List of loanwords in Indonesian
{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2020}}
The Indonesian language has absorbed many loanwords from other languages, Sanskrit, Tamil, Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, Portuguese, Dutch, English, French, Greek, Latin and other Austronesian languages.
Indonesian differs from the form of Malay used in Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore in a number of aspects, primarily due to the different influences both languages experienced and also due to the fact that the majority of Indonesians speak another language as their mother tongue. Indonesian functions as the lingua franca for speakers of 700 various languages across the archipelago.
Conversely, many words of Malay-Indonesian origin have also been borrowed into English. Words borrowed into English (e.g., bamboo, orangutan, dugong, amok, and even "cooties") generally entered through Malay language by way of British colonial presence in Malaysia and Singapore, similar to the way the Dutch have been borrowing words from the various native Indonesian languages. One exception is "bantam", derived from the name of the Indonesian province Banten in Western Java (see Oxford American Dictionary, 2005 edition). Another is "lahar" which is Javanese for a volcanic mudflow. Still other words taken into modern English from Malay/Indonesian probably have other origins (e.g., "satay" from Tamil, or "ketchup" from Chinese).
During development, various native terms (mostly Javanese) from all over the archipelago made their way into the language. The Dutch adaptation of the Malay language during the colonial period resulted in the incorporation of a significant number of Dutch loanwords and vocabulary. This event significantly affected the original Malay language, which gradually developed into modern Indonesian. Most terms are documented in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia.Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta, Balai Pustaka: 1999, halaman 1185 s.d. 1188 berisikan Pendahuluan buku Senarai Kata Serapan dalam Bahasa Indonesia, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta, 1996.
Chronology
The study of Indonesian etymology and loan words reflects its historical and social context. Examples include the early Sanskrit borrowings, probably during the Srivijaya period, the borrowings from Arabic and Persian, especially during the time of the establishment of Islam, and words borrowed from Dutch during the colonial period. Linguistic history and cultural history are clearly linked.{{cite web |url=http://www.kitlv.nl/pdf_documents/asia-loan.pdf |title=Loan-words in Indonesian and Malay |author=C. D. Grijns et al. (eds) |publisher=KITLV |access-date=26 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213003310/http://www.kitlv.nl/pdf_documents/asia-loan.pdf |archive-date=13 February 2012 }}
- Early Hindu and Buddhist influence from India results in many Sanskrit words in Indonesian (and especially adopted through Javanese influence). Indian traders may have contributed words as well, in Tamil and Sanskrit-related languages.
- Indonesian has evolved through trade with China since ancient times, including through significant numbers of Chinese immigrants migrating to Indonesia. As a result, some of the Chinese language, especially the Hokkien dialect, has been incorporated into Indonesian.
- Muslim influence, originally through Arabic and Persian traders over a number of centuries, resulted in an extensive influence from the Arabic and Persian.
- Portuguese contact, trade and colonization in the 16th century was the first contact between Indonesia and European culture, and had an influence that remains today, in spite of the relatively short time period of that influence.
- Dutch colonization and administration, lasting from the 17th century to the 20th, extensively affected the vocabulary. As Dutch-trained linguists determined the rules for the official Indonesian language, Dutch thus affected the structure of the language as well. For example, suffixes such as "-asi" (e.g., administrasi = administrative) and "-if" (e.g., fiktif = fictief) were applied with consistency. Some loan words are still intensively used today, although Indonesian equivalents exist.
- Modern Indonesian regularly adopts new words from other languages, particularly English. In contrast to the large number of mechanical terms borrowed from Dutch (e.g., automotive parts), hi-tech words are typically taken from English (e.g., internet) and some informal greetings such as hai, he (probably from Javanese), yo, etc.
But the processes may also be ‘out of period’; for example, Indonesian words are still being concocted from Sanskrit, and the influence of the Dutch language certainly continued after the Dutch themselves left.
Indonesian has also generalized brand names into common (lower-case) nouns as generic name. For example, "sanyo" refers to any electrical well pump, regardless of manufacturer, "odol" as all of toothpastes, or “aqua” for mineral water. This is similar to the type of generalization that occurs in English words like "xerox" or "tampax" or "polaroid".
List of loanwords
=From Austronesian languages=
==From [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]==
Most of Indonesian's vocabulary is natively derived from Malay, as Indonesian is after all a standardized form of Malay, but some might ultimately be loanwords from the Minang language. Yet it is unclear, since Malay and Minang are closely related, and some might consider Minang to have been an ancestral dialect of Malay.{{cite book | author=Nurlela Adan, Ermitati, Rosnida M. Nur | title=Kamus Bahasa Indonesia-Minangkabau | publisher=Balai Pustaka | location=Jakarta | date=2001}}
| class="wikitable" | ||
| style="background:#efefef;" | Word
! style="background:#efefef;" | Meaning ! style="background:#efefef;" | Original word | ||
|---|---|---|
| acuh | care | acuah |
| anjungan | pavilion | anjuang |
| awak | you (regional), crew, member | awak |
| bantah | denies | bantah |
| baruh | lowland | baruah |
| bernas | spirited | boneh |
| bunda | mother | bundo |
| buyung | sonny | buyuang |
| cabul | lewd | cabua |
| cakak | fight | cakak |
| campin | skilled | campin |
| cegak | vigorous | cegak |
| celoteh | babble | ciloteh |
| cemeeh | jeer | cemeeh |
| cengang | amazed | cangang |
| dara | girl, virgin, dove | daro |
| dadih | buttermilk | dadiah |
| dendang | sing | dendang |
| gadang | large | gadang |
| gadis | girl, virgin | gadih |
| gaek | aged | gaek |
| galau | confusion | galau |
| gelimang | mixed | galimang |
| gengsi | prestige | gengsi |
| heboh | commotion, fuss | heboh: noisy |
| imbau | appeal, please (prohibit/warn) | imbau |
| jangat | skin | jangek |
| jenjang | level, grade, ladder | janjang |
| jerang | boiled | jarang |
| jinjing | pick-up | jinjiang |
| junjung | respectful | junjuang |
| kelok | meanders | kelok |
| lamban | slow | lamban |
| lampau | over, past | lampau |
| lancang | sassy | lancang |
| nan | which, who (connecting word) | nan |
| ngarai | canyon | ngarai |
| nian | very, really, truly | nian |
| pencak | art (martial art) | pancak |
| penghulu | chief of family | panghulu |
| ranah | realm, domain | ranah: land |
| rancak | beautiful | rancak |
| rantau | foreign country | rantau |
| rendang | rendang | randang |
| sanak | family | sanak |
| semarak | splendor | semarak |
| silat | silat (martial art) | silek |
| surau | mosque | surau |
| tandas | demolished | tandeh |
| teroka | open up new areas | taruko |
| terompah | sandals | tarompah |
| tuah | good luck | tuah |
| tungkai | leg | tungkai |
| usang | obsolete | usang |
==From [[Javanese language|Javanese]]==
Compared to the Malay language spoken as the native regional language in Sumatra and the Malay peninsula or the standardized version of Malaysian, Indonesian differs profoundly by the large number of Javanese loanwords incorporated into their already rich vocabulary. This is mostly contributed by Java's position as the center of Indonesian politics, education, and culture, since the capital is located in Jakarta on Java island, albeit in the area where the Javanese are not the majority. The disproportionate number of Javanese that dominate Indonesian politics is reflected by the fact that six out of seven Indonesian presidents have been ethnic Javanese. The result is that the Javanese began to pour their own vocabulary into Indonesian to describes terms and words that do not have exact counterparts in the Malay language. It is also important to note that most of Indonesian's Sanskrit loanwords have been transmitted through Old Javanese, a language whose Sanskrit borrowings number almost 50% of the total vocabulary. Javanese loanwords, unlike those from other native languages, have entered the basic vocabulary of Indonesian to such an extent that, for many, they are no longer perceived to be foreign.
| class="wikitable" | ||
| style="background:#efefef;" | Indonesian Word
! style="background:#efefef;" | Meaning ! style="background:#efefef;" | Javanese Word | ||
|---|---|---|
| Adem
|cool temperature |ꦄꦝꦼꦩ꧀ (adhem) | ||
| Adiluhung/adiluhur
|refined, highly sophisticated taste |ꦄꦢꦶꦭꦸꦥꦸꦁ (adiluhung) | ||
| Alun-alun
|a large field owned by an area |ꦄꦭꦸꦤ꧀ꦄꦭꦸꦤ꧀ (alun-alun) | ||
| Amblas
|vanish |ꦄꦩ꧀ꦧ꧀ꦔꦱ꧀ (ambles) | ||
| Ambruk
|collapse |ꦄꦩ꧀ꦧꦿꦸꦏ꧀ (ambruk) | ||
| Among
|nurture |ꦄꦩꦺꦴꦁ (among) | ||
| Ampuh
|potent |ꦄꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦃ (ampuh) | ||
| Anggun
|graceful |ꦄꦁꦒꦸꦤ꧀ (anggun) | ||
| Angker
|haunted |ꦄꦁꦏꦼꦂ (angker) | ||
| Anjlok
|dropped |ꦄꦤ꧀ꦗ꧀ꦭꦺꦴꦒ꧀ (anjlog) | ||
| Antek
|stooge |ꦄꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦏ꧀ (antek) | ||
| Anyar
|new |ꦄꦚꦂ (anyar) | ||
| Apik
|neat, nice |ꦄꦥꦶꦏ꧀ (apik) | ||
| Asri
|beautiful (scenery/nature), neat, clean, nice |ꦄꦱꦿꦶ (asri) | ||
| awetetymology awet[https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/awet]
|durable |ꦄꦮꦺꦠ꧀ (awet) | ||
| Ayu
|beautiful (women), pretty, gorgeous, graceful, elegant |ꦄꦪꦸ (ayu) | ||
| Ayom
|give shade, foster, protect |ꦄꦪꦺꦴꦩ꧀꧈ ꦲꦔꦪꦺꦴꦩꦶ (ayom, hangayomi) | ||
| bablas
|continue, disappear |ꦧꦧ꧀ꦭꦱ꧀ (bablas) | ||
| Baluwarti
|palace fortified wall |ꦧꦭꦸꦮꦼꦂꦠꦶ (baluwerti) {{ref|Baluwerti|[1]}} | ||
| Bangsal
|hall |ꦧꦁꦱꦭ꧀ (Bangsal) {{ref|Sala|[2]}} | ||
| Batik
|ꦩ꧀ꦧꦛꦶꦏ꧀ (mbathik) {{ref|Batik|[3]}} | ||
| bebeketymology bebek[https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/bebek]
|duck |ꦧꦺꦧꦺꦏ꧀ (bebek) | ||
| bebetetymology bebet[https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/bebet]
|social status of prospective life partner |ꦧꦼꦧꦼꦠ꧀ (bebet) | ||
| beceketymology becek[https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/becek]
|puddle |ꦧꦺꦕꦺꦏ꧀ (becek) | ||
| bejat | depraved, broken | ꦧꦼꦗꦠ꧀ (bejat) |
| beleketymology belek[https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/belek]
|a disease that causes red, watery eyes and a lot of eye discharge, eye discharge |ꦧꦼꦭꦺꦏ꧀ (belek) | ||
| beres | completed | ꦧꦺꦫꦺꦱ꧀ (beres)etymology beres[https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/beres] |
| beseketymology besek[https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/besek#bahasa_Indonesia]
|a place or container made of woven bamboo with a rectangular lid for storing food |ꦧꦺꦱꦺꦏ꧀ (besek) | ||
| betot | pull suddenly | ꦧꦼꦠꦺꦴꦠ꧀ (betot) |
| bobotetymology bobot[https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/bobot]
|weight |ꦧꦺꦴꦧꦺꦴꦠ(bobot) | ||
| bopong | carry | ꦧꦺꦴꦥꦺꦴꦁ (bopong) |
| berandal | thugs | ꦧꦿꦤ꧀ꦢꦭꦤ꧀ (brandalan) |
| bromocorah | criminal | ꦧꦿꦩꦕꦺꦴꦫꦃ (bromocorah) |
| Buron/buronan
|runaway or fugitive |ꦧꦸꦫꦺꦴꦤ꧀ (buron) {{ref|Buru-an|[4]}} | ||
| candi | temple | ꦕꦤ꧀ꦝꦶ (candhi) |
| canggih | sophisticated | ꦕꦁꦒꦶꦃ (canggih) |
| cebol | midget, very short | ꦕꦺꦧꦺꦴꦭ꧀ (cebol) |
| celingukan | look around | ꦕꦼꦭꦶꦁꦏꦸꦔꦤ꧀ (celingukan) |
| ceplas ceplos | speak out frankly | ꦕꦼꦥ꧀ꦭꦱ꧀ꦕꦼꦥ꧀ꦭꦺꦴꦱ꧀ (ceplas ceplos) |
| copet | pickpocket | ꦕꦺꦴꦥꦺꦠ꧀ (copet) |
| dalang | 1. person who plays puppets, 2. a person who organizes (plans, leads) a movement secretly | ꦣꦭꦁ (dhalang) |
| dengkul | knee | ꦢꦼꦁꦏꦸꦭ꧀ (dengkul) |
| doyan | be fond, really like | ꦢꦺꦴꦪꦤ꧀ (doyan) |
| edan | crazy | ꦌꦝꦤ꧀ (edhan) |
| empu | maestro, master craftsman | ꦩ꧀ꦥꦸ (mpu) |
| enaketymology enak[https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/enak] | nice, tasty, yummy | ꦌꦤꦏ꧀ (enak) |
| gampang | easy | ꦒꦩ꧀ꦥꦁ (gampang) |
| ganteng | beautiful and dashing, handsome, good looking | ꦔ꧀ꦒꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦁ (ngganteng) |
| gebrakan | blow, a brave act that was not anticipated beforehand | ꦒꦼꦧꦿꦏꦤ꧀ (gebrakan) |
| gede | big | ꦒꦼꦢꦺ (gede) |
| gelandanganetymology gelandangan[http://sealang.net/indonesia/dictionary.htm]
|1. homeless, |ꦒꦼꦭꦤ꧀ꦝꦁ (gelandang) | ||
| gembok | padlock | ꦒꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦺꦴꦏ꧀ (gembok) |
| gendong | piggyback | ꦒꦼꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦁ (gendong) |
| gerebek | raid | ꦒꦿꦼꦧꦼꦒ꧀ (grebeg) {{ref|Grebeg|[5]}} |
| gilas | crush, running over | ꦒꦶꦭꦼꦱ꧀ (giles) |
| gosong | scorched, to crush while rolling, to run over | ꦒꦺꦴꦱꦺꦴꦁ (gosong) |
| gurihetymology gurih or guri[https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/gurih] | delicious | ꦒꦸꦫꦶꦃ (gurih) |
| irit | frugal | ꦆꦫꦶꦠ꧀ (irit) |
| jagal | butcher | ꦗꦒꦭ꧀ (jagal) |
| jago, jagoan | tough guy, hero, skillful, expert | ꦗꦒꦺꦴ (jago) {{ref|Jago|[6]}} |
| jajan | snack | ꦗꦗꦤ꧀ (jajan) |
| joget | dance | ꦗꦺꦴꦒꦺꦠ꧀ (joget) |
| kakeketymology kakek[https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/kakek#bahasa_Indonesia]
|grandpa, grandfather |ꦏꦏꦺꦏ꧀ (kakek) | ||
| kayak or kayaetymology kayak[http://sealang.net/indonesia/dictionary.htm]
|such as, as |ꦏꦪꦏ꧀ (kayak) | ||
| kedut | twitching | ꦏꦼꦝꦸꦠꦤ꧀ (kedhutan) |
| kemben | torso wrap | ꦏꦼꦩ꧀ꦧ꧀ꦲꦺꦤ꧀ (kembhen) |
| kesurupan | possessed | ꦱꦸꦫꦸꦥ꧀ (surup) {{ref|Surup|[7]}} |
| ketimbang | compared to, rather than | ꦠꦶꦤꦶꦩ꧀ꦧꦁ (tinimbang) |
| kolotetymology kolot[https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/kolot] | not modern, old, ancient | ꦏꦺꦴꦭꦺꦴꦠ꧀ (kolot) |
| konde | bulbous hairdo or hair extension on the back of the head | ꦏꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦝꦺ (kondhe) |
| kualat or kuwalatetymology kualat[https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/kuwalat]
|suffer a disaster, plague, be cursed |ꦏꦸꦮꦭꦠ꧀ (kuwalat) | ||
| lalap or lalabetymology lalap[https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/lalap]
|young leaves, cucumber, raw petai eaten together with chili sauce and rice |ꦭꦭꦥ꧀ (lalap) | ||
| langka | rare | ꦭꦁꦏ (langka) |
| lara | sadness (poetic), sick | ꦭꦫ (lara) {{ref|Lara|[8]}} |
| larung | intentionally swept or send away through water (river/sea) | ꦭꦫꦸꦁ (larung) |
| lapik | base | ꦭꦥꦶꦏ꧀ (lapik) |
| lengser | demotion, no longer in office | ꦭꦺꦁꦱꦺꦂ (lengser) |
| luhur | noble, high | ꦭꦸꦲꦸꦂ (luhur) |
| manut | obedient | ꦩꦤꦸꦠ꧀ (manut) |
| mantu | son in law, marrying off a child | ꦩꦤ꧀ꦠꦸ (mantu) |
| melek | not sleeping, guard | ꦩꦼꦭꦺꦏ꧀(melek) |
| melengos | looked away | ꦩꦼꦊꦔꦺꦴꦱ꧀ (melengos) |
| meweketymology mewek[https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/mewek]
|cry |ꦩꦺꦮꦺꦏ꧀ (mewek) | ||
| minggat | flee, escape | ꦩꦶꦁꦒꦠ꧀ (minggat) |
| mingkem | keep quiet | ꦩꦶꦁꦏꦼꦩ꧀ (mingkem) |
| mumpungetymology mumpung[http://sealang.net/indonesia/dictionary.htm] | while, by chance | ꦩꦸꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦁ (mumpung) |
| mumpuni | accomplished, competent | ꦩꦸꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦤꦶ (mumpuni) |
| nganggur | idle, jobless | ꦔꦁꦒꦸꦂ (nganggur) |
| nusantara | Indonesian archipelago, archipelago | ꦤꦸꦱꦤ꧀ꦠꦫ (nusantara) |
| pagar langkan | balustrade | ꦭꦂꦒ ꦭꦁꦏꦤ꧀ (pagar langkan) |
| pamrih | intention | ꦥꦩꦿꦶꦃ (pamrih) |
| pantasetymology pantas or pantes[https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/pantas] | proper, appropriate, worthy | ꦥꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦱ꧀ (pantes) |
| patunganetymology patungan[http://sealang.net/indonesia/dictionary.htm]
|joint venture, joint purchase, rent |ꦥꦠꦸꦁ (patung) | ||
| pemirsa | viewers | ꦥꦼꦩꦶꦂꦱ (pemirsa) |
| pemulungetymology pemulung[http://sealang.net/indonesia/dictionary.htm]
|scavenger, waste picker |ꦥꦸꦭꦸꦁ (pulung) | ||
| Pendopo
|roofed front open hall |ꦥꦼꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦥꦺꦴ (pendhopo) {{ref|Pendopo|[9]}} | ||
| pepesetymology pepes[http://sealang.net/indonesia/dictionary.htm]ety pepes[http://sealang.net/malay/dictionary.htm]
|a side dish made from spiced fish and wrapped in banana leaves |ꦥꦺꦥꦺꦱ꧀ (pepes) | ||
| pilek
|flu |ꦥꦶꦭꦼꦏ (pilek) | ||
| pundak
|shoulder |ꦥꦸꦤ꧀ꦢꦏ꧀ (puņḍak) | ||
| rampung
|finished, done |ꦫꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦁ (rampung) | ||
| resik
|clean, well maintained |ꦉꦱꦶꦏ꧀ (resik) | ||
| sedap or sedepetymology sedap[https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/sedap]
|savory, good |ꦱꦼꦣꦼꦥ꧀ (sedhep) | ||
| sedot
|suck |ꦱꦼꦢꦺꦴꦠ꧀ (sedot) | ||
| selaras | harmonious | ꦱ꧀ꦭꦫꦱ꧀(slaras) |
| selingkuh | affair | ꦱꦼꦭꦶꦁꦏꦸꦃ (selingkuh) |
| semberono | careless, reckless | ꦱꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦿꦺꦴꦤꦺꦴ (sembrono) |
| semrawut | complicated mess, out of order | ꦱꦼꦩꦿꦮꦸꦠ꧀ (semrawut) |
| sungkan | shy | ꦱꦸꦁꦏꦤ꧀ (sungkan) |
| tata krama | manners, small talk | ꦠꦠꦏꦿꦩ (tata krama) |
| tembang | song | ꦠꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦁ (tembang) |
| tentram | peaceful | ꦠꦼꦤ꧀ꦠꦿꦼꦩ꧀ (tentrem) |
| titisan | reincarnated | ꦤꦶꦠꦶꦱ꧀ (nitis) |
| tuntas | complete | ꦠꦸꦤ꧀ꦠꦱ꧀ (tuntas) |
| undakan
|stages |ꦈꦤ꧀ꦝꦏ꧀ (undhak) | ||
| unduh
|download |ꦈꦤ꧀ꦢꦸꦃ (unduh) | ||
| unggah
|upload |ꦩꦸꦁꦒꦃ (munggah) | ||
| umpak
|base |ꦈꦩ꧀ꦥꦏ꧀ (umpak) | ||
| uwa or uwaketymology uwak[http://sealang.net/indonesia/dictionary.htm]Wikikamus[https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/uak]
|a term of address for an older sibling from one's father or mother |ꦈꦮ (uwa) | ||
| colspan="23" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;text-align:left" | Notes
:{{note|Baluwerti|1}}Ultimately from Spanish 'baluarte' via Filipino languages. :{{note|Sala|2}}Ultimately from Sanskrit: शाल (Śālā) meaning room. :{{note|Batik|3}}From Amba-nitik :{{note|Buru-an|4}}From Buron-an (to be hunted) :{{note|Grebeg|5}}A routine celebration held by the people of Java to commemorate an important event. :{{note|Jago|6}}A Rooster :{{note|Surup|7}}Fit, Enter :{{note|Lara|8}}Sick :{{note|Pendhopo|9}}Ultimately from Sanskrit: मण्डप (mandapa) |
==From [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]]==
Besides Javanese, Sundanese is another local language that has influenced Indonesian's vocabulary, albeit to a lesser extent. This can be attributed to the fact that the capital, Jakarta, was formerly a part of West Java, a province which, together with Banten, before it too was divided, constituted the Pasundan (Sundanese world), the most significant non-Javanese region in an otherwise Javanese-dominated Java island. Some of the most populous cities in Indonesia are also located in the Pasundan, including West Java's capital, Bandung, and Jakarta's four satellite cities (Bekasi, Bogor, Depok, and Tangerang).
| class="wikitable" | ||
| style="background:#efefef;" | Word
! style="background:#efefef;" | Meaning ! style="background:#efefef;" | Original word | ||
|---|---|---|
| Aci | tapioca flour | ᮃᮎᮤ ᮞᮙ᮪ᮕᮩ (aci sampeu) |
| Amburadul | mess, something out of order | ᮃᮙ᮪ᮘᮥᮛᮓᮥᮜ᮪ (amburadul) |
| Anjangsana | high official visiting | ᮃᮔ᮪ᮏᮀᮞᮔ (anjangsana) |
| Berabe | annoying, nuisance | ᮘᮛᮘᮨ (barabe) |
| Bloon (pronounced blo-'on) | stupid | ᮘᮣᮧ'ᮇᮔ᮪ (blo'on/o'on) |
| Cocopet | earwig | ᮎᮧᮎᮧᮕᮨᮒ᮪ (cocopet) |
| Getol | active | ᮌᮨᮒᮧᮜ᮪ (getol) |
| Hatur | to express, to send (polite) | ᮠᮒᮥᮁᮊᮩᮔ᮪ (haturkeun) |
| Jangkung | tall | ᮏᮀᮊᮥᮀ (jangkung) |
| Juara | champion, winner | ᮏᮝᮛ (jawara) |
| Kedap | proof as in "kedap air" (waterproof) | ᮊᮨᮓᮕ᮪ (kedap) |
| Kesima | awe, amaze | ᮊᮨᮞᮤᮙ (kesima) |
| Kesohor | famous | ᮊᮞᮧᮠᮧᮁ (kasohor) |
| Mending | better | ᮙᮨᮔ᮪ᮓᮤᮀ (mending) |
| Pengaruh | influence | ᮕᮍᮛᮥᮂ (pangaruh) |
| Risih | uneasy, uncomfortable | ᮛᮤᮞ᮪ᮂ (rish) |
| Songong | no self-awareness, arrogant or proud, ignorant of customs | ᮞᮧᮍᮧᮀ (songong) |
==From [[Betawi language|Betawi]]==
Betawi is a Malay-based creole that arose from influences by foreign traders who stopped at the capital, Jakarta, including those from China and Arabia. Most of its speakers are inhabitants of Jakarta, and its influence upon Indonesian is attributed to its frequent usage in Indonesian mass media, including radio and television. Its status as a "hip" language by other portions of Indonesian society is another contributing factor as well.
| class="wikitable" | ||
| style="background:#efefef;" | Word
! style="background:#efefef;" | Meaning ! style="background:#efefef;" | Original word | ||
|---|---|---|
| abal-abal | fake, false | abal-abal |
| bangkotan | aged | bangkotan |
| begah | replete | begah |
| belagu | ostentatious | belagu |
| biasanye | usually | biasanye |
| bonyok | bruise | bonyok |
| butut | old-fashioned | butut |
| cebur | splash | cebur |
| centong | a spoon with a handle | centong |
| engkong | grandfather | engkong |
| entot | copulate | entot |
| mak | mother | mak |
| mampus | dead | mampus |
| ngelunjak | fight, be rude | ngelunjak |
| ngamen | street performance | ngamen |
| nyeloncong | god damn it | nyeloncong |
| nyelonong | suddenly enter or come, present without greeting first | nyelonong |
| plesiran | traveling, vacation | plesiran |
| rempong | troublesome | rempong |
| rengking | ranking | rengking |
| ribet | complicated, hard, not easy | ribet |
| rombeng | rags, selling used goods, old things, junk | rombeng |
| ringkesin | tidy up | ringkesin |
| timpuk | throw | timpuk |
| udak | chase | udak |
==From [[Nias language|Nias]]==
| class="wikitable" |
| style="background:#efefef;" | Indonesian word ! style="background:#efefef;" | Indonesian ! style="background:#efefef;" | Nias ! style="background:#efefef;" | Nias ! style="background:#efefef;" | Note |
|---|
| mado
| Nias' clan system | mado | | |
==From [[Batak languages|Batak]]==
| class="wikitable" | ||
| style="background:#efefef;" | Word
! style="background:#efefef;" | Meaning ! style="background:#efefef;" | Original word | ||
|---|---|---|
| ampun | sorry | ᯔᯬᯞᯧᯂ(ampun) |
| gumul | wrestle | ᯔᯬᯞᯧᯂ᯲ᯞ(gumul) |
| molek | voluptuous | ᯔᯬᯞᯧᯂ᯲(molek) |
| selok | possessed | ᯔᯬᯞᯧᯂ᯲(selok) |
==From [[Palembang language|Palembang]]==
| class="wikitable" | ||
| style="background:#efefef;" | Word
! style="background:#efefef;" | Meaning ! style="background:#efefef;" | Original word | ||
|---|---|---|
| budak | child | budak |
| belagak | handsome | belagak |
| pegi | go | pegi |
| palak | irritated, feeling hateful, annoyed | palak |
| santai | carelessly, not seriously, relax | santai |
==From [[Ambonese Malay|Ambonese]]==
| class="wikitable" | ||
| style="background:#efefef;" | Word
! style="background:#efefef;" | Meaning ! style="background:#efefef;" | Original word | ||
|---|---|---|
| beta | I, me, first person | beta |
==From Balinese==
Balinese, or simply Bali, is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by 3.3 million people (as of 2000) on the Indonesian island of Bali as well as northern Nusa Penida, western Lombok and eastern Java.
| class="wikitable" | |
| style="background:#efefef;" | Indonesian word ! style="background:#efefef;" | Indonesian ! style="background:#efefef;" | Balinese | |
|---|---|
| Arja
|a popular form of Balinese theatre which combines elements of opera, dance, and drama. |ᬅᬃᬚ (Arja) | |
| Awatara {{ref|Awatara|[1]}}
|An incarnation of god, or its manifestation |ᬅᬯᬢᬭ (Awatara) | |
| Awig-Awig
|balinese customary law |ᬅᬯᬶᬕ᭄ᬳᬯᬶᬕ᭄ (Awig-Awig) | |
| Bade
|a corpse stretcher tower used in Ngaben |ᬩᬤᬾ (Badé) | |
| Bandrang
|a spear decorated with the hairs of animals |ᬩᬦ᭄ᬤ᭄ᬭᬂ (Bandrang) | |
| Bangkung
|a female sow |ᬩᬗ᭄ᬓᬸᬂ (Bangkung) | |
| Banjar
|a community organisation a level below villages |ᬩᬜ᭄ᬚᬃ (Banjar) | |
| Banten
|an offering/tribute |ᬩᬦ᭄ᬢᭂᬦ᭄ (Bantên) | |
| Barong
|a creature from Javanese and Balinese mythology |ᬩᬭᭀᬂ (Barong) | |
| Bebali
|semi sacred Balinese dances |ᬩᭂᬩᬮᬶ (Bêbali) | |
| Bebangkit
|an offering to the Hindu Goddess Durga in the form of cakes and fruit |ᬩᭂᬩᬂᬓᬶᬢ᭄ (Bêbangkit) | |
| Bebekel
|properties brought by husband or wife before marriage | ᬩᭂᬩᭂᬓᭂᬮ᭄ (Bêbêkêl) |
| Bendesa
|the ruler of a village |ᬩᭂᬦ᭄ᬤᬾᬰ (Bêndésa) | |
| Caturjalma
|the four castes of society {{citation needed|date=December 2023}} |ᬘᬢᬸᬃᬚᬮ᭄ᬫ (Caturjalma) | |
| Cokorda
|ruler of a local kingdom |ᬘᭀᬓᭀᬃᬤ (Cokorda) | |
| Dewa
|a deity or god |ᬤᬾᬯ (Déwa) | |
| colspan="23" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;text-align:left" | Notes
:{{note|Awatara|1 |
|}
=From Indian languages=
{{anchor| India | Indian }}
{{see also | Indianization | Indosphere | Greater India | History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia }}
==From [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]==
{{anchor | Sanskrit }}
{{further|List of Sanskrit loanwords in Indonesian | Sanskritization | List of Sanskrit-related topics }}
Although Hinduism and Buddhism are no longer the major religions of Indonesia, Sanskrit, the language vehicle for these religions, is still held in high esteem, and its status is comparable with that of Latin in English and other Western Indo-European languages. Sanskrit is also the main source for neologisms; these are usually formed from Sanskrit roots. For example, the name of Jayapura city (former Hollandia) and Jayawijaya Mountains (former Orange Range) in the Indonesian province of Papua were coined in the 1960s; both are Sanskrit origin name to replace its Dutch colonial names. Some Indonesian contemporary medals of honor and awards, such as Bintang Mahaputra medal, Kalpataru award and Adipura award, are also Sanskrit derived names.
The loanwords from Sanskrit cover many aspects of religion, art and everyday life. The Sanskrit influence on Indonesia came from contacts with India long ago before the 1st century.Becoming Indian: The Unfinished Revolution of Culture and Identity by Pavan K. Varma p.125 The words are either directly borrowed from India or through the intermediary of the Old Javanese language. In the classical language of Java, Old Javanese, the number of Sanskrit loanwords is far greater. The Old Javanese — English dictionary by Prof. P.J. Zoetmulder, S.J. (1982) contains no fewer than 25,500 entries. Almost half are Sanskrit loanwords. Sanskrit loanwords, unlike those from other languages, have entered the basic vocabulary of Indonesian to such an extent that, for many, they are no longer perceived to be foreign.
==From [[Pali]]==
Pali (Pāli) is a Prakrit language and belongs to the Indo-European language family together with Sanskrit. As Sanskrit is the language vehicle of Hinduism, Pali is the language vehicle for Buddhism, especially the Theravada tradition which is mainly adhered to by Buddhists within Indosphere Southeast Asia. Virtually every word in Pāḷi has cognates in the other Middle Indo-Aryan languages, the Prakrits. The relationship to Vedic Sanskrit is less direct and more complicated; the Prakrits were descended from Old Indo-Aryan vernaculars.
| class="wikitable" | |||||
| style="background:#efefef;" | Indonesian word
! style="background:#efefef;" | Indonesian meaning ! style="background:#efefef;" | Pali word ! style="background:#efefef;" | Pali transcription ! style="background:#efefef;" | Pali meaning ! style="background:#efefef;" | Note | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| belanja | shopping, expense | वलञ्ज | valañja | that which is spent or secreted | |
| biku | bhikkhu (classical) | भिक्खु | bhikkhu | beggar, bhikkhu | see also biksu from Sanskrit. |
| bikuni | bhikkhuni (classical) | भिक्खुणी | bhikkhuṇī | beggar, bhikkhuni | see also biksuni from Sanskrit. |
| dana
| allocated money | धन | dhana | treasure | | |||||
| dana
| donation, funds | दान | dāna | giving, liberality; offering, alms | cognate of Sanskrit दान (dāna). | |||||
| duka
| sadness | दुक्ख | dukkha | stress; suffering; pain; distress; discontent | | |||||
| loba
| greed | लोभ | lobha | greed; passion; unskillful desire. | | |||||
| mara
| calamity | मार | māra | mara (demon) | cognate of Sanskrit मार (māra). | |||||
| merana
| sick, sadness | मारण | māraṇa | killing, slaughter, murder | cognate of Sanskrit मारण (māraṇa). | |||||
| percaya | believe | परिचय | paricaya | familiarity | cognate of Sanskrit प्रत्ययः (pratyayaḥ) |
| raga
| (physical) body | राग | rāga | lust; greed | |
==From [[Hindi]]==
Hindi (Devanagari: हिन्दी, IAST: Hindī) is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language. Hindi is an Indo-European, and specifically an Indo-Aryan language. It is descended from Sanskrit and is considered part of the Central Indo-Aryan subgroup.
| class="wikitable" | |||||
| style="background:#efefef;" | Indonesian word ! style="background:#efefef;" | Indonesian ! style="background:#efefef;" | Hindi ! style="background:#efefef;" | Hindi ! style="background:#efefef;" | Hindi ! style="background:#efefef;" | Note | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| acar | pickles | अचार | achaar | pickles | |
| antari | cloth | अंतरीय | antarīya | under garment | |
| gari, argari | handcuffs | हाथकड़ी | hath-kaṛī | hand+link | |
| ayah | father | आया | āyā | ayah, nanny | |
| bahadur
| brave | बहादुर | bahādur | brave | from Persian بهادر (bahâdor) | |||||
| rowspan="2" | bahana
| rowspan="2" | 1. loud sound (n.), | भनक | bhanak | a low or distant sound, hum, buzz, ring | | |||||
| हनना
| hannā | to speak, to break silence | | |||||
| bakdul | rein | बागडोर | bāgḍor | rein | |
| banglo | perforated crates to keep the fish in the dam area | banglā | |||
| bangsal | ward, shed, public building | भनसाल | bhansāl | storehouse, magazine, granary | see भण्डसाल (bhanḍsāl) < भण्डसार (bhaṇḍasāra) storehouse, magazine, granary |
| barua | procuress | bhaṛuā | |||
| basi | stale, spoilt | बासी | bāsī | stale, rancid | |
| bel | bell | bel | |||
| belati | dagger | विलायती | vilāyatī | foreign | |
| bendahari, bendari | female treasurer | भंडारी | bhaṇḍārī | store keeper | |
| benian | बनियान | baniyān | under garment, vest | ||
| beta | I (first-person pronoun) (classical, Moluccas) | बेटा | beṭā | son | |
| bêti | proof | beṭī | |||
| bibi | aunt | bī | |||
| cacar | pox (disease) | चेचक | cecak | pox (disease) | |
| cakela | brothel, whorehouse (archaic) | चकला | caklā | brothel, whorehouse | |
| candu | opium | चण्डू | caṇḍū | opium | from Sanskrit चण्ड+उकः |
| cap | stamp | ? छापा | chāp ṭhappā | ? stamp | |
| capal | leather sandal | चप्पल | cappal | slipper | |
| celana | pants, trousers | चोलना | ćolnā | short breeches, reaching half-way down the thighs | |
| cempa | campā | ||||
| ceri | cherry (Muntingia calabura) | curī | |||
| ceteri | tent (in boat) (arch.) | छत्री | ćhatrī | covering, canopy | Sanskrit tadbhava word छत्रिका |
| cindai | flowery silk | cunrī | |||
| coli | (arch.) | colī | |||
| culim | smoking pipe | चिलम | cilam | smoking pipe | see also chillum |
| cura | funny | churā | |||
| curi | steal | चूरी चोरी | ćūrī corī | steal | |
| cuti | leave | छुट्टी | chuṭṭī | leave | |
| dal
| bean | दाल | dāl | dried, split pulses | see dal. | |||||
| dam
| दाम | dām | net, snare | | |||||
| dandi
| a kind of musical instrument | डोंडी | ḍoṅḍī | small kettle-drum | Sanskrit tadbahva दुन्दुभी | |||||
| dera
| lash | | durrā | to whip | | |||||
| dian
| small lamp | दिया | dīyā | light, lamp, lantern | | |||||
| dobi
| धोबी | dhobī | laundry worker (male) | | |||||
| rowspan="2" | dol
| rowspan="2" | 1. Indian drum, | ढोल | ḍhol | dhol | | |||||
| डोल
| ḍol | mast | probably from Arabic دلو (dalw) | |||||
| duhai
| an interjection word | दुहाई | duhāī | cry for help | | |||||
| duli
| dust; foot; honorary word for official, nobility, or king | डोली | ḍolī | a kind of sedan | see also paduka. | |||||
| dura
| far | दूर | dūr | far | | |||||
| gajus
| cashew (Anacardium occidentale) | दूर | kājū | cashew (Anacardium occidentale) | possibly from Tupian acajú through Portuguese caju | |||||
| gala-gala
| small bee | | gūgal | | | |||||
| ganda
| small bee | | gāna | | | |||||
| ganja
| गांझा | gāṅjhā | probably from Sanskrit गृञ्ज+कः, or गृञ्जनकः | |||||
| gap
| 1. sound of slapping on a table. | | gap | the sound made by a blow, or in swallowing | | |||||
| garam
| salt | गरम | garam | hot, warm | | |||||
| geleca
| cake (arch.) | | gālīcā | | | |||||
| guli
| marbles | गोली | golī | ball | from Sanskrit गोल+इका | |||||
| gusar
| angry | | g̠uṣṣa | choking, anger | from Arabic غصة, from. غصّ 'to be choked' |
==From [[Tamil language|Tamil]]==
Loanwords from Tamil, while also an Indian language (though not Indo-European like Sanskrit), mainly exist in cuisine, like Chinese and unlike Sanskrit. It is a Dravidian language and not an Indo-Aryan language. However, Hinduism had great impact in Tamil, there are several Indo-Aryan loanwords in Tamil and they are possibility to list them in Indo-Aryan loanwords, such as Sanskrit.
Interaction between Tamil speakers and Malay speakers has been established from ancient time. Tamil influence has been around such as Palava usage as ancient script in Indonesia (Palava dynasty was existed on 275 CE–897 CE) and Chola invasion of Srivijaya in 1025. It mainly entered the lexicon of Malay (and by extension, Indonesian) with the immigration of South Indian traders who settled around the Strait of Malacca.
| class="wikitable" | |||||
| style="background:#efefef;" | Indonesian Word
! style="background:#efefef;" | Indonesian Meaning ! style="background:#efefef;" | Tamil Word ! style="background:#efefef;" | Tamil Transliteration ! style="background:#efefef;" | Tamil Meaning ! style="background:#efefef;" | Note | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| acaram | 1. ring, 2. earnest money | அச்சகாரம் | accāram | earnest money | |
| acu | mould, model | அச்சு | accu | mould | |
| andai | if, suppose | அண்டை | aṇṭai | near, support | |
| apam | kind of cake | அப்பம் | appam | appam, rice cake, bread pastry | |
| badai | storm | வாடை | vāṭai | wind, north wind | |
| bagai | sort of | வகை | vakai | kind, sort | |
| baji | wedge | வசி | vaci | cleft, point, edge | |
| basi | 1. commission, fee 2. overtime or extra pay 3. reduction (in price), discount | வாசி | vāci | 1. difference 2. rate, as of interest; portion 3. discount, in changing money | |
| batil | copper bowl, plate, tray | வட்டில் | vaṭṭil | a brass tray, a platter; basket | |
| bedil | gun, rifle | வெடி | veṭi | explosion, as of gun | via Javanese bedhil |
| bicu | lever | வீச்சு | vīccu | blow, stroke | |
| biram | 1. elephant, 2. double-headed snake, 3. red | வேழம் | vēḻam | elephant | |
| canai | grindstone | சாணை | cāṇai-k-kal | grindstone | |
| cemeti | whip | சம்மட்டி | cammaṭṭi | 1. (horse-)whip, 2. large hammer | |
| cerpelai | mongoose (Herpestes sp.) | கீரிப்பிள்ளை | kīri-p-piḷḷai | common Indian mungoose, Indian ichneumon, Herpestes mungo | |
| cerpu | leather sandals (terompah-like) | செருப்பு | ceruppu | leather sandals, slippers, shoes | |
| cerutu, serutu | cigar | சுருட்டு | curuṭṭu | 1. curling, coiling; 2. cigar | |
| ceti | money lender | செட்டி | ceṭṭi | mercantile caste, traders | from Prakrit sēṭṭišrēṣṭhin |
| cukai | excise tax, custom | சுங்கம் | cuṅkam | duty on goods, customs, tolls | from Prakrit šuṅkašulka |
| cuku | dried gambier roots | சுக்கு | cukku | dried ginger | |
| cuma | only, no others | சும்மா | cummā | leisurely, without any occupation or work | ? |
| gula | sugar | குளம் | kuḷam | sugar | *? |
| gulai | kind of curry | குலை | gulai | *? | |
| gundu | marbles | குண்டு | kuṇṭu | ball; anything globular and heavy | |
| gurindam | two lines rhyme | கிரந்தம் | kirantam | 1. book, treatise 2. A verse or prose containing 32 syllables, šlōka | from grantha. |
| helai | sheet | இலை | ilai | leaf, petal | |
| jodoh, joli | mate, partner | சோடி | cōṭi | couple, pair | loanword from Hind. jōḍi. |
| joli | royal sedan | டோலி | ṭōli | a kind of sedan | loanword from Hind. ḍōlā. |
| kambi | wooden frames to strengthen the edges of doors | கம்பி | kampi | wall plate | |
| kapal | boat | கப்பல் | kappal | ship, sailing vessel | |
| kari, kare | curry | கறி | kaṟi | curry | |
| katai, katik | small, short | கடை | kaṭṭai | short, low, dwarfish defect, deficiency | |
| katelum | bastion | கொத்தளம் | kottalam | part of a rampart, bastion, defensive erection on the top of a rampart | from Pāli koṭṭhaka |
| kati | a measure of weight = 6¼ ons | கட்டி | kaṭṭi | a measure of weight = 25 palams | |
| katik | 1. Paspalum scrobiculatum, 2. Treron curvirostra, 3. area measurement (of land or field) | கட்டை | kaṭṭai | mile | |
| katil | bed | கட்டில் | kaṭṭil | 1. cot, bedstead, couch, sofa, 2. Throne | |
| kawal | guard, escourt | காவல் | kāval | defence, protection, watchman, guard | |
| kedai | foodstall | கடை | kaṭai | bazaar, shop, market | |
| kedelai | Glycine max | கடலை | kaṭalai | Cicer arietinum, Melastoma malabaricum | Kanarese, Travancore usage kaḍale, Malayalam kaḍala |
| keledai | Equus asinus | கழுதை | kaḻutai | Equus asinus | |
| ketumbar | Coriandrum sativum | கொத்தமல்லி | kottamalli | Coriandrum sativum | from Sanskrit कुस्तुम्बुरु (kustumburu) |
| kodi | twenty units | கோடி | kōṭi | 1. Crore, ten millions, 2. large number | |
| kolam | pool, pond, basin, tank | குளம் | kuḷam | tank, pond, reservoir, lake | |
| konde, kundai | dressing of hair in large coil on the head | கொண்டை | koṇṭai | tuft, dressing of hair in large coil on the head | related to Telugu koṇḍe, Kanarese Travancore goṇḍe, Malayalam koṇṭa |
| korundum | natural Aluminum oxide | குருந்தம் | kuruntam | corundum, emery | |
| kudai | basket made of rattan | கூடை | kūṭai | basket made of rattan, ola or bamboo | |
| kuil | temple | கோயில் | kōyil | 1. Palace, 2. Temple, Sanctuary | |
| kulai | limp | குலை | kulai | to untie, loosen, dishevel | |
| kuli | physical worker | கூலி | kūli | 1. wages, pay; 2. fare, hire, freight | |
| kundi | clay craftsman | kuṉṟi | ? | ||
| ladam | horseshoe | லாடம் | lāṭam | horseshoe | |
| lebai | mosque employees | லப்பை | lappai | Tamil-speaking Muhammadans | |
| logam | metal | உலோகம் | ulōkam | metal | from lōha metal |
| madali | a musical instrument | மத்தளம் | mattaḷam | a kind of drum | |
| malai | strands | மாலை | mālai | anything strung together | |
| maligai | royal chamber in palace | மாளிகை | māḷikai | top floor of a storied building | ? |
| mangga | mango | மாங்காய் | māṅkāy | mango | |
| manik | beads | maṇi | |||
| manikam | diamond | மாணிக்கம் | māṇikkam | gem, precious stone | |
| merikan, marikan | clothes from America | மரிக்கன் | marikkaṉ | from America | |
| maru | disturbing ghost | மாற்று | māṟṟu | to change, alter to conceal, hide to shift; to transfer, as from a place | |
| matu | grade of gold | மாற்று | māṟṟu | degree of fineness of gold or silver | |
| mempelam | mango | மாம்பழம் | mā-m-paḻam | mango fruit | |
| merunggai | Moringa oleifera | முருங்கை | muruṅkai | Moringa pterygosperma | |
| metai | bed | மெத்தை | mettai | bed, cushion | |
| meterai | seal, stamp | முத்திரை | muttirai | 1. impress, mark 2. seal, signet 3. stamp, as for postage, for court fees | |
| misai | mustache | மீசை | mīcai | 1. upper part, 2. cf. šmašru. moustache | |
| modal | capital, stock | முதல் | mutal | 1. beginning 2. principal, fund, capital, money yielding interest 3. stock, store | |
| mundam | large tub for royal bathing | முந்தை | muntai | small vessel | |
| mutu | 1. quality, purity of gold 2. sad 3. In pinch (chess) | முட்டு | muttu | difficulty, as in passing, hindrance, obstacle, impediment | |
| nali | volume unit =16 gantang =1/50 koyan | நாழி | nāḻi | tubularity; tube, a measure of capacity, =8 ollocks | related to nāḍi |
| nelayan | fisherman | நுளையன், கரையான், வலையன், வலைஞன் | nuḷaiyaṉ, karaiyāṉ, valaiyaṉ, valaiñaṉ, | fisher(man) | |
| nila | indigo | நீல | nila | blue, black, common indigo, blue nelumbo | |
| nilai | value | நிலை | nilai | standing character, quality, temper, nature | |
| nilakandi | indigo (color, stone): blue vitriol | நீலகண்டன் | nīla-kaṇṭaṉ | blue vitriol | |
| nilam | Pycnonotus aurigaster Pogostemon cablin | நீலம் | nīlam | blue, azure or purple colour | |
| ondé-ondé | jian dui | உண்டை | uṇṭai | ball, globe, sphere; anything round or globular | |
| panai | wooden tray | பானை | pāṉai | 1. large earthen pot or vessel 2. measure of capacity 3. oil measure = 4 cempu | |
| pancalogam | mixture of five (many) metals | பஞ்சலோகம் | pañcalōkam | 1. The five kinds of metal, poṉ, irumpu, cempu, īyam, veḷḷi; 2. Amalgam of the five metals | |
| pandam | resin (in the grip of keris) | பண்டம் | pantam | 1. substance, material, utensils. 2. belly, body | from bhāṇḍa |
| pandu | guide | பந்து | pantu | relation, kinsman | from bandhu. |
| patam, petam | ornament, jewelry | பட்டம் | paṭṭam | plate of gold worn on the forehead, as an ornament or badge of distinction | |
| pawai | 1. parade, procession 2. royal equipments | பவனி | pavaṉi | parade | |
| pelbagai | various | 1. பல 2. வகை | 1. pala 2. vakai | 1. many 2. division, class, manner, way, nature, goods, places, detail | |
| perisai | shield | பரிசை | paricai | 1. shield, buckler (come from phara) 2. large umbrella, as a badge of honour | |
| perli | satire, mockery | புரளி | puraḷi | 1. Lying, falsehood; 2. Mischief, waggishness; 3. Quarrel, wrangle, broil; | |
| peti | chest, box | பெட்டி | peṭṭi | chest, trunk, coffer, box | |
| pitam | headache, dizziness | பித்தம் பித்தம் | pittam pitta | lunacy, madness dizziness | |
| puadai | red carpet | பாவாடை | pāvāṭai | red carpet | |
| pualam | marble | பவளம் | pavaḷam | red coral | |
| pudi | small diamond | பொடி | poṭi | small gem | |
| putu | kue putu | புட்டு | puṭṭu | puttu | |
| ragam | various | ராகம் | (i)rākam | desire, color, redness, music | |
| roti | bread | ரொட்டி | roṭṭi | bread, wheaten cake | |
| sambal | sambal | சம்பாரம் | campāram | spicy condiments, curry stuff | 1. from Sanskrit सम्बार (sambāra) 'spices'. 2. related to sambar (சாம்பார் cāmpār) |
| satai, saté | satay | சதை | catai | flesh | |
| sedelinggam | red paint material | சாதிலிங்கம் | cātiliṅkam | cermilion, red sulphurate of mercury | |
| senam | calisthenics | சானம் சனம் | cāṇam caṉam | meditation (dhyāna) people, crowd, herd | |
| sengketa | to dispute | ஸங்கடம் | saṅkaṭam | trouble | |
| talam | tray without feet | தாலம் | tālam | 1. eating- plate, porringer, usually of metal. 2. Salver | |
| tampah | tray | தம்பா | tampā | tray | see tatak |
| tambi | 1. younger brother (Indian) 2. helper | தம்பி | tampi | younger brother (Indian) | |
| tandil | overseer | தண்டல் | taṇṭal | tax-collector | |
| tandu | palanquin | தண்டு | taṇṭu | pole of a palanquin or other vehicle | |
| tembaga | copper | செம்பு | cempu | copper, gold, metal vessel | |
| teman | friend | தமன் | tamaṉ | friend (male) | |
| terusi, tursi | blue vitriol | துருசு | turucu | blue vitriol | |
| tirai | curtain | திரை | tirai | curtain | |
| tolan | friend | தோழன் | tōlan | friend (male) | |
| topi | hat | தொப்பி | toppi | cap | |
| tunai | cash | துணை | tuṇai | measure, extent, degree, quantity, number | ? |
| Wéda | Vēdas | வேதம் | vētam | Vēdas |
=From Middle Eastern languages=
==From [[Arabic language|Arabic]]==
The loanwords from Arabic are mainly concerned with religion, in particular with Islam. Allah is the word for God even in Christian Bible translations. Many early Bible translators, when they came across some unusual Hebrew words or proper names, used the Arabic cognates. In the newer translations, this practice has been discontinued. They now turn to Greek names or use the original Hebrew word. For example, the name Jesus was initially translated as 'Isa, but is now spelt as Yesus.
| class="wikitable" | |||
| Word
! Meaning ! Original word ! Transcription, notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| abdi | servant | عَبْد | ʻabd |
| abjad | alphabet | الأبْجَدِيّة | al'abjadia |
| adab | civilize, proper | أَدَب | adab: manner |
| adat | custom | عادة | ʻāda |
| ahad | Sunday | الأحد | al-ahad |
| ajaib | magical | عجائب | ʻajāʼīb |
| ajal | death | أَجَل | ʻajl: fate |
| akad
|contract, promise |عَقْد |ʻaqd | |||
| akal | reason | عَقْل | ʻaql |
| akhir | end | آخِر | ʼākhir |
| akhirat | hereafter | آخِرة | ākhira |
| akhlak | character, nature (of person) | أَخْلاق | akhlāq |
| alam | nature, realm | عالَم | ʻālam: world, earth |
| alami
|natural |عالَميّ |ʻālamiyy | |||
| aljabar | algebra | الجَبْر | al-jabr |
| amal | alms giving, good deed | عَمَل | ʻamal: work |
| aman | safe, secure | أمان | ʼamān |
| anda | you (formal) | أَنْتَ | anta |
| asal | origin | أَصْل | ʼaṣl |
| asas
|foundation, basis |أَساس |ʼasās | |||
| asasi
|foundational, basic |أَساسيّ |ʼasāsiyy | |||
| asli | real, original | أَصْليّ | ʼaṣliyy |
| awal | beginning | أَوَّل | ʼawwal |
| badan | body | بَدَن | badan |
| bahari | maritime, naval, of the sea | بَحْريّ | baḥriyy |
| batin
|inner self |بَطْن |baṭn: stomach | |||
| berkah, berkat | blessing | بَرَكة | baraka |
| daftar | list | دَفْتَر | daftar: notebook |
| dahsyat | awesome | دَهْشَة | dahshat: astonishment |
| dakwah | sermon | دَعْوة | da'wa |
| derajat | degree, level | دَرَجَة | daraja |
| doa | pray | دُعاء | du'ā |
| dunia | world | دُنْيا | dunyā |
| faedah | benefit, profit | فَائِدَة | fāida |
| fajar | dawn | فَجْر | fajr |
| fakir | poor person, pauper | فَقير | faqīr |
| gaib | unseen | غَائِب | ghāib |
| hadiah | gift, present | هدية | hadiyyah |
| hafal | memorize | حَفِظَ | hifz |
| halal
|religiously lawful |حَلال |ḥalāl | |||
| hak
|right |حَقّ |ḥaqq | |||
| hakikat | truth, base | حَقيقة | ḥaqīqa |
| hakiki
|true, real |حَقيقيّ |ḥaqīqiyy | |||
| hakim
|judge (in court of law) |حاكِم |ḥākim | |||
| haram | religiously unlawful | حَرام | ḥarām |
| harfiah | literal | حَرْفيّة | ḥarfiyya |
| hayati
|living |حَياتيّ |ḥayātiyy | |||
| hewan | animal | حَيَوان | ḥayawān |
| hikmah | wisdom, deeper meaning | حِكْمة | ḥikma |
| hukum
|law |حُكْم |ḥukm | |||
| huruf | letter (of an alphabet) | حُروف | ḥurūf |
| iblis | devil | إِبْلِيس | 'iiblis see setan |
| ijazah | diploma | إجازة | ʼijāza: license |
| ikhlas | sincere | إخلاص | ikhlas |
| ikrar | pledge, declaration | إقْرار | ʼiqrār |
| ilmiah | scientific | عِلْميّة | ʻilmiyya |
| ilmu | knowledge, science | عِلْم | ʻilm |
| injil | gospel | إنجيل | ʾInjīl |
| istilah | term | إصْطلَاح | iṣṭilaḥ |
| istirahat
|rest, break, pause, recess |اسْتِراحة |istirāḥa | |||
| izin | permission, to permit | إذْن | ʼidhn |
| jadwal | schedule | جَدْوَل | jadwal |
| jahanam | cursed, damned | جَهَنَّم | jahannam: hell |
| jahil | prank, practical joke | جاهِل | jāhil: ignorant, uninformed |
| jawab | answer | جَواب | jawāb |
| jenazah | corpse | جَنازة | janāza: funeral |
| jilbab | hijab, head covering | جلباب | jilbāb: loose coat |
| Jumat
|Friday |الجُمْعة |al-jumʻa | |||
| kabar | news | خَبَر | khabar |
| kafan | white shroud (to cover the dead) | كَفَن | kafan |
| kafir | infidel | كافِر | kāfir |
| kaidah | rule | قَاعِدَة | qā'ida |
| Kamis
|Thursday |الخَميس |al-khamīs | |||
| kamus | dictionary | قاموس | qāmūs |
| kera | ape | قرد | qarad |
| kertas | paper | قِرْطاس | qirṭās |
| khalayak | audience, public | ||
| khas | specialty | خاصّ | khāṣṣ |
| khawatir | worry | خواطر | khawatir: reflections |
| khayal | imagination, fiction | خَيَال | khayāl |
| khianat | betrayal, treason | خِيَانَةُ | khiāna |
| khitan
|circumcision |خِتان |khitān | |||
| khusus | special, particular | خصوص | khuṣūṣ |
| kitab | religious book | كِتاب | kitāb |
| korban | victim | قُرْبان | qurbān: sacrifice |
| kuliah | college/lecture | كُلّيّة | kulliyya: faculty |
| kurma | date palm | كَرْمة | karma: grapevine |
| kursi | chair | كُرْسيّ | kursiyy |
| kurun | span (of time) | قُرون | qurūn: centuries |
| lahir | to be born; physical, external, outer | ظاهر | ẓāhir |
| laskar | soldier | العَسْكَر | al-ʻaskar |
| lezat | delicious | لذّة | ladhdha |
| lisan | verbally, tongue | لِسان | lisān |
| maaf | sorry, to apologise | معاف | muʻāf |
| mahkamah
|court of law |مَحْكَمة |maḥkama | |||
| majelis | assembly, board, council | مَجْلِس | majlis |
| makam | grave | مَقَام | maqām: permanent place of s.t. |
| makhluk | creature | مخلوق | maẖlūq |
| makna | meaning | مَعْنًى | maʻnan |
| maksud | meaning, purpose | مَقْصود | maqsūd |
| maktub
|written |مَكْتوب |maktūb | |||
| malaikat | angel | مَلائكة | malāʼika |
| masalah | problem | مَسْأَلة | masʼala |
| masjid | mosque | مَسْجِد | masjid |
| maut | dead, deadly | مَوْت | mawt |
| menara | tower | مَنارة | manāra |
| Mesir | Egypt | مِصْر | miṣr |
| miskin | poor | مِسْكين | miskīn |
| mubazir | useless | مُبَذِّر | mubaḏḏir |
| mufakat | approval | موافقة | muwāfaqa |
| muflis | bankrupt | مُفْلِس | muflis |
| mujizat | miracle | المعجزات | al-mujazat |
| mungkin | maybe | مُمْكِن | mumkin |
| munafik | hypocrite | مُنافِق | munāfiq |
| murtad | apostate | مُرْتَدّ | murtadd |
| musim | season | مَوْسِم | mawsim |
| mustahil | impossible | مُسْتَحيل | mustaḥīl |
| musyawarah | discussion | مشاورة | mushāwara |
| nabi
|prophet |نَبيّ |nabiyy | |||
| nafas | breathe, respire | تَنَفَّسَ | tanaffas |
| nafkah | living | نفقة | nafaqa: alimony |
| nafsu | desire | نَفْس | nafs: self, soul |
| najis | impure, unclean | نَجِس | najis |
| nasihat
|advice |نَصيحة |naṣīḥa | |||
| nikah | to marry | نِكاح | nikāḥ |
| nisbah | ratio | نسبة | nisb |
| paham
|to understand |فَهْم |fahm | |||
| petuah | lesson, advice | فَتْوى | fatwā |
| pikir | to think | فِكْر | fikr |
| pondok | cottage, lodge, shack | فندق | funduq |
| Rabu
|Wednesday |الأَرْبِعاء |al-ʼarbiʻāʼ | |||
| rahim | uterus, womb | رَحِم | raḥim |
| rahmat | blessing | رَحْمة | raḥma |
| rakyat | people, citizen | رَعيّة | raʻiyya |
| rasul
|prophet, apostle |رَسول |rasūl | |||
| rehat, rihat
|rest |راحة |rāḥa | |||
| saat | moment | ساعة | sāʻa: hour |
| sabar | patient | صَبْر | ṣabr |
| Sabtu | Saturday | السَبْت | as-sabt |
| sabun | soap | صابون | ṣābūn |
| sahabat | close friend | صَحابة | ṣaḥāba |
| salat
|to pray (for Muslims) |صَلاة |ṣalāh | |||
| saleh | pious | صالِح | ṣāliḥ |
| salju | snow | ثَلْج | thalj |
| saraf | nerve | صَرْف | ṣarf |
| saum | fasting | صَوْم | ṣawm |
| sebab | cause, reason | سَبَب | sabab |
| sedekah | charitable gift, alms | صَدَقة | ṣadaqa |
| sehat | healthy | صِحّة | ṣiḥḥa |
| sirup | syrup | الشراب | sharab |
| selamat | safe, well-being | سَلامة | salāma |
| Selasa
|Tuesday |الثُلاثاء |ath-thulāthāʼ | |||
| Senin | Monday | الإثْنَيْن | al-ithnayn |
| serikat | company, federation | شَرِكَة | sharika |
| setan | devil, demon | شَيْطَان | shaitan |
| siasat | strategy, trick | سِياسة | siyāsa: policy, strategy |
| sifat
|characteristic, trait, quality |صِفة |ṣifa | |||
| soal | question, problem | سُؤال | suʼāl |
| subuh
|early morning |صُبْح |ṣubḥ | |||
| sultan | king | سلطان | sultan |
| syariat | Islamic law | شَريعة | sharīʻa |
| syukur | gratitude | شُكْر | shukr |
| taat | obedient | طاعة | ṭāʿa |
| tabib | traditional healer | طَبيب | ṭabīb |
| takabur | arrogant | تَكَبُّر | takabbur |
| takdir | destiny | تقدير | taqdir: estimation |
| taurat | torah | تَّوْرَاة | tawrāh |
| terjemah | to translate | تَرْجَمة | tarjama |
| tertib | orderly | تَرْتيب | tartīb |
| umum | common, public | عُموم | ʻumūm |
| umur | age | عُمْر | ʻumr |
| unsur | element | عُنْصُر | ʻunṣur |
| wahid | one, the only | واحِد | wāḥid |
| wajah | face | وَجْه | wajh |
| wajib | required, compulsory | وَاجِب | wājib: duty |
| waktu | time | وَقْت | waqt |
| waris | to inherit | وارِث | wārith |
| wilayah | region, area | وِلاية | wilāya |
| yakin | confidence, sureness, belief | يَقين | yaqīn |
| zabur | psalms | ٱلزَّبُورِ | az-zabūr |
| zaitun | olive | زَيْتون | zaytūn |
| zakar | male genitalia | ذَكَر | dhakar |
| zakat | alms | زَكاة | zakāh |
| zaman | era | زَمَن | zaman |
| zamrud | emerald | زُمُرُّد | zumurrud |
| ziarah
|pilgrimage |زيارة |ziyāra: visit | |||
| zinah | adultery | زِناء | zināʼ |
==From [[Persian language|Persian]]==
Persian is an Indo-European language under the Indo-Iranian branch, wherein Sanskrit and Hindi belongs.
| class="wikitable" | |||
| Word
! Meaning ! Original word ! Transcription, notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| anggur | grape, wine | انگور | an-gūr |
| awas | watch out, beware | آواز | āvāz (voice, sound, call) |
| baju | shirt | بازو | bāzū (arm) |
| bandar | port | بندر | bandar |
| cadar | veil | چادر | chādar |
| dewan | assembly, meeting | دیوان | divan (administration) |
| firdaus | eden, bountiful garden | فردوس | firdaus |
| gandum | wheat | گندم | gandum |
| juang | battle | جنگ | jang |
| kaisar | emperor | قیصر | qeysar |
| kismis | raisin | کشمش | kishmish |
| kurma | date | خرما | khurmā |
| medan | area, field, square | میدان | meidan |
| nakhoda | captain of a ship | ناخدا | nākhodā |
| pahlawan | hero | پﮩلوان | pahlwān |
| pasar | market/bazaar | بازار | bāzār |
| pesona | charm | افسون | afsūn |
| piala | cup, trophy | پیاله | pyāla (cup, bowl) |
| pirus
|turquoise |سنگ فیروزه |firuze | |||
| rubah
|fox |روباه |rubah | |||
| salam | hello/regards | سلام | salam (a is pronounced like in autograph) |
| sihir | magic | سِحْر | sihr |
| syahbandar | portmaster | شاهِ بندر | shah-e bandar (lit. "king of the port") |
| takhta | throne | تخت | takht |
| taufan
|typhoon |تافون |taufan | |||
| ustad | teacher (religious, Islam) | اُستَاذ | ustad |
| Yunani | Greece | يونان | yūnān |
| zirah | armor | زره | zirah |
==From [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]==
| class="wikitable" |
| style="background:#efefef;" | Indonesian word ! style="background:#efefef;" | Indonesian ! style="background:#efefef;" | Hebrew ! style="background:#efefef;" | Hebrew ! style="background:#efefef;" | Hebrew ! style="background:#efefef;" | Note ! style="background:#efefef;" | Ref |
|---|
| bethel
| 1. holy place, | style="text-align:right;"| {{linktext|בֵּית| |אֵל}} | beth.el | house of God | usually loan rendered as bait Allah (bait is a loanword from the cognate word {{linktext|بَيْت}} (bayt) in Arabic). | |
| haleluya
| style="text-align:right;"| {{linktext|הַלְּלוּיָהּ}} | halleluya | | |
| hosanna
| Hosanna | style="text-align:right;"| {{linktext|הוֹשַׁע נָּא}} | hôšânā | save, rescue, savior | | |
| imanuel
| Immanuel | style="text-align:right;"| {{linktext|עמנואל}} | ʿĪmmānūʾēl | God is with us | | |
| kibbutz
| kibbutz | style="text-align:right;"| {{linktext|קִבּוּץ}} | kibútz | kibbutz | | |
| kosher
| kosher | style="text-align:right;"| {{linktext|כַּשְׁרוּת}} | kashrut | foods that adhere to the dietary guidelines established by traditional Jewish law | | |
| mazmur
| psalms | style="text-align:right;"| {{linktext|מזמור}} | mizmor | a lyric ode, or a song set to music | see Zabur, loanword from Arabic. | |
| mesias
| Messiah | style="text-align:right;"| {{linktext|משיח}} | māšīaḥ | saviour or liberator of a group of people | 1. is a title addressed to Isa or Jesus in Abrahamic religious beliefs | |
| onani
| masturbation, to masturbate | style="text-align:right;"| {{linktext|אוננות}} | onanút | masturbation | after the Biblical figure: Onan, Genesis: 38:9 |Indonesian – English, English – Indonesian Dictionary, here: http://www.kamus-online.com/?lang=en{{Cite web | url=https://www.kamus.net/indonesia/onani |title = Onani}}{{Cite web | url=http://kamusbahasaindonesia.org/onani |title = Definisi onani - Kamus Bahasa Indonesia}}{{Cite web | url=http://www.kbbi.co.id/cari?kata=onani |title = Pencarian Kata "onani" | KBBI.co.id}} |
| rabi
| rabbi | style="text-align:right;"| {{linktext|רַבִּי}} | rab.bi | rabbi | | |
| sabat
| shabbat | style="text-align:right;"| {{linktext|שַׁבָּת}} | shab.bat | shabbat | 1. see Shabbat and Sabbath. | |
| shalom
| Shalom | style="text-align:right;"| {{linktext|שָׁלוֹם}} | šālōm | peace, hello | 1. see Shalom aleichem. | |
| tabernakel / kemah suci
| style="text-align:right;"| {{linktext|מִשְׁכָּן}} | miškān | residence, dwelling place | | |
| Talmud
| Talmud | style="text-align:right;"| {{linktext|תַּלְמוּד}} | Talmūḏ | central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law (halakha) and Jewish theology | | |
| Tanakh
| Tanakh | style="text-align:right;"| {{linktext|תַּנַ"ךְ}} | Tanach | Torah, prophets, and scriptures in Judaism; from Torah, Nebiim, Ketubim | | |
| Yahwe
| Yahweh | style="text-align:right;"| {{linktext|יהוה}} | *see note | Yahweh | 1. see Yahweh, Judeo-Christian-Islamic God. | |
| Yeshua
| Yeshua | style="text-align:right;"| {{linktext|ישוע}} | Yēšūaʿ | salvation | The name is related to the Greek pronunciation Iesous, which, through the Latin word Iesus, became the ancestor of the Indonesian pronunciation Yesus. | |
=From East Asian languages=
==From [[Chinese language|Chinese]]==
{{further|List of Chinese loanwords in Indonesian}}
Chinese loanwords into Indonesian often involve cuisine, trade, or Chinese culture. According to the 2000 census, the relative number of people of Chinese descent in Indonesia (termed the peranakan) is almost 1% (totaling to about 3 million people, although this may likely be an underestimate due to an anti-Chinese sentiment that exists in some circles of the population), yet the peranakan are the most successful when it comes to business, trade, and cuisine.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} Words of Chinese origin (presented here with accompanying Hokkien/ Mandarin pronunciation derivatives as well as traditional and simplified characters) include pisau (匕首 bǐshǒu – knife), mie (T:麵, S:面, Hokkien mī – noodles), lumpia (潤餅 (Hokkien = lūn-piáⁿ) – springroll), teko (T:茶壺, S:茶壶 = cháhú [Mandarin], teh-ko [Hokkien] = teapot), 苦力 kuli = 苦 khu (bitter) and 力 li (energy) and even the widely used slang terms gua and lu (from the Hokkien 'goa' 我 and 'lu/li' 你 – meaning 'I/ me' and 'you'). Almost all loanwords in Indonesian of Chinese origin come from Hokkien (福建) or Hakka (客家).
====From Japanese====
{{main|List of Japanese loanwords in Indonesian}}
Japanese is an East Asian language spoken by about 126 million people, primarily in Japan, where it is the official language and national language. The influx of Japanese loanword can be classified into two periods, Japanese colonial administration period (1942–1945) and globalisation of Japanese popular culture (1980–now). As Indonesian is written using Latin script, Japanese romanisation systems influence the spelling in Indonesian.
==From [[Korean language|Korean]]==
In contrast with Chinese and Japanese, Korean loanwords are mostly related to Korean culture. These loanword is attributed to increasing popularity of South Korean culture. Since the turn of the 21st century, South Korea has emerged as a major exporter of popular culture and tourism, aspects which have become a significant part of its burgeoning economy. This phenomenon is called Korean Wave.
| class="wikitable" |
| style="background:#efefef;" | Indonesian word ! style="background:#efefef;" | Indonesian ! style="background:#efefef;" | Korean ! style="background:#efefef;" | Korean ! style="background:#efefef;" | Korean ! style="background:#efefef;" | Korean ! style="background:#efefef;" | Note ! style="background:#efefef;" | Ref |
|---|
| {{linktext|bibimbap}}
| bibimbap | 비빔밥 | | bibimbap | bibimbap | Korean rice dish with meat, vegetables, egg and spices that are eaten by mixing all these ingredients. |
| {{linktext|bulgogi}}
| bulgogi | 불고기 | | bulgogi | bulgogi | Korean dish made from seasoned meat, processed by grilling or frying. |
| {{linktext|kimci}}
| kimchi | 김치 | | kimchi | kimchi | traditional side dishmade from salted and fermented vegetables. |
| {{linktext|mukbang}}
| mukbang | 먹방 | 먹放 | mukbang | mukbang | Broadcast that shows people eating a lot of food. |
| {{linktext|taekwondo}}
| 태권도 | 跆拳道 | taekwondo | Taekwondo is a Korean martial art, characterized by its emphasis on head-height kicks, jumping and spinning kicks, and fast kicking techniques. | |
| {{linktext|won}}
| won | 원 | 圓 | won | 1. won, the currencies | Won are currencies of South and North Korea. | |
=From European languages=
The European influence on Indonesian is largely related to European intervention and colonialism. The most significant consequence is the continued use of the Latin alphabet instead of various local scripts.
The Portuguese arrived first in the archipelago and influenced the original Malay language after their conquest of Malacca. Portuguese dominance over trade in the region and control of the spice islands of Moluccas significantly increased Portuguese influence, as did the introduction of Christianity in the region.
However, Dutch has had the most influence on the language, as a result of the Dutch having controlled Indonesia for 300 years after eliminating Portuguese influence in the archipelago. The Dutch language itself was not introduced into the archipelago before 1799, when the Dutch government took over the colony from the already bankrupt VOC (Dutch East India company). Previously, the Malay language had adopted by the VOC due to its trade and diplomatic benefit, which led to large numbers of loanwords being introduced into the language.
English has also exerted a certain influence on the archipelago's language, being the third most favored foreign language by the educated in colonial days. More recently, English has played an increasingly large role in the nation's official language as a result of globalization.
==From [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]==
Alongside Malay, Portuguese was the lingua franca for trade throughout the archipelago from the sixteenth century through to the early nineteenth century. The Portuguese were among the first westerners to sail east to the "Spice Islands". Loanwords from Portuguese were mainly connected with articles the early European traders and explorers brought to Southeast Asia.{{Cite book | last =Ricklefs | first =M.C. | title =A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, 2nd Edition | publisher =MacMillan | year =1991 | location =London | page =26 | isbn = 0-333-57689-6 }}
| class="wikitable" | ||
| style="background:#efefef;" | Word
! style="background:#efefef;" | Meaning ! style="background:#efefef;" | Original word | ||
|---|---|---|
| akta | certificate, act (law) | acta (Dutch: akte) |
| algojo | executioner | algoz |
| armada | fleet | armada |
| babu | servant | babo |
| bangku | chair | banco: bench (Dutch: bank) |
| baret | barrette | barrete |
| batako | brick | pataco |
| Belanda | Dutch, Holland | Holanda |
| bendéra | flag | bandeira |
| beranda | verandah, porch | varanda |
| biola | violin | viola |
| bola | ball | bola |
| bolu (kué) | (a type of) cake | bolo |
| bonéka | doll | boneca |
| cerutu | cigar | charuto |
| dansa | dance (not including traditional dance) | dança |
| dadu | dice | dado |
| gagu | mute | gago: stutterer, stuttering |
| ganco | hook | gancho |
| garpu | fork | garfo |
| geréja | church | igreja |
| gratis | free (not having to pay) | gratis (Dutch: gratis) |
| jendéla | window | janela |
| Jepang | Japan | Japão |
| kaldu | broth | caldo |
| kanal | channel | canal (Dutch: kanaal) |
| kéju | cheese | queijo |
| keméja | shirt | camisa |
| keréta | chariot/cart, train | carreta |
| kertas | paper | cartas (papel) |
| kredo | creed | credo |
| lelang | auction | leilão |
| lemari | closet | armário |
| meja | table | mesa |
| mentéga | butter | manteiga |
| Minggu | Sunday | domingo |
| misa | mass | missa |
| mitos | myth | mitos |
| nanas | pineapple | ananás |
| natal | Christmas | natal |
| noda | stain | nódoa |
| nona | young woman | dona |
| pabrik | factory | fábrica |
| palsu | fake, false | falso |
| pasta | paste | pasta |
| perdu | shrub | pardo: brown |
| pesiar | cruise, excursion | passear |
| pesta | party | festa |
| pigura/figura | picture, figure | figura |
| pita | ribbon | fita |
| pompa | pump | bomba hidráulica, (Dutch: pomp) |
| pribadi | personal, private | privado |
| roda | wheel | roda |
| sabun | soap | sabão |
| saku | pocket, bag | saco (Dutch: zak) |
| santo/santa | saint | santo |
| sekolah | school | escola (Latin: schola) |
| sepatu | shoe | sapato |
| serdadu | soldier | soldado |
| témpo | time | tempo |
| tenda | tent | tenda |
| terigu | wheat | trigo |
| tinta | ink | tinta |
| tolol | fool | tolo |
| tukar | exchange | trocar |
==From [[Dutch language|Dutch]]==
{{further|List of Dutch loanwords in Indonesian}}
The former colonial power, the Netherlands, left an extensive imprint on Indonesian vocabulary. These Dutch loanwords, as well as other non Italo-Iberian European language loanwords which were introduced via Dutch, cover all aspects of life. Some Dutch loanwords possessing clusters of multiple consonants pose difficulties for speakers of Indonesian. This problem is usually solved by the insertion of the schwa. For example, Dutch schroef {{IPA|[ˈsxruf]}} → sekrup {{IPA|[səˈkrup]}}. The months from January (Januari) to December (December) used in Indonesian are also derived from Dutch. Although Dutch loanwords are normally no longer newly developed, there is some sort of derivation using Dutch-loaned suffixes, like -si "-tion" ← Dutch -tie, -ase "-age" ← -age, and -is "-ic, -ish" ← -isch.
It is estimated that 10,000 words in the Indonesian language can be traced back to the Dutch language.{{Cite web |url=http://www.reference.com/browse/indonesian+language |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213181442/http://www.reference.com/browse/indonesian+language |archive-date=13 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}
==From [[English language|English]]==
Many English words are adopted in Indonesian through globalization, due to this however many Indonesians mistake words that were originally adopted from Dutch with English due to the Germanic traces that exist in the two languages (both are Indo-European Germanic languages from the same branch, the West Germanic).
However, many English words in Indonesian too are borrowed via Malay (such as: sains (science), enjin (engine), botol (bottle), gaun (gown), etc.).
| class="wikitable" | ||
| style="background:#efefef;" | Word
! style="background:#efefef;" | Meaning ! style="background:#efefef;" | Original word | ||
|---|---|---|
| akses | access | access |
| akting | acting (for drama, etc.) | acting |
| aktris | actress | actress |
| aktual | actual | actual (displacing Dutch actueel) |
| akuntabel | accountable | accountable |
| aset | asset | asset |
| astronot | astronaut | astronaut |
| bisnis | business | business |
| blender | blender | blender |
| botol | bottle | bottle (via Malay botol) |
| cas | to charge (of electrical power) | charge (via Malay cas) |
| dasbor | dashboard | dashboard |
| desain | design | design |
| diskon | discount | discount |
| displai | display | display |
| domain | domain | domain (displacing Dutch domein) |
| draf | draft | draft |
| edit | edit | edit |
| eksis | exist | exist |
| eksperimental | experimental | experimental (displacing Dutch experimenteel) |
| elektronik | electronic | electronic |
| enjin | engine | engine (via Malay enjin) |
| entri | entry (as in "data entry") | entry |
| fesyen | fashion | fashion (via Malay fesyen) |
| fondasi | foundation | foundation (influenced by Dutch suffix -ie for -ion) |
| forensik | forensics | forensic |
| fotokopi | photocopy | photocopy |
| frontal | frontal | frontal |
| gaun | dress | gown (via Malay gaun) |
| gim | game | game |
| gitar | guitar | guitar (via Malay) |
| gosip | gossip | gossip |
| independen | independent | independent |
| instan | instant | instant |
| intelijen | intelligence | intelligence |
| isu | issue | issue |
| jus | juice | juice |
| kalem | calm | calm |
| kampus | campus | campus |
| karteker | caretaker | caretaker |
| kartun | cartoon | cartoon |
| kaset | cassette | cassette |
| katering | catering service | catering |
| katrij | ink cartridge | cartridge (via Malay katrij) |
| kibor | keyboard (computer or piano) | keyboard |
| kiper | goal keeper | keeper |
| klaim | claim | claim |
| {{linktext|klakson}} | horn | {{linktext|klaxon}} (Dutch: {{linktext|claxon}}) |
| kliring | clearing (banking) | clearing |
| koboi | cowboy | cowboy |
| koin | coin | coin |
| kokpit | cockpit | cockpit |
| komersial | commercial | commercial (displacing Dutch commercieel) |
| komitmen | commitment | commitment |
| kompatibel | compatible | compatible |
| komputer | computer | computer |
| komplit | complete | complete (Dutch: Compleet) |
| kondom | condom | condom |
| konteks | context | context |
| konten | content | content |
| konter | counter | counter (Germans: konter) |
| kontroversi | controversy | controversy |
| krim | cream | cream |
| kriminal | crime | criminal (displacing Dutch crimineel) |
| kukis | cookies | cookies |
| kustodian | custodian bank | custodian |
| lobi | lobby | lobby |
| losion | lotion | lotion |
| manajemen | management | management |
| matriks | matrix | matrix |
| mikroskop | microscope | microscope |
| modem | modem | modem |
| modern | modern | modern (Dutch: moderne) |
| modul | module | module |
| monitor | monitor | monitor |
| opsional | optional | optional |
| panelis | panelist | panelist |
| parsel | parcel | parcel |
| partner | partner | partner |
| personal | personal | personal |
| pilot | pilot | pilot (Dutch: Piloot) |
| HP read:Ha-Pé (shortened word from Hand Phone) | cell phone | hand phone (used in Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, and South Korea) |
| problem | problem | problem |
| proktor | proctor | proctor |
| prosiding | proceedings | proceeding |
| prosesor | processor (computing) | processor |
| radar | radar | radar |
| reviu | review | review |
| rileks | relax | relax |
| riset | research | research |
| roket | rocket | rocket |
| sampel | sample | sample |
| sains | science | science (via Malay sains) |
| skandal | scandal | scandal |
| skor | score | score |
| skrining | screening (in the sense of "examination") | screening |
| siber | cyber | cyber |
| sistem | system | system (displacing Dutch systeem) |
| sponsor | sponsor | sponsor |
| stop | stop | stop |
| stres | stress | stress |
| stroberi | strawberry | strawberry |
| suplai | supply | supply |
| survei | survey | survey |
| target | target | target |
| |templat | template | template |
| tiket | ticket | ticket |
| tisu | tissue | tissue (via Malay) |
| transfer | transfer | transfer |
| tren | trend | trend |
| trik | trick | trick |
| unit | unit | unit |
| virtual | virtual | virtual |
| voli | volleyball | volley |
==From [[Greek language|Greek]]==
| class="wikitable" |
| style="background:#efefef;" | Indonesian word ! style="background:#efefef;" | Indonesian ! style="background:#efefef;" | Greek ! style="background:#efefef;" | Greek ! style="background:#efefef;" | Greek ! colspan=2 style="background:#efefef;" | Source ! style="background:#efefef;" | Source ! style="background:#efefef;" | Via ! style="background:#efefef;" | Note ! style="background:#efefef;" | Ref |
|---|
| {{linktext|agape}}
| agape | {{linktext|ἀγάπη}} | agápē | agape | colspan=2| | | | | |
| {{linktext|apokrifa}}
| 1. uncertain source. | {{linktext|ἀπόκρυφος}} | apókruphos | hidden | colspan=2| | | | | |
| {{linktext|apologi}}
| 1. remorse. | {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀπολογία|ᾰ̓πολογῐ́ᾱ}} | {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀπολογία|apologíā}} | (Ancient) defense | colspan=2| | | | | |
| {{linktext|asbes}}, {{linktext|asbestos}}
| asbestos | {{linktext|ἄσβεστος}} | {{wikt-lang|grc|ἄσβεστος|ásbestos}} | unquenchable, inextinguishable | colspan=2|{{linktext|asbest}} | asbestos | Dutch | Dutch {{linktext|asbest}} (asbestos) is based on Latin {{linktext|asbestos}} (asbestos). | |
| {{linktext|askese}}
| rigorous self-denial | {{linktext|ἀσκητής}} | {{wikt-lang|grc|ἀσκητής|askētḗs}} | colspan=2| | | | | |
| {{linktext|autopsi}}, {{linktext|otopsi}}
| autopsy | {{wikt-lang|grc|αὐτοψία|αὐτοψῐ́ᾱ}} | {{wikt-lang|grc|αὐτοψία|autopsíā}} | seeing with one's own eyes | colspan=2|{{linktext|autopsie}} | autopsy | Dutch | Dutch {{linktext|autopsie}} (autopsy) is based on Neo-Latin {{linktext|autopsia}} (autopsy). | |
| {{linktext|demokrasi}}
| {{linktext|δημοκρατία}} | {{wikt-lang|grc|δημοκρατία|dēmokratía}} | democracy | colspan=2| {{linktext|democratie}} | democracy | Dutch | | |
| {{linktext|diaken}}
| rowspan=2| deacon | rowspan=2| {{linktext|διάκονος}} | rowspan=2| {{wikt-lang|grc|διάκονος|diákonos}} | rowspan=2| servant, messenger | colspan=2| {{linktext|diaken}} | deacon | Dutch | | |
| {{linktext|diakon}}
| colspan=2| | | | | |
| {{linktext|diakonia}}
| diaconia | {{wikt-lang|grc|διακονία|δῐᾱκονῐ́ᾱ}} | {{wikt-lang|grc|διακονία|diākoníā}} | service | colspan=2| | | | | |
| {{linktext|ekaristi}}
| {{wikt-lang|grc|εὐχαριστία|εὐχᾰρῐστῐ́ᾱ}} | {{wikt-lang|grc|εὐχαριστία|eukharistíā}} | 1. thanks, gratitude. | colspan=2| {{linktext|eucharistie}} | Dutch | | |
| {{linktext|evangeli}}
| Gospel | {{wikt-lang|grc|εὐάγγελος|εὐάγγελος}} | {{wikt-lang|grc|εὐάγγελος|euángelos}} | good news | colspan=2| {{linktext|ēvangelium}} | good news, Gospel | Latin | | |
| {{linktext|filsafat}}
| {{linktext|φιλοσοφία}} | {{wikt-lang|grc|φιλοσοφία|philasophia}} | align=right| {{linktext|فَلْسَفَة}} | {{linktext|falsafa}} | Arabic | | |
| {{linktext|hipokrit}}
| {{wikt-lang|grc|ὑποκριτής|ῠ̔ποκρῐτής}} | {{wikt-lang|grc|ὑποκριτής|hupokritḗs}} | 1. interpreter. | colspan=2| {{linktext|hypocrita}} | 1. mimic (mime artist). | Latin | 1. The Greek word is {{linktext|υποκριτής}} (ypokritís). | |
| rowspan=3| {{linktext|idola}}
| rowspan=3| idol | rowspan=3| {{linktext|εἴδωλον}} | rowspan=3| {{wikt-lang|grc|εἴδωλον|eídōlon}} | rowspan=3| 1. phantom, ghost quotations. | colspan=2| {{linktext|idolum}}, {{linktext|idola}} | 1. image, form, especially a spectre, apparition or ghost. | Latin | | |
| colspan=2| {{linktext|idool}}, {{linktext|idoolen}}
| idol | Dutch | | |
| colspan=2| {{linktext|idol}}, {{linktext|idolum}}
| idol | English | | |
| {{linktext|mitos}}
| myth | {{linktext|μῦθος}} | {{wikt-lang|grc|μῦθος|mythos}} | 1. word, speech, conversation. | colspan=2| {{linktext|mitos}} | | |
| {{linktext|oikumene}}, {{linktext|ekumene}}
| ecumene | {{linktext|οἰκουμένη}} | {{wikt-lang|grc|οἰκουμένη|oikouménē}} | 1. inhabited. | colspan=2| | | | | |
| {{linktext|porno}}
| pornography, lewd | {{linktext|πόρνη}} | {{wikt-lang|grc|πόρνη|pórnē}} | harlot | colspan=2| | | | 1. From contraction of Indonesian pornografi (pornographic), from Dutch pornografie or English pornography, from French pornographie. | |
| {{linktext|sinagogê}}
| synagogue, | {{linktext|συναγωγή}} | {{wikt-lang|grc|συναγωγή|synagogē}} | assembly | colspan=2| {{linktext|synagoge}} | Dutch | Synagogue is Judaism prayer house. | |
| {{linktext|stadion}}
| stadium | {{linktext|στάδιον}} | {{wikt-lang|grc|στάδιον|stadion}} | (Ancient) 600-foot | colspan=2| {{linktext|stadion}} | stadium | Dutch | The Greek word is στάδιο (stadio). | |
| {{linktext|teater}}
| theatre | {{wikt-lang|grc|θέατρον|θέᾱτρον}} | {{wikt-lang|grc|θέατρον|théātron}} | colspan=2| {{linktext|theater}} | theatre | Dutch | 1. The Greek word is {{linktext|θέατρο}} (théatro). | |
==From [[Latin language|Latin]]==
It is notable that some of the loanwords that exist in both Indonesian and Malaysian languages are different in spelling and pronunciation mainly due to how they derived their origins: Malaysian utilizes words that reflect the English usage (as used by its former colonial power, the British), while Indonesian uses a Latinate form reflected in the Dutch usage (e.g. aktiviti (Malaysian) vs. aktivitas (Indonesian), universiti (Malaysian) vs. universitas (Indonesian)).
| class="wikitable" |
| style="background:#efefef;" | Indonesian word ! style="background:#efefef;" | Indonesian ! style="background:#efefef;" | Latin ! style="background:#efefef;" | Latin ! style="background:#efefef;" | Indirect ! style="background:#efefef;" | Indirect ! style="background:#efefef;" | Meaning ! style="background:#efefef;" | Note ! style="background:#efefef;" | Ref |
|---|
| ad interim
| temporarily | ad interim | | | | | | |
| {{linktext|aktivitas}}
| activity | {{linktext|activitas}} | | | | | | |
| {{linktext|almamater}}
| {{linktext|alma}} {{wikt-lang|la|māter}} | | | | | |
| {{linktext|alter ego}}
| accompanying person | {{linktext|alter ego}} | another self | | | | | |
| devosi
| devotion | dēvōtiō | devotion | | | | | |
| èkskomunikasi
| Dutch | | |
| {{linktext|fakultas}}
| faculty | {{linktext|facultas}} | faculty | | | | The Dutch loanword {{linktext|faculteit}} was used before. | |
| {{linktext|forum}}
| forum | {{linktext|forum}} | public place, marketplace, forum | {{linktext|forum}} | | | |
| hosti
| hostia | hostie | Dutch | | |
| {{linktext|humaniora}}
| | humaniora | Dutch | | | |
| intērnuntius
| Papal internuntius | intermediary, messenger | | | | | |
| kanonis
| canonical | canonical | | | | | |
| {{linktext|kantata}}
| song | {{linktext|cantata}} | | {{linktext|cantada}} | | | |
| kardinal
| cardinal, an official of Catholic Church | hinge | Dutch | cardinal, an official of Catholic Church | | |
| kongrégasi
| Dutch | | |
| konkordat
| Dutch | | |
| konsèkrasi
| Dutch | | |
| konsistori
| Dutch | | |
| kualitas
| quality | qualitas | | | | | Dutch-influenced informal spelling kwalitas is used sometimes. The Dutch word is kwaliteit. | |
| kuria
| curia | curia | curia | curia | Dutch | curia | | |
| légio
| legio | legion | | | | | |
| nihil
| nil, nothing, zero | nihil | | | | | | |
| nimbus
| nimbus | nimbus | nimbus, dark cloud | | | | | |
| nota bene
| actually, after look carefully, also | examine closely | | | | | |
| novèna
| novena | novēna | novena | | | | | |
| oblasi
| the offering of worship, thanks etc. to a deity. | oblātiō | offering, gift | | | | | |
| oratorium
| 1. chapel, | place of prayer, oratory | Dutch | 1. chapel, | | |
| ordo
| 1. Catholics religious group, | ōrdō | series, class, group | | | | | |
| pater
| priest | pater | father | pater | Dutch | father (priest) | | |
| pidato
| speech | pedātō | | पदार्थ (padārtha) | Sanskrit | meaning of a word | | |
| primas
| primate | prīmus | first | | | | | |
| rékolèksi
| a spiritual retreat | to collect again | | | | | |
| rèktor
| rector | rēctor | leader, director, tutor | rector | Dutch | rector | | |
| rosario
| prayer beads, especially rosary | rosarium | a rose garden, rosary | rosário | rosary | | |
| sakramèn
| Dutch | | |
| sakriilegi
| | | | | |
| sakristi
| sacristy | vestry | Dutch | sacristy | | |
| santa
| saint (female) | sāncta | saint (female) | santa | saint (female) | | |
| santo
| saint (male) | sānctus | saint (male) | santo | saint (male) | | |
| sēkulir
| of the age | | | | | |
| sivitas akademika
| academic community | city's academic | | | | | |
| stipèndium
| alms (Church) | stipend | | | | | |
| tabērnakēl
| tent | Dutch | | |
| universitas
| | | | | The Dutch loanword {{linktext|universiteit}} was used before. | |
| vigili
| vigil | vigil | wake, watching, alert | | | | | |
| vikaris
| vicar | vicar | vicar | | | | | |
==From [[French language|French]]==
| class="wikitable" |
| style="background:#efefef;" | Indonesian word ! style="background:#efefef;" | Indonesian ! style="background:#efefef;" | French ! style="background:#efefef;" | French ! style="background:#efefef;" | Source ! style="background:#efefef;" | Source ! style="background:#efefef;" | Source ! style="background:#efefef;" | Note ! style="background:#efefef;" | Ref |
|---|
| {{linktext|akur}}
| agree, get along well | {{linktext|accord}} | | {{linktext|akkoord}} | | Dutch | | |
| {{linktext|ala}}
| in style of | {{linktext|à la}} | | | | | | |
| {{linktext|angkét}}
| inquiry | {{linktext|enquête}} | | {{linktext|enquête}} | | Dutch | | |
| {{linktext|apanasē}}
| apanage | {{linktext|apanage}} | apanage | | | | | |
| {{linktext|argot}}
| argot, secret language | {{linktext|argot}} | argot | | | | | |
| {{linktext|arsip}}
| archives | {{linktext|archives}} | | {{linktext|archief}} | | Dutch | | |
| {{linktext|atasé}}
| attaché | {{linktext|attaché}} | attaché | {{linktext|attaché}} | attaché | Dutch | | |
| {{linktext|avant-garde}}
| {{linktext|avant-garde}} | {{linktext|avant-garde}} | Dutch | | |
| {{linktext|brevet}}
| certificate, patent | {{linktext|brevet}} | certificate, patent | | | | | |
| {{linktext|bugénfil}}
| {{linktext|bougainville}} | {{linktext|bougainvillea}} | Dutch | | |
| {{linktext|bulat}}
| round | {{linktext|boulette}} | round | | | | | |
| {{linktext|chauvinisme}}
| {{linktext|chauvinisme}} | | | | | |
| {{linktext|didong}}, {{linktext|didon}}
| French | {{linktext|dis donc}}! | | | | | | |
| {{linktext|doblé}}, {{linktext|dublé}}
| gold-plated work | {{linktext|doublé}} | to double, duplicate | | | | | |
| {{linktext|domisili}}
| domicile | {{linktext|domicile}} | domicile | | | | | |
| {{linktext|drèsoar}}
| buffet | {{linktext|dressoir}} | dresser, sideboard | | | | | |
| {{linktext|entrepreneur}}
| entrepreneur | {{linktext|entrepreneur}} | entrepreneur | {{linktext|entrepreneur}} | entrepreneur | English | | |
| {{linktext|gala}}
| {{linktext|galer}} | (Old) to have fun; to enjoy oneself | {{linktext|gala}} | ball (formal dance) | Dutch | | |
| {{linktext|garnisun}}
| garrison | {{linktext|garnison}} | garrison | {{linktext|garnisoen}} | garrison | Dutch | | |
| {{linktext|guillotine}}
| {{linktext|guillotine}} | | | | | |
| {{linktext|impromptu}}
| improvised action | {{linktext|impromptu}} | improvised action | | | | | |
| {{linktext|intrik}}
| intrigue | {{linktext|intrigue}} | intrigue | {{linktext|intrige}} | intrigue | Dutch | | |
| {{linktext|kulot}}
| shorts | {{linktext|culotte}} | panties, shorts | | | | | |
| {{linktext|kado}}
| gift | {{linktext|cadeau}} | gift | {{linktext|cadeau}}, {{linktext|kado}} | gift | Dutch | | |
| {{linktext|kampanye}}
| campaign | {{linktext|campagne}} | campaign | {{linktext|campagne}} | campaign | Dutch | | |
| {{linktext|karantina}}
| {{linktext|quarantine}} | {{linktext|quarantaine}} | Dutch | | |
| {{linktext|karoseri}}
| the body of vehicle, car, coach, or bus | {{linktext|carrosserie}} | bodywork, body (of car) | {{linktext|carrosserie}} | body, bodywork of a motorized vehicle. | Dutch | | |
| {{linktext|klise}}
| cliche | {{linktext|cliché}} | cliche | {{linktext|cliché}} | cliche | Dutch | | |
| {{linktext|kondèktur}}
| conductor (ticket-related) | {{linktext|conducteur}} | driver | {{linktext|conducteur}} | conductor (ticket-related) | Dutch | | |
| {{linktext|kornet}}
| cornet, a brass instrument | {{linktext|cornet à pistons}} | cornet, a brass instrument | | | | | |
| {{linktext|kudeta}}
| {{linktext|coup d'état}} | | | | | |
| {{linktext|kupe}}
| train seat | {{linktext|coupé}} | car | | | | | |
| {{linktext|legiun}}
| legion | {{linktext|légion}} | legion | {{linktext|legioen}} | legion | Dutch | | |
| {{linktext|letnan}}
| {{linktext|lieutenant}} | {{linktext|luitenant}} | Dutch | | |
| {{linktext|libur}}
| free (from activities) | {{linktext|libre}} | | | | | | |
| {{linktext|manuver}}
| maneuver | {{linktext|manœuvre}} | maneuver | {{linktext|manoeuvre}} | maneuver | Dutch | | |
| {{linktext|mayones}}
| {{linktext|mayonnaise}} | | | | | |
| {{linktext|mèmoar}}
| memoirs | {{linktext|mémoire}} | memoirs | | | | | |
| {{linktext|milieu}}
| milieu | {{linktext|milieu}} | milieu | {{linktext|milieu}} | milieu | Dutch | | |
| {{linktext|monseigneur}}
| {{linktext|monseigneur}} | {{linktext|monseigneur}} | Dutch | | |
| {{linktext|piknik}}
| traveling to a place outside the city to have fun bringing food supplies, sightseeing | {{linktext|piquenique}} | picnic | | | | | |
| {{linktext|première}}
| premiere | {{linktext|première}} | first | {{linktext|première}} | premiere | | |
| {{linktext|pual}}
| voile | {{linktext|voile}} | | | | | |
| {{linktext|restan}}
| remnant, remainder | {{linktext|restant}} | remnant, remainder | {{linktext|restant}} | remnant, remainder | Dutch | | |
| {{Linktext|restoran}}
|restaurant |restaurant |restaurant |restaurant |restaurant | | |
| {{linktext|sabotase}}
| sabotage | {{linktext|sabotage}} | sabotage | {{linktext|sabotage}} | sabotage | Dutch | | |
| {{linktext|sepeda}}
| bicycle | {{linktext|vélocipède}} | bicycle | | | | | |
| {{linktext|supir}}
| driver | {{linktext|chauffeur}} | driver | {{linktext|chauffeur}} | driver | Dutch | | |
| {{linktext|tante}}
| aunt | {{linktext|tante}} | aunt | | | | | |
| {{linktext|tiras}}
| circulation, of newspaper or magazine | {{linktext|tirage}} | | | | | | |
| {{linktext|trotoar}}
| sidewalk | {{linktext|trottoir}} | sidewalk | {{linktext|troittoir}} | | | | |
==From [[North Germanic languages|North Germanic]]==
The North Germanic languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages, along with the West Germanic languages and the extinct East Germanic languages. The language group is sometimes referred to as the "Nordic languages", a direct translation of the most common term used among Danish, Swedish, Icelandic and Norwegian scholars and laypeople.
| class="wikitable" |
| style="background:#efefef;" | Indonesian word ! style="background:#efefef;" | Indonesian ! style="background:#efefef;" | North Germanic ! style="background:#efefef;" | North Germanic ! style="background:#efefef;" | North Germanic ! style="background:#efefef;" | Notes ! style="background:#efefef;" | Ref |
|---|
| fjord / fiord
| fjord | {{linktext|fjord}} | Danish | fjord | |
| kjökkenmodding(er)
| midden | {{linktext|kjøkkenmødding}} | midden | |
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
= Bibliography =
{{refbegin}}
- de Vries, Jan W., Grijns, C.D. and Santa Maria, L. 1983 Indonesian : a check-list of words of European origin in Bahasa Indonesia and traditional Malay Leiden : Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. {{ISBN|90-6718-004-1}}.
- Badudu, J.S; Kamus Kata-kata Serapan Asing Dalam Bahasa Indonesia; Kompas, Jakarta, 2003
- Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta, Balai Pustaka: 1999, halaman 1185 s.d. 1188 berisikan Pendahuluan buku Senarai Kata Serapan dalam Bahasa Indonesia, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta, 1996 (dengan sedikit penyaduran tanpa mengubah maksud dan tujuan seseungguhnya dari buku ini).
{{refend}}
External links
- [http://www.truevis.com/indon/ety.html Indonesian Etymology Database]
- [http://sealang.net/indonesia/lwim/ SEAlang Library] – Orthography search engine on Loan-Words in Indonesian and Malay
{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Loan Words In Indonesian}}