Manx language#Dialects

The endonym of the language is {{wikt-lang|gv|Gaelg}}/{{wikt-lang|gv|Gailck}}, which shares the same etymology as the word "Gaelic", as do the endonyms of its sister languages: Irish ({{lang|ga|Gaeilge}}; {{lang|ga|Gaoluinn}}, {{lang|ga|Gaedhlag}} and {{lang|ga|Gaeilic}}) and Scottish Gaelic ({{lang|gd|Gàidhlig}}). Manx frequently uses the forms {{lang|ga|y Ghaelg}}/{{lang|gv|y Ghailck}} (with definite article), as do Irish ({{lang|ga|an Ghaeilge}}) and Scottish Gaelic ({{lang|gd|a' Ghàidhlig}}).

To distinguish it from the two other forms of Gaelic, the phrases {{lang|gv|Gaelg/Gailck Vannin}} "Gaelic of Mann" and {{lang|gv|Gaelg/Gailck Vanninnagh}} "Manx Gaelic" are also used. In addition, the nickname {{lang|gv|Çhengey ny Mayrey}}, lit. "the mother's tongue" is occasionally used.

The language is usually referred to in English as "Manx". The term "Manx Gaelic" is often used, for example when discussing the relationship between the three Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx) or to avoid confusion with Manx English, the form of English spoken on the island. A feature of Manx English deriving from Gaelic is the use of the definite article, e.g. "the Manx", "the Gaelic", in ways not generally seen in standard English.{{cite book |last=Moore |first=A.W. |author-link=Arthur William Moore |year=1924 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/fulltext/am1924/index.htm |title=A Vocabulary of the Anglo-Manx Dialect}}

The word "Manx", often spelled historically as "Manks" (particularly by natives of the island), means "Mannish" and originates from Old Norse {{lang|non|*manskr}}.{{Citation |title=Manx |date=5 March 2022 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Manx&oldid=66078540 |work=Wiktionary |language=en |access-date=9 April 2022}} The Isle of Man is named after the Irish god Manannán mac Lir, thus {{lang|gv|Ellan Vannin}} ("Mannanán's Island", {{Langx|ga|Oileán Mhannanáin}} "Mannanán's Island").{{Cite book |title=Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2005 |isbn=978-1851094400 |editor-last=Koch |editor-first=John T. |volume=2 |pages=673–690}}

File:Clagh Ogham ec Thie Tashtee Vannin.jpg on a stone in the Manx Museum written in Primitive Irish and which reads DOVAIDONA MAQI DROATA, "Of Dovaido, son of Droata"{{cite web |last=West |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew West (linguist) |url=http://babelstone.blogspot.ie/2011/06/ogham-stones-of-isle-of-man.html |title=The Ogham Stones of the Isle of Man |publisher=BabelStone |date=30 June 2011 |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111042420/http://babelstone.blogspot.ie/2011/06/ogham-stones-of-isle-of-man.html |archive-date=11 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}]]

File:Illiam Dhone.JPG (Brown-haired William)]]

File:Lag ny Keeilley, West slope of Cronk ny Arrey Laa - geograph.org.uk - 181312.jpg") on Cronk ny Arrey Laa ("Hill of the Day Watch"). The Manx language has had a substantial influence on the island's toponymy and nomenclature.]]

Manx is a Goidelic language, closely related to Irish and Scottish Gaelic. On the whole it is partially mutually intelligible with these, and native speakers of one find it easy to gain passive, and even spoken, competency in the other two.

It has been suggested that a little-documented Brythonic language (i.e. related to modern Welsh, Cornish and Breton) may have been spoken on the Isle of Man before the arrival of Christian missionaries from Ireland in the early Middle Ages.{{Cite web |date=2025-01-02 |title=Manx language {{!}} Manx Dialect, Celtic Language, Isle of Man {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Manx-language |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}{{Failed verification|date=May 2025}} However, there is little surviving evidence about the language spoken on the island at that time.

The basis of the modern Manx language is Primitive Irish (like modern Irish and Scottish Gaelic). The island either lends its name to or takes its name from Manannán, the Brythonic and Gaelic sea god who is said in myth to have once ruled the island. Primitive Irish is first attested in Ogham inscriptions from the 4th century AD. These writings have been found throughout Ireland and the west coast of Great Britain. Primitive Irish transitioned into Old Irish through the 5th century. Old Irish, dating from the 6th century, used the Latin script and is attested primarily in marginalia to Latin manuscripts, but there are no extant examples from the Isle of Man.

Latin was used for ecclesiastical records from the establishment of Christianity in the Isle of Man in the 5th century AD. Many words concerning religion, writing and record keeping entered Manx at this time.

The Isle of Man was conquered by Norse Vikings in the 9th century. Although there is some evidence in the form of runic inscriptions that Norse was used by some of these settlers, the Vikings who settled around the Irish Sea and West Coast of Scotland soon became Gaelic speaking Norse–Gaels. During the 9th century AD, the Gaelic of the inhabitants of the Isle of Man, like those of Scotland and the North of Ireland, may have been significantly influenced by Norse speakers. While Norse had very little impact on the Manx language overall,{{Cite book |title=Language death in the Isle of Man : an investigation into the decline and extinction of Manx Gaelic as a community language in the Isle of Man |last=Broderick |first=George |date=1999 |publisher=Niemeyer |isbn=9783110911411 |oclc=300505991}} a small number of modern place names on the Isle of Man are Norse in origin, e.g. Laxey (Laksaa) and Ramsey (Rhumsaa). Other Norse legacies in Manx include loanwords and personal names.

By the 10th century, it is supposed that Middle Irish had emerged and was spoken throughout Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man.

The island came under Scottish rule in 1266, and alternated between Scottish and English rule until finally becoming the feudal possession of the Stanley family in 1405. It is likely that until that point, except for scholarly knowledge of Latin and courtly use of Anglo-Norman, Manx was the only language spoken on the island. Since the establishment of the Stanleys on the Isle of Man, first Anglo-Norman and later the English language have been the chief external factors in the development of Manx, until the 20th century, when Manx speakers became able to access Irish and Scottish Gaelic media.

Manx had diverged considerably from the Gaelic languages of Scotland and Ireland between 1400 and 1900. The 17th century Plantation of Ulster, the decline of Irish in Leinster and the extinction of Galloway Gaelic led to the geographic isolation of Manx from other dialects of Gaelic. The development of a separate orthography also led Manx to diverge from Irish and Scottish Gaelic.

In the 17th century, some university students left the Isle of Man to attend school in England. At the same time, teaching in English was required in schools founded by governor Isaac Barrow. Barrow also promoted the use of English in churches; he considered that it was a superior language for reading the Bible; however, because the majority of ministers were monolingual Manx speakers, his views had little practical impact.

Thomas Wilson began his tenure as Bishop of Mann in 1698 and was succeeded by Mark Hildesley. Both men held positive views of Manx; Wilson was the first person to publish a book in Manx, a translation of The Principles and Duties of Christianity ({{Lang|gv|Coyrie Sodjey}}), and Hildesley successfully promoted the use of Manx as the language of instruction in schools. The New Testament was first published in Manx in 1767. In the late 18th century, nearly every school was teaching in English. This decline continued into the 19th century, as English gradually became the primary language spoken on the Isle of Man.

In 1848, J.G. Cumming wrote, "there are ... few persons (perhaps none of the young) who speak no English." Henry Jenner estimated in 1874 that about 30% of the population habitually spoke Manx (12,340 out of a population of 41,084). According to official census figures, 9.1% of the population claimed to speak Manx in 1901; in 1921 the percentage was only 1.1%.Gunther 1990, 59–60 Since the language was used by so few people, it had low linguistic "prestige", and parents tended not to teach Manx to their children, thinking it would be useless to them compared with English.

According to Brian Stowell, "In the 1860s there were thousands of Manx people who couldn't speak English, but barely a century later it was considered to be so backwards to speak the language that there were stories of Manx speakers getting stones thrown at them in the towns."{{Cite news|date=31 January 2013|title=Manx: Bringing a language back from the dead|work=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21242667|access-date=6 September 2020}}

Following the decline in the use of Manx during the 19th century, {{lang|gv|Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh}} (The Manx Language Society) was founded in 1899. By the middle of the 20th century, only a few elderly native speakers remained (the last of them, Ned Maddrell, died on 27 December 1974), but by then a scholarly revival had begun and a few people had started teaching it in schools. The Manx Language Unit was formed in 1992, consisting of three members and headed by Manx Language Officer Brian Stowell, a language activist and fluent speaker, "which was put in charge of all aspects of Manx language teaching and accreditation in schools."Ager, Simon. "A Study of Language Death and Revival with a Particular Focus on Manx Gaelic." Master's Dissertation University of Wales, Lampeter, 2009. PDF. This led to an increased interest in studying the Manx language and encouraged a renewed sense of ethnic identity. The revival of Manx was aided by the recording work done in the 20th century by researchers. Most notably, the Irish Folklore Commission was sent in with recording equipment in 1948 by Éamon de Valera. Also important in preserving the Manx language was work conducted by the late Brian Stowell, who is considered personally responsible for the current revival of the Manx language. The Manx Language Strategy was released in 2017, outlining a five-year plan for the language's continued revitalisation.{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.im/news/2017/dec/01/five-year-strategy-salutes-and-celebrates-manx-language/ |title=Isle of Man Government - Five year strategy salutes and celebrates Manx language |website=www.gov.im |language=en-GB |access-date=6 January 2018}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.theworldweekly.com/reader/view/magazine/2018-01-04/lifelines-for-indigenous-languages/10437 |title=Lifelines for indigenous languages {{!}} The World Weekly |website=www.theworldweekly.com |access-date=6 January 2018 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107232933/https://www.theworldweekly.com/reader/view/magazine/2018-01-04/lifelines-for-indigenous-languages/10437/ |url-status=usurped }} Culture Vannin employs a Manx Language Development Officer ({{Langx|gv|Yn Greinneyder}}) to encourage and facilitate the use of the language.

In 2009, UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger declared Manx an extinct language, despite the presence of hundreds of speakers on the Isle of Man.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/isle_of_man/7901763.stm |title=UN declares Manx Gaelic 'extinct' |author= |date=20 February 2009 |work=BBC News |access-date=4 April 2015}} Historian and linguist Jennifer Kewley Draskau reacted to this declaration, saying that saying that "Unesco ought to know better than to declare Manx a dead language. There are hundreds of speakers of Manx and while people are able to have productive conversations in the language then it is very much alive and well."{{Cite news |date=2009-02-20 |title=UN declares Manx Gaelic 'extinct' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/isle_of_man/7901763.stm |access-date=2025-01-17 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}} Since then, UNESCO's classification of the language has changed to "critically endangered".{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/apr/02/how-manx-language-came-back-from-dead-isle-of-man |title=How the Manx language came back from the dead |last1=Whitehead |first1=Sarah |date=2 April 2015 |work=The Guardian |access-date=4 April 2015}}

In the 2011 census, 1,823 out of 80,398 Isle of Man residents, or 2.27% of the population, claimed to have knowledge of Manx,{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/treasury/economic/census/census2011reportfinalresized.pdf |title=Isle of Man Census Report 2011 |publisher=Isle of Man Government Treasury |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108113021/http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/treasury/economic/census/census2011reportfinalresized.pdf |archive-date=8 November 2012}} an increase of 134 people from the 2001 census.{{cite news |title=Manx Gaelic Revival 'Impressive'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/isle_of_man/4271840.stm |work=BBC News |date=22 September 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603070631/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/isle_of_man/4271840.stm |archive-date= Jun 3, 2023 }} These individuals were spread roughly uniformly over the island: in Douglas 566 people professed an ability to speak, read or write Manx; 179 in Peel, 146 in Onchan, and 149 in Ramsey.

Traditional Manx given names have experienced a marked resurgence on the island, especially {{lang|gv|Moirrey}} and {{lang|gv|Voirrey}} (Mary), {{lang|gv|Illiam}} (William), {{lang|gv|Orry}} (from the Manx king Godred Crovan of Norse origin), {{lang|gv|Breeshey/Breesha}} (Bridget), {{lang|gv|Aalish/Ealish}} (Alice), {{lang|gv|Juan}} (Jack), {{lang|gv|Ean}} (John), {{lang|gv|Joney}} (Joan), {{lang|gv|Fenella}} (Fionnuala), {{lang|gv|Pherick}} (Patrick) and {{lang|gv|Freya}} (from the Norse goddess) remain popular.{{Cite web |website=The Art of Naming |date=January 22, 2014 |title=World-Wide Wednesday: Manx Names |url=http://www.theartofnaming.com/2014/01/Manx-Names.html |access-date=24 November 2021 |language=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124080955/http://www.theartofnaming.com/2014/01/Manx-Names.html |archive-date= 24 November 2021 }}

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Manx is not officially recognised by any national or regional government, although its contribution to Manx culture and tradition is acknowledged by some governmental and non-governmental bodies.

The Standing Orders of the House of Keys provide that: "The proceedings of the House shall be in English; but if a Member at any point pronounces a customary term or sentence in Manx Gaelic or any other language, the Speaker may call upon the Member for a translation."{{cite web |url=http://www.tynwald.org.im/business/sto/Documents/20180604_PP2018-0067_KSO.pdf |title=Standing Orders of the House of Keys |access-date=15 June 2018 |pages=17}} An example was at the sitting on 12 February 2019, when an MHK used the expression {{lang|gv|boghtnid}},{{Cite web |date=2019-02-12 |title=House of Keys Official Report |url=https://www.tynwald.org.im/spfile?file=/business/hansard/20002020/k190212.pdf |website=tynwald.org}} stated to mean "nonsense".{{Cite web |url=http://asmanxasthehills.com/kathleen-faragher-list-of-manx-words-and-manx-dialect-words/ |title=Kathleen Faragher's Manx Words & Manx Dialect Words |date=18 January 2015}}However this word appears to have been adopted into Manx English, see [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VWxpnBogU6c] Braaid Eisteddfod: A poem by Annie Kissack (at 20 seconds)

Manx is used in the annual Tynwald ceremony and Manx words are used in official Tynwald publications.{{cite web |title=Tynwald - the Parliament of the Isle of Man |url=http://www.tynwald.org.im/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=15 June 2018}}

For the purpose of strengthening its contribution to local culture and community, Manx is recognised under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and in the framework of the British-Irish Council.

The Isle of Man comprised the one site for the Manx language in the Atlas Linguarum Europae, a project that compared dialects and languages across all countries in Europe.{{cite book |last=Eder |first=Birgit |title=Ausgewählte Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen in den Sprachen Europas |language=de |trans-title=Selected kinship terms in the languages of Europe |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2003 |isbn=3631528736 |location=Frankfurt am Main |page=301}}

File:BunscoillSignageOct2017.jpg

Manx is taught as a second language at all of the island's primary and secondary schools. The lessons are optional and instruction is provided by the Department of Education's Manx Language Team which teach up to A Level standard.{{cite web |title=Isle of Man Department of Education, Sport and Culture |url=https://www.sch.im/ |access-date=16 June 2018}}

The Bunscoill Ghaelgagh, a primary school at St John's, has 67 children, as of September 2016, who receive nearly all of their education through the medium of the language. Children who have attended the school have the opportunity to receive some of their secondary education through the language at Queen Elizabeth II High School in Peel.

The playgroup organisation Mooinjer Veggey, which operates the {{lang|gv|Bunscoill Ghaelgagh}}, runs a series of preschool groups that introduce the language.

File:Manx-museum.JPG, underneath the English]]

Bilingual road, street, village and town boundary signs are common throughout the Isle of Man. All other road signs are in English only.

Business signage in Manx is gradually being introduced but is not mandated by law; however, the 1985 Tynwald Report on the use of Manx states that signage should be bilingual except where a Manx phrase is the norm.

{{IPA notice}}

Manx is one of the three daughter languages of Old Irish (via Middle Irish), the other two being Irish and Scottish Gaelic. It shares a number of developments in phonology, vocabulary and grammar with its sisters (in some cases only with certain dialects) and shows a number of unique changes. There are two attested historical dialects of Manx, Northern Manx and Southern Manx.Broderick 1984–86, 1:xxvii–xxviii, 160 A third dialect may have existed in-between, around Douglas{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}.

{{main|Comparison of Irish, Manx, and Scottish Gaelic}}

Manx and Scottish Gaelic share the partial loss of phonemic palatalisation of labial consonants; while in Irish velarised consonants {{IPA|/pˠ bˠ fˠ w mˠ/}} contrast phonemically with palatalised {{IPA|/pʲ bʲ fʲ vʲ mʲ/}}.Jackson 1955, 66. Jackson claims that northern Irish has also lost the contrast between velarised and palatalised labials, but this seems to be a mistake on his part, as both Mayo Irish and Ulster Irish are consistently described as having the contrast (cf. Mhac an Fhailigh 1968, 27; Hughes 1994, 621; see also Ó Baoill 1978, 87) A consequence of this phonemic merger is that Middle Irish unstressed word-final {{IPA|[əβʲ]}} (-{{vr|(a)ibh, (a)imh}} in Irish and Gaelic) has merged with {{IPA|[əβ]}} (-{{vr|(e)abh, (e)amh}} in Irish and Gaelic), in Manx; both have become {{IPA|[u]}} (-{{vr|oo, u(e)}}), e.g. {{lang|gv|shassoo}} "to stand" (Irish {{lang|ga|seasamh}}), {{lang|gv|credjue}} "religion" (Irish {{lang|ga|creideamh}}), {{lang|gv|nealloo}} "fainting" (Early Modern Irish {{lang|ga|i néalaibh}}, lit. in clouds), and {{lang|gv|erriu}} "on you (pl.)" (Irish {{lang|ga|oraibh}}).O'Rahilly 1932, 77–82; Broderick 1984–86, 2:152

Medial and final *{{vr|bh, mh}} have generally become {{IPA|/u/}} and {{IPA|/w/}} in Manx, thus {{lang|gv|shiu}} 'you pl.' (Irish and Scottish Gaelic {{lang|sg|sibh}}; Lewis Gaelic {{Lang|gd|siù}}), {{lang|gv|sharroo}} "bitter" (Scottish {{lang|gd|searbh}} {{IPA|/ˈʃɛɾˠɛv/}}, Irish {{lang|ga|searbh}} (Northern/Western) {{IPA|/ʃaɾˠu/}}, (Southern) {{IPA|/ʃaɾˠəβˠ/}}), {{lang|gv|awin}} "river" (Scottish {{lang|gd|abhainn}} {{IPA|/aviɲ/}}, Irish {{lang|ga|abhainn}} (Northern) {{IPA|/oːn̠ʲ/}}) (Western) {{IPA|/aun̠ʲ/}} (Southern) {{IPA|/aunʲ/}}, {{lang|gv|laaue}} "hand" (Scottish {{lang|gd|làmh}} {{IPA|/l̪ˠaːvˠ/}}, Irish {{lang|gv|lámh}} (Northern) {{IPA|/l̪ˠæːw/}}, (Western) {{IPA|/l̪ˠɑːw/}}, (Southern) {{IPA|/l̪ˠɑːβˠ/}}), {{lang|gv|sourey}} "summer" (Scottish {{lang|gd|samhradh}} {{IPA|/saurəɣ/}}, Irish {{lang|ga|samhradh}} (Northern) {{IPA|/sˠauɾˠu/}}, (Western/Southern) {{IPA|/sˠauɾˠə/}}). Rare retentions of the older pronunciation of {{vr|bh}} include {{lang|gv|Divlyn}}, {{lang|gv|Divlin}} "Dublin", Middle Irish Duibhlind {{IPA|/d̪uβʲlʲin̠ʲː/}}.

Moreover, similarly to Munster Irish, historical {{vr|bh}} ({{IPA|[βʲ]}}) and {{vr|mh}} (nasalised {{IPA|[βʲ]}}) tend to be lost word medially or finally in Manx, either with compensatory lengthening or vocalisation as {{IPA|[u]}} resulting in diphthongisation with the preceding vowel, e.g. {{lang|gv|geurey}} "winter" {{IPA|[ˈɡʲeurə, -uːrə]}} (Irish {{lang|ga|geimhreadh}} (Southern) {{IPA|[ˈɟiːɾʲə]}}) and {{lang|gv|sleityn}} "mountains" {{IPA|[ˈsleːdʒən]}} (Irish {{lang|ga|sléibhte}} (Southern) {{IPA|[ˈʃlʲeːtʲə]}}).O'Rahilly 1932, 24; Broderick 1984–86 3:80–83; Ó Sé 2000:15, 120 Another similarity to Munster Irish is the development of the Old Irish diphthongs {{IPA|[ai oi]}} before velarised consonants ({{vr|ao}} in Irish and Scottish Gaelic) to {{IPA|[eː]}}, as in {{lang|gv|seyr}} "carpenter" {{IPA|[seːr]}} and {{lang|gv|keyl}} "narrow" {{IPA|[keːl]}} (Irish and Scottish {{lang|ga|saor}} and {{lang|ga|caol}}).Jackson 1955, 47–50; Ó Cuív 1944, 38, 91

Like Connacht and Ulster Irish (cf. Irish phonology) and most dialects of Scottish Gaelic, Manx has changed the historical consonant clusters {{IPA|/kn ɡn mn tn/}} to {{IPA|/kr ɡr mr tr/}}, e.g. Middle Irish {{lang|mga|cnáid}} "mockery" and {{lang|mga|mná}} "women" have become {{lang|gv|craid}} and {{lang|gv|mraane}} respectively in Manx.O'Rahilly 1932, 22 The affrication of slender "{{vr|d, t}}" sounds is also common to Manx, Northern Irish, and Scottish Gaelic.O'Rahilly 1932, 203

Unstressed Middle Irish word-final syllable {{IPA|[iʝ]}} (-{{vr|(a)idh, (a)igh}}) has developed to {{IPA|[iː]}} (-{{vr|ee}}) in Manx, as in {{lang|gv|kionnee}} "buy" (cf. Irish {{lang|ga|ceannaigh}}) and {{lang|gv|cullee}} "apparatus" (cf. Gaelic {{lang|gd|culaidh}}),O'Rahilly 1932, 57 like Northern/Western Irish and Southern dialects Scottish Gaelic (e.g. Arran, Kintyre).

Another property Manx shares with Ulster Irish and some dialects of Scottish Gaelic is that {{IPA|/a/}} rather than {{IPA|/ə/}} appears in unstressed syllables before {{IPA|/x/}} ({{vr|agh}} in Manx), e.g. {{lang|gv|jeeragh}} "straight" {{IPA|[ˈdʒiːrax]}} (Irish {{lang|ga|díreach}}), {{lang|gv|cooinaghtyn}} "to remember" {{IPA|[ˈkuːnʲaxt̪ən]}} (Scottish Gaelic {{lang|gd|cuimhneachd}}).O'Rahilly 1932, 110; Jackson 1955, 55

Like Southern and Western Irish and Northern Scottish Gaelic, but unlike the geographically closer varieties of Ulster Irish and Arran and Kintyre Gaelic, Manx shows vowel lengthening or diphthongisation before the Old Irish fortis and lenis sonorants, e.g. {{lang|gv|cloan}} "children" {{IPA|[klɔːn]}}, {{lang|gv|dhone}} "brown" {{IPA|[d̪oːn]}} and {{lang|gv|eeym}} "butter" {{IPA|[iːᵇm]}} correspond to Irish/Scottish Gaelic {{lang|ga|clann}}, {{lang|ga|donn}}, and {{lang|ga|im}} respectively, which have long vowels or diphthongs in Western and Southern Irish and in the Scottish Gaelic dialects of the Outer Hebrides and Skye, thus Western Irish {{IPA|[klˠɑːn̪ˠ]}}, Southern Irish/Northern Scottish {{IPA|[kl̪ˠaun̪ˠ]}}, {{IPA|[d̪ˠaun̪ˠ]/[d̪ˠoun̪ˠ]}}, {{IPA|[iːm]/[ɤim]}}), but short vowels and 'long' consonants in Ulster Irish, Arran, and Kintyre, {{IPA|[klˠan̪ːˠ]}}, {{IPA|[d̪ˠon̪ːˠ]}} and {{IPA|[imʲː]}}.O'Rahilly 1932, 51; Jackson 1955, 57–58; Holmer 1957, 87, 88, 106; 1962, 41

Another similarity with Southern Irish is the treatment of Middle Irish word-final unstressed {{IPA|[əð]}} (-{{vr|(e)adh}} in Irish and Scottish Gaelic). In nouns (including verbal nouns), this became {{IPA|[ə]}} in Manx, as it did in Southern Irish, e.g. {{lang|gv|caggey}} "war" {{IPA|[ˈkaːɣə]}}, {{lang|gv|moylley}} "to praise" {{IPA|[ˈmɔlə]}} (cf. Irish {{lang|ga|cogadh}} and {{lang|ga|moladh}} (Southern Irish) {{IPA|[ˈkɔɡə]}} and {{IPA|[ˈmˠɔl̪ˠə]}}).O'Rahilly 1932, 68; Broderick 1984–86, 2:56, 308 In finite verb forms before full nouns (as opposed to pronouns) {{IPA|[əð]}} became {{IPA|[ax]}} in Manx, as in Southern Irish, e.g. {{lang|gv|voyllagh}} {{IPA|[ˈvɔlax]}} "would praise" (cf. Irish {{lang|ga|mholfadh}} (Southern Irish) {{IPA|[ˈβˠɔl̪ˠhəx]}}).O'Rahilly 1932, 75

File:Manx dialects.png

Linguistic analysis of the last few dozen native speakers reveals a number of dialectal differences between the North and the South of the island. Northern Manx ({{Langx|gv|Gaelg Hwoaie}}) was spoken from Maughold in the northeast to Peel on the west coast. Southern Manx was spoken in the sheading of Rushen. It is possible that written Manx represents a 'midlands' dialect of Douglas and surrounding areas.

In Southern Manx, older {{vr|á}}, and in some cases {{vr|ó}}, became {{IPA|[æː]}}. In Northern Manx the same happened, but {{vr|á}} sometimes remained {{IPA|[aː]}} as well, e.g. {{lang|gv|laa}} "day" (cf. Irish {{lang|ga|lá}}) was {{IPA|[læː]}} in the South but {{IPA|[læː]}} or {{IPA|[laː]}} in the North. Old {{vr|ó}} is always {{IPA|[æː]}} in both dialects, e.g. {{lang|gv|aeg}} "young" (cf. Irish {{lang|ga|óg}}) is {{IPA|[æːɡ]}} in both dialects.Broderick 1984–8,6 1:160 {{vr|á, ó}} and lengthened {{vr|a}} before {{vr|rt, rd, rg}} became {{IPA|/œː/}}, as in paayrt '"part" {{IPA|/pœːrt/}}, ard "high" {{IPA|/œːrd/}}, jiarg "red" {{IPA|/dʒœːrɡ/}}, argid "money, silver" {{IPA|/œːrɡid/}} and aarey "gold gen." {{IPA|/œːrə/}}.

In Northern Manx, older {{vr|(e)a}} before {{vr|nn}} in the same syllable is diphthongised, while in Southern Manx it is lengthened but remains a monophthong, e.g. {{lang|gv|kione}} "head" (cf. Irish {{lang|ga|ceann}}) is {{IPA|[kʲaun]}} in the North but {{IPA|[kʲoːn]}} in the South.Broderick 1984–86, 1:161

Words with {{vr|ua}}, and in some cases {{vr|ao}}, in Irish and Scottish are spelled with {{vr|eay}} in Manx. In Northern Manx, this sound was {{IPA|[iː]}}, while in Southern Manx it was {{IPA|[ɯː]}}, {{IPA|[uː]}}, or {{IPA|[yː]}}, e.g. {{lang|gv|geay}} "wind" (cf. Irish {{lang|ga|gaoth}}) is {{IPA|[ɡiː]}} in the north and {{IPA|[ɡɯː]}} in the South, while {{lang|gv|geayl}} "coal" (cf. Irish {{lang|ga|gual}}) is {{IPA|[ɡiːl]}} in the North and {{IPA|[ɡyːl]}}, {{IPA|[ɡɯːl]}}, or {{IPA|[ɡuːl]}} in the South.Broderick 1984–86, 1:161–62

In both the North and the South, there is a tendency to insert a short {{IPA|[d]}} before a word-final {{IPA|[n]}} in monosyllabic words, as in {{IPA|[sleᵈn]}} for {{lang|gv|slane}} "whole" and {{IPA|[beᵈn]}} for {{lang|gv|ben}} "woman". This is known as pre-occlusion. In Southern Manx, however, there is also pre-occlusion of {{IPA|[d]}} before {{IPA|[l]}} and of {{IPA|[ɡ]}} before {{IPA|[ŋ]}}, as in {{IPA|[ʃuːᵈl]}} for {{lang|gv|shooyl}} "walking" and {{IPA|[lɔᶢŋ]}} for {{lang|gv|lhong}} "ship". These forms are generally pronounced without pre-occlusion in the North. Pre-occlusion of {{IPA|[b]}} before {{IPA|[m]}}, on the other hand, is more common in the North, as in {{lang|gv|trome}} "heavy", which is {{IPA|[t̪roᵇm]}} in the North but {{IPA|[t̪roː(ᵇ)m]}} in the South.Broderick 1984–86, 1:162–63 This feature is also found in Cornish.

Southern Manx tended to lose word-initial {{IPA|[ɡ]}} before {{IPA|[lʲ]}}, which was usually preserved in the North, e.g. {{lang|gv|glion}} "glen" and {{lang|gv|glioon}} "knee" are and {{IPA|[lʲɔᵈn]}} and {{IPA|[lʲuːᵈn]}} in the South but {{IPA|[ɡlʲɔᵈn]}} and {{IPA|[ɡlʲuːn]}} in the North.Broderick 1984–86, 1:164–65

In modern times, the small size of the island and the improvement in communications precludes any regional dialect variations.

{{Clear}}

{{See also|Help:IPA/Manx}}

Stress generally falls on the first syllable of a word in Manx, but in many cases, stress is attracted to a long vowel in the second syllable.Broderick 1993, 236 Examples include:

• {{lang|gv|buggane}} {{IPA|/bəˈɣæːn/}} "sprite"
• {{lang|gv|tarroogh}} {{IPA|/t̪aˈruːx/}} "busy"
• {{lang|gv|reeoil}} {{IPA|/riːˈoːl/}} "royal"
• {{lang|gv|vondeish}} {{IPA|/vonˈd̪eːʃ/}} "advantage"

The consonant phoneme inventory of Manx:Lewin 2020; Lewin (Forthcoming)

The voiceless plosives are aspirated. The dental, postalveolar and palato-velar plosives {{IPA|/t̪ d̪ tʲ dʲ kʲ/}} affricate to {{IPA|[t̪͡θ d̪͡ð t͡ʃ d͡ʒ k͡xʲ]}} in many contexts.

Manx has an optional process of lenition of plosives between vowels, where voiced plosives and voiceless fricatives become voiced fricatives and voiceless plosives become either voiced plosives or voiced fricatives. This process introduces the allophones {{IPA|[β ð z ʒ]}}. The voiced fricative {{IPA|[ʒ]}} may be further lenited to {{IPA|[j]}}, and {{IPA|[ɣ]}} may disappear altogether. Examples include:Broderick 1984–86, 3:3–13; Thomson 1992, 129

Voiceless plosive to voiced plosive:

• {{IPA|/t̪/}} > {{IPA|[d̪]}}: {{lang|gv|brattag}} {{IPA|[ˈbrad̪aɡ]}} "flag, rag"
• {{IPA|/k/}} > {{IPA|[ɡ]}}: {{lang|gv|peccah}} {{IPA|[ˈpɛɡə]}} "sin"

Voiceless plosive to voiced fricative:

• {{IPA|/p/}} > {{IPA|[v]}}: {{lang|gv|cappan}} {{IPA|[ˈkavan]}} "cup"
• {{IPA|/t̪/}} > {{IPA|[ð]}}: {{lang|gv|baatey}} {{IPA|[ˈbɛːðə]}} "boat"
• {{IPA|/k/}} > {{IPA|[ɣ]}}: {{lang|gv|feeackle}} {{IPA|[ˈfiːɣəl]}} "tooth"

Voiced plosive to voiced fricative:

• {{IPA|/b/}} > {{IPA|[v]}}: {{lang|gv|cabbyl}} {{IPA|[ˈkaːvəl]}} "horse"
• {{IPA|/d̪/}} > {{IPA|[ð]}}: {{lang|gv|eddin}} {{IPA|[ˈɛðənʲ]}} "face"
• {{IPA|/dʲ/}} > {{IPA|[ʒ]}}: {{lang|gv|padjer}} {{IPA|[ˈpaːʒər]}} "prayer"
• {{IPA|/dʲ/}} > {{IPA|[ʒ]}} > {{IPA|[j]}}: {{lang|gv|maidjey}} {{IPA|[ˈmaːʒə, -jə]}} "stick"
• {{IPA|/ɡ/}} > {{IPA|[ɣ]}}: {{lang|gv|ruggit}} {{IPA|[ˈroɣət]}} "born"

Voiceless fricative to voiced fricative:

• {{IPA|/s/}} > {{IPA|[ð]}} or {{IPA|[z]}}: {{lang|gv|poosit}} {{IPA|[ˈpuːðitʲ/ˈpuːzitʲ]}} "married"
• {{IPA|/s/}} > {{IPA|[ð]}}: {{lang|gv|shassoo}} {{IPA|[ˈʃaːðu]}} "stand"
• {{IPA|/ʃ/}} > {{IPA|[ʒ]}}: {{lang|gv|aashagh}} {{IPA|[ˈɛːʒax]}} "easy"
• {{IPA|/ʃ/}} > {{IPA|[ʒ]}} > {{IPA|[j]}}: {{lang|gv|toshiaght}} {{IPA|[ˈt̪ɔʒax, -jax]}} "beginning"
• {{IPA|/x/}} > {{IPA|[ɣ]}}: {{lang|gv|beaghey}} {{IPA|[ˈbeːɣə]}} "live"
• {{IPA|/x/}} > {{IPA|[ɣ]}} > ∅: {{lang|gv|shaghey}} {{IPA|[ʃaː]}} "past"

Another optional process is pre-occlusion, the insertion of a very short plosive before a sonorant consonant. In Manx, this applies to stressed monosyllabic words. The inserted consonant is homorganic with the following sonorant, which means it has the same place of articulation. Long vowels are often shortened before pre-occluded sounds. Examples include:Broderick 1984–86, 3:28–34; 1993, 236

• {{IPA|/m/}} > {{IPA|[ᵇm]}}: {{lang|gv|trome}} {{IPA|/t̪roːm/}} > {{IPA|[t̪roᵇm]}} "heavy"
• {{IPA|/n/}} > {{IPA|[ᵈn]}}: {{lang|gv|kione}} {{IPA|/kʲoːn/}} > {{IPA|[kʲoᵈn]}} "head"
• {{IPA|/nʲ/}} > {{IPA|[ᵈnʲ]}}: {{lang|gv|ein}} {{IPA|/eːnʲ/}} > {{IPA|[eːᵈnʲ], [eᵈnʲ]}} "birds"
• {{IPA|/ŋ/}} > {{IPA|[ᶢŋ]}}: {{lang|gv|lhong}} {{IPA|/loŋ/}} > {{IPA|[loᶢŋ]}} "ship"
• {{IPA|/l/}} > {{IPA|[ᵈl]}}: {{lang|gv|shooyll}} {{IPA|/ʃuːl/}} > {{IPA|[ʃuːᵈl]}} "walking"

The trill {{IPA|/r/}} is realised as a one- or two-contact flap {{IPA|[ɾ]}} at the beginning of syllable, and as a stronger trill {{IPA|[r]}} when preceded by another consonant in the same syllable. At the end of a syllable, {{IPA|/r/}} can be pronounced either as a strong trill {{IPA|[r]}} or, more frequently, as a weak fricative {{IPA|[ɹ̝]}}, which may vocalise to a nonsyllabic {{IPA|[ə̯]}} or disappear altogether.Broderick 1984–86; 3:17–18 This vocalisation may be due to the influence of Manx English, which is non-rhotic.Jackson 1955, 118; Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language, 1998, [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-ISLEOFMAN.html Isle of Man], retrieved 28 September 2008 Examples of the pronunciation of {{IPA|/r/}} include:

• {{lang|gv|ribbey}} "snare" {{IPA|[ˈɾibə]}}
• {{lang|gv|arran}} "bread" {{IPA|[ˈaɾan]}}
• {{lang|gv|mooar}} "big" {{IPA|[muːr], [muːɹ̝], [muːə̯], [muː]}}

The vowel phoneme inventory of Manx:Broderick 1993, 230–33

The status of {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[æː]}} as separate phonemes is debatable, but is suggested by the allophony of certain words such as {{lang|gv|ta}} "is", {{lang|gv|mraane}} "women", and so on. An alternative analysis is that Manx has the following system, where the vowels {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/aː/}} have allophones ranging from {{IPA|[ɛ]/[ɛː]}} through {{IPA|[æ]/[æː]}} to {{IPA|[a]/[aː]}}. As with Irish and Scottish Gaelic, there is a large amount of vowel allophony, such as that of {{IPA|/a/, /aː/}}. This depends mainly on the 'broad' and 'slender' status of the neighbouring consonants:

When stressed, {{IPA|/ə/}} is realised as {{IPA|[ø]}}.Broderick 1993, 232–33

Manx has a relatively large number of diphthongs, all of them falling:

{{Main|Manx grammar}}

Like most Insular Celtic languages, Manx is a VSO language.Broderick 1993, 276 However, most finite verbs are formed periphrastically, using an auxiliary verb in conjunction with the verbal noun. In this case, only the auxiliary verb precedes the subject, while the verbal noun comes after the subject. The auxiliary verb may be a modal verb rather than a form of {{lang|gv|bee}} ("be") or {{lang|gv|jannoo}} ("do"). Particles like the negative {{lang|gv|cha}} ("not") precede the inflected verb. Examples:

{{interlinear|lang=gv|indent=3|italics1=no|italics2=yes|glossing3=yes

| {main verb} {} subject {} {direct object} {}|style1= font-variant:small-caps;

| Hug yn saggyrt e laue urree.

| put-PRET the priest his hand {on her}

| "The priest put his hand on her."Broderick 1984–86, 1:181}}

{{interlinear|lang=gv|indent=3|italics1=no|italics2=yes|glossing3=yes

| {aux. verb} {} subject {main verb} {} {direct object}|style1= font-variant:small-caps;

| Va ny eayin gee yn conney.

| were the lambs eat-V.N. the gorse

| "The lambs used to eat the gorse."Broderick 1984–86, 1:179}}

{{interlinear|lang=gv|indent=3|italics1=no|italics2=yes|glossing3=yes

| {} {modal verb} subject {main verb} {direct object}|style1= font-variant:small-caps;

| Cha jarg shiu fakin {red erbee.}

| not can you-PL see-V.N. anything

| "You can't see anything."Broderick 1993, 274}}

When the auxiliary verb is a form of {{lang|gv|jannoo}} ("do"), the direct object precedes the verbal noun and is connected to it with the particle {{lang|gv|y}}:

{{interlinear|lang=gv|indent=3|italics1=no|italics2=yes|glossing3=yes

| {aux. verb} subject {direct object} {} {main verb}|style1= font-variant:small-caps;

| Ren ad {my choraa} y chlashtyn.

| did they {my voice} PTCL hear-V.N.

| "They heard my voice."}}

As in Irish (cf. Irish syntax#The forms meaning "to be"), there are two ways of expressing "to be" in Manx: with the substantive verb {{lang|gv|bee}}, and with the copula. The substantive verb is used when the predicate is an adjective, adverb, or prepositional phrase.Broderick 1993, 276–77 Examples:

{{interlinear|lang=gv|indent=3

| t' eh agglagh

| is it awful/frightening

| "It is awful/frightening."}}

{{interlinear|lang=gv|indent=3

| t' eh {dy mie}

| is he well

| "He is well"}}

{{interlinear|lang=gv|indent=3

| t' eh ayns y thie-oast

| is he in the house-ale

| "He is in the ale-house (pub)."}}

Where the predicate is a noun, it must be converted to a prepositional phrase headed by the preposition {{lang|gv|in}} ("in") + possessive pronoun (agreeing with the subject) in order for the substantive verb to be grammatical:

{{interlinear|lang=gv|indent=3

| t' eh ny wooinney mie

| is he in-his man good

| "He is a good man" (lit. "He is in his good man")Broderick 1993, 277}}

Otherwise, the copula is used when the predicate is a noun. The copula itself takes the form {{lang|gv|is}} or {{lang|gv|she}} in the present tense, but it is often omitted in affirmative statements:

{{interlinear|lang=gv|indent=3

| She Manninagh mish

| COP Manxman me

| "I am a Manxman."Broderick 1993, 278}}

{{interlinear|lang=gv|indent=3

| Shoh 'n dooinney

| this the man

| "This is the man."Thomson 1992, 105}}

In questions and negative sentences, the present tense of the copula is {{lang|gv|nee}}:

{{interlinear|lang=gv|indent=3

| Cha nee mish eh

| not COP me him

| "I am not him."}}

{{interlinear|lang=gv|indent=3

| Nee shoh 'n lioar?

| COP this the book

| "Is this the book?"}}

Like all modern Celtic languages, Manx shows initial consonant mutations, which are processes by which the initial consonant of a word is altered according to its morphological and/or syntactic environment.Broderick 1984–86, 1:7–21; 1993, 236–39; Thomson 1992, 132–35 Manx has two mutations: lenition and eclipsis, found on nouns and verbs in a variety of environments; adjectives can undergo lenition but not eclipsis. In the late spoken language of the 20th century the system was breaking down, with speakers frequently failing to use mutation in environments where it was called for, and occasionally using it in environments where it was not called for.

In the corpus of the late spoken language, there is also one example of the eclipsis (nasalisation) of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}: the sentence {{lang|gv|Ta mee er ngeddyn yn eayn}} ("I have found the lamb"), where {{Angle bracket|ng}} is pronounced {{IPA|/n/}}. However, probably this was a mis-transcription; the verbal noun in this case is not {{lang|gv|geddyn}} "get, fetch", but rather {{lang|gv|feddyn}} "find".(Broderick 1984–86 2:190, 3:66).

Manx nouns display gender, number and sometimes case, for instance, for feminine {{lang|gv|cass}} "foot".

In addition to regular forms, personal pronouns also have emphatic versions.

Manx verbs generally form their finite forms by means of periphrasis: inflected forms of the auxiliary verbs {{lang|gv|ve}} "to be" or {{lang|gv|jannoo}} "to do" are combined with the verbal noun of the main verb. Only the future, conditional, preterite, and imperative can be formed directly by inflecting the main verb, but even in these tenses, the periphrastic formation is more common in Late Spoken Manx.Broderick 1984–86, 75–82; 1993, 250, 271; Thomson 1992, 122

The fully inflected forms of the regular verb {{lang|gv|tilgey}} "to throw" are as follows. In addition to the forms below, a past participle may be formed using {{lang|gv|-it}}: {{lang|gv|tilgit}} "thrown".

1.^ First person singular, making the use of a following subject pronoun redundant

2.^ First person plural, making the use of a following subject pronoun redundant

3.^ Used with all other persons, meaning an accompanying subject must be stated, e.g. {{lang|gv|tilgee eh}} "he will throw", {{lang|gv|tilgee ad}} "they will throw"

4.^ Singular subject.

5.^ Plural subject.

There are a few peculiarities when a verb begins with a vowel, i.e. the addition of {{lang|gv|d'}} in the preterite and {{lang|gv|n'}} in the future and conditional dependent. Below is the conjugation of {{lang|gv|aase}} "to grow".

There is a small number of irregular verbs, the most irregular of all being {{lang|gv|ve}} "be".

Like the other Insular Celtic languages, Manx has inflected prepositions, contractions of a preposition with a pronominal direct object, as the following common prepositions show. Note the sometimes identical form of the uninflected preposition and its third person singular masculine inflected form.

Numbers are traditionally vigesimal in Manx, e.g. {{lang|gv|feed}} "twenty", {{lang|gv|daeed}} "forty" ("two twenties"), {{lang|gv|tree feed}} "sixty" ("three twenties").

| {{lang|ga|aon}} {{IPA|ga|eːnˠ, iːnˠ, (Northwest Ulster) ɯːnˠ|}}

| {{lang|gd|aon}} {{IPA|gd|ɯːn|}}

|-

| two

| {{lang|gv|daa}} {{IPA|gv|d̪æː|}}, {{lang|gv|ghaa}} {{IPA|gv|ɣæː|}},
{{lang|gv|jees}} {{IPA|gv|dʒiːs|}}

| {{lang|ga|dó}} {{IPA|ga|d̪ˠoː|}}, {{lang|ga|d(h)á}} {{IPA|ga|ɣaː/d̪ˠaː|}},(people only) {{lang|ga|dís}} {{IPA|ga|dʲiːʃ|}}*

| {{lang|gd|dà}} {{IPA|gd|t̪aː|}}

|-

| three

| {{lang|gv|tree}} {{IPA|gv|t̪riː|}}

| {{lang|ga|trí}} {{IPA|ga|tʲrʲiː|}}

| {{lang|gd|trì}} {{IPA|gd|t̪ʰɾiː|}}

|-

| four

| {{lang|gv|kiare}} {{IPA|gv|kʲæːə(r)|}}

| {{lang|ga|ceathair}} {{IPA|ga|cahərʲ|}}, {{lang|ga|ceithre}} {{IPA|ga|ˈcɛɾʲə|}}

| {{lang|gd|ceithir}} {{IPA|gd|ˈkʲʰehɪɾʲ|}}

|-

| five

| {{lang|gv|queig}} {{IPA|gv|kweɡ|}}

| {{lang|ga|cúig}} {{IPA|ga|kuːɟ|}}

| {{lang|gd|còig}} {{IPA|gd|kʰoːkʲ|}}

|-

| six

| {{lang|gv|shey}} {{IPA|gv|ʃeː|}}

| {{lang|ga|sé}} {{IPA|ga|ʃeː|}}

| {{lang|gd|sia}} {{IPA|gd|ʃiə|}}

|-

| seven

| {{lang|gv|shiaght}} {{IPA|gv|ʃæːx|}}

| {{lang|ga|seacht}} {{IPA|ga|ʃaxt̪ˠ|}}

| {{lang|gd|seachd}} {{IPA|gd|ʃɛxk|}}, {{IPA|gd|ʃaxk|}}

|-

| eight

| {{lang|gv|hoght}} {{IPA|gv|hoːx|}}

| {{lang|ga|ocht}} {{IPA|ga|ɔxt̪ˠ|}}

| {{lang|gd|ochd}} {{IPA|gd|ɔxk|}}

|-

| nine

| {{lang|gv|nuy}} {{IPA|gv|nɛi, nøi, niː|}}

| {{lang|ga|naoi}} {{IPA|ga|n̪ˠiː (n̪ˠɰiː)|}}

| {{lang|gd|naoi}} {{IPA|gd|n̪ˠɤi|}}

|-

| ten

| {{lang|gv|jeih}} {{IPA|gv|dʒɛi|}}

| {{lang|ga|deich}} {{IPA|ga|dʲɛç, -ɛh, -ɛi|}}*

| {{lang|gd|deich}} {{IPA|gd|tʲeç|}}

|-

| eleven

| {{lang|gv|nane jeig}} {{IPA|gv|neːn dʒeɡ|}}

| {{lang|ga|aon déag}} {{IPA|ga|eːnˠ/iːnˠ dʲeːɡ|}}*

| {{lang|gd|aon deug/diag}} {{IPA|gd|ɯːn dʲeːk|}}, {{IPA|gd|ɯːn dʲiək|}}

|-

| twelve

| {{lang|gv|daa yeig}} {{IPA|gv|d̪eiɡʲ|}}

| {{lang|ga|dó dhéag}} {{IPA|ga|d̪ˠoː jeːg|}}, {{lang|ga|d(h)á dhéag}} {{IPA|ga|ɣaː/d̪ˠaː jeːɡ|}}

| {{lang|gd|dà dheug/dhiag}} {{IPA|gd|t̪aː ʝeːk|}}, {{IPA|gd|t̪aː ʝiək|}}

|-

| thirteen

| {{lang|gv|tree jeig}} {{IPA|gv|t̪ri dʒeɡ|}}

| {{lang|ga|trí déag}} {{IPA|ga|tʲrʲiː dʲeːɡ|}}*

| {{lang|gd|trì deug/diag}} {{IPA|gd|t̪ʰɾiː tʲeːk|}}, {{IPA|gd|t̪ʰɾiː tʲiək|}}

|-

| twenty

| {{lang|gv|feed}} {{IPA|gv|fiːdʒ|}}

| {{lang|ga|fiche}} {{IPA|ga|fʲɪçə, -hə|}}; {{lang|ga|fichid}} (sing. dat.) {{IPA|ga|ˈfʲɪçədʲ, -ɪhə-|}}*

| {{lang|gd|fichead}} {{IPA|ga|fiçət̪|}}

|-

| hundred

| {{lang|gv|keead}} {{IPA|gv|kiːəd|}}

| {{lang|ga|céad}} {{IPA|ga|ceːd̪ˠ, ciːa̯d̪ˠ|}}

| {{lang|gd|ceud, ciad}} {{IPA|gd|kʲʰeːt̪|}}, {{IPA|gd|kʲʰiət̪|}}

|}

*In the northern dialects of Irish /dʲ tʲ/ may be affricated to {{IPA|[{{IPA link|dʒ}} {{IPA link|tʃ}}]}} or {{IPA|[{{IPA link|dʑ}} {{IPA link|tɕ}}]}}.{{cite book |last=de Búrca |first=Seán |date=1958 |title=The Irish of Tourmakeady, Co. Mayo |publisher=Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies |isbn=0-901282-49-9 |pages=24–25}}{{cite book |last=Mhac an Fhailigh |first=Éamonn |date=1968 |title=The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo |publisher=Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies |isbn=0-901282-02-2 |pages=36–37}}{{cite book |last=Wagner |first=Heinrich |date=1959 |title=Gaeilge Theilinn |language=Irish |trans-title=Telin Irish |publisher=Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies |isbn=1-85500-055-5 |pages=9–10}}

Manx orthography is based on Elizabethan English, and to a lesser extent Middle Welsh, developed by people who had an education in English (and Welsh until the 16th century).{{Harvcolnb|Kelly|1870|p=xiii}} footnote in [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR13 Spoken Sound as a Rule for Orthography], credited to W. Mackenzie. The result is an inconsistent and only partially phonemic spelling system, similar to English orthography and completely incomprehensible to readers of Irish and Scottish Gaelic. This is because both Irish and Scottish Gaelic use spelling systems derived from Classical Gaelic, the common literary language of Man, Ireland, and Scotland until the Bardic schools closed down in the 17th century, which makes them very etymological. Both Irish and Scottish Gaelic use only 18 letters to represent around 50 phonemes. While Manx uses 24 letters (the ISO basic Latin alphabet, excluding {{angbr|x}} and {{angbr|z}}), covering a similar range of phonemes, all three make use of many digraphs and trigraphs. In 1932, Celticist T. F. O'Rahilly expressed the opinion that Manx orthography is inadequate, as it is neither traditional nor phonetic. Therefore, if a form of Classical Gaelic orthography adapted to Manx had survived or if one based on the reforms of Theobald Stapleton were to be developed and introduced, the very close relationship between Manx, Irish, and Scottish Gaelic would be obvious to readers at first sight and Manx would be much easier for other Gaels to read and understand.{{sfn|O'Rahilly|1932|p=128}}

However, evidence of Gaelic type ever having been used on the island has not been found.

Manx uses only one diacritic, a cedilla, which is (optionally) used to differentiate between the two phonemes represented by {{angbr|ch}}:

• {{lang|gv|Çhiarn}} ({{IPA|/ˈt͡ʃaːrn/}}) "lord", is pronounced with {{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}}, as in the English "church"
• {{lang|gv|Chamoo}} ({{IPA|/xaˈmu/}}) "nor" or "neither", is pronounced with {{IPAslink|x}}, as in Scottish English "loch" ({{IPA|/ˈlɒx/}}) or Irish English "lough" ({{IPA|/ˈlɒx/}}), a sound commonly represented by {{angbr|gh}} at the ends of words in Manx (and Irish English).

The following examples are taken from Broderick 1984–86, 1:178–79 and 1:350–53. The first example is from a speaker of Northern Manx, the second from Ned Maddrell, a speaker of Southern Manx.

|They used to think if a horse was looking tired and weary in the morning then it had been with the fairies all night and they would bring the priest to put his blessing on it.

|-

|{{interlinear|lang=gv|Va ben aynshoh yn çhiaghtin chaie as v'ee laccal mish dy ynsagh ee dy gra yn Padjer yn Çhiarn. {} Dooyrt ee dy row ee gra eh tra v'ee inneen veg, {} agh t'eh ooilley jarroodit eck, {} as v'ee laccal gynsagh eh reesht son dy gra eh ec vrastyl ny red ennagh. {} As dooyrt mish dy jinnagh mee jannoo my share son dy cooney lhee as ren ee çheet aynshoh son dy clashtyn eh, {} as vel oo laccal dy clashtyn mee dy gra eh? {}|və ˈbɛn əˈsoː ən ˈtʃaːn ˈkai as vai ˈlaːl ˈmiʃ ði ˈjinðax i ðə ˈɡreː in ˈpaːdʒər ən ˈtʃaːrn ‖ d̪ot̪ i ðə ˈrau i ɡreː a ˈt̪reː vai iˈnʲin ˈveːɡ ‖ ax t̪e ˈolʲu dʒaˈrud̪ətʃ ek ‖ as vei ˈlaːl ˈɡʲinðax a ˈriːʃ san ðə ˈɡreː ə əɡ ˈvraːst̪əl nə ˈrið ənax ‖ as ˈd̪ut̪ miʃ ðə ˈdʒinax mi ˈdʒinu mə ˈʃeː san ðə ˈkunə lʲei as ˈrenʲ i ˈtʃit̪ oˈsoː san ðə ˈklaːʃtʲən a ‖ as vel u ˈlaːl ðə ˈklaːʃtʲən mi ðə ˈɡreː a ‖|}}

|There was a woman here last week and she wanted me to teach her to say the Lord's Prayer. She said that she used to say it when she was a little girl, but she has forgotten it all, and she wanted to learn it again to say it at a class or something. And I said I would do my best to help her and she came here to hear it, and do you want to hear me say it?

|}

Manx vocabulary is predominantly of Goidelic origin, derived from Old Irish and has cognates in Irish and Scottish Gaelic. However, Manx itself, as well as the languages from which it is derived, borrowed words from other languages, especially Latin, Old Norse, French (particularly Anglo-Norman), and English (both Middle English and Modern English).{{sfn|Broderick|1993|pages=282–283}}

The following table shows a selection of nouns from the Swadesh list and indicates their pronunciations and etymologies.

See Celtic Swadesh lists for the complete list in all the Celtic languages.

File:Manx loaghtan.jpg, a Manx breed of primitive sheep. The name means "mousy grey" in Manx.]]

Loanwords are primarily Norse and English, with a smaller number coming from French. Some examples of Norse loanwords are {{lang|gv|garey}} "garden" (from {{Lang|non|garðr}} "enclosure") and {{lang|gv|sker}} "sea rock" (from {{Lang|non|sker}}). Examples of French loanwords are {{lang|gv|danjeyr}} "danger" (from {{lang|fr|danger}}) and {{lang|gv|vondeish}} "advantage" (from {{lang|fr|avantage}}).

English loanwords were common in late (pre-revival) Manx, e.g. {{lang|gv|boy}} "boy", {{lang|gv|badjer}} "badger", rather than the more usual native Gaelic {{lang|gv|guilley}} and {{lang|gv|brock}}. In more recent years, there has been a reaction against such borrowing, resulting in coinages for technical vocabulary. Despite this, calques exist in Manx, not necessarily obvious to its speakers. To fill gaps in recorded Manx vocabulary, revivalists have referred to modern Irish and Scottish Gaelic for words and inspiration.

Some religious terms come ultimately from Latin, Greek and Hebrew, e.g. {{lang|gv|casherick}} "holy" (from Latin {{lang|la|consecrātus}}), {{lang|gv|agglish}} "church" (from Greek {{lang|grc|ἐκκλησία}}/{{transliteration|grc|ekklesia}} "assembly") and {{lang|gv|abb}} "abbot" (from Hebrew {{lang|he|אבא}}/{{transliteration|he|abba}} "father"). These did not necessarily come directly into Manx, but via Old Irish. In more recent times, {{lang|gv|ulpan}} has been borrowed from modern Hebrew. Many Irish and English loanwords also have a classical origin, e.g. {{lang|gv|çhellveeish}} "television" (Irish {{lang|ga|teilifís}}) and {{lang|gv|çhellvane}} "telephone". Foreign language words (usually via English) are used occasionally especially for ethnic food, e.g. chorizo and spaghetti.

Going in the other direction, Manx Gaelic has influenced Manx English (Anglo-Manx). Common words and phrases in Anglo-Manx originating in the language include tholtan "ruined farmhouse",{{cite news |title=A snapshpot of Manx history |work=Stamp and Coin Mart |publisher=Warners Group Publications |date=February 2018 |page=38}} quaaltagh "first-foot", keeill "(old) church", cammag, traa-dy-liooar "time enough", and Tynwald (tinvaal), which is ultimately of Norse origin, but comes from Manx. It is suggested that the House of Keys takes its name from Kiare as Feed (four and twenty), which is the number of its sitting members.

The Lord's Prayer has been translated into all of the Gaelic languages (and Old Irish). Although not direct, it is a good demonstration of the differences between their orthographies.

{{col-begin}}

{{col-2}}

:The standard version of the Lord's Prayer in Manx

Ayr ain t'ayns niau,

Casherick dy row dt'ennym.

Dy jig dty reeriaght.

Dt'aigney dy row jeant er y thalloo,

myr t'ayns niau.

Cur dooin nyn arran jiu as gagh laa,

as leih dooin nyn loghtyn,

myr ta shin leih dauesyn ta jannoo loghtyn nyn 'oi.

As ny leeid shin ayns miolagh,

agh livrey shin veih olk:

Son lhiats y reeriaght, as y phooar, as y ghloyr, son dy bragh as dy bragh.

Amen.

{{col-2}}

:Manx version of 1713[http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/JPN-manx.html MANX GAELIC ( Gaelig, Gaelg )] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927130443/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/JPN-manx.html |date=27 September 2009 }} from www.christusrex.org. Source of text: "ORATIO DOMINICA – Polyglottos, Polymorphos – Nimirum, Plus Centum Linguis, Versionibus, aut Characteribus Reddita & Expressa" ("Lord's Prayer - many languages and forms - restored and rendered in certainly over 100 languages, versions or types"), Daniel Brown, London, 1713.

Ayr Ain, t'ayns Niau;

Casherick dy rou dt'ennym;

Di jig dty Reereeaght;

Dt'aigney dy rou jeant er y Talloo

myr ta ayns Niau;

Cur dooin nyn Arran jiu as gagh laa;

As leih dooin nyn Loghtyn,

myr ta shin leih dauesyn ta janoo loghtyn ny noi shin;

As ny leeid shin ayns Miolagh;

Agh livrey shin veih olk;

Son liats y Reereeaght y Phooar as y Ghloyr, son dy bragh as dy bragh.

Amen

{{col-end}}

{{col-begin}}

{{col-3}}

:The prayer in Old IrishTa'n lhieggan shoh jeh'n Phadjer aascreeuit 'sy chlou Romanagh veih'n çhenn chlou Yernagh. Son d'akin er y lhieggan shen jeh'n phadjer gow dys y [http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/JPN-gaelic-old.html duillag shoh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315012214/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/JPN-gaelic-old.html |date=15 March 2009 }} ec www.christusrex.org

A athair fil hi nimib,

Noemthar thainm.

Tost do flaithius.

Did do toil i talmain

amail ata in nim.

Tabair dun indiu ar sasad lathi.

Ocus log dun ar fiachu

amail logmaitne diar fhechemnaib.

Ocus nis lecea sind i n-amus n-dofulachtai.

Acht ron soer o cech ulc.

Amen ropfir.

{{col-3}}

:The Prayer in modern Irish

Ár n-Athair, atá ar neamh:

go naofar d'ainm (alt. go naomhaíthear t'ainm).

Go dtaga(idh) do ríocht.

Go ndéantar do thoil ar an (d)talamh,

mar dhéantar ar neamh.

Ár n-arán laethúil tabhair dúinn inniu,

agus maith dúinn ár bhfiacha (alt. ár gcionta),

mar mhaithimid dár bhféichiúna féin (alt. mar a mhaithimíd dóibh a chiontaíonn inár n-aghaidh).

Agus ná lig sinn i gcathú (alt. i gcathaíbh),

ach saor sinn ó(n) olc.

Óir is leatsa an Ríocht agus an Chumhacht agus an Ghlóir, trí shaol na saol (alt. le saol na saol / go síoraí).

Áiméan.

{{col-3}}

:The Prayer in Scottish Gaelic

Ar n-Athair a tha air nèamh,

Gu naomhaichear d' ainm.

Thigeadh do rìoghachd.

Dèanar do thoil air an talamh,

mar a nithear air nèamh.

Tabhair dhuinn an-diugh ar n-aran làitheil.

Agus maith dhuinn ar fiachan,

amhail a mhaitheas sinne dar luchd-fiach.

Agus na leig ann am buaireadh sinn;

ach saor sinn o olc:

oir is leatsa an rìoghachd, agus a' chumhachd, agus a' ghlòir, gu sìorraidh.

Amen.

{{col-end}}

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Manx:

{{col-begin}}

{{col-2}}

;Manx

:{{lang|gv|Ta dy chooilley ghooinney ruggit seyr as corrym rish dy chooilley ghooinney elley ayns ooashley as ayns cairys. Ta resoon as cooinsheanse stowit orroo as lhisagh ad dellal rish y cheilley lesh spyrryd braaragh.}}{{Cite web |url=https://udhr.audio/UDHR_Video.asp?lng=glv&p=2 |title=Fockley-Magh Cairyssyn Deiney cour y Theihll Slane |language=gv |trans-title= |website=udhr.audio}}

{{col-2}}

;English:

:All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights |publisher=United Nations }}

{{col-end}}

{{See also|List of Celtic-language media}}

Two weekly programmes in Manx are available on medium wave on Manx Radio: {{lang|gv|Traa dy liooar}} on Monday and {{lang|gv|Jamys Jeheiney}} on Friday. The news in Manx is available online from Manx Radio, who have three other weekly programmes that use the language: {{lang|gv|Clare ny Gael}}; {{lang|gv|Shiaght Laa}} and {{lang|gv|Moghrey Jedoonee}}. Several news readers on Manx Radio also use a good deal of incidental Manx.

The Isle of Man Examiner has a monthly bilingual column in Manx.

The first film to be made in Manx, 22-minute-long {{Lang|gv|Ny Kirree fo Niaghtey}} "The Sheep Under the Snow", premiered in 1983 and was entered for the 5th Celtic Film and Television Festival in Cardiff in 1984. It was directed by Shorys Y Creayrie (George Broderick) for Foillan Films of Laxey, and is about the background to an early 18th-century folk song. In 2013, a short film, Solace in Wicca, was produced with financial assistance from Culture Vannin, CinemaNX and Isle of Man Film.{{cite web |title=Solace: A Film in Manx Gaelic |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2dKhU0zXw0k |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/2dKhU0zXw0k |archive-date=11 December 2021 |url-status=live |website=YouTube |date=17 February 2014}}{{cbignore}} A series of short cartoons about the life of Cú Chulainn which was produced by BBC Northern Ireland is available{{cite web |title=Cuchulainn Part One |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxy6EU-4IdY&list=PLY5y-gRhKs8jDsAbo2Didfz_f51br-kUx |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/xxy6EU-4IdY |archive-date=11 December 2021 |url-status=live |website=YouTube |date=17 February 2013}}{{cbignore}} as are a series of cartoons on Manx mythology.{{cite web |title=Manannan Episode 4 (part two) Come Dine With Us |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aFownn3Zj90&list=PLY5y-gRhKs8jDsAbo2Didfz_f51br-kUx |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/aFownn3Zj90 |archive-date=11 December 2021 |url-status=live |website=YouTube |date=3 March 2014}}{{cbignore}} Most significant is a 13-part DVD series Manx translation of the award-winning series [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9n5kihxGf8&list=PLY5y-gRhKs8jDsAbo2Didfz_f51br-kUx Friends and Heroes].{{cite web|url=http://www.friendsandheroes.com/uk/manx |title=Gaelg (Manx) | Children's Animated Bible Stories | Friends and Heroes | UK Website |publisher=Friends and Heroes |access-date=25 June 2017}}

{{Main|Manx literature|Gaelic literature}}

Manx never had a large number of speakers, so it would not have been practical to mass-produce written literature. However, a body of oral literature did exist. The "Fianna" tales and others like them are known, including the Manx ballad {{lang|gv|Fin as Oshin}}, commemorating Finn MacCumhail and Oisín.{{cite web |url=http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/fulltext/mb1896/p002.htm |title=pp2/5 Manx Ballads - Fin as Oshin |publisher=Isle-of-man.com |access-date=15 November 2013}} With the coming of Protestantism, Manx spoken tales slowly disappeared, while a tradition of carvals, Christian ballads, developed with religious sanction. Even so, Bishop Mark Hildesley, after his gardener overheard him discussing the Ossian poems of James Macpherson and admitted to known of Fionn and Oisin, the Bishop collected from the local oral tradition multiple lays in Manx from the Fenian Cycle of Celtic Mythology, which were accordingly preserved for the future.Mannanan's Cloak: An Anthology of Manx Literature by Robert Corteen Carswell, London: Francis Boutle Publishers, 2010, pp. 80–86. (translation by Robert Corteen Carswell)

There is no record of literature written distinctively in Manx before the Reformation. By that time, any presumed literary link with Ireland and Scotland, such as through Irish-trained priests, had been lost. The first published literature in Manx was The Principles and Duties of Christianity ({{lang|gv|Coyrie Sodjey}}), translated by Bishop of Sodor and Man Thomas Wilson.

The Book of Common Prayer was translated by John Phillips, the Welsh-born Anglican Bishop of Sodor and Man from 1605 to 1633. The early Manx script has some similarities with orthographical systems found occasionally in Scotland and in Ireland for the transliteration of Gaelic, such as the Book of the Dean of Lismore, as well as some extensive texts based on English and Scottish English orthographical practices of the time. Little secular Manx literature has been preserved.

The New Testament was first published in 1767. When the Anglican church authorities started to produce written literature in the Manx language in the 18th century, the system developed by John Philips was further "anglicised"; the one feature retained from Welsh orthography was the use of {{vr|y}} to represent {{IPAslink|ə}} (e.g. {{lang|gv|cabbyl}} {{IPA|[kaːβəl]}} "horse" and {{lang|gv|cooney}} {{IPA|[kuːnə]}} "help" as well as {{IPA|/ɪ/}} (e.g. {{lang|gv|fys}} {{IPA|[fɪz]}} "knowledge"), though it is also used to represent {{IPA|[j]}}, (e.g. {{lang|gv|y Yuan}} {{IPA|[ə juːan]}} "John" (vocative), {{lang|gv|yeeast}} {{IPA|[jiːəst]}} "fish").

Other works produced in the 18th and 19th centuries include catechisms, hymn books and religious tracts. A translation of Paradise Lost was made by Rev. Thomas Christian of Marown in 1796.{{cite web |title=Shenn Recortyssyn |url=https://www.learnmanx.com/learning/recordings-archive/pargys-caillit/ |website=learnmanx.com |access-date=2 January 2024}}

A considerable amount of secular literature has been produced in the 20th and 21st centuries as part of the language revival. In 2006, the first full-length novel in Manx, {{lang|gv|Dunveryssyn yn Tooder-Folley}} ("The Vampire Murders") was published by Brian Stowell, after being serialised in the press. There is an increasing amount of literature available in the language, and recent publications include Manx versions of the Gruffalo and Gruffalo's Child.{{cite web |url=http://www.culturevannin.im/cms/publication_type_index_1475.html |title=Books - Lioaryn | Culture Vannin | Isle of Man |website=Culture Vannin |access-date=25 June 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802203910/http://www.culturevannin.im/cms/publication_type_index_1475.html |url-status=dead }}

Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince was translated into Manx by Rob Teare in 2019.{{Cite web |url=https://petit-prince-collection.com/lang/show_livre.php?lang=en&id=5326 |title=Antoine de Saint-Exupery - "The Little Prince" / Gaelic Manx / 2019, Edition Tintenfass, Neckarsteinach |website=petit-prince-collection.com}}

{{Main|Bible translations into Manx}}

{{blockquote|In the time of Bishop Wilson it had been a constant source of complaint among the Manx clergy that they were the only church in Christendom that had no version of the Bible in the vulgar tongue. Wilson set to work to remedy the defect, and, with the assistance of some of his clergy, managed to get some of the Bible translated, and the Gospel of St. Matthew printed. Bishop Hildesley, his successor, with the help of the whole body of Manx clergy, completed the work, and in 1775 the whole Bible was printed.{{cite web |url=http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/history/manks/jenner.htm |title=Henry Jenner - The Manx Language, 1875 |publisher=Isle-of-man.com |access-date=15 November 2013}}}}

The Bible was first produced in Manx by a group of Anglican clergymen on the island. The Gospel of Matthew was printed in 1748. The Gospel and {{lang|gv|Conaant Noa nyn Jiarn as Saualtagh Yeesey Creest}} were produced in 1763 and 1767, respectively, by the Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge (SPCK). In 1772 the Old Testament was printed, together with the Wisdom of Solomon and Ecclesiasticus (Sirach) from the Apocrypha.

{{lang|gv|Yn Vible Casherick}} "The Holy Bible" of the Old and New Testaments was published as one book by the SPCK in 1775, effectively fixing the modern orthography of Manx, which has changed little since. Jenner claims that some bowdlerisation had occurred in the translation, e.g. the occupation of Rahab the prostitute is rendered as {{lang|gv|ben-oast}}{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} "a hostess, female inn-keeper." The bicentenary was celebrated in 1975 and included a set of stamps from the Isle of Man Post Office.

There was a translation of the {{lang|gv|Psalmyn Ghavid}} ("Psalms of David") in metre in Manx by the Rev John Clague, vicar of Rushen, which was printed with the Book of Common Prayer of 1768. Bishop Hildesley required that these Metrical Psalms were to be sung in churches. These were reprinted by {{lang|gv|Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh}} in 1905.

The British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS) published the {{lang|gv|Conaant Noa}} "New Testament" in 1810 and reprinted it in 1824. {{lang|gv|Yn Vible Casherick}} "The Holy Bible" of the Old Testament and New Testament (without the two books of the Apocrypha) was first printed as a whole in 1819. BFBS last printed anything on paper in Manx in 1936 when it reprinted {{lang|gv|Noo Ean}} "the Gospel of St John"; this was reprinted by {{lang|gv|Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh}} in 1968. The Manx Bible was republished by Shearwater Press in July 1979 as {{lang|gv|Bible Chasherick yn Lught Thie}} (Manx Family Bible), which was a reproduction of the BFBS 1819 Bible.

Since 2014 the BFBS 1936 Manx Gospel of John has been available online on YouVersion and Bibles.org.

Manx has not been used in Mass since the late 19th century, though {{Lang|gv|Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh}} holds an annual Christmas service on the island.{{Cite web |title=Manx Gaelic Christmas Service |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vY9VF_bkZsw |website=YouTube | date=10 January 2013 |access-date=24 March 2023 |language=en}}

File:St Mary’s Cathedral, Douglas Isle Man.jpeg, Douglas, Isle of Man.]]

In a move towards the Catholic Church in the Isle of Man having a Bishop of its own, in September 2023 St. Mary of the Isle Church in Douglas was granted Co-Cathedral status by Pope Francis. During the Mass of dedication by Malcolm McMahon, the Archbishop of Liverpool, the Lord's Prayer was recited in Manx and the Manx National Anthem was also performed.{{Cite web |last=Curphey |first=Tom |date=2023-09-22 |title=Pope Francis grants 'rare honour' to Douglas church after 'year long process' |url=https://www.iomtoday.co.im/news/pope-francis-grants-rare-honour-to-douglas-church-after-year-long-process-640101 |website=Isle of Man Today}}{{Cite web |title=Cathedral Status for St Mary of the Isle, Douglas |url=https://manxcatholic.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Cathedral-press-statement-for-Manx-media-22-Sept-23.pdf |website=manxcatholic.org.uk}}{{Cite web |date=2023-10-27 |title=Joy for Isle of Man Catholics as cathedral date confirmed |url=https://universecatholicweekly.co.uk/isle-of-man/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511184736/https://universecatholicweekly.co.uk/isle-of-man/ |archive-date=2024-05-11 |website=Universe Catholic Weekly}}

{{Portal|Language}}

• Cornish, another revived Celtic language.
• Irish language revival
• List of Celtic-language media
• List of revived languages
• List of television channels in Celtic languages

{{Reflist|30em|refs=

{{cite report|author=Isle of Man Government |date=27 January 2021 |title=Isle of Man Census Report |url=https://www.gov.im/media/1375604/2021-01-27-census-report-part-i-final-2.pdf |publisher=Isle of Man Government |pages=27–28 |access-date=10 December 2022}}

}}

• {{Cite book |last=Broderick |first=George |title=A Handbook of Late Spoken Manx |publisher=Niemeyer |location=Tübingen |year=1984–1986 |edition=3 volumes |isbn=3-484-42903-8 |id=(vol. 1), (vol. 2), (vol. 3)}}
• {{Cite book |last=Broderick |first=George |pages=228–85 |chapter=Manx |editor1-first=M. J. |editor1-last=Ball |editor2-first=J. |editor2-last=Fife |title=The Celtic Languages |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=1993 |isbn=0-415-01035-7}}
• {{Cite book |last=Cumming |first=Joseph George |author-link=Joseph George Cumming |year=1848 |title=The Isle of Man |publisher=John Van Voorst |publication-date=1848 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/isleman00cummgoog}}
• {{cite book |title=Dictionary of the Irish Language based mainly on Old and Middle Irish materials |year=1983 |location=Dublin |publisher=Royal Irish Academy |url=http://www.dil.ie |isbn=0-901714-29-1}}
• {{cite book |title=Fourth International Conference on Minority Languages |edition=Vol. II: Western and Eastern European Papers |editor1-first=D. |editor1-last=Gorter |editor2-first=J. F. |editor2-last=Hoekstra |editor3-first=L. G. |editor3-last=Jansma |editor4-first=J. |editor4-last=Ytsma |year=1990 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |location=Bristol, England |isbn=1-85359-111-4 |first=Wilf |last=Gunther |chapter=Language conservancy or: Can the anciently established British minority languages survive? |pages=53–67 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XG8aROt64QC&pg=PA53}}
• {{cite book |last=Holmer |first=Nils M. |title=The Gaelic of Arran |publisher=Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies |year=1957 |isbn=0-901282-44-8}}
• {{cite book |last=Holmer |first=Nils M. |title=The Gaelic of Kintyre |publisher=Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies |year=1962 |isbn=0-901282-43-X}}
• {{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Art |pages=611–660 |chapter=Gaeilge Uladh |trans-chapter=Ulster Irish |language=Irish |title=Stair na Gaeilge in ómós do Pádraig Ó Fiannachta |trans-title=History of Irish in honor of Pádraig Ó Fiannachta |editor1-first=K. |editor1-last=McCone |editor2-first=D. |editor2-last=McManus |editor3-first=C. |editor3-last=Ó Háinle |editor4-first=N. |editor4-last=Williams |editor5-first=L. |editor5-last=Breatnach |publisher=Department of Old Irish, St. Patrick's College |location=Maynooth |year=1994 |isbn=0-901519-90-1}}
• {{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Kenneth Hurlstone |title=Contributions to the Study of Manx Phonology |author-link=Kenneth H. Jackson |publisher=Nelson |location=Edinburgh |year=1955}}
• {{cite book |last=Kelly |first=John |year=1870 |editor-last=Gill |editor-first=William |title=A Practical Grammar of the Antient Gaelic, or Language of the Isle of Man, Usually Called Manks |publisher=The Manx Society |publication-date=1870 |location=Douglas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZENAAAAYAAJ}}
• {{cite book |last=Kewley-Draskau |first=Jennifer |author-link=Jennifer Kewley Draskau |title=Practical Manx |publisher=Liverpool University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84631-131-4}}
• {{cite book |last=Kneen |first=John J. |title=A Grammar of the Manx Language |author-link=John J. Kneen |publisher=Ams Pr Inc |location=Edinburgh |year=1911 |isbn=978-0-404-17564-1}}
• {{cite thesis |last= Lewin|first= Christopher|date= 2020|title= Aspects of the historical phonology of Manx|doi=10.7488/era/557 |degree=PhD |location=Edinburgh |publisher=University of Edinburgh |access-date=}}
• {{cite book|last=Lewin|first=Christopher|date= |title=Sheean as Screeu|location=St John's|publisher=Culture Vannin}}
• {{cite book |last=Macbain |first=Alexander |title=An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language |edition=2nd |year=1911 |location=Stirling |publisher=E. Mackay. Reprinted 1998, New York: Hippocrene |isbn=0-7818-0632-1}}
• {{cite book |last=Mhac an Fhailigh |first=Éamonn |year=1968 |title=The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo |publisher=Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies |isbn=0-901282-02-2}}
• {{cite book |last=Ó Baoill |first=Colm |title=Contributions to a Comparative Study of Ulster Irish and Scottish Gaelic |publisher=Institute of Irish Studies, Queen's University of Belfast |year=1978}}
• {{cite book |last=O'Rahilly |first=Thomas F. |title=Irish Dialects Past and Present |author-link=T. F. O'Rahilly |location=Dublin |publisher=Browne and Nolan. Reprinted 1976, 1988 by the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies |year=1932 |isbn=0-901282-55-3}}
• {{cite book |last=Ó Cuív |first=Brian |year=1944 |title=The Irish of West Muskerry, Co. Cork |publisher=Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies |isbn=0-901282-52-9}}
• {{cite book |last=Ó Sé |first=Diarmuid |year=2000 |title=Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne |trans-title=Chorca Dhuibhne Irish |location=Dublin |publisher=Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann |isbn=0-946452-97-0 |language=Irish}}
• {{cite book |last=Thomson |first=Robert L. |pages=100–36 |chapter=The Manx language |editor-first=Donald |editor-last=MacAulay |title=The Celtic Languages |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1992 |isbn=0-521-23127-2}}
• {{cite book |last=Williams |first=Nicholas |pages=703–44 |chapter=An Mhanainnis |trans-chapter=Manx |language=Irish |title=Stair na Gaeilge in ómós do Pádraig Ó Fiannachta |trans-title=History of Irish in honor of Pádraig Ó Fiannachta |editor1-first=K. |editor1-last=McCone |editor2-first=D. |editor2-last=McManus |editor3-first=C. |editor3-last=Ó Háinle |editor4-first=N. |editor4-last=Williams |editor5-first=L. |editor5-last=Breatnach |publisher=Department of Old Irish, St. Patrick's College |location=Maynooth |year=1994 |isbn=0-901519-90-1}}

{{InterWiki|code=gv}}

{{Commons category}}

{{Wiktionary category|type=Manx|category=Manx language}}

{{Wikivoyage|Manx Gaelic phrasebook|Manx|a phrasebook}}

{{wikisourceWiki|Gaelg}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20081201160833/http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/treasury/economic/census/manxmap.pdf Percentage of resident population with a knowledge of Manx Gaelic ]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090214121416/http://www.iomtoday.co.im/skeealnygaelgey/A-bit-of-Manx-Gaelic.4239436.jp A bit of Manx Gaelic history]
• [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/manx.htm Manx language, alphabet and pronunciation] at Omniglot
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20050312132027/http://www.gaelg.iofm.net/EMENU.html Information about the language]
• [http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/history/manks/ isle-of-man.com language section]
• [http://multidict.net/multidict/?sl=gv Manx dictionaries via Multidict]
• [http://www.learnmanx.com Online Manx Lessons with MP3 recordings]
• [http://www.mannin.info/MHF/index2.htm Bilingual Bible in Manx and English by the Manx Language Project]
• [https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21242667 Manx: Bringing a language back from the dead]
• [https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/apr/02/how-manx-language-came-back-from-dead-isle-of-man Media article about the Manx revival]
• [https://ai.glossika.com/language/learn-manx Manx free online course]

{{Celtic languages}}

{{Manx linguistics}}

{{Celts|state=autocollapse}}

{{Languages of the United Kingdom}}

{{Languages of Europe}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Languages of dependent territories of the United Kingdom

Category:Goidelic languages

Category:Languages of Europe

Category:Endangered Celtic languages

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Category:Language revival

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