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List of mammals of Madagascar#Order: Primates

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This is a list of the native wild mammal species recorded in Madagascar. As of June 2014 (following the IUCN reassessment of the lemurs) there are 241 extant mammal species recognized in Madagascar, of which 22 are critically endangered, 62 are endangered, 32 are vulnerable, 9 are near threatened, 72 are of least concern and 44 are either data deficient or not evaluated. All of the critically endangered species are lemurs.{{refn|group=note|This list is derived from the IUCN Red List, which includes extant mammal species as well as four recently extinct species known from subfossil remains. To these have been added other species believed to have died out following the arrival of humans, as well as a few species known from Holocene remains whose extinction dates are poorly constrained. The taxonomy and naming of the individual species is based on those used in existing Wikipedia articles, supplemented by the common names and taxonomy from the IUCN, Smithsonian Institution, or University of Michigan where no Wikipedia article was available.}}

The mammalian fauna of Madagascar is highly distinctive and largely endemic. The extant nonmarine, nonchiropteran taxa constitute (as of June 2014) 168 species, 40 genera and 9 families; of these, besides a probably introduced shrew,{{refn|group=note|The Madagascan pygmy shrew is also present on the Comoros{{Cite journal | doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0102| pmid = 22764304| title = Similarities in Leptospira Serogroup and Species Distribution in Animals and Humans in the Indian Ocean Island of Mayotte| journal = American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene| volume = 87| issue = 1| pages = 134–140| date = July 2012| last1 = Desvars | first1 = A.| last2 = Naze | first2 = F.| last3 = Vourc'h | first3 = G.| last4 = Cardinale | first4 = E.| last5 = Picardeau | first5 = M.| last6 = Michault | first6 = A.| last7 = Bourhy | first7 = P.| pmc = 3391038}} where it is thought to have been introduced.{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02262.x| pmid = 21443643| title = Wings or winds: Inferring bat migration in a stepping-stone archipelago| journal = Journal of Evolutionary Biology| volume = 24| issue = 6| pages = 1298–1306| date = 2011-03-28| last1 = Weyeneth | first1 = N.| last2 = Goodman | first2 = S. M.| last3 = Appleton | first3 = B.| last4 = Wood | first4 = R.| last5 = Ruedi | first5 = M.| s2cid = 29237234| doi-access = free| hdl = 10536/DRO/DU:30048010| hdl-access = free}} It may also be present on Socotra. Some authorities view it as conspecific with the widespread Etruscan shrew.{{MSW3 Soricomorpha| id = 13700275 | page = 259 | heading = Suncus madagascariensis}}}} endemic taxa make up all the species,{{refn|group=note|The tailless tenrec{{cite iucn | author = Stephenson, P.J. | author2 = Soarimalala, V. | author3 = Goodman, S. | title = Tenrec ecaudatus | year = 2016 | page = e.T40595A97204107 | access-date = 27 December 2019}} and the common brown and mongoose lemurs{{Cite journal | last1 = Pastorini | first1 = J. | last2 = Thalmann | first2 = U. | last3 = Martin | first3 = R. D. | title = A molecular approach to comparative phylogeography of extant Malagasy lemurs | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1031673100 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 100 | issue = 10 | pages = 5879–5884 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12719521| pmc = 156295|bibcode = 2003PNAS..100.5879P | doi-access = free }} are also present on the Comoros; all are thought to have been introduced there.{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02262.x| pmid = 21443643| title = Wings or winds: Inferring bat migration in a stepping-stone archipelago| journal = Journal of Evolutionary Biology| volume = 24| issue = 6| pages = 1298–1306| date = 2011-03-28| last1 = Weyeneth | first1 = N.| last2 = Goodman | first2 = S. M.| last3 = Appleton | first3 = B.| last4 = Wood | first4 = R.| last5 = Ruedi | first5 = M.| s2cid = 29237234| doi-access = free| hdl = 10536/DRO/DU:30048010| hdl-access = free}}}} all the genera, and all but one of the families.{{refn|group=note|The rodent family Nesomyidae is also present in Africa. Madagascar has nearly as many nesomyid species as Africa.}} This endemic terrestrial fauna, consisting of lemurs, tenrecs, nesomyine rodents and euplerid carnivorans, is thought to have colonized the island from Africa via four (or five, if aye-ayes arrived separately) rafting events. The other historic terrestrial or semiterrestrial mammal group, the extinct hippopotamuses, is thought to have colonized the island possibly several times, perhaps via swimming.

Earlier in the Holocene, Madagascar had a number of megafaunal mammals: giant lemurs such as Archaeoindris which at over 200 kg was comparable in mass to the largest gorillas, as well as the hippopotamuses. The island also hosted flightless elephant birds weighing up to 700 kg, the largest known birds of all time.{{refn|group=note|It was long suspected that, like the native mammals, ratites reached Madagascar from Africa (possibly before the splitting of the two land masses), so that the closest relatives of elephant birds would have been ostriches. A stunning finding from ancient DNA analysis, however, is that the closest extant relatives of elephant birds are actually the diminutive kiwi of New Zealand.{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.1251981| pmid = 24855267| title = Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution| journal = Science| volume = 344| issue = 6186| pages = 898–900| date = 2014-05-23| last1 = Mitchell | first1 = K. J.| last2 = Llamas | first2 = B.| last3 = Soubrier | first3 = J.| last4 = Rawlence | first4 = N. J.| last5 = Worthy | first5 = T. H.| last6 = Wood | first6 = J.| last7 = Lee | first7 = M. S. Y.| last8 = Cooper | first8 = A.| bibcode = 2014Sci...344..898M| hdl = 2328/35953| s2cid = 206555952| hdl-access = free}} }} All of these went extinct following the first appearance of humans about 2000 years ago.{{cite journal|author1= Burney, D.A.|author2= Robinson, G.S.|author3= Burney, L.P.|title= Sporormiella and the late Holocene extinctions in Madagascar|journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume= 100|issue= 19|year= 2003|pages= 10800–10805|doi= 10.1073/pnas.1534700100|pmid= 12960385|pmc= 196883|bibcode= 2003PNAS..10010800B|doi-access= free}}{{Cite journal |last1= Burney |first1= D. A.|last2 =Burney |first2= L. P.|last3= Godfrey |first3= L. R.|last4= Jungers |first4= W. L.|last5= Goodman |first5= S. M.|last6= Wright |first6= H. T.|last7= Jull |first7= A. J. T.|doi= 10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005 |title= A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar |journal= Journal of Human Evolution |volume= 47 |issue= 1–2 |pages= 25–63 |date= July 2004| pmid = 15288523|bibcode= 2004JHumE..47...25B}}{{refn|group=note|This depletion of the megafauna is consistent with what has happened everywhere else in the world first colonized by humans in the last 100,000 years.{{Cite journal | last1 = Burney | first1 = D. A. | last2=Flannery | first2 = T. F. | authorlink2 = Tim Flannery | title = Fifty millennia of catastrophic extinctions after human contact | journal = Trends in Ecology & Evolution | volume = 20 | issue = 7 | pages = 395–401 | date = July 2005 | url = http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/Fieldschools/Kauai/Publications/Publication%204.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100610061434/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/Fieldschools/Kauai/Publications/Publication%204.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2010-06-10 | doi = 10.1016/j.tree.2005.04.022 | pmid = 16701402}} }} Today, the largest surviving native mammals of the island, such as the indri{{Cite journal | last1 = Mittermeier | first1 = R. A. | last2 = Ganzhorn | first2 = J. U. | last3 = Konstant | first3 = W. R. | last4 = Glander | first4 = K. | last5 = Tattersall | first5 = I. | last6 = Groves | first6 = C. P. | last7 = Rylands | first7 = A. B. | last8 = Hapke | first8 = A. | last9 = Ratsimbazafy | first9 = J. | authorlink1 = Russell Mittermeier | last10 = Mayor| authorlink5 = Ian Tattersall | first10 = M. I.| authorlink6 = Colin Groves | last11 = Louis | first11 = E. E. | last12 = Rumpler | first12 = Y. | last13 = Schwitzer | first13 = C. | last14 = Rasoloarison | first14 = R. M.| title = Lemur Diversity in Madagascar | journal = International Journal of Primatology | volume = 29 | issue = 6| pages = 1607–1656 | year = 2008 | url = http://www.aeecl.org/documents/28.pdf| doi = 10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y| hdl = 10161/6237| s2cid = 17614597 }} and fossa,{{cite book | editor1-last = Wilson | editor1-first = D. | editor2-last = Mittermeier | editor2-first = R. | editor2-link = Russell Mittermeier | title = Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 1: Carnivores | year = 2009 | publisher = Lynx Edicions | isbn = 978-84-96553-49-1 | last1 = Goodman | first1 = S. | contribution = Family Eupleridae (Madagascar Carnivores) | url = http://www.lynxeds.com/hmw/species-accounts/hmw-1-species-accounts-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens | access-date = 2019-02-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110725081653/http://www.lynxeds.com/hmw/species-accounts/hmw-1-species-accounts-red-panda-ailurus-fulgens | archive-date = 2011-07-25 | url-status = dead }} have weights only approaching 10 kg. Most if not all of the 29 listed extinct species are believed to have died out in prehistoric times; none of these are known to have survived into the post-European contact period.

The following tags are used to highlight each species' conservation status as assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature; those on the left are used here, those in the second column in some other articles:

class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
{{IUCN status|EX}}ExtinctNo reasonable doubt that the last individual has died.
{{IUCN status|EW}}Extinct in the wildKnown only to survive in captivity or as a naturalized population well outside its historic range.
{{IUCN status|CR}}Critically endangeredThe species is in imminent danger of extinction in the wild.
{{IUCN status|EN}}EndangeredThe species is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.
{{IUCN status|VU}}VulnerableThe species is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.
{{IUCN status|NT}}Near threatenedThe species does not qualify as being at high risk of extinction but is likely to do so in the future.
{{IUCN status|LC}}Least concernThe species is not currently at risk of extinction in the wild.
{{IUCN status|DD}}Data deficientThere is inadequate information to assess the risk of extinction for this species.
{{IUCN status|NE}}Not evaluatedThe conservation status of the species has not been studied.

Order: [[Afrosoricida]] (tenrecs, otter shrews and golden moles)

File:Mole-like Rice Tenrec (Oryzoryctes hova) (44120142915) 2.jpg]]

File:Kleiner-igeltanrek-a.jpg]]

File:Hemicentetes nigriceps.jpg]]

File:Lowland Streaked Tenrec, Mantadia, Madagascar.jpg]]

File:Greater Hedgehog Tenrec (Setifer setosus).jpg]]

File:Tanrek.jpg]]

The afrotherian order Afrosoricida contains the golden moles and otter shrews of sub-Saharan Africa and the tenrecs of Madagascar, families of small mammals that were traditionally part of the order Insectivora. All native tenrecs of Madagascar are believed to descend from a common ancestor that lived 29–37 million years (Ma) ago after rafting from Africa, with the split from their closest relatives, the otter shrews of equatorial Africa, dated to about 47–53 Ma ago.{{cite journal|last1= Douady|first1=C. J.|last2= Catzeflis|first2= F.|last3= Kao|first3=D. J.|last4= Springer|first4=M. S.|last5= Stanhope|first5=M. J.|title= Molecular Evidence for the Monophyly of Tenrecidae (Mammalia) and the Timing of the Colonization of Madagascar by Malagasy Tenrecs|journal= Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume= 22|issue= 3|year= 2002|pages= 357–363|doi= 10.1006/mpev.2001.1055|pmid=11884160|bibcode=2002MolPE..22..357D }}{{cite journal|last1= Poux|first1= C.|last2= Madsen|first2= O.|last3= Glos|first3= J.|last4=de Jong|first4=W. W.|last5= Vences|first5= M.|title= Molecular phylogeny and divergence times of Malagasy tenrecs: Influence of data partitioning and taxon sampling on dating analyses|journal= BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume= 8|issue= 1|year= 2008|pages= 102|doi= 10.1186/1471-2148-8-102|pmid= 18377639|pmc= 2330147|doi-access= free|bibcode= 2008BMCEE...8..102P}}{{cite journal|last1= Everson|first1=K. M.|last2= Soarimalala|first2= V.|last3= Goodman|first3=S. M.|last4= Olson|first4= L. E.|title= Multiple Loci and Complete Taxonomic Sampling Resolve the Phylogeny and Biogeographic History of Tenrecs (Mammalia: Tenrecidae) and Reveal Higher Speciation Rates in Madagascar's Humid Forests|journal=Systematic Biology|volume= 65|issue= 5|year= 2016|pages= 890–909|doi= 10.1093/sysbio/syw034|pmid=27103169|doi-access= free}}

Afrosoricida also contains the enigmatic extinct genus Plesiorycteropus, represented by two extinct species of dog-sized, probably insectivorous mammals restricted to Madagascar. Morphological analyses have tended to place them within Afrotheria close to aardvarks (order Tubulidentata),{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2992/0145-9058(2004)36[63:EMSATO]2.0.CO;2| title = Eutherian Mammal Systematics and the Origins of South American Ungulates As Based on Postcranial Osteology| journal = Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History| volume = 36| pages = 63–79| date = December 2004| last1 = Horovitz | first1 = I. S.| s2cid = 86064468}} perhaps due to convergent specializations for digging. Analysis of preserved collagen sequences, however, places them in Afrosoricida closest to (and possibly within) tenrecs.{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0059614| pmid = 23555726| title = A Molecular Phylogeny of Plesiorycteropus Reassigns the Extinct Mammalian Order 'Bibymalagasia'| journal = PLOS ONE| volume = 8| issue = 3| pages = e59614| year = 2013| last1 = Buckley | first1 = M. | pmc = 3608660| bibcode = 2013PLoSO...859614B| doi-access = free}} The two species differ in size and aspects of morphology.{{cite journal

| last = MacPhee | first = R. D. E. | title = Morphology, adaptations, and relationships of Plesiorycteropus, and a diagnosis of a new order of eutherian mammals | journal = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume = 220 | pages = 1–214 | date = 1994 | publisher = American Museum of Natural History | hdl = 2246/828}} They survived until as recently as 2150 BP.

Order: [[Sirenia]] (manatees and dugongs)

File:Dugong dugon.jpg]]

Sirenia is an order of fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit rivers, estuaries, coastal marine waters, swamps, and marine wetlands. All four species are endangered. The dugong ranges widely along coastlines from east Africa to Australasia. It and the tenrecs are Madagascar's only extant afrotherians.

Order: [[Primates]]

{{main|List of lemur species}}

File:Archaeolemur edwardsi.jpg]]

File:Fat-tailed Dwarf Lemur, Kirindy, Madagascar.jpg]]

File:Gray Mouse Lemur 1.JPG]]

File:Zwergmausmaki--w.jpg]]

File:Phaner pallescens 1985.JPG]]

File:Wild aye aye.jpg]]

File:Eastern Wolly Lemur.jpg]]

File:Indri Head.jpg]]

File:Sifaka in Madagascar.jpg]]

File:Diademed ready to push off.jpg]]

File:Eulemur coronatus2.jpg]]

File:Blue-Eyed Black Lemur.jpg]]

File:Eulemur macaco female 01.jpg]]

File:Eulemur rubriventer 4 (Wroclaw zoo).JPGs]]

File:Eulemur rufifrons, Isalo National Park 2007-03-01.jpg]]

File:Southern lesser bamboo lemur, Südliche Bambuslemur, Detail.jpg]]

File:Lemur catta 01.jpgs]]

File:Varecia rubra (habitus).jpg]]

File:Varecia variegata 9.jpg]]

File:Lepilemur_edwardsi.jpg]]The order Primates contains all the species commonly related to the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the latter category including humans. It is divided into four main groupings: strepsirrhines, tarsiers, monkeys of the New World, and monkeys and apes of the Old World. Strepsirrhines make up all of Madagascar's native primates species, but comprise only a quarter of those of Africa, the rest being simians. Madagascar's strepsirrhines occupy both diurnal and nocturnal niches, while all those of Asia and mainland Africa are nocturnal{{cite book | editor1-last = Nowak | editor1-first = R. M | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | title = Walker's Mammals of the World | edition = 6th | chapter = Primates of the world: An introduction | last1 = Mittermeier | first1 = R. A. | last2 = Rylands | first2 = A. B. | last3 = Konstant | first3 = W. R. | year = 1999 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/walkersprimateso0000nowa/page/4 4–6] | isbn = 978-0-8018-6251-9 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=unODoWa7CM4C&pg=PA4 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/walkersprimateso0000nowa/page/4 }} and nearly all simians are diurnal (the only exception being neotropical Aotus, which lives where strepsirrhines are absent).Cawthon Lang KA. 2005 July 18. [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/owl_monkey/taxon Primate Factsheets: Owl monkey (Aotus) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology]. Accessed 2015 March 26. Madagascar's 15 genera of extant nonhuman primates compares with 6 in Central America, 20 in South America, 23 in Africa and 19 in Asia. A number of lemur species larger than any now alive, ranging in size up to that of a gorilla, are believed to have become extinct shortly after the recent arrival of humans.

The endemic primates of Madagascar, the lemurs, constitute a single clade and are the largest branch of strepsirrhines. It has been proposed that a common ancestor of all Madagascar's lemurs rafted across the Mozambique Channel from Africa{{cite journal|title=Development and application of a phylogenomic toolkit: Resolving the evolutionary history of Madagascar's lemurs |journal=Genome Research |volume=18 |pages=489–99 |year=2008 |author=Horvath, J. |url=http://www.biology.duke.edu/wraylab/papers/Horvath&al_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910043813/http://www.biology.duke.edu/wraylab/papers/Horvath%26al_2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-09-10 |access-date=2008-08-22 |doi=10.1101/gr.7265208 |pmid=18245770 |issue=3 |pmc=2259113 |display-authors=etal }}{{cite book | last = Garbutt | first = N. | title = Mammals of Madagascar, A Complete Guide | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ftjKjbPKF2oC&pg=PA85 | publisher = A&C Black Publishers | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-300-12550-4 | pages = 85–86}}{{refn|group=note|Mittermeier et al. 2006, pp. 23–26{{cite book | title = Lemurs of Madagascar | last1 = Mittermeier | first1 = R.A. | last2 = Konstant | first2 = W.R. | last3 = Hawkins | first3 = F. | last4 = Louis | first4 = E.E. | last5 = Langrand | first5 = O. | last6 = Ratsimbazafy | first6 = J. | last7 = Rasoloarison | first7 = R. | last8 = Ganzhorn | first8 = J.U. | last9 = Rajaobelina | first9 = S. | last10 = Tattersall | first10 = I. | last11 = Meyers | first11 = D.M. | authorlink1 = Russell Mittermeier | others = Illustrated by S.D. Nash | edition = 2nd | year = 2006 | publisher = Conservation International | pages= 23–26 and 272–274|isbn = 978-1-881173-88-5 | oclc = 65171602 | title-link = Lemurs of Madagascar (book) }}}} between 50 and 60 million years ago. However, findings of similarities in dentition between several African primate fossils and aye-ayes, the most basal of lemurs, have led to the alternate proposal that the ancestors of aye-ayes colonized Madagascar separately from other lemurs.{{cite journal|last1= Gunnell|first1= G.F.|last2= Boyer|first2= D.M.|last3= Friscia|first3= A.R.|last4= Heritage|first4= S.|last5= Manthi|first5= F.K.|last6= Miller|first6= E.R.|last7= Sallam|first7= H.M.|last8= Simmons|first8= N.B.|last9= Stevens|first9= N.J.|last10= Seiffert|first10= E.R.|title= Fossil lemurs from Egypt and Kenya suggest an African origin for Madagascar's aye-aye|journal= Nature Communications|volume= 9|issue= 1|year= 2018|page= 3193|doi= 10.1038/s41467-018-05648-w|pmid= 30131571|pmc= 6104046|bibcode= 2018NatCo...9.3193G|doi-access= free}}

Between 2000 and 2008, 39 new lemur species were described, bringing the total number of recognized species and subspecies to 99;{{cite journal|title=Lemur Diversity in Madagascar|author=Mittermeier, R., Ganzhorn, J., Konstant, W., Glander, K., Tattersall, I., Groves, C., Rylands, A., Hapke, A., Ratsimbazafy, J., Mayor, M., Louis, E., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C. & Rasoloarison, R.|journal=International Journal of Primatology|doi=10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y|pages=1607–1656|volume=29|issue=6|date=December 2008|hdl=10161/6237|s2cid=17614597|hdl-access=free}} by 2014, the number of extant species and subspecies recognized had increased to 105. Of these, the IUCN classified 24 as critically endangered, 49 as endangered, 20 as vulnerable, three as near threatened, three as of least concern and four as data deficient; two were yet to be evaluated.

Order: [[Rodent]]ia (rodents)

File:BrachytarsomysAlbicaudataWolfSmit.jpg]]

File:Eliurus sp.jpg species]]

File:Malagasy.giant.rat.arp.jpg]]

File:Nesomys rufus - Red forest rat (15721901477).jpg]]

Rodents make up the largest order of mammals, with over 40% of mammalian species. They have two incisors in the upper and lower jaw which grow continually and must be kept short by gnawing. Most rodents are small though the capybara can weigh up to {{convert|45|kg|abbr=on}}. All the native nesomyid rodents of Madagascar are believed to descend from a common ancestor that rafted over from Africa 20–24 million years ago.{{Cite web | last = Kinver | first = M. | title = Mammals 'floated to Madagascar' | work = BBC News web site | publisher = BBC | date = 2010-01-20 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/sci_tech/green_room/8468163.stm | access-date = 2010-01-20}}{{Cite journal | last = Ali | first = J. R. |author2=Huber, M. | title = Mammalian biodiversity on Madagascar controlled by ocean currents | journal = Nature | volume = 463 | issue = 4 Feb. 2010 | pages = 653–656 | date = 2010-01-20 | doi = 10.1038/nature08706 | pmid = 20090678 | bibcode=2010Natur.463..653A| s2cid = 4333977 }} There are about 39 nesomyid species in five subfamilies in Africa, compared to 27 in one subfamily extant in Madagascar. While nesomyids make up all of the native rodent species of Madagascar, they constitute less than 10% of those of Africa.

Order: [[Eulipotyphla]] (shrews, hedgehogs, moles, and solenodons)

Eulipotyphlans are insectivorous mammals. Shrews and solenodons closely resemble mice, hedgehogs carry spines, while moles are stout-bodied burrowers. There is one species of shrew on Madagascar, which is often considered to be conspecific with the widely distributed Etruscan shrew, Suncus etruscus, and likely to have been introduced to Madagascar from South or Southeast Asia by humans.Omar, H.; Adamson, E.A.S.; Bhauur, S.; Goodman, S.M.; Soarimalala, V.; Hashim, R.; Ruedi, M. (2011). [https://umexpert.um.edu.my/file/publication/00009664_100020.pdf Phylogenetic relationships of Malayan and Malagasy pygmy shrews of the genus Suncus (Soricomorpha: Soricidae) inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences]. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 59(2): 237-243.

Order: [[Chiroptera]] (bats)

{{main|List of bats of Madagascar}}

File:Eidolon dupreanum, Peyrieras.jpg]]

File:Pteropus rufus ii.jpg]]

File:Miniopterus manavi.jpgs]]

File:Mauritian Tomb Bat.jpg]]

File:Commerson's leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros commersoni).jpg]]

The bats' most distinguishing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings, making them the only mammals capable of flight. Bat species account for about 20% of all mammals. Of the 46 species, 22 genera and 8 families of bats present on Madagascar, 36 species but only Myzopoda and Myzopodidae are endemic (the family was formerly present, however, on the African mainland). Paratriaenops is endemic to Madagascar plus the Seychelles.

Order: [[Carnivora]] (carnivorans)

File:Cryptoprocta Ferox.JPG]]

File:Spotted fanaloka (Fossa fossana).jpg]]

File:Ring-tailed vontsira (Galidia elegans).jpg]]

File:Mungo1.jpg]]

File:Smalstreepmangoest.JPG]]

There are over 260 species of carnivorans, the majority of which feed primarily on meat. They have a characteristic skull shape and dentition. The native terrestrial carnivorans of Madagascar are all euplerids, which are believed to descend from a common ancestor that rafted over from Africa 19–26 million years ago. Their closest relatives are the herpestids, the African and Eurasian mongooses. Malagasy mongooses are not "true" mongooses but rather are thought to represent an example of convergent or parallel evolution. About 30% of African terrestrial carnivoran species are herpestids.

Order: [[Artiodactyla]] (even-toed ungulates and cetaceans)

Order: [[Cetacea]] (whales, dolphins and porpoises)

{{See also|Whaling in Madagascar}}

File:Balaenoptera omurai, Madagascar - Royal Society Open Science 1.jpg off Nosy Be]]

File:humpback whale Sainte Marie Madagascar July 2013.JPG off Île Sainte-Marie]]

File:Humpback Whale, Île Sainte-Marie (3954152044).jpg, Île Sainte-Marie]]

File:Kogia breviceps.jpg]]

File:Dolphin-Musandam 2.jpg]]

File:Tursiops aduncus.JPG]]

File:Schlankdelfin.jpg]]

File:Spinner dolphin jumping.JPG]]

File:Fraser s group.jpg.jpegs]]

File:Anim2623 (33910332184).jpgs]]The infraorder Cetacea includes whales, dolphins and porpoises. They are the mammals most fully adapted to aquatic life with a spindle-shaped nearly hairless body, protected by a thick layer of blubber, and forelimbs and tail modified to provide propulsion underwater. Their closest extant relatives are the hippos, which are artiodactyls, from which cetaceans descended; cetaceans are thus also artiodactyls.

Globally extinct

File:Megaladapis AMNH.jpg

File:Hippopotamus lemerlei.jpg

The following species are globally extinct:

  • "Subfossil/giant lemurs"
  • Archaeoindris fontoynonti {{IUCN status|EX}} (c. 350 BC){{Cite book |last1=Mittermeier |first1=Russell A. |title=Lemurs of Madagascar |last2=Louis |first2=Edward E. |last3=Richardson |first3=Matthew |last4=Schwitzer |first4=Christoph |last5=Langrand |first5=Olivier |last6=Rylands |first6=Anthony B. |last7=Hawkins |first7=Frank |date=2010 |publisher=Conservation International |isbn=978-1-934151-23-5 |edition=Third |series=Conservation International tropical field guide series |location=Arlington, Va}}
  • Archaeolemur edwardsi {{IUCN status|EX}} (c. 1047 - 1280 AD)Jungers, W.L., Lemelin, P., Godfrey, L.R., et al. (2005). The hands and feet of Archaeolemur: metrical affinities and their functional significance. Journal of Human Evolution, 49, 36-55. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.03.001
  • Archaeolemur majori {{IUCN status|EX}} (c. 1047 - 1280 AD)
  • Giant aye aye, Daubentonia robusta {{IUCN status|EX}} (c. 1000 AD){{Cite book |last=Nowak |first=Ronald M. |title=Walker's mammals of the world |date=1999 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-5789-8 |edition=6th |location=Baltimore}}
  • Pachylemur insignis {{IUCN status|EX}} (c. 680 - 960 AD){{Cite journal |last=Crowley |first=Brooke E. |date=2010-09-01 |title=A refined chronology of prehistoric Madagascar and the demise of the megafauna |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010QSRv...29.2591C |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=29 |issue=19 |pages=2591–2603 |bibcode=2010QSRv...29.2591C |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.06.030 |issn=0277-3791}}
  • Pachylemur jullyi {{IUCN status|EX}} (c. 680 - 960 AD)
  • Megaladapis edwardsi {{IUCN status|EX}} (c. 1280 - 1420 AD){{Cite journal |last=Muldoon |first=Kathleen M. |date=April 2010 |title=Paleoenvironment of Ankilitelo Cave (late Holocene, southwestern Madagascar): implications for the extinction of giant lemurs |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20226497 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=338–352 |bibcode=2010JHumE..58..338M |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.01.005 |issn=1095-8606 |pmid=20226497}}
  • Megaladapis madagascariensis {{IUCN status|EX}} (c. 1280 - 1420 AD)
  • Megaladapis grandidieri {{IUCN status|EX}} (c. 1280 - 1420 AD)
  • Hadropithecus stenognathus {{IUCN status|EX}} (c. 444 - 772 AD){{Cite book |title=Lemurs of Madagascar |date=2006 |publisher=Conservation International |isbn=978-1-881173-88-5 |editor-last=Mittermeier |editor-first=Russell A. |edition=2nd |series=Conservation International tropical field guide series |location=Washington, D.C |editor-last2=Nash |editor-first2=Stephen D. |editor-last3=Ganzhorn |editor-first3=Jörg U.}}
  • Babakotia radofilai {{IUCN status|EX}} (c. 1000 AD)
  • Mesopropithecus dolichobrachion {{IUCN status|EX}} (570 - 679 AD)Godfrey, L.R.; Jungers, W.L.; Burney, D.A. (2010). Chapter 21: Subfossil Lemurs of Madagascar.
  • Mesopropithecus globiceps {{IUCN status|EX}} (570 - 679 AD)
  • Mesopropithecus pithecoides {{IUCN status|EX}} (570 - 679 AD)
  • Palaeopropithecus ingens {{IUCN status|EX}} (1620){{cite iucn|title=Palaeopropithecus ingens|page=e.T136532A17971784|author=Godfrey, L.|year=2021|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T136532A17971784.en}}
  • Palaeopropithecus maximus {{IUCN status|EX}} (PH)
  • Palaeopropithecus kelyus {{IUCN status|EX}} (PH)
  • Plesiorycteropus germainepetterae {{IUCN status|EX}} (c. 1000 AD)MacPhee, 1994, p. 159
  • Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis {{IUCN status|EX}} (c. 1000 AD)
  • Microgale macpheei {{IUCN status|EX}} (PH)
  • Hypogeomys australis {{IUCN status|EX}} (c. 1536 BP)
  • Giant fossa, Cryptoprocta spelea {{IUCN status|EX}} (pre-1658){{cite iucn|title=Cryptoprocta spelea|page=e.T136456A45221489|author=Hoffmann, M.|year=2015|author2=Hawkins, F.|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T136456A45221489.en}}
  • Malagasy hippopotamus
  • Lesser Malagasy hippopotamus, Hippopotamus laloumena {{IUCN status|EX}} (possibly c. 1800 AD){{Cite web |date=2019-11-16 |title=Madagascar Dwarf Hippo {{!}} Extinct or Alive |url=https://www.animalplanet.com/tv-shows/extinct-or-alive/full-episodes/madagascar-dwarf-hippo |access-date=2025-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116175621/https://www.animalplanet.com/tv-shows/extinct-or-alive/full-episodes/madagascar-dwarf-hippo |archive-date=16 November 2019 }}{{refn|group=note|A skull belonging to one of the three species was dated to be less than 200 years old}}
  • Malagasy dwarf hippopotamus, Hippopotamus lemerlei {{IUCN status|EX}} (possibly c. 1800 AD)
  • Malagasy pygmy hippopotamus, Hippopotamus madagascariensis {{IUCN status|EX}} (possibly c. 1800 AD)

Malagasy mammal names

{{main|List of Malagasy mammal common names}}

See also

Notes

{{reflist|group=note}}

References

{{reflist}}

  • {{cite web

|url=http://vertebrates.si.edu/mammals/msw/

|title=Mammal Species of the World

|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

|year=2005

|access-date = 22 May 2007

}}

  • {{cite web

|url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/index.html

|title=Animal Diversity Web

|publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology

|date=1995–2006

|access-date = 22 May 2007

}}

External links

  • [http://dominicweb.eu/en/malagasy/database-of-malagasy-animal-names/ Large database of local names of fauna of Madagascar with English and scientific names]
  • {{cite book|last1= Goodman|first1=S. M.|last2= Jungers|first2=W. L.|title= Extinct Madagascar: Picturing the Island's Past|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=V-c_BAAAQBAJ |date= 4 September 2014|publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-15694-1 |oclc= 934406989}}

{{Africa topic|List of mammals of}}

Madagascar

Madagascar

mammals

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