List of vegetable oils#Edible oils

The term "vegetable oil" can be narrowly defined as referring only to substances that are liquid at room temperature,{{Cite book|title=The Pearson Guide to the B.Sc. (Nursing) Entrance Examination|author=Parwez Saroj|publisher=Pearson Education India|page=109|isbn=978-81-317-1338-9|date=September 2007}} or broadly defined without regard to a substance's state (liquid or solid) at a given temperature.{{Cite book|title=The International Cocoa Trade|author=Robin Dand|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|year=1999|page=169|isbn=978-1-85573-434-0}} While a large majority of the entries in this list fit the narrower of these definitions, some do not qualify as vegetable oils according to all understandings of the term.

Vegetable oils can be classified in several ways. For instance, by their use or by the method used to extract them. In this article, vegetable oils are grouped in common classes of use.

There are several types of plant oils, distinguished by the method used to extract the oil from the plant. The relevant part of the plant may be placed under pressure to extract the oil, giving an expressed (or pressed) oil. The oils included in this list are of this type. Oils may also be extracted from plants by dissolving parts of plants in water or another solvent. The solution may be separated from the plant material and concentrated, giving an extracted or leached oil. The mixture may also be separated by distilling the oil away from the plant material. Oils extracted by this latter method are called essential oils. Essential oils often have different properties and uses than pressed or leached vegetable oils. Finally, macerated oils are made by infusing parts of plants in a base oil, a process called liquid–liquid extraction.

Most, but not all vegetable oils are extracted from the fruits or seeds of plants. For instance, palm oil is extracted from palm fruits, while soybean oil is extracted from soybean seeds.

Vegetable oils may also be classified by grouping oils extracted from similar plants, such as "nut oils".

Although most plants contain some oil, only the oil from certain major oil crops{{cite book

| url=http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1288

| title=Oil Crops Outlook

| author=Economic Research Service

| publisher=United States Department of Agriculture

| date=1995–2011

| access-date=2011-11-19

}} This publication is available via email subscription. complemented by a few dozen minor oil crops{{cite book

| url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/X5043E00.htm

| title=Minor oil crops

| publisher=FAO

| year=1992

| author=Axtell, B.L. |author2=R.M. Fairman

| access-date=2011-10-24

}} is widely used and traded.

Oils from plants are used for several different purposes. Edible vegetable oils may be used for cooking, or as food additives. Many vegetable oils, edible and otherwise, are burned as fuel, for instance as a substitute for petroleum-based fuels. Some may be also used for cosmetics, medical purposes, wood finishing, oil painting and other industrial purposes.

{{see also|Cooking oil}}

These oils make up a significant fraction of worldwide edible oil production. All are also used as fuel oils.

• Coconut oil, a cooking oil, with medical and industrial applications as well. Extracted from the kernel or meat of the fruit of the coconut palm. Common in the tropics, and unusual in composition, with medium chain fatty acids dominant.{{cite book

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAPFqkRGSXEC&pg=PT13

| title=Coconut Oil: Discover the Key to Vibrant Health

| author=Gursche, Siegfried

| publisher=Book Publishing Company

| year=2008

| isbn=978-1-55312-043-8

| page=12

| access-date=2012-01-21

}}

• Corn oil, one of the principal oils sold as salad and cooking oil.{{cite book

| publisher=Institute of Shortening and Edible Oils

| title=Food Fats and Oils

| edition=9

| year=2006

| page=27

| url=http://www.iseo.org/httpdocs/Publications/FoodFatsOils2006.pdf

| access-date=2011-11-19

}}

• Cottonseed oil, used as a salad and cooking oil, both domestically and industrially.{{cite web

|url=http://www.cottonseed.com/publications/facts.asp

|title=Twenty Facts about Cottonseed Oil

|access-date=2011-10-17

|publisher=National Cottonseed Producers Association

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017083204/http://www.cottonseed.com/publications/facts.asp

|archive-date=2015-10-17

}}

• Olive oil, used in cooking, cosmetics, soaps, and as a fuel for traditional oil lamps.
• Palm oil, the most widely produced tropical oil.{{cite web

|url = http://www.soyatech.com/Palm_Oil_Facts.htm

|publisher = Soyatech

|title = Palm Oil Facts

|access-date = 2011-10-19

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111016191917/http://www.soyatech.com/Palm_Oil_Facts.htm

|archive-date = 2011-10-16

}} Popular in West African and Brazilian cuisine.{{cite web

| url=http://www.epicurious.com/tools/fooddictionary/entry/?id=3772

| title=Palm oil

| website=Food dictionary

| publisher=Epicurious

| access-date=2011-10-19

}} Also used to make biofuel.{{cite journal

| url=http://www.grain.org/article/entries/611-corporate-power-the-palm-oil-biodiesel-nexus

| title=Corporate power: The palm-oil-biodiesel nexus

| journal=Seedling

| date=July 2007

}}

• Peanut oil (Ground nut oil), a clear oil with some applications as a salad dressing, and, due to its high smoke point, especially used for frying.{{cite book

| title=Vegetable Oils in Food Technology: Composition, Properties and Uses

| editor=Frank Gunstone

| chapter=Groundnut (Peanut) Oil

| first1=Lisa L.

| last1=Dean

| first2=Jack P.

| last2=Davis

| first3=Timothy H.

| last3=Sanders

| page=225

| publisher=John Wiley & Sons

| year=2011

| isbn=978-1-4443-3268-1

| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnk2tdo8_P4C&q=peanut&pg=PA226

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}

• Rapeseed oil, including Canola oil, the most sold cooking oil all around the world; used as a salad and cooking oil, both domestically and industrially. Also used in fuel industry as bio-fuel.
• Safflower oil, until the 1960s used in the paint industry, now mostly as a cooking oil.{{cite web

|title = Safflower

|author = Boland, Michael

|date = January 2011

|access-date = 2011-10-17

|url = http://www.agmrc.org/commodities__products/grains__oilseeds/safflower.cfm

|publisher = Agriculture Marketing Resource Center

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111011085608/http://agmrc.org/commodities__products/grains__oilseeds/safflower.cfm

|archive-date = 2011-10-11

|url-status = dead

}}

• Sesame oil, cold pressed as light cooking oil, hot pressed for a darker and stronger flavor.{{cite web

| url=http://www.agmrc.org/commodities__products/grains__oilseeds/sesame_profile.cfm

| publisher=Agriculture Marketing Resource Center

| title=Sesame profile

| date=August 2011

| author=Hansen, Ray

| access-date=2011-11-19

}}

• Soybean oil, produced as a byproduct of processing soy meal.{{cite web

| url=http://southeastfarmpress.com/world-soybean-consumption-quickens

| title=World soybean consumption quickens

| publisher=Southeast Farm Press

| date=February 5, 2003

| author=Bennett, David

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}

• Sunflower oil, a common cooking oil, also used to make biodiesel.{{cite web

| url=http://www.agmrc.org/commodities__products/grains__oilseeds/sunflower_profile.cfm

| title=Sunflower profile

| first1=Michael

| last1=Boland

| first2=Jeri

| last2=Stroade

| date=August 2011

| access-date=2011-10-17

| publisher=Agricultural Marketing Resource Center

}}

File:Hazelnuts.jpgs from the Common Hazel, used to make Hazelnut oil ]]

Nut oils are generally used in cooking, for their flavor. Most are quite costly, because of the difficulty of extracting the oil.

• Almond oil, used as an edible oil, but primarily in the manufacture of cosmetics.Axtell, {{cite web

| url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E0d.htm#I.%20Individual%20monographs

| title=I. Individual monographs}}

• Beech nut oil, from Fagus sylvatica nuts, is a well-regarded edible oil in Europe, used for salads and cooking.{{cite book

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjHCoMQNkcgC&pg=PA600

| page=405

| title=The encyclopedia of fruit & nuts

| publisher=Cabi Publishing

| first1=Jules

| last1=Janick

| first2=Robert E.

| last2=Paull

| year=2008

| isbn=978-0-85199-638-7

| access-date=2011-11-21

}}

• Brazil nut oil contains 75% unsaturated fatty acids composed mainly of oleic and linolenic acids, as well as the phytosterol, beta-sitosterol,{{cite journal|journal=Int J Vitam Nutr Res|year=2013|volume=83|issue=5|pages=263–70|doi=10.1024/0300-9831/a000168|title=Phytosterol content and fatty acid pattern of ten different nut types|author=Kornsteiner-Krenn M |author2=Wagner KH |author3=Elmadfa I|pmid=25305221}} and fat-soluble vitamin E.{{cite journal|journal=Int J Food Sci Nutr|year=2006|volume=57|issue=3–4|pages=219–28|title=Fatty acid profile, tocopherol, squalene and phytosterol content of brazil, pecan, pine, pistachio and cashew nuts|vauthors=Ryan E, Galvin K, O'Connor TP, Maguire AR, O'Brien NM |pmid=17127473|doi=10.1080/09637480600768077|s2cid=22030871}} Extra virgin oil can be obtained during the first pressing of the nuts, possibly for use as a substitute for olive oil due to its mild, pleasant flavor.
• Cashew oil, somewhat comparable to olive oil. May have value for fighting dental cavities.{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/jf00002a039 |title=Antibacterial agents from the cashew Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae) nut shell oil |year=1991 |last1=Himejima |first1=Masaki |last2=Kubo |first2=Isao |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=418–21}}
• Jamaican cobnut oil, a sweet, fine-flavored oil

{{cite web

| url=https://heimbiotop.de/EdibleNuts.pdf

| page=122

| title=Non-wood Forest Products

| publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

| issn=1020-3370

}}

{{ cite web

| url=https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Omphalea+triandra

| title=Omphalea triandra

| website=Useful Tropical Plants

| access-date=January 24, 2023

}}

pressed from the seeds of Omphalea triandra in the tropical Americas. It is also reported to be used as a lubricant.

{{ Cite book

| url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124671

| title=Les Plantes Utiles des Colonies Françaises

| date=1885

| editor=J.-L. De Lanessan

}}

• Hazelnut oil, mainly used for its flavor. Also used in skin care, because of its slight astringent nature.{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/109158101750300928 |title=Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Corylus Avellana (Hazel) Seed Oil, Corylus Americana (Hazel) Seed Oil, Corylus Avellana (Hazel) Seed Extract, Corylus Americana (Hazel) Seed Extract, Corylus Rostrata (Hazel) Seed Extract, Corylus Avellana (Hazel) Leaf Extract, Corylus Americana (Hazel) Leaf Extract, and Corylus Rostrata (Hazel) Leaf Extract |year=2001 |journal=International Journal of Toxicology |volume=20 |issue=1 Suppl |pages=15–20 |pmid=11358108 |last1=Madhaven |first1=N|doi-access=free }}
• Macadamia oil, with a mild nutty flavor and a high smoke point.
• Mongongo nut oil (or manketti oil), from the seeds of the Schinziophyton rautanenii, a tree which grows in South Africa. High in vitamin E. Also used in skin care.{{cite web

| url=http://new-ag.info/en/focus/focusItem.php?a=794

| title=Mongongo–a tough nut worth cracking

| author=Bafana, Busani

| date=July 2009

| publisher= New Agriculturist

| access-date=2011-04-28

}}

• Pecan oil, valued as a food oil, but requiring fresh pecans for good quality oil.{{cite web

| url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/fruit-nut/fact-sheets/pecans-as-a-health-food/

| title=Pecans as a health food

| author=Storey, J. Benton

| access-date=2013-12-03

| publisher=Texas AgriLIFE Extension Service

}}

• Pine nut oil, sold as a gourmet cooking oil,{{cite book

| title=Functional Foods of the East

|editor1=John Shi |editor2=Chi-Tang Ho |editor3=Fereidoon Shahidi | chapter=Antioxidant Functional Factors in Nuts

| page=353

| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VENd7fgLIkC&q=pine+nut+oil&pg=PA353

| isbn=978-1-4200-7192-4

| date=May 15, 2010

|publisher=CRC Press }}{{cite book

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hm09yx6RDMC&q=Pine+seed+oil&pg=PA159

| page=159

| title=In the Sweet Kitchen: The Definitive Baker's Companion

| author=Daley, Regan

| publisher=Artisan Books

| year=2001

| isbn=978-1-57965-208-1

| access-date=2014-10-05

}} and of potential medicinal interest as an appetite suppressant.{{cite book

| title=Tree nuts: composition, phytochemicals, and health effects

| editor=Cesarettin Alasalvar |editor2=Fereidoon Shahidi

| chapter=Nutraceutical Potential of Pine Nut

| author1=Yu Liangli

| author2=Slavin, Margaret

| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uu4nzKx74noC&q=pine+nut+oil&pg=PA290

| page=289

| publisher=CRC Press

| year=2008

| isbn=978-0-8493-3735-2

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}

• Pistachio oil, a strongly flavored oil with a distinctive green color.{{cite book

| url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780740769764

| url-access=registration

| quote=pistachio oil.

| title=Things Cooks Love

| author=Simmons, Marie

| isbn=978-0-7407-6976-4

| publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing

| year=2008

| page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780740769764/page/295 295]

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}

• Walnut oil, used for its flavor, also used by Renaissance painters in oil paints.{{cite book

| title=Oil Painting Materials

| author=Powell, William F.

| page=[https://archive.org/details/oilpaintingmater00powe/page/43 43]

| isbn=978-1-56010-056-0

| publisher=Walter Foster

| year=1990

| url=https://archive.org/details/oilpaintingmater00powe/page/43

}}{{cite book

|title = Painter's Handbook

|author = Gottsegen, Mark

|isbn = 978-0-8230-3496-3

|page = 77

|url = http://thepaintershandbook.com/

|access-date = 2014-10-05

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141114051824/http://thepaintershandbook.com/

|archive-date = 2014-11-14

|year = 2006

|publisher = Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed

}}

• Pumpkin seed oil{{cite web|url=http://theepicentre.com/ingredient/a-guide-to-nut-and-seed-oils/|title=A Guide to Nut and Seed Oils - The Epicentre|website=theepicentre.com}}

A number of citrus plants yield pressed oils. Some, such as lemon and orange oil, are used as essential oils, which is uncommon for pressed oils.

group="note">Lime oil, for example, is distilled, not pressed. See Jackson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=xKQ2yKfYVRMC&dq=lime+oil&pg=PA131 p. 131] The seeds of many if not most members of the citrus family yield usable oils.{{cite book

| title=Analysis of Taste and Aroma

| volume=21

| author1=Jackson, John F.

| author2=Linskens, H.F.

| publisher=Springer

| year=2002

| isbn=978-3540417538

| page=131

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKQ2yKfYVRMC&q=lime+oil&pg=PA131

}}{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0308-8146(93)90306-Z |title=Characterisation of Nigerian citrus seed oils |year=1993 |last1=Ajewole |first1=Kola |last2=Adeyeye |first2=A. |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=77–8}}{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF02663951 |title=Chemical evaluation of egyptian citrus seeds as potential sources of vegetable oils |year=1986 |last1=Habib |first1=M. A. |last2=Hammam |first2=M. A. |last3=Sakr |first3=A. A. |last4=Ashoush |first4=Y. A. |journal=Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society |volume=63 |issue=9 |pages=1192–6|s2cid=84789896 }}{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF02586282 |title=Fatty acid composition of Iranian citrus seed oils |year=1976 |last1=Filsoof |first1=M. |last2=Mehran |first2=M. |journal=Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society |volume=53 |issue=10 |pages=654–5|s2cid=84569310 }}

• Grapefruit seed oil, extracted from the seeds of grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi). Grapefruit seed oil was extracted experimentally in 1930 and was shown to be suitable for making soap.{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF02564074 |title=Grape fruit seed oil |year=1930 |last1=Jamieson |first1=G. S. |last2=Baughman |first2=W. F. |last3=Gertler |first3=S. I. |journal=Oil & Fat Industries |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=181–3|s2cid=100639068 }}
• Lemon oil, similar in fragrance to the fruit. One of a small number of cold pressed essential oils.{{cite book

| title=Selected markets for the essential oils of lime, lemon and orange

| chapter=The Citrus Oils: An Introductory Review

| editor=S. R. J. Robbins

| year=1983

| page=17

}} Used as a flavoring agent{{cite book

| title=Handbook of flavor ingredients

| author=Fenaroli, Giovanni

| page=577

| publisher=Taylor & Francis US

| year=1975

| isbn=978-0-87819-533-6

}} and in aromatherapy.{{cite book

| title=The aromatherapy book: applications & inhalations

| author1=Rose, Jeanne

| author2=Hulburd, John

| page=[https://archive.org/details/aromatherapybook00jean/page/110 110]

| publisher=North Atlantic Books

| year=1993

| isbn=978-1-55643-073-2

| url=https://archive.org/details/aromatherapybook00jean/page/110

}}

• Orange oil, like lemon oil, cold pressed rather than distilled.{{cite book

| title=Mechanism and theory in food chemistry

| author=Wong, Dominic W. S.

| page=253

| publisher=Springer

| year=1989

| isbn=978-0-442-20753-3

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHi9LpuuHBMC&q=%22orange%20oil%22%20cold-pressed%20byproduct&pg=PA253

| access-date=2014-10-05

}} Consists of 90% d-Limonene. Used as a fragrance, in cleaning products and in flavoring foods.{{cite book

| title=Production and Packaging of Non-Carbonated Fruit Juices and Fruit Beverages

| author=Ashurst, Philip R.

| page=81

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ocZhAHR5Ne0C&q=orange%20essential%20oil%20fragrance%20cleaning%20d-limonene&pg=PA81

| publisher=Springer

| year=994

| isbn=978-0-8342-1289-3

| access-date=2014-10-05

}} File:Sea-buckthorn-oliv.jpg ]]

File:Citrullus lanatus ies.jpg, is used in cooking in West Africa.]]

Members of the Cucurbitaceae include gourds, melons, pumpkins, and squashes. Seeds from these plants are noted for their oil content, but little information is available on methods of extracting the oil. In most cases, the plants are grown as food, with dietary use of the oils as a byproduct of using the seeds as food.Axtell, "[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E07.htm#Cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae]

• Bitter gourd oil, from the seeds of Momordica charantia. High in α-Eleostearic acid. Of current research interest for its potential anti-carcinogenic properties.{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/ijc.20179 |title=Dietary seed oil rich in conjugated linolenic acid from bitter melon inhibits azoxymethane-induced rat colon carcinogenesis through elevation of colonic PPARγ expression and alteration of lipid composition |year=2004 |last1=Kohno |first1=Hiroyuki |last2=Yasui |first2=Yumiko |last3=Suzuki |first3=Rikako |last4=Hosokawa |first4=Masashi |last5=Miyashita |first5=Kazuo |last6=Tanaka |first6=Takuji |journal=International Journal of Cancer |volume=110 |issue=6 |pages=896–901 |pmid=15170673|s2cid=1817375 |doi-access=free }}
• Bottle gourd oil, extracted from the seeds of the Lagenaria siceraria, widely grown in tropical regions. Used as an edible oil.

Axtell, "[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E07.htm#Bottle%20gourd Bottle gourd]"

• Buffalo gourd oil, from the seeds of the Cucurbita foetidissima, a vine with a rank odor, native to southwest North America.{{cite book

| url=http://www.echocommunity.org/resource/resmgr/a_to_z/index.htm

| chapter=Oil Crops

| title=Amaranth to Zai Holes

| author=Meitzner, Laura S.

| author2=Price, Martin L.

| publisher=ECHO

| year=1996

| access-date=2014-10-06

}}

• Butternut squash seed oil, from the seeds of Cucurbita moschata, has a nutty flavor that is used for salad dressings, marinades, and sautéeing.{{cite web

| url=http://calsnews.cornell.edu/2009spring/made/buttnernut-squash-oil.html

| publisher=CALS News

| date=Spring 2009

| access-date=2011-01-14

| title=Butternut Squash Seed Oil Goes to Market

| author=Ogrodnick, Joe

}}

• Egusi"Egusi" is the common name of several species of melons, including Citrullus vulgaris cultivars and Lagenaria sicerari. seed oil, from the seeds of Melothria sphaerocarpa (syn. Cucumeropsis mannii), is particularly rich in linoleic acid.{{cite journal

| title=Triacylglycerols and fatty acids composition of egusi seed oil (Cucumeropsis Mannii Naudin)

|author1=Kapseu, C. |author2=Kamga, R. |author3=Tchatchueng, J.B. | pages=354–356

| journal= Grasas y Aceites

| volume=44

| issue=6

| year=1993

| doi=10.3989/gya.1993.v44.i6.1062

| doi-access=free

}}

• Pumpkin seed oil, a specialty cooking oil, produced in Austria, Slovenia and Croatia. Used mostly in salad dressings.{{cite journal

| journal=Issues in New Crops and New Uses

| year=2007

| editor=J. Janick |editor2=A. Whipkey

| title=Oil Pumpkins: Niche for Organic Producers

| author1=Bavec, F.

| author2=Grobelnik Mlakar, S.

| author3=Rozman, Č.

| author4=Bavec, M.

| url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu07/pdfs/bavec185-189.pdf

}}

• Watermelon seed oil, pressed from the seeds of Citrullus vulgaris. Traditionally used in cooking in West Africa.{{cite book

| title=Plant resources of tropical Africa: Vegetables

| editor=G. J. H. Grubben

| chapter=Citrullus

| publisher=Plant Resources of Tropical Africa

| page=185

| isbn=978-90-5782-147-9

| year=2004

}}{{cite book

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3dTwe5X8Y0C&q=%22nahor+oil%22&pg=PA460

| page=460

| title=World oilseeds: chemistry, technology, and utilization

| author=Salunkhe, D. K.

| publisher=Springer

| year=1992

| isbn=978-0-442-00112-4

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}

A number of oils are used as food supplements (or "nutraceuticals"), for their nutrient content or purported medicinal effect. Borage seed oil, blackcurrant seed oil, and evening primrose oil all have a significant amount of gamma-Linolenic acid (GLA) (about 23%, 15–20% and 7–10%, respectively), and it is this that has drawn the interest of researchers.

• Açaí oil, from the fruit of several species of the Açaí palm (Euterpe) grown in the Amazon region.{{cite book

| chapter=Açai (Euterpe oleracea)

| title=Flavor and Health Benefits of Small Fruits

| volume=1035

| pages=213–223

| doi=10.1021/bk-2010-1035.ch013

| first1=Alexander G.

| last1=Schauss

| first2=Gitte S.

| last2=Jensen

| first3=Xianli

| last3=Wu

| series=ACS Symposium Series

| year=2010

| isbn=978-0-8412-2549-7

}}{{cite journal |journal = J Agric Food Chem |date=Jun 2008 | volume = 56 | issue = 12 | pages = 4631–6 | title = Chemical composition, antioxidant properties, and thermal stability of a phytochemical enriched oil from Acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) |pmid = 18522407| doi = 10.1021/jf800161u |author1=Pacheco-Palencia, LA |author2=Mertens-Talcott S |author3=Talcott ST }}

• Black seed oil, pressed from Nigella sativa seeds, has a long history of medicinal use, including in ancient Greek, Asian, and Islamic medicine, as well as being a topic of current medical research.{{cite book

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3LQ57_4VdkoC&q=%22black+seed+oil%22&pg=PA264

| page=364

| title=Mother Food for Breastfeeding Mothers

| author=Jacobson, Hilary

| publisher=PageFree Publishing, Inc.

| year=2004

| isbn=978-1-58961-229-7

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}{{cite book

| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYE6YKPdFDEC&q=%22black+seed+oil%22&pg=PA285

| year=2007

| chapter=C. elegans Chemotaxis and Reproduction Following Environmental Exposure

| author1=Worku, Mulumabet

| author2=Gerald, Carresse

| title=Proceedings of the 2007 National Conference on Environmental Science and Technology

| isbn=978-0-387-88482-0

| publisher=Springer

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}{{cite book

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=prBB0SHtoWYC&q=%22black+seed+oil%22&pg=PA261

| page=261

| title=Healing with the Medicine of the Prophet

| author1=al-Jawzīyah, Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr Ibn Qayyim

| author2=Al Jauziyah, Imam Ibn Qayyim

| author3=Abdullah, Abdul Rahman

| editor=second

| publisher=Darussalam

| year=2003

| isbn=978-9960-892-91-7

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}

• Blackcurrant seed oil, from the seeds of Ribes nigrum, used as a food supplement. High in gamma-Linolenic, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.

{{cite book

| title=Nutraceutical and specialty lipids and their co-products

| author=Shahidi, Fereidoon

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-DasysmU7V0C&q=blackcurrant+borage+evening+primrose+GLA&pg=PA14

| pages=13–14

| publisher=CRC Press

| year=2006

| isbn=978-1-57444-499-5

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}

• Borage seed oil, from the seeds of Borago officinalis.
• Evening primrose oil, from the seeds of Oenothera biennis,{{cite book

| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sfmc-fRCj10C&q=Evening+primrose+Oenothera+biennis&pg=PA197

| page=197

| author1=Shahidi, Fereidoon

| author2=Miraliakbari, Homan

| chapter=Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis)

| title=Encyclopedia of dietary supplements

| editor=Paul M. Coates

| publisher=CRC Press

| year=2005

| isbn=978-0-8247-5504-1

| access-date=2014-10-05

}} the most important plant source of gamma-Linolenic acid, particularly because it does not contain alpha-Linolenic acid.{{cite web

| url=https://www.drugs.com/mtm/evening-primrose-oil.html

| publisher=Drugs.com

| title=Evening Primrose Oil

| access-date=2011-10-25

}}

• Flaxseed oil (called linseed oil when used as a drying oil), from the seeds of Linum usitatissimum. High in omega-3 and lignans, which can be used medicinally. A good dietary equivalent to fish oil.{{cite book

| title=Conscious Eating

| author=Cousens, Gabriel

| pages=459–460

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GeGZL7M9CxAC&q=flaxseed+oil&pg=PT450

| isbn=978-1-55643-858-5

| publisher=North Atlantic Books

| year=2009

| edition=2

| access-date=2014-10-05

}} Easily turns rancid.{{cite book

| chapter=Bioactive Components of Flaxseed: Occurrence and Health Benefits

| title=Phytochemicals and phytopharmaceuticals

| editor=Fereidoon Shahidi |editor2=Chi-Tang Ho

|author1=Oomah, B. David |author2=Mazza, G. | pages=106–116

| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gk4oi2BxwrcC&q=flaxseed+oil&pg=PA106

| publisher=The American Oil Chemists Society

| year=2000

| isbn=978-1-893997-05-9

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}

File:Ceratonia siliqua green pods.jpg seed pods, used to make carob pod oil ]]

• Amaranth oil, from the seeds of grain amaranth species, including Amaranthus cruentus and Amaranthus hypochondriacus, high in squalene and unsaturated fatty acids.{{cite journal

| journal=J Agric Food Chem

| date=June 10, 2009

| volume=57

| issue=11

| pages=4657–62

| title=Enrichment of amaranth oil with ethyl palmitate at the sn-2 position by chemical and enzymatic synthesis

|author1=Pina-Rodriguez, AM |author2=Akoh, CC | doi=10.1021/jf900242g

| pmid=19413361

}}

• Apricot oil, similar to almond oil, which it resembles. Used in cosmetics.{{cite book

| url=http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/a/apric050.html

| chapter=Apricot

| title=A Modern Herbal

| author=Grieve, Margaret

| year=1931

| isbn=978-0-486-22798-6

| publisher=Dover Publications

| access-date=2014-10-05

}} Originally published in 1931, and republished regularly since.

• Apple seed oil, high in linoleic acid.{{cite journal

| title=Proximate Composition of the Apple Seed and Characterization of Its Oil

| author=Yu Xiuzhu |author2=van de Voort, Frederick R. |author3=Li Zhixi |author4=Yue Tianli

| journal=International Journal of Food Engineering

| volume=3

| issue=5

| date=October 25, 2007

| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250147404

| access-date=2011-10-24

| doi=10.2202/1556-3758.1283

| s2cid=98590230 }}

• Argan oil, from the seeds of the Argania spinosa, is a food oil from Morocco{{cite book

| title=The Rough Guide to Morocco

| author=Jacobs, Daniel

| page=498

| publisher=Penguin

| year=2010

| isbn=978-1-84836-977-1

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYx4PSzWRngC&q=argan+oil&pg=PA498

| access-date=2014-10-05

}} developed through a women's cooperative founded in the 1990s,

The [http://www.targanine.com/ Targanine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028081403/http://www.targanine.com/ |date=2011-10-28 }} cooperative was founded by Zoubida Charrouf in the 1990s to help local poor, widowed and divorced women derive an income from producing and exporting high-quality argan oil. See {{cite book

| title=Sustainable Solutions for Modern Economies

| page=401

| publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain)

| editor=Rainer Höfer

| year=2009

| isbn=978-1847559050

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5AG42e0qkHMC&q=Zoubida+Charrouf+targanine&pg=PA401

}}

that has also attracted recent attention in Europe.

• Avocado oil, an edible oil{{cite book

| title=The avocado: botany, production, and uses

|author1=Whiley, Antony William |author2=Schaffer, Bruce |author3=Wolstenholme, B. Nigel | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CxmvpAYkL54C&q=avocado+oil&pg=PA390

| publisher=CABI

| year=2002

| isbn=978-0-85199-357-7

| page=390

| access-date=2014-10-05

}} used primarily in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.{{cite book

| title=Food and feed crops of the United States. Interregional Research Project IR-4, IR Bul. 1 (Bul. 828 New Jersey Agr. Expt. Sta.)

| last1=Magness

| first1=J.R.

| first2=G.M.

| last2=Markle

| first3=C.C.

| last3=Compton

| year=1971

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TF8wtwAACAAJ

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}, quoted in {{cite web|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/Crops/Avocado_oil.html|title=Purdue New Crops: Avocado oil}}

{{cite book

| title=Handbook of green chemicals

| author=Ash, Irene

| page=531

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKrBNbkE2c0C&q=avocado+oil&pg=PA631

| publisher=Synapse Info Resources

| year=2004

| isbn=978-1-890595-79-1

| access-date=2014-10-05

}} Unusually high smoke point of {{convert|510|F|C}}.

• Babassu oil, from the seeds of the Attalea speciosa, is similar to, and used as a substitute for, coconut oil.{{cite web

| url=http://mvo.nl/media/voedselveiligheid/codex_standard_named_vegetable_oils.pdf

| title=Codex standard for named vegetable oils

| website=Codex Alimentarius

| publisher=Codex Alimentarius Commission

| volume=8

| year=2001

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}

• Ben oil, extracted from the seeds of the Moringa oleifera. High in behenic acid. Extremely stable edible oil. Also suitable for biofuel.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}
• Borneo tallow nut oil, extracted from the fruit of species of genus Shorea. Used as a substitute for cocoa butter, and to make soap, candles, cosmetics and medicines in places where the tree is common.

Axtell, "[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E05.htm#Borneo%20tallow%20nut Borneo tallow nut]

• Cape chestnut oil, also called yangu oil, is a popular oil in Africa for skin care.{{cite book

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nw-mZQ0kcEC&q=Yangu+oil&pg=PA119

| page=110

| title=Plant resources of tropical Africa

| volume=7

|editor1=D. Louppe |editor2=A.A. Oteng-Amoako |editor3=M. Brink | publisher=PROTA

| year=2008

| isbn=978-90-5782-209-4

}}

• Carob pod oil (Algaroba oil), from carob, with an exceptionally high essential fatty acid content.{{cite journal

| pmid=15277087

| journal=J Herb Pharmacother

| year=2002

| volume=2

| issue=3

| pages=29–33

| title=Fatty acid content of selected seed oils

| first1=I.

| last1=Orhan

| first2=B.

| last2=Sener

| doi=10.1080/J157v02n03_03

| s2cid=26219361

}}{{cite journal

| journal=Food Chemistry

| volume=102

| issue=4

| year=2007

| pages=1368–1374

| doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.05.059

| title=Isolation and chemical evaluation of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) seed germ

|author1=Dakia, Patrick Aubin |author2=Wathelet, Bernard |author3=Paquot, Michel }}

• Cocoa butter, from the cacao plant, is used in the manufacture of chocolate, as well as in some ointments and cosmetics; sometimes known as theobroma oil{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/123766/cocoa-butter |title=Cocoa butter – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |website=Britannica Encyclopedia article |date=July 1998 |access-date=2007-09-10}}
• Cocklebur oil, from species of genus Xanthium, with similar properties to poppyseed oil, similar in taste and smell to sunflower oil.{{cite journal

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSRPAAAAIAAJ

| journal=Comptes Rendus

| year=1963

| title=Physico-Chemical Investigation of Cocklebur Oil

| page=381ff

| author=Maximov, N.

}}{{cite journal

| title=Some Points of Interest Concerning the Cocklebur and Its Seeds

| journal=Ecology

| volume=2

| issue=2

|date=April 1921

| pages=110–119

| author= McHargue, J. S.

| jstor=1928923

| doi=10.2307/1928923

| bibcode=1921Ecol....2..110M

}}

• Cohune oil, from the Attalea cohune (cohune palm) used as a lubricant, for cooking, soapmaking and as a lamp oil.{{cite web

| url=http://www.floridata.com/ref/A/atta_coh.cfm

| title=Attalea cohune

| access-date=2011-10-21

| publisher=Floridata

| author=McLendon, Chuck

| date=July 28, 2000

}}

File:Coriander.png seeds are the source of an edible pressed oil, Coriander seed oil.]]

• Coriander seed oil, from coriander seeds, used in a wide variety of flavoring applications, including gin and seasoning blends.{{cite book

| author=Ashurst, P. R.

| title=Food Flavorings

| isbn=978-0-8342-1621-1

| publisher=Springer

| year=1999

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hrWuqmtwJiEC&q=coriander+seed+oil+uses&pg=PA17

| pages=17–18

| access-date=2014-10-05

}} Recent research has shown promise for use in killing food-borne bacteria, such as E. coli.{{cite news

| newspaper=New York Times

| author=Bhanoo, Sindya N.

| date=August 20, 2011

| title=A Bacteria-Busting Oil Behind a Popular Spice

}}

• Date seed oil, extracted from date pits.{{cite journal

| title=Date seeds: chemical composition and characteristic profiles of the lipid fraction

|author1=Besbes, S |author2=Bleckerb, C |author3=Deroanneb, C |author4=Drirac, NE |author5=Attiaa, H | journal=Food Chemistry

|date=March 2004

| volume=84

| issue=4

| pages=577–584

| doi=10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00281-4}} Its low extraction rate and lack of other distinguishing characteristics make it an unlikely candidate for major use.{{cite book

| publisher=FAO

| author=Barreveld, W.H.

| title=Date Palm Products

| chapter=By-products of Date Packing and Processing

| year=1993

| url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0681E/t0681e09.htm

| access-date=2011-11-19

}}

• Dika oil, from Irvingia gabonensis seeds, native to West Africa. Used to make margarine, soap and pharmaceuticals, where is it being examined as a tablet lubricant. Largely underdeveloped.{{cite book

| title=Lost Crops of Africa: Volume II: Vegetables

| year=2006

| author=United States National Research Council

| publisher=National Academies Press

| chapter=Dika

| url=http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11763

| isbn=978-0-309-10333-6

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}{{cite journal

| title=Preliminary evaluation of dika fat, a new tablet lubricant

|author1=Udeala, OK |author2=Onyechi, JO |author3=Agu, SI | journal= J Pharm Pharmacol

|date=January 1980

| volume=32

| issue=1

| pages=6–9

| pmid=6102130

| doi=10.1111/j.2042-7158.1980.tb12834.x

|s2cid=29033739 }}

• False flax oil made of the seeds of Camelina sativa. One of the earliest oil crops, dating back to the 6th millennium B.C.{{cite book

| title=Plant Biotechnology for Sustainable Production of Energy and Co-Products

| author=Mascia, Peter N.

| page=231

| publisher=Springer

| year=2010

| isbn=978-3-642-13439-5

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-ia88HtH1QC&q=false+flax+oil&pg=PA231

| access-date=2014-10-05

}} Produced in modern times in Central and Eastern Europe; fell out of production in the 1940s.{{cite book

| title=Domestication of plants in the old world: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley

|author1=Zohary, Daniel |author2=Hopf, María | publisher=Oxford University Press

| year=2000

| isbn=978-0-19-850356-9

| page=138

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&q=false+flax+oil&pg=PA138

| access-date=2014-10-05

}} Considered promising as a food or fuel oil.{{cite book

| title=Handbook of bioenergy crops: a complete reference to species, development and applications

| author=El Bassam, Nasir

| page=18

| publisher=Earthscan

| year=2010

| isbn=978-1-84407-854-7

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zRW3_QwQhTIC&q=false+flax+fuel&pg=PA18

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}

• Grape seed oil, a cooking and salad oil, also sprayed on raisins to help them retain their flavor.{{cite book

| title=The encyclopedia of seeds: science, technology and uses

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aE414KuXu4gC&q=grape+seed+oil+uses&pg=PA305

| author1=Bewley, J. Derek

| author2=Black, Michael

| author3=Halmer, Peter

| isbn=978-0-85199-723-0

| publisher=CABI

| year=2006

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}

• Hemp oil, a high quality food oil{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2004/nov/07/foodanddrink.features9|title=Hemp oil: A true superfood?|access-date=2011-10-24 | work=The Guardian | location=London | first=Louise | last=France | date=November 7, 2004}} also used to make paints, varnishes, resins and soft soaps.Harborne, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ry11ai2iPS0C&dq=croton+oil&pg=PA100 p. 100]
• Kapok seed oil, from the seeds of Ceiba pentandra, used as an edible oil, and in soap production.{{cite web

|url=http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/oele/kapok/kapok.htm

|title=Kapok seed oil

|publisher=German Transport Information Service

|access-date=2011-10-24}}

• Kenaf seed oil, from the seeds of Hibiscus cannabinus. An edible oil similar to cottonseed oil, with a long history of use.{{cite journal

| journal=Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society

| volume=24

| issue=1

| pages=3–5

| year=1946

| doi=10.1007/BF02645761

| title=Kenaf seed oil

| author=Lewy, Mario

| s2cid=97120897

}}{{cite book

| title=Kenaf: alternative fiber: the Bledsoe experience

| author=Bledsoe, Venita

| publisher=Countryside Pub.

| year=1999

}}

• Lallemantia oil, from the seeds of Lallemantia iberica, discovered at archaeological sites in northern Greece.{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00334-005-0004-z |title=Lallemantia, an imported or introduced oil plant in Bronze Age northern Greece |year=2005 |last1=Jones |first1=Glynis |last2=Valamoti |first2=Soultana M. |journal=Vegetation History and Archaeobotany |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=571–7|bibcode=2005VegHA..14..571J |s2cid=128762541 }}
• Mafura oil, extracted from the seeds of Trichilia emetica. Used as an edible oil in Ethiopia. Mafura butter, extracted as part of the same process when extracting the oil, is not edible, and is used in soap and candle making, as a body ointment, as fuel, and medicinally.{{cite book

| chapter=Vegetable oils

|author1=van der Vossen, H.A.M. |author2=Mkamilo, G.S. | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YW-ZbQnWQYsC&q=macerated+oil&pg=PA172

| page=172

| title=Plant Resources of Tropical Africa

| publisher=Plant Resources of Tropical Africa

| volume=14

| year=2007

| isbn=978-90-5782-191-2

|title-link=Plant Resources of Tropical Africa }}

• Marula oil, extracted from the kernel of Sclerocarya birrea. Used as an edible oil with a light, nutty flavor. Also used in soaps. Fatty acid composition is similar to that of olive oil.{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/20702620.2002.10434589 |title=Knowledge on Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra with emphasis on its importance as a non-timber forest product in South and southern Africa: A Summary: Part 1: Taxonomy, ecology and role in rural livelihoods |year=2002 |last1=Shackleton |first1=Sheona E. |last2=Shackleton |first2=Charlie M. |last3=Cunningham |first3=Tony |last4=Lombard |first4=Cyril |last5=Sullivan |first5=Caroline A. |last6=Netshiluvhi |first6=Thiambi R. |journal=The Southern African Forestry Journal |volume=194 |issue=1 |pages=27–41|s2cid=219629203 }}

{{cite book

| title=Lost Crops of Africa: Fruits

| volume=III

| publisher=National Academies Press

| year=2008

| author=United States National Research Council Board on Science and Technology for International Development

| page=23

| chapter=Marula

| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MqGLARzj-6sC&q=marula+oil&pg=PA123

| isbn=9780309164436

|access-date=2013-10-25}}

• Meadowfoam seed oil, highly stable oil, with over 98% long-chain fatty acids. Competes with rapeseed oil for industrial applications.{{cite web|url=http://www.agmrc.org/commodities__products/grains__oilseeds/meadowfoam.cfm|title=Meadowfoam|author=Burden, Dan|publisher=Agricultural Marketing Resource Center|access-date=2011-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024100022/http://www.agmrc.org/commodities__products/grains__oilseeds/meadowfoam.cfm|archive-date=2011-10-24|url-status=dead}}
• Mustard oil (pressed), used in India as a cooking oil. Also used as a massage oil.{{cite web

| url=http://www.tis-gdv.de/tis_e/ware/oele/senf/senf.htm

| title=Mustard oil

| publisher=German Transport Information System

| access-date=2011-10-22

}}

• Niger seed oil is obtained from the edible seeds of the Niger plant, which belongs to the genus Guizotia of the family Asteraceae. The botanical name of the plant is Guizotia abyssinica. Cultivation for the plant originated in the Ethiopian highlands, and has since spread from Malawi to India.{{cite web | url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu02/v5-174.html | title=Trends in new crops and new uses |website=Nigerseed: Specialty grain opportunity for Midwestern US| publisher=ASHS Press | year=2002 | access-date=2013-10-15 |author1=Quinn, J. |author2=Myers, R.L. | pages=174–82}}

File:Poppy seeds.jpg ]]

• Nutmeg butter, extracted by expression from the fruit of cogeners of genus Myristica. Nutmeg butter has a large amount of trimyristin. Nutmeg oil, by contrast, is an essential oil, extracted by steam distillation.{{cite encyclopedia

| url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/422824/nutmeg-butter

| encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica

| title=Nutmeg butter

| access-date=2011-10-24

}}

• Okra seed oil, from Abelmoschus esculentus. Composed predominantly of oleic and linoleic acids.{{cite journal

|title = Hibiscus seed oil compositions

|author1 = Holser, R.

|author2 = Bost, G.

|journal = Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society

|volume = 95

|date = May 2004

|url = http://www.aocs.org/archives/am2004/session.asp?session=PRO+4%2FSOA+4%3A+Processing+of+Specialty+Oils

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071113072004/http://www.aocs.org/archives/am2004/session.asp?session=PRO+4%2FSOA+4%3A+Processing+of+Specialty+Oils

|archive-date = 2007-11-13

}} The greenish yellow edible oil has a pleasant taste and odor.{{cite journal

| doi=10.1007/BF02858558

| title=Okra, Potential Multiple-Purpose Crop for the Temperate Zones and Tropics

| author=Martin, Franklin W.

| volume=36

| year=1982

| pages=340–345

| journal=Economic Botany

| issue=3

| s2cid=38546395

}}

• Papaya seed oil, high in omega-3 and omega-6, similar in composition to olive oil.{{cite book

| title=Crop Management and Postharvest Handling of Horticultural Products: Crop Fertilization, Nutrition and Growth

| volume=3

| editor=Raina Niskanen

| isbn=978-1-57808-140-0

| publisher=Science Publishers

| year=2003

| page=178

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wpHAAAAYAAJ

}} Not to be confused with papaya oil produced by maceration.{{cite book

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ispjzFcxgO8C&q=%22papaya+oil%22&pg=PA153

| page=153

| title=Healing Power of Papaya

| author=Somonsohn, Barbara

| publisher=Lotus Press

| year=2002

| isbn=978-81-7769-066-8

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}

• Perilla seed oil, high in omega-3 fatty acids. Used as an edible oil, for medicinal purposes in Asian herbal medicine, in skin care products and as a drying oil.{{cite web|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/V2-322.html|title=Perilla: Botany, Uses and Genetic Resources|author=Brenner, David M. |year=1993|access-date=2011-10-24}}Harborne, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ry11ai2iPS0C&dq=croton+oil&pg=PA102 p. 102]
• Persimmon seed oil, extracted from the seeds of Diospyros virginiana. Dark, reddish-brown color, similar in taste to olive oil. Nearly equal content of oleic and linoleic acids.{{cite journal

| title=An examination of the oil of the seeds of persimmon (Diospyros Virginiana L., Fam. Ebenaceae)

|author1=Cloughly, Cecil P. |author2=Burlage, Henry M. | journal=Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association

| volume=48

| issue=8

| pages=449–451

| date=August 1959

| doi=10.1002/jps.3030480807

| pmid=13672839

}}

• Pequi oil, extracted from the seeds of Caryocar brasiliense. Used in Brazil as a highly prized cooking oil.

Axtell, "[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E05.htm#Caryocar%20spp Caryocar spp.]

• Pili nut oil, extracted from the seeds of Canarium ovatum. Used in the Philippines as an edible oil, as well as for a lamp oil.

Axtell, "[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E0a.htm#Pili%20nut Pili nut]"

• Pomegranate seed oil, from Punica granatum seeds, is very high in punicic acid (which takes its name from pomegranates). A topic of current medical research for treating and preventing cancer.{{cite book

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-D80drLgt-0C&q=pomegranate+seed+oil&pg=PA218

| page=218

| title=Berries and Cancer Prevention

| author=Stoner, Gary D.

| publisher=Springer

| year=2010

| isbn=978-1-4419-7553-9

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}{{cite book

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VlsK8TAjsfUC&q=pomegranate+seed+oil&pg=PA60

| page=60

| title=Bioactive Foods and Extracts: Cancer Treatment and Prevention

| author1=Watson, Ronald Ross

| author2=Preedy, Victor R.

| publisher=Taylor & Francis US, 2010

| isbn=978-1-4398-1619-6

| date=2010-11-11

}}

• Poppyseed oil, long used for cooking, in paints, varnishes, and soaps.{{cite book

| title=Chemical technology and analysis of oils, fats and waxes

| volume=2

| author=Lewkowitsch, Julius

| editor=George H. Warburton

| edition=5

| publisher=Macmillan

| year=1914

| page=119

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xt7QAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA119

}}{{cite book

| title=Modern Technology Of Oils, Fats & Its Derivatives

| publisher=National Institute of Industrial Research

| isbn=978-81-7833-085-3

| year=2002

| page=105

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rChwMIJHdE8C&q=poppy%20seed%20oil&pg=PA105

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}{{cite book

| title=The Oil Painting Book: Materials and Techniques for Today's Artist

| author=Creevy, Bill

| publisher=Watson-Guptill

| year=1999

| isbn=978-0-8230-3274-7

}}{{cite book

| title=Economic botany and ethnobotany

| author=Gonsalves, John

| page=102

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zhnNfR2-sZ8C&q=poppy+seed+oil+soap&pg=PA102

| isbn=978-81-8293-067-4

| publisher=Mittal Publications

| year=2010

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}

• Pracaxi oil, extracted from the seeds of Pentaclethra macroloba. Similar to peanut oil, but has a high concentration of behenic acid (19%).{{cite book

| title=Oleaginosas da Amazonia

| author=Pesce, Celestino

| year=1941

| publisher=Composto e impresso Nas

}}

File:Pracaxi virg-ultra1.JPG

• Prune kernel oil, marketed as a gourmet cooking oil{{cite web

| url=http://acnfp.food.gov.uk/meetings/82297/49m/minutes

| title=ACNFP Meeting minutes 14 March 2001

| publisher=Advisory Committee on Novel Foods and Processes

| date=March 14, 2001

| access-date=2011-10-22

}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.plumoil.com/index.html|title=Virgin Plum Oil cold pressed from d'Agen prune seeds|publisher=Vidalou Farm|access-date=2011-10-22}}

Similar in composition to peach kernel oil.{{cite book

| title=Modern Technology Of Oils, Fats & Its Derivatives

| publisher=National Institute of Industrial Research

| isbn=978-81-7833-085-3

| year=2002

| page=108

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rChwMIJHdE8C&q=plum&pg=PA107

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}

• Quinoa oil, similar in composition and use to corn oil.{{cite journal|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/v2-328.html|title=Quinoa: A Potential New Oil Crop|author=Koziol, Michael J.|journal=New Crops|year=1993|volume=2}}
• Ramtil oil, pressed from the seeds of the one of several species of genus Guizotia abyssinica (Niger pea) in India and Ethiopia.{{cite book

| title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N

| chapter=Nug oil

| page=1202

| isbn=978-3-447-05607-6

| publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag

| year=2007

| editor=Siegbert Uhlig

| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l4WUdKWGcYsC&q=ramtil+oil&pg=PA1201

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}{{cite book

| title=Niger, Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass

| author1=Getinet, A.

| author2=Sharma, S. M.

| page=35

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FtamVcJzrTAC&q=oil&pg=PA35

| publisher=Bioversity International

| year=1996

| isbn=978-92-9043-292-0

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}

• Rice bran oil is a highly stable cooking and salad oil, suitable for high-temperature cooking.{{cite web | url=http://www.cookingforengineers.com/article/50/Smoke-Points-of-Various-Fats| publisher=Cooking for Engineers | title=Smoke Points of Various Fats | author=Chu, Michael| access-date=2011-10-20}}{{cite book

| title=The Chemistry of Oils and Fats: Sources, Composition, Properties and Uses

| author=Gunstone, Frank

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYFU7heynbwC&q=The%20Chemistry%20of%20Oils%20and%20Fats%3A%20Sources%2C%20Composition%2C%20Properties%20and%20Uses&pg=PR1

| publisher=John Wiley & Sons

| year=2009

| isbn=978-1-4051-5002-6

| page=8

| access-date=2014-10-05

}} It also has potential as a biofuel.{{cite book

| title=Handbook of plant-based biofuels

| editor=Ashok Pandey

| chapter=Biodiesel from Rice Bran Oil

| author1=Ju Yi-Hsu

| author2=Rayat, C.M.E.

| pages=241–253

| publisher=CRC Press

| year=2009

| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7reTmIFGHWAC&q=rice+bran+oil&pg=PA253

| isbn=978-1-56022-175-3

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}

• Royle oil, pressed from the seeds of Prinsepia utilis, a wild, edible oil shrub that grows in the higher Himalayas. Used medicinally in Nepal.{{cite journal

| journal=Lyonia

| url=http://www.lyonia.org/viewArticle.php?articleID=367

| title=Ethnomedicine of Dolpa district, Nepal: the plants, their vernacular names and uses

|author1=Kunwar, Ripu M. |author2=Adhikari, Nirmal |date=July 2005

| access-date=2011-10-24

| issn=0888-9619

}}

File:Vitellaria paradoxa MS4195.JPG is pressed]]

• Sacha inchi oil, from the Peruvian Amazon. High in behenic, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.{{cite web

| url=http://perufood.blogspot.com/2006/09/sacha-inchi-oil-from-amazon-takes-gold.html

| title= Sacha Inchi: Oil from the Amazon Takes Gold in Paris

| date=September 22, 2006

| access-date=2011-10-24

| publisher= Peru Food

}}{{cite conference

| title=Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis, Euphorbiaceae): A Promising Oilseed Crop from Peruvian Amazon

|author1=Krivankova, Blanka |author2=Polesny, Zbynek |author3=Lojka, Bohdan |author4=Lojkova, Jana |author5=Banout, Jan |author6=Preininger, Daniel | date=October 2007

| conference=Tropentag

| url=http://www.tropentag.de/2007/proceedings/node304.html

| publisher=Cuvillier Verlag Göttingen

| editor=Eric Tielkes

| access-date=2011-10-24

}}

• Sapote oil, used as a cooking oil in Guatemala.{{cite journal

| journal=Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society

| volume=8

| issue=7

| pages=255–256

| doi=10.1007/BF02574575

| title=Sapote (mammy apple) seed and oil

|author1=Jamieson, G. S. |author2=McKinney, R. S. | year=1931

| s2cid=101373525

}}

• Seje oil, from the seeds of Jessenia bataua. Used in South America as an edible oil, similar to olive oil, as well as for soaps and in the cosmetics industry.Axtell, "[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E0b.htm#Seje Seje]"
• Shea butter, much of which is produced by African women. Used primarily in skin care products and as a substitute for cocoa butter in confections and cosmetics.{{cite journal|title=Shea butter:making trade work for poor women|journal=Africa Recovery|year=2001|issue=4|volume=15|author=Harsch, Ernest}}{{cite book

| editor=R. Selvarajah-Jaffery |editor2=B. Wagner |editor3=E. Sulzberger

| title=World Agroforestry Centre annual report 2005: Agroforestry science to support the millennium development goals

| chapter=What's in your chocolate?

| author1=Moranz, Steve

| author2=Masters, Eliot

| year=2005

| publisher=World Agroforestry Centre

| isbn=978-92-9059-199-3

| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oh6wJUiOdSQC&q=shea+butter&pg=PT1

| page=19

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}

• Taramira oil, from the seeds of the arugula (Eruca sativa), grown in West Asia and Northern India. Used as a (pungent) edible oil after aging to remove acridity.{{cite journal

| journal=Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society

| volume=66

| issue=1

| date=January 1989

|author1=Kanya, T.C. Sindhu |author2=Urs, M. Kantaraj | title=Studies on taramira (eruca sativa) seed oil and meal

| doi=10.1007/BF02661804

| pages=139–140

| s2cid=82471587

}}{{cite book

| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&q=taramira+oil&pg=PA295

| title=Plant Resources of Tropical Africa

| volume=2

| chapter=Vegetables

| page=295

|editor1=Grubben, G.J.H. |editor2=Denton, O.A. | isbn=978-90-5782-147-9

| year=2004

| title-link=Plant Resources of Tropical Africa

| publisher=PROTA

}}

• Tea seed oil (Camellia oil), widely used in southern China as a cooking oil. Also used in making soaps, hair oils and a variety of other products.{{cite book|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu02/v5-222.html|chapter=Nursery Production of Tea Oil Camellia Under Different Light Levels|title=Trends in new crops and new uses|year=1993|author=Ruter, John M.|access-date=2014-10-05}}Axtell, {{sic|"[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E0b.htm#Teased Teased]"|nolink=y}}
• Thistle oil, pressed from the seeds of Silybum marianum.{{cite book

| title=Value-adding factors in cold-pressed edible seed oils and flours

|author1=Parry Jr. |author2=John Wynne | year=2006

|publisher=University of Maryland, College Park | isbn=978-0-542-96237-0

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cEn-kkBcD0cC&q=thistle&pg=PA112

| ref=Parry2006

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}, p. 22 A good potential source of special fatty acids, carotenoids, tocopherols, phenol compounds and natural anti-oxidants,Parry, p. 89 as well as for generally improving the nutritional value of foods.Parry, p. 112

• Tigernut oil (or nut-sedge oil) is pressed from the tuber of Cyperus esculentus. It has properties similar to soybean, sunflower and rapeseed oils.{{cite journal

| journal=Industrial Crops and Products

| volume=5

| issue=3

| date=September 1996

| pages=177–181

| doi=10.1016/0926-6690(96)89446-5

| title=Yellow nut-sedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) tuber oil as a fuel

|author1=He Yuan Zhanga |author2=Hannab, Milford A. |author3=Alib, Yusuf |author4=Lu Nana }} It is used in cooking and making soap{{cite web

| publisher=Plants for a Future

| url=http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyperus+esculentus

| title=Cyperus esculentus

| access-date=2011-10-21

}} and has potential as a biodiesel fuel.

• Tobacco seed oil, from the seeds of Nicotiana tabacum and other Nicotiana species. Edible if purified.Harborne, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ry11ai2iPS0C&dq=croton+oil&pg=PA104 p. 104]
• Tomato seed oil is a potentially valuable by-product, as a cooking oil, from the waste seeds generated from processing tomatoes.{{cite journal

| first1=F.J.

| last1=Eller

| last2=Moser

| first2=J.K.

| last3=Kenar

| first3=J.A.

| last4=Taylor

| first4=S.L.

| year=2010

| title=Extraction and Analysis of Tomato Seed Oil

| journal=Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society

| volume=87

| pages=755–762

| url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=244530

| doi=10.1007/s11746-010-1563-4

| issue=7

| s2cid=84110753

}}

• Wheat germ oil, used nutritionally and in cosmetic preparations, high in vitamin E and octacosanol.{{cite book

| title=Advances in Food Research

| editor1=Mrak, E. Emil Marcel

| editor2=Chichester, C. O.

| editor3=Stewart, George Franklin

| volume=23

| isbn=978-0080567686

| publisher=Academic Press

| year=1977

| access-date=2014-10-05

| url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0080567681

}}

==Oils used for biofuel==

{{See also|Vegetable oil fuel}}

File:Biodiesel.JPG

File:Sonnenblumenkerne sunflower seeds.jpg

File:Simmondsia chinensis 01.jpg

A number of oils are used for biofuel (biodiesel and Straight Vegetable Oil) in addition to having other uses. Other oils are used only as biofuel.Ethanol and, to a lesser degree, methanol and butanol are the other major types of biofuel.{{cite web|url=http://www.castoroil.in/reference/plant_oils/uses/fuel/bio_fuels.html|publisher=Castoroil.in|title=Bio fuels|access-date=2011-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113064544/http://www.castoroil.in/reference/plant_oils/uses/fuel/bio_fuels.html|archive-date=2011-11-13|url-status=dead}}

Although diesel engines were invented, in part, with vegetable oil in mind,{{cite book

| title=Biofuels and Bioenergy: Processes and Technologies

| first1=Sunggyu

| last1=Lee

| first2=Y.T.

| last2=Shah

| access-date=2014-10-05

| publisher=CRC Press

| year=2012

| isbn=978-1420089554

| page=41

| url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1420089552

}} diesel fuel is almost exclusively petroleum-based. Vegetable oils are evaluated for use as a biofuel based on:

1. Suitability as a fuel, based on flash point, energy content, viscosity, combustion products and other factors
2. Cost, based in part on yield, effort required to grow and harvest, and post-harvest processing cost

The oils listed immediately below are all (primarily) used for other purposes{{snd}} all but tung oil are edible{{snd}} but have been considered for use as biofuel.

• Castor oil, lower cost than many candidates. Kinematic viscosity may be an issue.{{cite web|url=http://www.castoroil.in/uses/fuel/castor_oil_fuel.html|publisher=CastorOil.in|title=Castor Oil as Biodiesel & Biofuel|access-date=2011-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113061656/http://www.castoroil.in/uses/fuel/castor_oil_fuel.html|archive-date=2011-11-13|url-status=dead}}
• Coconut oil (copra oil), promising for local use in places that produce coconuts.{{cite web

| url=http://www.unesco.org/csi/smis/siv/Forum/CoconutOilFuelPacific_JanCloin.pdf

| title=Coconut Oil as a Biofuel in Pacific Islands–Challenges & Opportunities

| publisher=South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission

| author=Cloin, Jan

| access-date=2011-11-19

}}

• Colza oil, from Brassica rapa, var. oleifera (turnip) is closely related to rapeseed (or canola) oil. It is a major source of biodiesel in Germany.{{cite web

| url=http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/bitstream/123456789/8251/1/4.pdf

|author1=Kraminska, N. |author2=Teleto, О. | title=The as the way to energy safety of the economy of the Ukraine

| publisher=Sumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine

| access-date=2011-11-19

}}

• Corn oil, appealing because of the abundance of maize as a crop.
• Cottonseed oil, the subject of study for cost-effectiveness as a biodiesel feedstock.{{cite web

|url = http://www.cottonseed.com/whatsnew/TTU%20BIODIESEL%20pp1-4.pdf

|title = Economic Analysis and Feasibility of Cottonseed Oil as a Biodiesel Feedstock

|author = Morgan, Ben

|publisher = Texas Tech University, Industrial Engineering Department

|access-date = 2011-11-19

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111122113313/http://cottonseed.com/Whatsnew/TTU%20BIODIESEL%20pp1-4.pdf

|archive-date = 2011-11-22

}}

{{cite news

| title=Can cottonseed join biodiesel race?

| author=Laws, Forrest

| date=August 29, 2007

| publisher=Southeast Farm Press

| url=http://southeastfarmpress.com/can-cottonseed-join-biodiesel-race

| access-date=2011-11-19

}}

• False flax oil, from Camelina sativa, used in Europe in oil lamps until the 18th century.
• Hemp oil, relatively low in emissions. Production is problematic in some countries because of its association with marijuana.{{cite book

| title=Hemp: American history revisited: the plant with a divided history

| author=Deitch, Robert

| url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780875862064

| url-access=registration

| quote=hemp oil.

| page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780875862064/page/223 223]

| publisher=Algora Publishing

| year=2003

| isbn=978-0-87586-205-7

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}{{cite book

| title=H.E.M.P.: Healthy Eating Made Possible

| author=Benhaim, Paul

| chapter=Hemp as a Biofueld

| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-JiO1vo_OQC&q=hemp+oil&pg=PT77

| pages=76–77

| publisher=Raw With Life

| year=2003

| isbn=978-1-901250-64-0

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}

• Mustard oil, shown to be comparable to Canola oil as a biofuel.{{cite web

|url = http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=713388

|title = Biodiesel from Yellow Mustard Oil

|quote = Office of University Research and Education

|author1 = Peterson, C.L.

|author2 = Thompson, J.

|author3 = Jones, S.

|author4 = Hollenback, D.

|publisher = U.S. Department of Transportation

|date = November 2001

|access-date = 2013-10-25

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120403134029/http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=713388

|archive-date = 2012-04-03

}}

• Palm oil, very popular for biofuel, but the environmental impact from growing large quantities of oil palms has recently called the use of palm oil into question.{{cite journal

| title=Clearcutting the Last Wilderness

| author=Jackson, Wes

| journal=The Land Report

| issue= 65

| date=Fall 1999

}}

• Peanut oil, used in one of the first demonstrations of the Diesel engine in 1900.
• Radish oil. Wild radish contains up to 48% oil, making it appealing as a fuel.{{cite web

|url = http://www.bebioenergy.com/documents/agronomyconfpaper.doc

|title = Bio-diesel, farming for the future

|author = Hobbs, Steve

|publisher = Australian Agronomy Society

|access-date = 2011-10-22

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111121050056/http://www.bebioenergy.com/documents/agronomyconfpaper.doc

|archive-date = 2011-11-21

|url-status = dead

}}

• Rapeseed oil, the most common base oil used in Europe in biodiesel production.
• Ramtil oil, used for lighting in India.

Axtell, "[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E0a.htm Noog abyssinia]"

• Rice bran oil, appealing because of lower cost than many other vegetable oils. Widely grown in Asia.{{cite journal |url=http://personal.its.ac.id/files/pub/3296-orchidea-chem-eng-TIE01_200707.pdf |title=A Study on Acid-Catalyzed Transesterification of Crude Rice Bran Oil for Biodiesel Production |author1=Rachmaniah, Orchidea |author2=Ju Yi-Hsu |author3=Vali, Shaik Ramjan |author4=Tjondronegoro, Ismojowati |author5=Musfil, A.S. |journal=World Energy Congress |year=2004 |issue=19 |access-date=2011-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010132224/http://personal.its.ac.id/files/pub/3296-orchidea-chem-eng-TIE01_200707.pdf |archive-date=2014-10-10 |url-status=dead }}
• Safflower oil, explored recently as a biofuel in Montana.{{cite news

|title = Safflower Oil in your Tank

|newspaper = The Durango Telegraph

|date = January 5, 2006

|access-date = 2011-10-22

|url = http://www.durangotelegraph.com/index.cfm/archives/2006/january-05-2006/safflower-in-your-tank/

|author = Chef Boy Ari

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062815/http://www.durangotelegraph.com/index.cfm/archives/2006/january-05-2006/safflower-in-your-tank/

|archive-date = March 4, 2016

}}

• Salicornia oil, from the seeds of Salicornia bigelovii, a halophyte (salt-loving plant) native to Mexico.{{cite news

| url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-jul-10-fi-seafarm10-story.html

| title=The old man who farms with the sea

| author=Dickenson, Marty

| newspaper=Los Angeles Times

| date=July 10, 2008

| access-date=2011-10-24

}}

• Soybean oil, not economical as a fuel crop, but appealing as a byproduct of soybean crops for other uses.
• Sunflower oil, suitable as a fuel, but not necessarily cost effective.{{cite journal

| title=Technical Overview of Vegetable Oil as a Transportation Fuel

| author1=Peterson, Charles L.

| author2=Auld, Dick L.

| journal=FACT: Solid Fuel Conversion for the Transportation Sector

| volume=12

| year=1991

}}

• Tigernut oil has been described by researchers in China as having "great potential as a biodiesel fuel."
• Tung oil, referenced in several lists of vegetable oils that are suitable for biodiesel.{{cite web|url=http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield.html|title=Journey to Forever: Bio-diesel Yield|access-date=2011-10-24}} Several factories in China produce biodiesel from tung oil.{{cite web

| title=China Builds Tung Tree Oil Biodiesel Plants

| author=Farago, Robert

| date=July 15, 2008

| publisher=The Truth about Cars

| url=http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2008/07/china-builds-tung-tree-oil-biodiesel-plants/

| access-date=2011-11-19

}}

{{See also|Algae fuel}}

These oils are extracted from plants that are cultivated solely for producing oil-based biofuel.There are some plants that yield a commercial vegetable oil, that are also used to make other sorts of biofuel. Eucalyptus, for example, has been explored as a means of biomass for producing ethanol. These plants are not listed here. These, plus the major oils described above, have received much more attention as fuel oils than other plant oils.

• Copaiba, an oleoresin tapped from species of genus Copaifera. Used in Brazil as a cosmetic product and a major source of biodiesel.Duke Handbook, "[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Copaifera_langsdorfii.html Copaifera langsdorfii Desf.]"
• Jatropha oil, widely used in India as a fuel oil. Has attracted strong proponents for use as a biofuel.{{cite journal | author=Kanter, James | title=Air New Zealand Flies on Engine With Jatropha Biofuel Blend| date=2011-12-30 | url=http://greeninc.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/30/air-new-zealand-flies-on-engine-with-jatropha-biofuel-blend/?hp | journal=The New York Times}}{{cite journal

| title=Properties and use of jatropha curcas oil and diesel fuel blends in compression ignition engine

| author=Pramanik, K.

| journal=Renewable Energy

| volume=28

| issue=2

|date=February 2003

| pages=239–248

| doi=10.1016/S0960-1481(02)00027-7

| bibcode=2003REne...28..239P

}}

• Jojoba oil, from the Simmondsia chinensis, a desert shrub.Duke Handbook, "[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Simmondsia_chinensis.html Simmondsia chinensis]"
• Milk bush, popularized by chemist Melvin Calvin in the 1950s. Researched in the 1980s by Petrobras, the Brazilian national petroleum company.Duke Handbook, "[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Euphorbia_tirucalli.html Euphorbia tirucalli]
• Nahor oil, pressed from the kernels of Mesua ferrea, is used in India as a lamp oil.Salunkhe, [https://books.google.com/books?id=R3dTwe5X8Y0C&dq=%22nahor+oil%22&pg=PA522 p 522]
• Paradise oil, from the seeds of Simarouba glauca, has received interest in India as a feed stock for biodiesel.{{cite news

| url=http://news.oneindia.in/2007/04/15/lakshmi-taru-tree-answer-to-climate-change-problems-experts-1176620662.html

| publisher=oneIndia News

| date=April 15, 2007

| title=Lakshmi Taru tree answer to climate change problems: experts

| access-date=2011-11-05

}}

• Petroleum nut oil, from the Petroleum nut (Pittosporum resiniferum) native to the Philippines. The Philippine government once explored the use of the petroleum nut as a biofuel.Duke Handbook, "[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Pittosporum_resiniferum.html Pittosporum resiniferum]
• Pongamia oil (also known as Honge oil), extracted from Millettia pinnata and pioneered as a biofuel by Udipi Shrinivasa in Bangalore, India.

{{cite journal

|url = http://eprints.uni-mysore.ac.in/10977/

|title = Ethyl ester of pongamia (Honge) oil: ecologically safe fuel

|author = Chandraju, S.

|author2 = Prathima, B. K.

|journal = Chemical & Environmental Research

|volume = 12

|issue = 3 & 4

|year = 2003

|issn = 0971-2151

|access-date = 2013-10-08

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150610210817/http://eprints.uni-mysore.ac.in/10977/

|archive-date = 2015-06-10

|url-status = dead

}}

{{cite news

| url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/04/06/stories/0406402j.htm

| archive-url=https://archive.today/20141006234832/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/04/06/stories/0406402j.htm

| url-status=dead

| archive-date=October 6, 2014

| title=A case for Honge oil as substitute for diesel

| author=Ramoo, S.K.

| work=The Hindu

| date=April 6, 2001

| access-date=2011-06-19

}}

{{See also|Drying oil}}

Drying oils are vegetable oils that dry to a hard finish at normal room temperature. Such oils are used as the basis of oil paints, and in other paint and wood finishing applications. In addition to the oils listed here, walnut, sunflower and safflower oil are also considered to be drying oils.{{cite web|url=http://www.cad-red.com/mt2/oil.html|title=The Encyclopedia of Painting Materials: Drying oils|access-date=2011-10-24}}

• Dammar oil, from the Canarium strictum, used in paint as an oil drying agent.{{cite book

| author=Smyth, Herbert Warington

| title=Mast & Sail in Europe & Asia

| publisher=E.P. Dutton

| access-date=2011-10-19

| page=[https://archive.org/details/mastandsailineu00smytgoog/page/n463 416]

| url=https://archive.org/details/mastandsailineu00smytgoog

| quote=dammar.

| year=1906

}} (Mentions the use of dammar oil in marine paints) Can also be used as a lamp oil.Database of Oil Yielding Plants

• {{anchor|linseed_oil}}Linseed oil's properties as a polymer make it highly suitable for wood finishing, for use in oil paints, as a plasticizer and hardener in putty and in making linoleum.{{cite book

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3uZAnZ8P-8C&q=linseed+oil+putty+linoleum&pg=PA137

| page=137

| title=Materiality and Interior Construction

| first1=Jim

| last1=Postell

| first2=Nancy

| last2=Gesimondo

| publisher=John Wiley and Sons

| year=2011

| isbn=978-1-118-01969-6

| access-date=2012-01-21

}} When used in food or medicinally, linseed oil is called flaxseed oil.

• Poppyseed oil, similar in usage to linseed oil but with better color stability.
• Stillingia oil (also called Chinese vegetable tallow oil), obtained by solvent from the seeds of Sapium sebiferum. Used as a drying agent in paints and varnishes.{{cite web

| url=http://www.fao.org/es/faodef/fdef14e.htm

| title=Vegetable and Animal Oils and Fats

| website=Definition and Classification of Commodities

| publisher=FAO

| year=1992

| access-date=2011-10-24

}}

Axtell, "[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E06.htm#Chinese%20vegetable%20tallow Chinese vegetable tallow]

• Tung oil, used as an industrial lubricant and highly effective drying agent. Also used as a substitute for linseed oil.{{cite book

| title=The CRB Commodity Yearbook 2007

| author=Commodity Research Bureau

| page=288

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqKVT3w67KoC&q=tung+oil&pg=PA288

|publisher = John Wiley and Sons

| year=2007

| isbn=978-0-470-08015-3

| access-date=2011-10-24

}}

• Vernonia oil is produced from the seeds of the Vernonia galamensis. It is composed of 73–80% vernolic acid, which can be used to make epoxies for manufacturing adhesives, varnishes and paints, and industrial coatings.{{cite book

| url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/vernonia.html

| title=Alternative Field Crops Manual

| author=Teynor, T.M.

| year=1992

| chapter=Vernonia

| access-date=2011-10-24

}}

A number of pressed vegetable oils are either not edible, or not used as an edible oil.

File:Phellodendron amurense2.jpg

File:Castor beans.jpgs are the source of castor oil.]]

File:Tucuma-oleo-frut4.JPG

• Amur cork tree fruit oil, pressed from the fruit of the Phellodendron amurense. It has been studied for insecticidal use.{{cite book

| title=Plants for man

| author=Schery, Robert W.

| publisher=Prentice-Hall

| year=1972

| isbn=978-0-13-681254-8

| page=325

}}{{cite journal

| last1=Schechter

| first1=M.S.

| year=1943

| title=The insecticidal principle in the fruit of Amur corktree (Phellodendron amurense)

| journal=Journal of Organic Chemistry

| volume=8

| pages=194–197

| doi=10.1021/jo01190a012

| last2=Haller

| first2=H.L.

| issue=2

}}

• Artichoke oil, extracted from the seeds of the artichoke fruit, is an unsaturated semi-drying oil with potential applications in making soap, shampoo, alkyd resin and shoe polish.{{cite journal

| journal=Bioresource Technology

| volume=57

| issue=3

| date=September 1996

| pages=301–302

| doi=10.1016/S0960-8524(96)00075-2

| title=Extraction, characterization and utilization of artichoke-seed oil

| last1=Miceli

| first1=A.

| last2=De Leo

| first2=P.

| bibcode=1996BiTec..57..301M

}}

• Astrocaryum murumuru butter is employed in lotions, creams, soaps hair conditioners, facial masks, shampoo, oils and emulsions, skin moisturizer, products for the nutrition of the hair and restore damaged hair, depilatory waxes.PLANTAS DA AMAZÔNIA PARA PRODUÇÃO COSMÉTICA: uma abordagem química - 60 espécies do extrativismo florestal não-madeireiro da Amazônia / Floriano Pastore Jr. (coord.); Vanessa Fernandes de Araújo [et al.];– Brasília, 2005. 244 p.
• Balanos oil, pressed from the seeds of Balanites aegyptiaca, was used in ancient Egypt as the base for perfumes.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}
• Bladderpod oil, pressed from the seeds of Physaria fendleri, native to North America. Rich in lesquerolic acid, which is chemically similar to the ricinoleic acid found in castor oil. Many industrial uses. Possible substitute for castor oil as it requires much less moisture than castor beans.{{cite journal

| author=Kleiman, R.

| year=1990

| title=Chemistry of new industrial oilseed crops

| pages=196–203

|editor1=J. Janick |editor2=J.E. Simon | journal=Advances in New Crops

| url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/v1-196.html

| access-date=2011-10-24

}}

• Brucea javanica oil, extracted from the seeds of the Brucea javanica. The oil has been shown to be effective in treating certain cancers.{{cite journal |doi=10.1155/2011/965016 |title=Seed Oil of Brucea javanica Induces Apoptotic Death of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells via Both the Death Receptors and the Mitochondrial-Related Pathways |year=2011 |last1=Zhang |first1=Hong |last2=Yang |first2=Jing Yu |last3=Zhou |first3=Fan |last4=Wang |first4=Li Hui |last5=Zhang |first5=Wen |last6=Sha |first6=Sha |last7=Wu |first7=Chun Fu |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2011 |pmid=21760826 |pages=1–14 |pmc=3132896|doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |doi=10.1142/S0192415X10008093 |title=Brucea javanica Oil Induces Apoptosis in T24 Bladder Cancer Cells via Upregulation of Caspase-3, Caspase-9, and Inhibition of NF-κB and COX-2 Expressions |year=2010 |last1=Lou |first1=Guo-Guang |last2=Yao |first2=Hang-Ping |last3=Xie |first3=Li-Ping |journal=The American Journal of Chinese Medicine |volume=38 |issue=3 |pmid=20503476 |pages=613–24}}
• Burdock oil (Bur oil) extracted from the root of the burdock. Used as an herbal remedy for scalp conditions.{{cite book

| title=The green pharmacy: new discoveries in herbal remedies for common diseases and conditions from the world's foremost authority on healing herbs

| author=Duke, James A.

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRx6bcLE3T8C&q=burdock+oil+scalp&pg=PA154

| publisher=Rodale

| year=1997

| isbn=978-0-87596-316-7

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}

• Buriti oil, extracted from the Mauritia flexuosa fruit, is high in carotenoids and monounsaturated fatty acids, and of consequent nutritional interest. It is also used in the cosmetics industry.{{cite book

| title=Natural Product Extraction: Principles and Applications

| author1=Rostagno, Mauricio A.

| author2=Prado, Juliana M.

| year=2013

| publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry

| page=35

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKqfELA7Nk8C&q=buriti&pg=PA35

| access-date=2015-02-27

| isbn=978-1849736060

}}

• Candlenut oil (Kukui nut oil), produced in Hawai'i, used primarily for skin care products.{{cite book

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZV5f4EnTf8C&q=Rose+hip+seed+oil&pg=PA317

| page=53

| title=Traditional trees of Pacific Islands: their culture, environment, and use

|author1=Elevitch, Craig R. |author2=Manner, Harley I. | publisher=PAR

| year=2006

| isbn=978-0-9702544-5-0

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}

• Carrot seed oil (pressed), from carrot seeds, used in skin care products.Carrot seeds are also used to obtain an essential oil with quite different properties than carrot seed pressed oil.{{cite journal

| id={{INIST|16541373}}

|author1=Yu, Lucy Liangli |author2=Zhou, Kevin Kequan |author3=Parry, John | journal=Food Chemistry

| title=Antioxidant properties of cold-pressed black caraway, carrot, cranberry, and hemp seed oils

| year=2005

| volume=91

| issue=4

| pages=723–729

| issn=0308-8146

| doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.06.044

}}

• Castor oil, with many industrial and medicinal uses. Castor beans are also a source of the toxin ricin.
• Chaulmoogra oil, from the seeds of Hydnocarpus wightiana, used for many centuries, internally and externally, to treat leprosy.

Axtell, "[http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/x5043E0d.htm Chaulmoogra]"

Also used to treat secondary syphilis, rheumatism, scrofula, and in phthisis.{{cite book

| url=http://www.henriettes-herb.com/eclectic/kings/gynocardia.html

| title=King's American Dispensatory

| chapter=Gynocardia—Chaulmoogra

|author1=Felter, Harvey Wickes |author2=Lloyd, John Uri | year=1898

| access-date=2011-10-24

}}{{cite journal|last=Cottle|first=Wyndham|title=Chaulmoogra Oil in Leprosy|journal=The British Medical Journal|date=28 June 1879|volume=1|issue=965|pages=968–969|jstor=25251370|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.965.968|pmid=20749243|pmc=2239681}}

• Crambe oil, extracted from the seeds of the Crambe abyssinica. High in erucic acid, used as an industrial lubricant, a corrosion inhibitor, and as an ingredient in the manufacture of synthetic rubber.{{cite book

| url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/crambe.html

| title=Alternative Field Crops Manual

| chapter=Crambe

| author=Oplinger, E.S.

| year=1991

| access-date=2011-10-24

}}Salunkhe, [https://books.google.com/books?id=R3dTwe5X8Y0C&dq=%22nahor+oil%22&pg=PA488 p. 488]

• Croton oil (tiglium oil) is pressed from the seeds of Croton tiglium. Highly toxic, it was formerly used as a drastic purgative.{{cite book

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ry11ai2iPS0C&q=croton+oil&pg=PA99

| page=99

| title=Chemical dictionary of economic plants

| last1=Harborne | first1=Jeffrey B. | author-link1=Jeffrey Harborne | last2=Baxter | first2=Herbert

| publisher=John Wiley and Sons

| year=2001

| isbn=978-0-471-49226-9

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}

• Cuphea oil, from a number of species of genre Cuphea. Of interest as sources of medium chain triglycerides.{{cite journal

| url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/v1-196.html

| title=Chemistry of New Industrial Oilseed Crops

| author=Kleiman, Robert

| journal=Advances in New Crops

| year=1990

| access-date=2011-10-24

| pages=196–203

}}

• Cupuaçu butter is closely analogous to cocoa, and is used to make white chocolate.{{cite book

| title=Food and Fruit-bearing Forest Species: Examples from Latin America

| url=https://archive.org/details/foodandfruitbear034675mbp

| publisher=FAO

| year=1986

| isbn=978-9251023723

| pages=[https://archive.org/details/foodandfruitbear034675mbp/page/n317 298]

}}

• Honesty oil, from the seeds of Lunaria annua, which contain 30–40% oil. The oil is particularly rich in long chain fatty acids, including erucic and nervonic acid, making it suitable for certain industrial purposes.{{cite journal

|title = Initial studies on seed oil composition of Calendula and Lunaria

|first1 = R. J.

|last1 = Martin

|first2 = N. G.

|last2 = Porter

|first3 = B.

|last3 = Deo

|journal = Agronomy N.Z.

|volume = 35

|year = 2005

|url = http://www.agronomysociety.org.nz/uploads/94803/files/14._Initial_studies_on_seed_oil_composition.pdf

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150113182433/http://www.agronomysociety.org.nz/uploads/94803/files/14._Initial_studies_on_seed_oil_composition.pdf

|archive-date = 2015-01-13

}}

• Illipe butter, from the nuts of the Shorea stenoptera. Similar to cocoa butter, but with a higher melting point. Used in cosmetics.{{cite book

| title=Shea Butter: The Nourishing Properties of Africa's Best-Kept Natural Beauty Secret

| chapter=Comparison of Shea Butter to Other Oils and Emollients

| author=Goreja, W.G.

| publisher=TNC International Inc

| year=2004

| isbn=978-0-9742962-5-8

| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iQjwr9v84gC&q=illipe+butter&pg=PA20

| page=20

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}{{cite book

| title=Vegetable Oils in Food Technology: Composition, Properties and Uses

| editor=Frank Gunstone

| chapter=Minor and Specialty Oils

| first=S. Prakash

| last=Kochhar

| page=323

| publisher=John Wiley & Sons

| year=2011

| isbn=978-1-4443-3268-1

| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnk2tdo8_P4C&q=illipe+butter&pg=PA322

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}

• Jojoba oil, used in cosmetics as an alternative to whale oil spermaceti.{{cite book

| title=Seed Technology and Its Biological Basis

| editor1=Black, Michael

| editor2=Bewle, J. Derek

| isbn=978-0849397493

| publisher=CRC Press

| year=2000

| page=149

| url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0849397499

| access-date=2014-10-05}}

• Mango oil, pressed from the stones of the mango fruit, is high in stearic acid, and can be used for making soap.{{cite book|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mango_ars.html|chapter=Mango|title=Fruits of Warm Climates|author=Morton, Julia F.|year=1987|publisher=J.F. Morton |isbn=978-0-9610184-1-2|access-date=2014-10-05}}
• Mowrah butter, from the seeds of the Madhuca latifolia and Madhuca longifolia, both native to India. Crude Mowrah butter is used as a fat for spinning wool, for making candles and soap. The refined fat is used as an edible fat and vegetable ghee in India.
• Neem oil, from Azadirachta indica, a brownish-green oil with a high sulfur content, used in cosmetics, for medicinal purposes, and as an insecticide.{{cite book

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1Gd1Y2RvZQC&q=%22neem+oil%22&pg=PA75

| title=Neem: the divine tree: Azadirachta indica

| author=Puri, Harbans Singh

| page=74ff

| publisher=CRC Press

| year=1999

| isbn=978-90-5702-348-4

| access-date=2011-11-15

}}

• Ojon oil extracted from the nut of the American palm (Elaeis oleifera). Oil extracted from both the nut and husk is also used as an edible oil in Central and South America. Commercialized by a Canadian businessman in the 1990s.See {{cite web

|url = http://www.ojon.com/

|title = Ojon.com Web site

|publisher = Ojon.com

|access-date = 2011-11-19

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110226195520/http://www.ojon.com/

|archive-date = 2011-02-26

|url-status = dead

}}{{cite journal

| journal=Footsteps

| volume=65

| date=December 5, 2005

| title=Ojon Oil

| author1=Munguia, Osvaldo

| author2=Collins, Judith

}}

• Passiflora edulis Passion fruit oil is extracted from the seeds and composed mainly of linoleic acid (62%) with smaller amounts of oleic acid (20%) and palmitic acid (7%). It has varied applications in cosmetics manufacturing and for uses as a human or animal food.{{Cite book| journal=Advances in Food Research

| volume=12

| pages=268

| author=Pruthi, J.

| year=1963

| title=Physiology, Chemistry and Technology of Passion Fruit

| chapter=Physiology, Chemistry, and Technology of Passion Fruit

| doi=10.1016/s0065-2628(08)60009-9

| pmid=14280862

| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UE_3pZs3_UUC&q=Passion+fruit+oil&pg=PA269

| isbn=9780080567570

}}

• Rose hip seed oil, used primarily in skin care products, particularly for aging or damaged skin.{{cite book

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZV5f4EnTf8C&q=Rose+hip+seed+oil&pg=PA317

| title=Invasive Plant Medicine: The Ecological Benefits and Healing Abilities of Invasives

|author1=Scott, Timothy Lee |author2=Buhner, Stephen Harrod | publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co

| year=2010

| isbn=978-1-59477-305-1

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}

• Rubber seed oil, pressed from the seeds of the Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), has received attention as a potential use of what otherwise would be a waste product from making rubber. It has been explored as a drying oil in Nigeria,{{cite web

|url = http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-83060-201_921003-1-IDRC_ADM_INFO.html

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120402164852/http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-83060-201_921003-1-IDRC_ADM_INFO.html

|url-status = dead

|archive-date = April 2, 2012

|publisher = International Development Research Centre

|date = May 29, 2000

|access-date = 2011-10-24

|title = Rubber Seed Oil: Finding Uses for a Waste Product (Nigeria)

}} as a diesel fuel in India{{cite journal

| title=Characterization and effect of using rubber seed oil as fuel in the compression ignition engines

|author1=Ramadha, A.S. |author2=Jayaraj, S. |author3=Muraleedharan, C. | journal=Renewable Energy

| volume=20

| issue=5

| date=April 2003

| pages=795–803

| doi=10.1016/j.renene.2004.07.002

}} and as food for livestock in Cambodia and Vietnam.{{cite conference

|url = http://www.mekarn.org/sarec03/Phuc.htm

|author = Bùi Huy Như Phúc

|title = Ileal digestibility of coconut oil meal and rubber seed oil meal in growing pigs

|conference = Proceedings of Final National Seminar-Workshop on Sustainable Livestock Production on Local Feed Resources

|editor1 = Reg Preston

|editor2 = Brian Ogle

|date = March 25–28, 2003

|access-date = 2011-10-24

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111008093227/http://www.mekarn.org/sarec03/Phuc.htm

|archive-date = 2011-10-08

}}

• Sea buckthorn oil, derived from Hippophae rhamnoides, produced in northern China, used primarily medicinally.{{cite web

| url=http://www.itmonline.org/arts/seabuckthorn.htm

| title=Sea buckthorn|author=Dharmananda, Subhuti

| publisher=Institute for Traditional Medicine

| access-date=2011-10-24}}

• Sea rocket seed oil, from the halophyte Cakile maritima, native to north Africa, is high in erucic acid, and therefore has potential industrial applications.{{cite book

| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T0Z2t-XIXZEC&q=Cakile+maritima+seed+oil&pg=PA124

| page=124

| chapter=Lipid Composition of Seeds of Local Halophytes: Cakile maritima, Zygophyllum album and Crithmum maritimum

| author1=Zarouk, M.

| author2=El Almi, H.

| author3=Ben Youssef, N.

| author4=Sleimi, N.

| author5=Smaoui, A.

| author6=Bin Miled, D.

| author7=Abdelly, C.

| title=Cash crop halophytes: recent studies: 10 years after the Al Ain meeting

| work=Tasks for vegetation science

| editor=Helmut Lieth |editor2=Marina Mochtchenko

| publisher=Springer

| year=2003

| isbn=978-1-4020-1202-0

|access-date=2013-10-25}}

• Snowball seed oil (Viburnum oil), from Viburnum opulus seeds. High in tocopherol, carotenoides and unsaturated fatty acids. Used medicinally.{{cite book

| title=Functional Foods for Chronic Diseases

| editor=Danik M. Martirosyan

| chapter=Berry Marc Oils as Untraditional {{Not a typo|Resourse}} for Functional Food and Fitopreparation

| author1=Grebneva, E.V.

| author2=Nesterova, O.V.

| page=152

| isbn=978-0-9767535-2-0

| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BOR9x1M4kkC&q=viburnum&pg=PA152

| date=July 25, 2006

| publisher=D&A

}}

• Tall oil, produced as a byproduct of wood pulp manufacture. A further byproduct called tall oil fatty acid (TOFA) is a cheap source of oleic acid.{{cite book

| title=The Complete Technology Book On Natural Products (Forest Based)

| author=Panda, Himadri

| chapter=Tall Oil and its Derivatives

| pages=361–376

| isbn=978-81-7833-072-3

| publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press

| year=2002

| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rgAD20GGDtoC&q=tall+oil&pg=PA361

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}

• Tamanu or foraha oil{{cite book

| volume=7

| title=Plant resources of tropical Africa

|editor1=D. Louppe |editor2=A.A. Oteng-Amoako |editor3=M. Brink | publisher=PROTA

| year=2008

| isbn=978-90-5782-209-4

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nw-mZQ0kcEC&q=Tamanu+oil&pg=PA121

}} from the Calophyllum tacamahaca, is important in Polynesian culture, and, although very expensive, is used for skin care.{{cite book

| title=The lipid handbook with CD-ROM

| author1=Gunstone, F. D.

| author2=Harwood, John L.

| author3=Dijkstra, Albert J.

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=INZa6WmqDA8C&q=Tamanu%20Oil&pg=PA86

| page=86

| publisher=CRC Press

| year=2007

| isbn=978-0-8493-9688-5

| access-date=2014-10-05

}}

• Tonka bean oil (Cumaru oil), popular ingredient in cologne, used medicinally in Brazil.{{cite book

| title=CRC handbook of alternative cash crops

| author1=Duke, James A.

| page=238

| publisher=CRC Press

| year=1993

| isbn=978-0-8493-3620-1

| author2=DuCellier, Judith L.

}}

• Tucumã butter is extracted from both the pulp and seed of the fruit of Astrocaryum vulgare, a South American oil palm.{{ cite book

| author=Pesce, Celestino

| title=Oleaginosas da Amazônia

| publisher=Belém: Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi

| year=2009

| pages=334

| isbn=978-85-61377-06-9

}} The pulp oil is used as a skin conditioner. The seed oil is sold for use as a cooking oil and for making soap due to its high lauric acid content.{{cite book

| title=Palms and People in the Amazon

| author=Smith, Nigel

| year=2014

| isbn=978-3319055091

| page=81

| publisher=Springer

}}

• Ucuhuba seed oil, extracted from the seeds of Virola surinamensis, is unusually high in myristic acid.

{{Portal|Renewable energy|Food}}

• Carrier oil discusses the use of (pressed) vegetable oils, mixed with essential oils
• Fatty acid discusses the components of most vegetable fats and oils
• International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients explains naming conventions for oils used in cosmetics and soaps
• List of essential oils

{{reflist|group="note"}}

{{reflist|30em}}

• {{cite web

| url=http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/fats-full-story/

| title=Fats and Cholesterol: Out with the Bad, In with the Good

| website=The Nutrition Source

| publisher=Harvard School of Public Health

| access-date=2011-10-22

}}

• {{cite web|url=http://www.bulkoil.com/scripts/oil_definition.asp|title=Bulk Oil Trading|access-date=2006-07-25 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20060718050203/http://www.bulkoil.com/scripts/oil_definition.asp |archive-date = 2006-07-18}} An older version of this site was very helpful in making this list more comprehensive.
• {{cite web|url=http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield.html|title=Vegetable Oil Yields and Characteristics|access-date=2011-10-24}} Compiles useful information on vegetable oils from a number of sources.
• {{cite web|url=http://www.castoroil.in/|title=Castor Oil|access-date=2006-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715235906/http://www.castoroil.in/|archive-date=2006-07-15|url-status=dead}} The site contains a large set of resources on castor oil and many other oils, particularly those used to make biodiesel.
• {{anchor|bgir}}{{cite web

| url=http://www.mnre.gov.in/list/oil-plants.pdf

| title=Database of Oil Yielding Plants

| author=Botanical Garden of Indian Republic (BGIR)

| website=Botanical Survey of India

| date=April 5, 2004

| access-date=2010-10-19

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161359/http://www.mnre.gov.in/list/oil-plants.pdf

|archive-date=2011-07-21

}} List of about 300 plants that grow in India, and that yield oil. Also includes common names in languages spoken in India.

• {{cite book

| title=Handbook of Tropical Plants

| chapter=Oils and Vegetable Fats

| url=http://www.herbdatanz.com/oils_and_vegetable_fats.htm

| author=Macmillan, H.F.

| publisher=Herbdata New Zealand

| isbn=978-81-7041-177-2

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721000057/http://www.herbdatanz.com/oils_and_vegetable_fats.htm

| archive-date=2011-07-21

| year=1989

}} Old reference with basic information on an unusually large variety of plant oils.

• {{cite book

| title=Food Flavorings

| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hrWuqmtwJiEC&q=coriander%20seed%20oil%20uses&pg=PP1

| author=Ashurst, P. R.

| publisher=Springer

| year=1999

| isbn=978-0-8342-1621-1

| access-date=2014-10-05

}} Comprehensive information on cooking oils that are used for flavoring foods.

• {{anchor|duke}}{{cite book

| author=Duke, James A.

| publisher=Purdue University Center for New Crops

| year=1982

| access-date=2011-11-19

| url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/dukeindex.html

| title=Handbook of Energy Crops

}}

{{Clear}}

{{fatsandoils}}

{{Featured list}}

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Category:Cooking fats

Vegetable oils

Vegetable oils