sociological analysis of sexual identity and civic-political activism in Hong Kong, Taiwan and mainland China |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-4446.12697 |url-status=live |journal=The British Journal of Sociology |language=en |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=1904–1925 |doi=10.1111/1468-4446.12697 |issn=0007-1315 |pmid=31402452 |s2cid=199539344 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126184835/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-4446.12697 |archive-date=2023-11-26 |access-date=2023-11-26|url-access=subscription }} Dr Shana Yi, a professor at the University of Toronto, explains that queer studies in Asia must be “decolonized” and scholars must recognize the “heterogeneity and plurality of global coloniality”.{{Citation |last=Ye |first=Shana |title=Queering "Postsocialist Coloniality": Decolonising queer fluidity and Postsocialist postcolonial China |date=2021 |work=Postcolonial and Postsocialist Dialogues |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003003199-6/queering-postsocialist-coloniality-shana-ye |access-date=2023-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126184835/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003003199-6/queering-postsocialist-coloniality-shana-ye |archive-date=2023-11-26 |url-status=live |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781003003199-6 |isbn=978-1-003-00319-9 |s2cid=233713243|url-access=subscription }} Baden Offord, Professor of Cultural Studies and Human Rights at Curtin University, argues that this can be achieved by adopting a “counter-hegemonic” approach to queer studies since it historically links Western modernization and “globalization as the source of sexual modernity”.{{Cite journal |last=Offord |first=Baden |date=2013 |title=Queer Activist Intersections in Southeast Asia: Human Rights and Cultural Studies |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10357823.2013.792781 |url-status=live |journal=Asian Studies Review |language=en |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=335–349 |doi=10.1080/10357823.2013.792781 |issn=1035-7823 |s2cid=144458134 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530145938/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10357823.2013.792781 |archive-date=2024-05-30 |access-date=2023-11-26|url-access=subscription }} Thus, it must be acknowledged that LGBT movements are "characterized by their geo-political context, history, social, religious and economic conditions”, and so LGBT activism in China cannot be studied using a Western framework.{{Cite web |title=LGBT Rights in Southeast Asia: One Step Forward, Two Steps Back? |url=https://iafor.org/journal/iafor-journal-of-asian-studies/volume-3-issue-1/article-1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126184836/https://iafor.org/journal/iafor-journal-of-asian-studies/volume-3-issue-1/article-1/ |archive-date=2023-11-26 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=The International Academic Forum (IAFOR) |date=4 August 2017 |language=en-GB}}

As for the reason for the lack of LGBT acceptance, Confucian philosophy and a collectivist cultural mindset have long shaped conservative views on sexuality and gender roles in China. These traditions prioritize family, filial piety, and societal harmony over individual expression, making the acceptance of LGBT identities difficult. As one study by Dr. Hongjie Liu notes, "Influenced by a collectivist culture, Chinese people tend to subordinate personal interests to those of the group or collective."{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Hongjie |last2=Feng |first2=Tiejian |last3=Ha |first3=Toan |last4=Liu |first4=Hui |last5=Cai |first5=Yumao |last6=Liu |first6=Xiaoli |last7=Li |first7=Jian |date=2011 |title=Chinese Culture, Homosexuality Stigma, Social Support and Condom Use: A Path Analytic Model |journal=Stigma Research and Action |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=27–35 |doi=10.5463/sra.v1i1.16 |pmid=21731850|pmc=3124705 }}

Under CCP general secretary Xi Jinping, the space for LGBT advocacy has become more restricted as the government has tightened control over civil society. These measures target organizations and movements seen as potential risks to traditional values and social harmony, particularly those receiving foreign funding, including some LGBT groups. These groups are sometimes viewed as promoting ideas that differ from traditional norms and values.{{Cite magazine |last=Bloomberg |date=2023-05-16 |title=Chinese LGBTQ Center Closes Down |url=https://time.com/6280046/chinese-lgbtq-center-closes/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Asia Pacific Foundation of |title=China's New Order: The Regulation of Foreign Organizations |url=https://www.asiapacific.ca/blog/chinas-new-order-regulation-foreign-organizations |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada |language=en}}

Sociologist Cui Le argues that institutional homophobia in China is deeply rooted in the legal, educational, and social systems,{{Cite web |last=Education |first=Pola Lem for Times Higher |title=The Plight of China's Gay Scholars |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2022/10/20/scholar-focuses-lgbtq-chinas-universities |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=Inside Higher Ed |language=en}} creating an environment where LGBT people face discrimination and marginalization. While recent political shifts have exacerbated these issues, the underlying prejudices have long been present in Chinese society. The Chinese government decriminalized homosexuality in 1997 and in 2013 they accepted the United Nations’ recommendations to introduce anti-discrimination legislation for LGBT people.{{Cite web |title=ODS HOME PAGE |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G13/188/55/PDF/G1318855.pdf?OpenElement |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=documents-dds-ny.un.org |archive-date=2022-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014143333/http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G13/188/55/PDF/G1318855.pdf?OpenElement |url-status=live }} This included assurances of more equal treatment alongside protections from workplace discrimination based on sexual preference and gender identity.{{Citation |last=Jeffreys |first=Elaine |title=Public policy and LGBT people and activism in mainland China |date=2017 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315543918-18/public-policy-lgbt-people-activism-mainland-china-elaine-jeffreys |work=Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Communist Party |pages=283–296 |access-date=2023-11-26 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315543918-18 |hdl=10453/122043 |isbn=978-1-315-54391-8 |hdl-access=free |archive-date=2024-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628153400/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315543918-18/public-policy-lgbt-people-activism-mainland-china-elaine-jeffreys |url-status=live }} Critics argue that China's acceptance of UN policy on LGBT rights is a foreign policy manoeuvre to appease the international community.{{Cite web |last=Wei |first=Nathan |date=2023-03-01 |title=China's UN statements about LGBTQ issues don't match the government's policies at home |url=https://thechinaproject.com/2023/03/01/chinas-un-statements-about-lgbtq-issues-dont-match-the-governments-policies-at-home/ |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=The China Project |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126184835/https://thechinaproject.com/2023/03/01/chinas-un-statements-about-lgbtq-issues-dont-match-the-governments-policies-at-home/ |url-status=live }}

Strategic motivations for the crackdown have also been cited by academics and prominent journalists. Sue Lin-Wong, the Economist’s former China correspondent has stated that Xi Jinping's political ideology was strongly influenced by the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the events of the Arab Spring.{{Cite web |title=The Prince: Searching for Xi Jinping |url=https://www.economist.com/audio/podcasts/the-prince |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628153508/https://www.economist.com/audio/podcasts/the-prince |archive-date=2024-06-28 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=Economist |date=28 September 2022 |language=en}} She argues that he saw the power of mass mobilization and the threat of social movements to autocratic regimes. By limiting the organizational power of grassroots activist groups, Xi Jinping limits the likelihood of mass revolution and calls for wider democratic reform.

Scholars also argue that mass mobilization is likely to face suppression when demonstrations are large, organized, formal, political, and carried out by minority groups, as they are seen to be more disruptive to social stability.{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Yao |date=2017 |title=A Zero-Sum Game? Repression and Protest in China |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/government-and-opposition/article/abs/zerosum-game-repression-and-protest-in-china/13A81B174A7DA24BAA9D6DCF86556F30 |journal=Government and Opposition |language=en |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=309–335 |doi=10.1017/gov.2017.24 |s2cid=148625534 |issn=0017-257X |access-date=2023-11-26 |archive-date=2023-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126184835/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/government-and-opposition/article/abs/zerosum-game-repression-and-protest-in-china/13A81B174A7DA24BAA9D6DCF86556F30 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }} In this context, LGBT organizations are viewed as a threat in China since their demonstrations are often politically charged, large, and associated with “foreign” concepts. Echoing this idea, LGBT activists claim that during governmental interrogations, there is an emphasis placed on the threat that community organization poses to national security, rather than its immorality. Another way in which LGBT activism has been limited in China is through self-censorship, which has led to “pragmatic” activism. Scholars cite that this is partly strategically driven by the government's crackdown and partly driven by internalized shame.{{Cite book |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781405165518 |title=The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology |date=2007-02-15 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-4051-2433-1 |editor-last=Ritzer |editor-first=George |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781405165518.wbeoss087.pub2 |access-date=2023-11-26 |archive-date=2023-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101144411/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781405165518 |url-status=live }}

Scholars explain that the Chinese government directly controls the nature of LGBT activism in China through strict government regulation of civil sector organizations. In general, the government requires Non-Governmental Organizations’ (NGOs) compatibility with China's overall policy goals.{{Cite journal |last=Hildebrandt |first=Timothy |date=2012 |title=Development and Division: the effect of transnational linkages and local politics on LGBT activism in China |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10670564.2012.684967 |journal=Journal of Contemporary China |language=en |volume=21 |issue=77 |pages=845–862 |doi=10.1080/10670564.2012.684967 |s2cid=144028220 |issn=1067-0564|url-access=subscription }} Therefore, LGBT activist groups tend to work on issues that are non-politically charged and serve the wider community, such as HIV and AIDS prevention, to receive the most funding and “political space”. In turn, organizations that adopt overtly political stances or mobilize the LGBT community are less likely to survive in China.

{{see also|Sexual orientation change efforts}}

In December 2014, a Beijing court ruled in favor of Yang Teng, a gay man, in a case against a conversion therapy clinic. The court ruled against the clinic, as the treatments failed to deliver the clinic's promise in its advertisements, and ordered the clinic to pay monetary compensation to Yang, as well as take down their advertisements on conversion therapy treatments.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/19/chinese-court-gay-straight-conversion-clinic|title=Chinese court rules 'gay cure' treatments illegal|first=Jonathan|last=Kaiman|date=19 December 2014|access-date=29 April 2017|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-date=18 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518104743/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/19/chinese-court-gay-straight-conversion-clinic|url-status=live}} In June 2016, Yu Hu, a gay man from Henan Province, sued a hospital in the city of Zhumadian for forcing him to undergo conversion therapy.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/14/gay-man-sues-chinese-psychiatric-hospital-over-sexuality-correction|title=Gay man sues Chinese psychiatric hospital over 'sexuality correction'|first=Tom|last=Phillips|date=14 June 2016|access-date=29 April 2017|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-date=18 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518105652/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/14/gay-man-sues-chinese-psychiatric-hospital-over-sexuality-correction|url-status=live}} He was awarded a public apology and monetary compensation in July 2017. However, the court did not rule the practice as illegal in its decision.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-40490946|title=Gay Chinese man wins legal battle over forced conversion therapy|date=4 July 2017|publisher=BBC|access-date=26 July 2017|archive-date=18 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518122732/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-40490946|url-status=live}} Following these two successful rulings, LGBT groups are now calling on the Chinese Health Ministry to ban conversion therapy.{{cite web |url=http://www.sixthtone.com/news/1000883/hospital-drops-appeal-in-gay-mans-involuntary-treatment-case |title=Hospital Drops Appeal in Gay Man's Involuntary Treatment Case |publisher=Sixth Tone |date=20 September 2017 |access-date=30 May 2024 |archive-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518105703/http://www.sixthtone.com/news/1000883/hospital-drops-appeal-in-gay-mans-involuntary-treatment-case |url-status=live }} However, as of December 2019, no effective measures have been taken by the Chinese Government to ban conversion therapy, and such treatments are being actively promoted across China.

{{see also|Recognition of same-sex unions in China#Public opinion}}

According to certain estimates from 2010, about 80% to 90% of Chinese gay men were married to women.{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-36042000 |title=China rights: Gay people pledge not to enter into sham marriages |last=Wong |first=Tessa |date=April 14, 2016 |website=BBC News |access-date=April 11, 2024 |archive-date=May 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518134843/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-36042000 |url-status=live }} Such women are known as tongqi in Chinese ({{lang-zh|{{linktext|同妻}}}}, pinyin: tóngqī). In 2012, a professor at Sichuan University committed suicide after learning that her husband was gay.{{cite web |url=https://theconversation.com/lgbtq-rights-in-mainland-china-looking-gloomy-after-taiwans-new-ruling-on-same-sex-marriage-78695 |title=LGBTQ rights in mainland China looking gloomy after Taiwan's new ruling on same-sex marriage |author=Meg Jing Zeng |date=July 3, 2017 |website=The Conversation |access-date=April 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704231127/https://theconversation.com/lgbtq-rights-in-mainland-china-looking-gloomy-after-taiwans-new-ruling-on-same-sex-marriage-78695 |archive-date=July 4, 2017}} A 2016 survey from the Beijing LGBT Center found 5% of those who identified as LGBT had come out to everyone in their lives.{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/05/taiwan-marriage-law-frustration-hope-lgbt-china|title=Taiwan's marriage law brings frustration and hope for LGBT China|work=The Guardian|date=5 July 2019|last=Kuo|first=Lily|access-date=22 July 2019|archive-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726015535/https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/05/taiwan-marriage-law-frustration-hope-lgbt-china|url-status=live}} A September–October 2016 survey by the Varkey Foundation found that 54% of 18–21-year-olds supported same-sex marriage in China.{{cite web|url=https://www.varkeyfoundation.org/media/4487/global-young-people-report-single-pages-new.pdf|title=What The World's Young People Think And Feel|work=Varkey Foundation|date=January 2017|last1=Broadbent|first1=Emma|last2=Gougoulis|first2=John|last3=Lui|first3=Nicole|last4=Pota|first4=Vikas|first5=Jonathan|last5=Simons|access-date=2021-04-24|archive-date=2019-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820230036/https://www.varkeyfoundation.org/media/4487/global-young-people-report-single-pages-new.pdf|url-status=live}}

Opinion polls have shown growing levels of support for LGBT rights and same-sex marriage in China. A 2009 poll found that 30% of Beijing's population supported same-sex marriage, while a 2014 poll found that 74% of Hong Kong residents favoured granting certain rights and benefits to same-sex couples. A 2017 University of Hong Kong poll found that 50.4% of Hong Kong residents supported same-sex marriage, and nearly 70% supported a law protecting LGBT people from discrimination.{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/community/article/2153635/support-same-sex-marriage-hong-kong-grows-new-study-shows|title=Study shows growing support for same-sex marriage in Hong Kong|date=July 3, 2018|website=South China Morning Post|access-date=May 20, 2020|archive-date=July 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707201718/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/community/article/2153635/support-same-sex-marriage-hong-kong-grows-new-study-shows|url-status=live}} A May 2021 Ipsos poll showed that 43% of Chinese people supported same-sex marriage, 20% supported civil partnerships but not marriage, while 19% were opposed to all legal recognition for same-sex couples, and 18% were undecided.{{Cite web |date=2021-06-10 |title=LGBT+ Pride 2021 Global Survey points to a generation gap around gender identity and sexual attraction {{!}} Ipsos |url=https://www.ipsos.com/en/lgbt-pride-2021-global-survey-points-generation-gap-around-gender-identity-and-sexual-attraction |access-date=2024-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610112136/https://www.ipsos.com/en/lgbt-pride-2021-global-survey-points-generation-gap-around-gender-identity-and-sexual-attraction |archive-date=2021-06-10 }} A poll in July 2024 by the William Institute found that 52% of Chinese agreed that same-sex couples should be able to marry.{{Cite web |last=thisisloyal.com |first=Loyal {{!}} |title=Over half of Chinese people surveyed say LGBTQ people should be accepted by society |url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/press/china-attitudes-press-release/ |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=Williams Institute |language=en-US}} As of at least 2023, Chinese public attitudes towards the LGBTQI community continues to become increasingly favorable.{{Cite book |last=Klára |first=Dubravčíková |title=Contemporary China: a New Superpower? |publisher=Routledge |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-03-239508-1 |editor-last=Kironska |editor-first=Kristina |chapter=Living Standards and Social Issues |editor-last2=Turscanyi |editor-first2=Richard Q.}}{{Rp|page=67}}

{{Update section|date=June 2024|inaccurate=yes}}

• Human rights in China
• LGBT rights in Asia
• LGBT rights in Hong Kong
• LGBT rights in Macau
• Recognition of same-sex unions in China
• Homosexuality in China
• LGBT history in China
• Transgender people in China
• Intersex rights in China

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Category:Human rights in China

Category:Law of the People's Republic of China