Methodist Church of Great Britain#The Bible

{{Further|First Great Awakening#Evangelical Revival in Britain}}

File:NewInnHallSt WesleyMemorialChurch 6058.jpg in Oxford, the city where the Wesley brothers studied and formed the Holy Club.]]

The movement that would become the Methodist Church originated in the early 18th century within the Church of England. A small group of students at Oxford University, including John Wesley (1703–1791) and his younger brother Charles (1707–1788), met together for the purpose of mutual improvement; they focused on studying the Bible and living a holy life. Other students mocked the group, saying they were the "Holy Club" and "the Methodists",{{refn|group=note|Pronounced as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɛ|θ|ə|d|ɪ|s|t|}}. John Wesley would later reclaim the term Methodist when referring to the methodical pursuit of scriptural holiness.{{cite book |last1=Wesley |first1=John |title=The Character of a Methodist. |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/evans/N20188.0001.001/1:3?rgn=div1;view=fulltext |date=1872 |editor-first=Thomas |editor-last=Jackson |access-date=18 May 2021 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518222127/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/evans/N20188.0001.001/1:3?rgn=div1;view=fulltext |url-status=live }}}} being methodical and exceptionally detailed in their Bible study, opinions and disciplined lifestyle.{{cite encyclopedia|url = https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/269746/Holy-Club|title = Holy Club|encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date = 28 May 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091215165549/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/269746/Holy-Club|archive-date = 15 December 2009|url-status = live|df = dmy-all}}{{cite web |title=A short history of the Holy Club |url=https://www.wesleysoxford.org.uk/people/holy-club/what-was-the-holy-club |website=Wesleys Oxford |access-date=18 May 2021 |language=en |date=24 July 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518222130/https://www.wesleysoxford.org.uk/people/holy-club/what-was-the-holy-club |url-status=live }}

The first Methodist movement outside the Church of England was associated with Howell Harris (1714–1773),{{cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=Richard |title=Howell Harris and the Dawn of Revival |date=1987 |publisher=Evangelical Press of Wales |location=Bridgend |isbn=1-85049-035-X}} [English translation] who launched the Welsh Methodist revival in the 1730s.{{cite book |last1=Davies |first1=Gwyn |title=A Light in the Land, Christianity in Wales 200–2000 |date=2002 |publisher=Bryntirion |location=Bridgend |isbn=1-85049-181-X |pages=70–79}} This was to become the Calvinistic Methodist Church (today known as the Presbyterian Church of Wales). Another branch of the Methodist revival was under the ministry of George Whitefield (1714–1770), a friend of the Wesleys from the Oxford Holy Club—resulting in the Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion.{{cite book |last1=Mullett |first1=Michael A. |title=Sources for the History of English Nonconformity, 1660-1830 |date=1991 |publisher=British Records Association |location=London |isbn=0900222093 |pages=62–64}}

File:Wesley's Chapel And Statue.jpg was established by John Wesley in 1778 to serve as his London base. Today it incorporates a museum of Methodism in its crypt.]]

The largest branch of Methodism in England was organised by John Wesley. In May 1738 he claimed to have experienced a profound discovery of God in his heart, a pivotal event that has come to be called his evangelical conversion.{{cite book |language=en |last=Burnett |first=Daniel L. |title=In the Shadow of Aldersgate: An Introduction to the Heritage and Faith of the Wesleyan Tradition |location=La Vergne, Tenn. |publisher=Wipf and Stock |date=2006 |pages=36–37}} From 1739, Wesley took to open-air preaching, and converted people to his movement.{{cite book |last1=Wesley |first1=John |editor-last1=Parker |editor-first1= Percy Livingstone |title=The Heart of John Wesley's Journal. |date=2008 |publisher=Hendrickson Publishers |location=Peabody, Mass. |isbn=978-1598563009 |page=17 |edition=1st}} He formed small classes in which his followers would receive religious guidance and intensive accountability in their personal lives.{{cite book |last=Hurst |first=J. F. |url=http://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/john-wesley-the-methodist/chapter-ix-society-and-class/ |title=John Wesley the Methodist: A Plain Account of His Life and Work |publisher=Methodist Book Concern |year=1903 |location=New York |language=en |chapter=Chapter IX – Society and Class |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403150902/http://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/john-wesley-the-methodist/chapter-ix-society-and-class/ |archive-date=3 April 2022 |url-status=live}} Wesley also appointed itinerant evangelists to travel and preach as he did and to care for these groups of people. It is a tribute to Wesley's powers of oratory and organisational skills that the term Methodism is today assumed to mean Wesleyan Methodism unless otherwise specified.{{cite web|title=Wesleyan Methodists - Welsh Chapels|url=http://www.welshchapels.org/nonconformity/wesleyan-methodists/|website=Welsh Chapels|access-date=24 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321214834/http://www.welshchapels.org/nonconformity/wesleyan-methodists/|archive-date=21 March 2017|url-status=unfit|df=dmy-all}} Theologically, Wesley held to the Arminian belief that salvation is available to all people,{{cite web |last1=Communications |first1=United Methodist |title=Do United Methodists believe "once saved, always saved" or can we "lose our salvation"? - The United Methodist Church |url=http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/do-united-methodists-believe-once-saved-always-saved |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225053242/http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/do-united-methodists-believe-once-saved-always-saved |archive-date=25 February 2017 |access-date=24 February 2017 |language=en |quote=John Wesley particularly identified his understanding of salvation with the theology and writings of the seventeenth century Dutch theologian, Jacob Arminius. |df=dmy-all}} in opposition to the Calvinist ideas of election and predestination that were accepted by the Calvinistic Methodists.

Methodist preachers were famous for their impassioned sermons, though opponents accused them of "enthusiasm", i.e. fanaticism.{{cite news |title=Enthusiasm |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/issues/issue-2/enthusiasm.html |work=Christian History |issue=2 |date=1983 |language=en |quote=So when George Whitefield and John Wesley began their ministry, they were called enthusiasts because they preached the Holy Spirit. |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516031504/https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/issues/issue-2/enthusiasm.html |url-status=live }} During Wesley's lifetime, many members of England's established church feared that new doctrines promulgated by the Methodists, such as the necessity of a new birth for salvation, and of the constant and sustained action of the Holy Spirit upon the believer's soul, would produce ill effects upon weak minds. Theophilus Evans, an early critic of the movement, even wrote that it was "the natural Tendency of their Behaviour, in Voice and Gesture and horrid Expressions, to make People mad."{{cite book|first=Theophilus |last=Evans|title=The History of Modern Enthusiasm: From the Reformation to the Present Times|date=1757|publisher=W. Owen|page=[https://archive.org/details/historymodernen00evangoog/page/n167 119]|url=https://archive.org/details/historymodernen00evangoog|language=en}} In one of his prints, William Hogarth likewise attacked Methodists as enthusiasts full of "Credulity, Superstition, and Fanaticism".{{cite journal |last1=Glen |first1=Robert |title=Methodism, Religious Dissent and Revolution in the English Satiric Prints, 1780–1815 |journal=Consortium on Revolutionary Europe, 1750–1850: Proceedings |date=1989 |volume=19 |pages=173–188}} Other attacks against the Methodists were physically violent—Wesley was nearly murdered by a mob at Wednesbury in 1743.{{cite news |last1=Goodwin |first1=Charles H. |title=Vile or Reviled?: The Causes of the Anti-Methodist Riots at Wednesbury Between May 1743 and April 1744 in the Light of New England Revivalism |work=Methodist History |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=14–28 |date=1996 |hdl=10516/6109 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10516/6109 |issn=0026-1238}} The Methodists responded vigorously to their critics and thrived despite the attacks against them.On anti-Methodist literary attacks see {{cite journal |last1=McInelly |first1=Brett C. |title=Writing the Revival: The Intersections of Methodism and Literature in the Long 18th Century |journal=Literature Compass |date=2015 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1111/lic3.12203 |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/lic3.12203 |language=en |issn=1741-4113}}; {{cite book |author=McInelly |title=Textual Warfare and the Making of Methodism |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0198708940 |edition=1st}}

File:John Wesley preaching outside a church. Engraving. Wellcome V0006868.jpg

As Wesley and his assistants preached around the country they formed local societies, authorised and organised through Wesley's leadership and conferences of preachers. Wesley insisted that Methodists regularly attend their local parish church as well as Methodist meetings.{{cite book |last1=Watson |first1=Philip S. |title=Anatomy of a Conversion: The Message and Mission of John & Charles Wesley |date=1990 |publisher=Francis Asbury Press (now Zondervan)|location=Grand Rapids, Mich. |isbn=0-310-74991-3 |page=26}} In 1784, Wesley made provision for the continuance as a corporate body after his death of the 'Yearly Conference of the People called Methodists'.{{cite web|title=Birth of the Conference|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/history/birth-of-the-conference|publisher=The Methodist Church|access-date=24 February 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225054742/http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/history/birth-of-the-conference|archive-date=25 February 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} He nominated 100 people and declared them to be its members and laid down the method by which their successors were to be appointed. The Conference has remained the governing body of Methodism ever since.

File:The First Methodist chapel called "The Foundry" - Capel Cyntaf y Methodistiaid Wesleyaidd a Adnabyddid Wrth "Y Foundry".jpeg". Lithograph by H. Humphreys, {{circa|1865}}.]]

As his societies multiplied, and elements of an ecclesiastical system were successively adopted, the breach between Wesley and the Church of England (Anglicanism) gradually widened. In 1784, Wesley responded to the shortage of priests in the American colonies due to the American Revolutionary War by ordaining preachers for America with power to administer the sacraments.{{cite web|title=Separation from the Church of England|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/history/separation-from-the-church-of-england|publisher=Methodist Church in Britain|access-date=3 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005080954/http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/history/separation-from-the-church-of-england|archive-date=5 October 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} Wesley's actions precipitated the split between American Methodists and the Church of England (which holds that only bishops can ordain persons to ministry).{{cite book|last1=Mullin|first1=Robert Bruce|title=A Short World History of Christianity|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=9780664236649|page=170|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2nWP0_6gkiYC&pg=PA170|language=en|year=2006}}

With regard to the position of Methodism within Christendom, "John Wesley once noted that what God had achieved in the development of Methodism was no mere human endeavor but the work of God. As such it would be preserved by God so long as history remained."{{cite web|url=https://peopleneedjesus.net/2016/08/25/the-birth-pangs-of-united-methodism-as-a-unique-global-orthodox-denomination/|first=William J.|last=Abraham|title=The Birth Pangs of United Methodism as a Unique, Global, Orthodox Denomination|date=25 August 2016|language=en|access-date=30 April 2017|author-link=William J. Abraham|archive-date=29 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529130535/https://peopleneedjesus.net/2016/08/25/the-birth-pangs-of-united-methodism-as-a-unique-global-orthodox-denomination/|url-status=live}} Calling it "the grand depositum" of the Methodist faith, Wesley specifically taught that the propagation of the doctrine of entire sanctification was the reason that God raised up the Methodists in the world (see {{slink||Wesleyan theology}}).{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Rupert E.|last2=George|first2=A. Raymond|last3=Rupp|first3=Gordon|title=A History of the Methodist Church in Great Britain, Volume Three|date=14 June 2017|publisher=Wipf & Stock Publishers|language=en|isbn=9781532630507|page=225}}

British Methodism separated from the Church of England soon after the death of Wesley. There were early contentions over the powers of preachers and the Conference, and the timing of chapel services.{{cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Robert Leonard|title=The Separation of the Methodists from the Church of England|date=2008|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|pages=193–195; 160–168}} At this point in time a majority of Methodist members were not attending Anglican church services. The 1795 Plan of Pacification permitted Methodist chapels to celebrate Holy Communion where both a majority of trustees and a majority of the stewards and leaders allowed it.{{cite web|last1=Turner|first1=John Munsey|title=The Development of the Methodist Ministry|url=http://www.methodistheritage.org.uk/missionary-history-munseyturner-development-of-methodist-ministry-2004.pdf|publisher=Methodist Heritage|access-date=30 March 2017|page=6|date=2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427144514/http://www.methodistheritage.org.uk/missionary-history-munseyturner-development-of-methodist-ministry-2004.pdf|archive-date=27 April 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} (These services often used Wesley's abridgement of the Book of Common Prayer.) This permission was later extended to the administration of baptism, burial and timing of services, bringing Methodist chapels into direct competition with the local parish church. Consequently, known Methodists were excluded from the Church of England. Alexander Kilham and his 'radicals' denounced the Conference for giving too much power to the ministers of the church at the expense of the laity. In 1797, following the Plan of Pacification, Kilham was expelled from the church. The radicals formed the Methodist New Connexion, while the original body came to be known as the Wesleyan Methodist Church.

File:Methodist Family Tree Diagram Vertical.svg

Early Methodists were systematic in collecting statistics on membership.{{cite book |last1=Field |first1=Clive D. |url=http://brin.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/development-of-religious-statistics.pdf |title=Religious Statistics in Great Britain: An Historical Introduction |date=2010 |orig-date=November 2009 |page=18 |series=1 |publisher=University of Manchester |location=Manchester |access-date=23 January 2021 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301080015/http://www.brin.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/development-of-religious-statistics.pdf |url-status=live }} Their growth was rapid, from 58,000 in 1790 to 302,000 in 1830 and 518,000 in 1850.{{cite book|editor1-last=Cannon|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Crowford|editor2-first=Robert|title=The Oxford Companion to British History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vL8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1040|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=1040|isbn=9780191044816|access-date=12 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429172651/https://books.google.com/books?id=9vL8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1040|archive-date=29 April 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} Those were the official members, but the national census of 1851 counted people with an informal connection to Methodism, and the total was 1,463,000. Growth was steady in both rural and urban areas, despite disruption caused by numerous schisms; these resulted in separate denominations (or "connexions") such as the Wesleyan Methodist Church, the first and largest, followed by the New Connexion, the Bible Christian Church and the Primitive Methodist Church. Some of the growth can be attributed to the failure of the established Church of England to provide church facilities.{{cite book |last1=Port |first1=M. H. |date=2006 |title=600 New Churches: the Church Building Commission 1818–1856 |edition=2nd |location=Reading |publisher=Spire Books |isbn=9781904965084|pages=17–18}} In the later 19th century a programme of church building by the established church, in competition with the Nonconformists, increased the number of church-attending Anglicans.{{cite book |last1=Morris |first1=Jeremy |title=A People's Church: A History of the Church of England |date=7 April 2022 |publisher=Profile Books |isbn=978-1-78283-053-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b_6sDwAAQBAJ |chapter=Numbers, Regional Strength, Class and Gender |access-date=11 July 2022 |language=en |page=306 |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517085414/https://books.google.com/books?id=b_6sDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }} This reduced the opportunities for the Nonconformists in general and the Methodists in particular to keep growing. Membership reached 602,000 in 1870 and peaked at 841,000 in 1910.{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=R. B. |title=The Growth of Wesleyan Methodism in Victorian England and Wales |journal=The Journal of Ecclesiastical History |date=1973 |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=267–284 |doi=10.1017/S0022046900047254 |s2cid=162299097 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022046900047254 |language=en |issn=1469-7637 |access-date=23 January 2021 |archive-date=21 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321201312/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-ecclesiastical-history/article/abs/growth-of-wesleyan-methodism-in-victorian-england-and-wales/8D33B2E1E14F9B181C1E1D89631D51EA |url-status=live }}For the numbers see {{cite book |last1=Hempton |first1=David |title=Methodism: Empire of the Spirit |date=2005 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=0300119763 |page=214}}

Early Methodism was particularly prominent in Devon and Cornwall, which were key centres of activity by the Bible Christian faction.{{cite book|last=Workman |first=H. B. |author-link=Herbert Brook Workman |title=Methodism (Cambridge Manuals of Science and Literature)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQsl-dV2HUEC&pg=PA97|year=2012|orig-year=1912|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=97|isbn=9781107626584|access-date=23 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502134434/https://books.google.com/books?id=yQsl-dV2HUEC&pg=PA97|archive-date=2 May 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} The Bible Christians produced many preachers, and sent many missionaries to Australia.{{cite book|last1=O'Brien|first1=Glen|last2=Carey|first2=Hilary M.|title=Methodism in Australia: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAmrCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|page=62|isbn=9781317097099|access-date=23 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429180225/https://books.google.com/books?id=nAmrCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|archive-date=29 April 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} Methodism as a whole grew rapidly in the old mill towns of Yorkshire and Lancashire, where the preachers stressed that the working classes were equal to the upper classes in the eyes of God.{{cite book |last1=Green |first1=S. J. D. |title=Religion in the Age of Decline: Organisation and Experience in Industrial Yorkshire, 1870–1920 |date=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780521561532}} In Wales, three elements separately welcomed Methodism: Welsh-speaking, English-speaking, and Calvinistic.{{cite book|last=Yrigoyen|first=Charles Jr. |title=T&T Clark Companion to Methodism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JE6vAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA502|year=2010|publisher=A&C Black|page=502|isbn=9780567290779|access-date=23 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429210227/https://books.google.com/books?id=JE6vAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA502|archive-date=29 April 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}

The independent Methodist movement did not appeal to England's landed gentry; they favoured the developing evangelical movement inside the Church of England. However, Methodism became popular among ambitious middle class families.Binfield, Clyde (2006). "Victorian values and industrious connexions: The Wesley Historical Society Lecture 2002." Proceedings of the Wesley Historical Society 55: 141–168. For example, the Osborn family of Sheffield, whose steel company emerged in the mid-19th century in Sheffield's period of rapid industrialisation. Historian Clyde Binfield says their fervent Methodist faith strengthened their commitment to economic independence, spiritual certainty and civic responsibility.

Methodism was especially popular among skilled workers and much less prevalent among labourers. Historians such as Élie Halévy, Eric J. Hobsbawm, E. P. Thompson, and Alan D. Gilbert have explored the role of Methodism in the early decades of the making of the British working class (1760–1820). On the one hand it provided a model of how to efficiently organise large numbers of people and sustain their connection over a long period of time, and on the other it diverted and discouraged political radicalism.{{cite journal |last1=Gilbert |first1=Alan D. |author-link=Alan Gilbert (Australian academic) |title=Methodism, Dissent and Political Stability in Early Industrial England |journal=Journal of Religious History |date=December 1979 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=381–399 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9809.1979.tb00003.x}} In explaining why Britain did not undergo a social revolution in the period 1790–1832, a time that appeared ripe for violent social upheaval, Halévy argued that Methodism forestalled revolution among the working class by redirecting its energies toward spiritual affairs rather than workplace concerns.{{cite journal|last1=Gobbett|first1=Brian|title=Inevitable Revolution and Methodism in early Industrial England: Revisiting the Historiography of the Halevy Thesis |journal=Fides et Historia |volume=29 |issue=1 |date= 1997 |pages=28–43}} Thompson argues that overall it had a politically regressive effect.{{cite journal |last1=Holland |first1=Owen |last2=Phillips |first2=Eoin |title=Fifty years of E. P. Thompson's The Making of the English Working Class: some field notes |journal=Social History |date=April 2014 |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=172–181 |doi=10.1080/03071022.2014.914784|s2cid=145481509 }}

File:Dr. Jabez Bunting MET DP142480.jpg

John Wesley was the longtime president of the Methodist Conference, but after his death it was agreed that in future, so much authority would not be placed in the hands of one man. Instead, the president would be elected for one year, to sit in Wesley's chair. Successive Methodist schisms resulted in multiple presidents, before a united conference assembled in 1932.

Wesley wrote, edited or abridged some 400 publications. As well as theology he wrote about music, marriage, medicine, abolitionism and politics.{{cite web|title=History: Social Justice|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/history/social-justice|publisher=Methodist Church in Britain|access-date=3 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005092232/http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/history/social-justice|archive-date=5 October 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} Wesley himself and the senior leadership were political conservatives. Although many trade union leaders were attracted to Methodism—the Tolpuddle Martyrs being an early example{{cite web |title=Tolpuddle, near Dorchester – home of the Tolpuddle Martyrs |url=http://www.methodistheritage.org.uk/tolpuddlevillage.htm |website=www.methodistheritage.org.uk |publisher=Methodist Heritage |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=24 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124113400/http://www.methodistheritage.org.uk/tolpuddlevillage.htm |url-status=live }}—the church itself did not actively support the unions. Historians Patrick K. O'Brien and Roland Quinault argue:

John Wesley's own Tory sympathies and autocratic instincts had been strong and genuine, and as far as possible he had instilled into his followers deference toward established social and religious authorities. He emphasised political quietism. His mission he saw as strictly spiritual, and his own inherently conservative political instincts and social values reinforced a pragmatic concern to give as little offense as possible to a suspicious wider society. These same motives influenced the ministerial oligarchy...."Methodism" said Jabez Bunting...hates democracy as it hates sin."{{cite book |editor1-last=O'Brien |editor1-first=Patrick Karl |editor2-last=Quinault |editor2-first=Roland |title=The Industrial Revolution and British Society |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=052143744X |page=86}}

Jabez Bunting (1779–1858) was the most prominent leader of the Wesleyan Methodist movement after Wesley's death. He preached successful revivals until 1802, when he saw revivals leading to dissension and division. He then became dedicated to church order and discipline, and vehemently opposed revivalism.{{cite ODNB |title=Bunting, Jabez (1779–1858), Wesleyan Methodist minister |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/3947|last1=Ward |first1=W. R. }} He was a popular preacher in numerous cities. He was four times chosen to be president of the Conference and held numerous senior positions as administrator and watched budgets very closely. Bunting and his allies centralised power by making the Conference the final arbiter of Methodism, and giving it the power to reassign preachers and select superintendents. He was zealous in the cause of foreign missions. In English politics he was conservative. He had little tolerance for liberal elements or for Sunday schools and temperance crusades, which led to expulsion of his opponents, whereupon a third of the members broke away in 1849. Numerous alliances with other groups failed and weakened his control.Kent, John, "Methodism and Social Change In Britain," in Runyon, Theodore (ed.) (1977) Sanctification and Liberation. Lecture series.

William Bramwell (1759–1818) was a preacher who engendered controversy due to his intense revivalist preaching style, which spurred awakenings throughout the north of England—including the 1793–97 Yorkshire Revival—and his association with Alexander Kilham (1762–1798). Kilham was a revivalist who led the New Connexion secession from mainstream Wesleyan ministry.McGonigle, Herbert (2004). "William Bramwell: A re-appraisal: The Wesley Historical Society Lecture for 2004." Proceedings of the Wesley Historical Society 54: 219-236.

File:Hugh Price Hughes3.jpg.]]

Hugh Price Hughes (1847–1902) was the first superintendent of the West London Methodist Mission, a key Methodist organisation. Recognised as one of the greatest orators of his era, he also founded and edited an influential newspaper, the Methodist Times in 1885. Hughes played a key role in leading Methodists into the Liberal Party coalition, away from the Conservative leanings of previous Methodist leaders.{{cite book |last1=Edwards |first1=Maldwyn Lloyd |title=Methodism and England: a study of Methodism in its social and political aspects during the period 1850-1932 |date=1943 |volume=3 |location=London |publisher=The Epworth Press |page=149 |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001593954 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517085414/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001593954 |url-status=live }}Christopher Oldstone-Moore, "The Fall of Parnell: Hugh Price Hughes and the Nonconformist Conscience" Éire-Ireland 30#4 (1995)

pp. 94-110 [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/666854 excerpt]

John Scott Lidgett (1854–1953) achieved prominence both as a theologian and reformer by stressing the importance of the church's engagement with the whole of society and human culture. He promoted the Social Gospel and founded the Bermondsey Settlement to reach the poor of London, as well as the Wesley Guild, a social organisation aimed at young people which reached 150,000 members by 1900.{{cite ODNB |last1=Wellings |first1=Martin |title=Lidgett, John Scott (1854–1953), Methodist minister and local politician |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/34530 |date=23 September 2004}}{{cite book |last1=Turberfield |first1=Alan F. |title=John Scott Lidgett: Archbishop of British Methodism? |date=2003 |publisher=Epworth Press |location=Peterborough |isbn=9780716205715}}

Early Methodism experienced a radical and spiritual phase that allowed women authority in church leadership. In 1771, Mary Bosanquet (1739–1815) wrote to John Wesley to defend hers and Sarah Crosby's work preaching and leading classes at her orphanage, Cross Hall.{{Cite book |title=She Offered Them Christ: The Legacy of Women Preachers in Early Methodism |last=Chilcote |first=Paul Wesley |publisher=Wipf and Stock |year=1993 |isbn=1579106684 |location=Eugene, O.R.|page=78}} Her argument was that women should be able to preach when they experienced an "extraordinary call".{{Cite book |language=en |last=Lloyd |first=Jennifer M. |title=Women and the Shaping of British Methodism: Persistent Preachers, 1807–1907 |location=Manchester |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-84779-323-2 |page=34}} Wesley accepted Bosanquet's argument, and formally began to allow women to preach in Methodism in 1771. In general, the role of the woman preacher emerged from the sense that the home should be a place of community care and should foster personal growth. Women gained self-esteem at this time when members were encouraged to testify about the nature of their faith. Methodist women formed a community that cared for the vulnerable, extending the role of mothering beyond physical care.{{cite journal|first=Kathryn A.|last=Broyles|title=Mothering, catechesis, and ecclesial leadership: The women of early Methodism and their call to witness to the gospel of Christ|journal=Methodist History|volume=46|issue=3|date=2008|pages=141–156}} However the centrality of women's role sharply diminished after 1790 as the Methodist movement became more structured and more male dominated.

In the 18th century Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon, (1707–91) played a major role in financing and guiding early Methodism. Hastings was the first female principal of a men's college in Wales, Trevecca College, for the education of Methodist ministers.{{cite journal|first=Stephen|last=Orchard|title=Selina, Countess Of Huntingdon|journal=Journal of the United Reformed Church History Society|volume=8|issue=2|date=2008|pages=77–90}} She financed the building of 64 chapels in England and Wales, wrote often to George Whitefield and John Wesley, and funded mission work in colonial America. She is best remembered for her adversarial relationships with other Methodists who objected to a woman having power.{{cite book |last1=Schlenther |first1=Boyd Stanley |title=Queen of the Methodists: The Countess of Huntingdon and the Eighteenth-Century Crisis of Faith and Society |date=1997 |publisher=Durham Academic Press |location=Bishop Auckland |isbn=9781900838085}}

Methodists placed a high priority on close guidance of their youth, as seen in the activities of Sunday schools and the Band of Hope (whose members signed a pledge to "abstain from all intoxicating liquors").{{cite journal |last1=Bailey |first1=Adrian R. |last2=Harvey |first2=David C. |last3=Brace |first3=Catherine |title=Disciplining Youthful Methodist Bodies in Nineteenth-Century Cornwall |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |date=2007 |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=142–157 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.2007.00528.x |s2cid=144280828 |issn=0004-5608}}

File:Kingswood School Chapel.jpg in Bath, the world's oldest Methodist educational institution{{cite web|url=http://www.isc.co.uk/school_KingswoodPreparatorySchool_Bath.htm |title=Kingswood Preparatory School |publisher=Independent School's Council |access-date=23 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125023237/http://www.isc.co.uk/school_KingswoodPreparatorySchool_Bath.htm |archive-date=25 January 2012 }}]]

Wesley himself opened schools at The Foundery in London, and Kingswood School. A Wesleyan report in 1832 said that for the church to prosper the system of Sunday schools should be augmented by day-schools with educated teachers. It was proposed in 1843 that 700 new day-schools be established within seven years. Though a steady increase was achieved, that ambitious target could not be reached, in part limited by the number of suitably qualified teachers. Most teachers came from one institution in Glasgow. The Wesleyan Education Report for 1844 called for a permanent Wesleyan teacher-training college. The result was the foundation of Westminster Training College at Horseferry Road, Westminster in 1851.{{cite book |last1=Pritchard |first1=Frank Cyril |title=The Story of Westminster College, 1851-1951 |date=1951 |publisher=Epworth Press |language=en}}

19th-century England lacked a state school system; the major supplier was the Church of England. The Wesleyan Education Committee, which existed from 1838 to 1902, has documented Methodism's involvement in the education of children. At first most effort was placed in creating Sunday schools. In 1837 there were 3,339 Sunday schools with 59,297 teachers and 341,443 pupils.{{sfn|Telford|1911|p=533}} In 1836 the Wesleyan Methodist Conference gave its blessing to the creation of 'Weekday schools'.{{cite web|title=A historical perspective on Methodist involvement in school education after Wesley|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/education-ahistoricalperspective-270312.pdf|publisher=Methodist Church in Britain|access-date=6 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120650/http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/education-ahistoricalperspective-270312.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}{{cite book|first=Frank Cyril |last=Pritchard |title=Methodist Secondary Education: A History of the Contribution of Methodism to Secondary Education in the United Kingdom |publisher=Epworth Press |date=1949}} In 1902 the Methodists operated 738 schools, so their children would not have to learn from Anglican teachers. The Methodists, along with other Nonconformists, bitterly opposed the Education Act 1902, which funded Church of England schools and funded Methodists schools too but placed them under local education authorities that were usually controlled by Anglicans.{{cite journal |last1=Pugh |first1=D. R. |title=Wesleyan Methodism and the Education crisis of 1902 |journal=British Journal of Educational Studies |date=October 1988 |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=232–249 |doi=10.1080/00071005.1988.9973786|s2cid=145431900 }} In the 20th century the number of Methodist Church-operated schools declined, as many became state-run schools, with only 28 still operating in 1996.{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=John T. |title=Ecumenism, economic necessity and the disappearance of Methodist elementary schools in England in the twentieth century |journal=History of Education |date=September 2010 |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=631–657 |doi=10.1080/00467601003749406|s2cid=144704648 }}

Through vigorous missionary work, Methodism spread throughout the British Empire. It was especially successful in the new United States, thanks to the Second Great Awakening of the early 19th century. English emigrants brought Methodism to Canada and Australia.{{cite book|first=Kenneth S.|last=Latourette|title=A History of The Expansion of Christianity: Volume 5. The Great Century in the Americas, Australasia, and Africa; AD 1800 — AD 1914 |date=1943 |publisher=Harper & Row |pages=3–45, 130–97}} British and American missionaries reached out to India and some other imperial colonies.{{cite book |last1=Latourette |first1=Kenneth Scott |title=A History of The Expansion of Christianity: Volume 6. The Great Century: North Africa and Asia 1800 AD — 1914 AD |date=1943 |publisher=Harper & Row |pages=169–75, 222, 235}} In general the conversion efforts were only modestly successful, but reports back to Britain did have an influence in shaping how Methodists understood the wider world.{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Aled |title=Culture, 'Race' and the Missionary Public in Mid-Victorian Wales |journal=Journal of Victorian Culture |date=2005 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=157–183 |doi=10.3366/jvc.2005.10.2.157}}

{{Main|Nonconformist conscience}}

Historians group Methodists together with other Protestant groups as "Nonconformists" or "Dissenters", standing in opposition to the established Church of England. In the 19th century the Dissenters who went to chapel comprised half the people who actually attended services on Sunday. The "Nonconformist conscience" was their moral sensibility which they tried to implement in British politics.{{cite book |last1=Bebbington |first1=David |author-link=David W. Bebbington |title=The Nonconformist Conscience: Chapel and Politics, 1870-1914 |date=1982 |publisher=G. Allen & Unwin |location=London |isbn=0049421735}}Kent, J.H.S (1966). 'Hugh Price Hughes and the Nonconformist Conscience'. pp. 181–205. In Essays in Modem English Church History The two categories of Dissenters, or Nonconformists, were in addition to the evangelicals or "Low Church" element in the Church of England. "Old Dissenters", dating from the 16th and 17th centuries, included Baptists, Congregationalists, Quakers, Unitarians, and Presbyterians outside Scotland. "New Dissenters" emerged in the 18th century and were mainly Methodists, especially the Wesleyan Methodists.

The "Nonconformist conscience" of the "Old" group emphasised religious freedom and equality, pursuit of justice, and opposition to discrimination, compulsion and coercion. The "New Dissenters" (and also the Anglican evangelicals) stressed personal morality issues, including sexuality, family values, temperance, and Sabbath-keeping. Both factions were politically active, but until the mid-19th century the Old group supported mostly Whigs and Liberals in politics, while the New generally supported Conservatives. However the Methodists changed and in the 1880s moved into the Liberal Party, drawn in large part by Gladstone's intense moralism. The result was a merging of the Old and New, strengthening their great weight as a political pressure group.On the Methodists see {{cite journal |last1=Glaser |first1=John F. |title=English Nonconformity and the Decline of Liberalism |journal=The American Historical Review |date=1958 |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=352–363 |doi=10.2307/1849549 |jstor=1849549 |issn=0002-8762}}{{cite journal |last1=Bebbington |first1=D. W. |title=Nonconformity and Electoral Sociology, 1867–1918 |journal=The Historical Journal |date=September 1984 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=633–656 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X00018008|s2cid=145647109 }} They joined on new issues especially supporting temperance and opposing the Education Act 1902, with the former of special interest to Methodists.{{cite journal |last1=Larsen |first1=Timothy |editor1-link=Timothy Larsen |title=A Nonconformist Conscience? Free Churchmen in Parliament in Nineteenth-Century England |journal=Parliamentary History |date=17 March 2008 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=107–119 |doi=10.1111/j.1750-0206.2005.tb00405.x}}{{cite book |last1=Richard J. |first1=Helmstadter |editor1-last=Marsh |editor1-first=Peter |chapter=The Nonconformist Conscience |title=The Conscience of the Victorian State |date=1979 |pages=135–72 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location=Syracuse, N.Y. |doi=10.1086/ahr/85.1.126}} By 1914 the conscience was weakening and by the 1920s it was virtually dead politically.{{cite journal |title=English Nonconformity and the Decline of Liberalism* |journal=The American Historical Review |date=1958 |doi=10.1086/ahr/63.2.352 |page=352 |last1=Glaser |first1=John F. |volume=63 |issue=2 }}

File:Heptonstall Methodist Church (Taken by Flickr user 30th June 2012).jpg, is one of the oldest in England.]]

In the early days of Methodism chapels were sometimes built octagonal, largely to avoid conflict with the established Church of England. The first was in Norwich (1757); it was followed by Rotherham (1761), Whitby (1762), Yarm (1763), Heptonstall (1764) and nine others. John Wesley personally approved the design of the octagonal chapels, stating, "It is better for the voice and on many accounts more commodious than any other." He is also said to have added—"there are no corners for the devil to hide in".{{cite web|url=http://www.yarmmethodistchurch.org.uk/history.aspx|title=History|publisher=Yarm Methodist Church|access-date=4 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233626/http://www.yarmmethodistchurch.org.uk/history.aspx|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}

Methodist Heritage records the Yarm chapel as the oldest in England in continual use as a place of Methodist worship.{{cite web|url=http://www.methodistheritage.org.uk/yarm.htm|title=Yarm Octagonal Chapel|publisher=Methodist Heritage|access-date=4 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005111846/http://www.methodistheritage.org.uk/yarm.htm|archive-date=5 October 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} Its design and construction were overseen by Wesley, who preached at the chapel frequently and declared it as his "favourite".

Nevertheless, the Heptonstall chapel has also contested for the title of oldest octagon chapel in continual use.{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Trevor |title=Heptonstall Trail: a self-guided walk around an ancient Pennine village |publisher=Calder Civic Trust |date=1982}} The building featured in the BBC television series Churches: How to Read Them. Presenter Richard Taylor named it as one of his ten favourite churches, saying: "If buildings have an aura, this one radiated friendship."{{cite web|url=http://riderbooks.tumblr.com/post/1137648531/richard-taylors-top-10-churches|title=Richard Taylor's Top 10 Churches|publisher=Richard Taylor, Rider Books|access-date=4 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011111950/http://riderbooks.tumblr.com/post/1137648531/richard-taylors-top-10-churches|archive-date=11 October 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}

{{main|Primitive Methodism in the United Kingdom}}

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The Wesleyan Methodists' rejection of revivals and camp meetings led to the founding in 1820 of the Primitive Methodist Connexion in England and Scotland, which emphasised those practices. It was a democratic, lay-oriented movement. Its social base was among the poorer members of society; they appreciated both its content (damnation, salvation, sinners and saints) and style (direct, spontaneous, and passionate). It offered an alternative to the more middle class Wesleyan Methodists and the upper class controlled Anglican established church, and in turn sometimes led adherents to Pentecostalism.Minor, J. E. (1982). "The Mantle of Elijah: Nineteenth-century Primitive Methodism and Twentieth-century Pentecostalism." Proceedings of the Wesley Historical Society London. 43(6):141–49. The Primitive Methodists were poorly funded and had trouble building chapels or schools and supporting ministers.Batty, Margaret (2006). "Primitive Methodism in Scotland 1826–1932", Proceedings of the Wesley Historical Society 55: 237–251. Growth was strong in the middle 19th century. Membership declined after 1900 because of growing secularism in society, a resurgence of Anglicanism among the working classes, competition from other Nonconformist denominations (including former Methodist minister William Booth's Salvation Army), and competition among different Methodist branches.{{cite journal|first=Gerald T.|last=Rimmington|title=Methodism and society in Leicester, 1881-1914|journal=Local Historian|date=2000|volume=30|issue=2|pages=74–87}}

The leading theologian of the Primitive Methodists was Arthur Peake (1865–1929), professor of biblical criticism at the University of Manchester, 1904–29. He was active in numerous leadership roles and promoted Methodist Union that came about in 1932 after his death. He popularised modern biblical scholarship, including the new higher criticism. He approached the Bible not as the infallible word of God, but as the record of revelation written by fallible humans.{{cite journal|first=Timothy|last=Laursen|title=A.S. Peake, the Free Churches and Modern Biblical Criticism|date=2004|journal=Bulletin of the John Rylands Library|volume=86|issue=3|pages=23–53|doi=10.7227/BJRL.86.3.3}}

The second half of the 19th century saw many of the small schisms reunited to become the United Methodist Free Churches, and a further union in 1907 with the Methodist New Connexion and Bible Christian Church brought the United Methodist Church into being. In 1908 the major three branches were the Wesleyan Methodists, the Primitive Methodists, and the United Methodists. Membership of the various Methodist branches peaked at 841,000 in 1910, then fell steadily to 425,000 in 1990.

After the late 19th century evangelical approaches to the unchurched were less effective and less used. Methodists paid more attention to their current membership, and less to outreach, while middle-class family size shrank steadily.{{cite journal|first=Clive D.|last=Field |title=Demography and the Decline of British Methodism II: Fertility |journal=Proceedings of the Wesley Historical Society |date=2012 |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=200–215}} There were fewer famous preachers or outstanding leaders. The theological change that emphasised the conversion experience as being a one-time lifetime event rather than as a step on the road to perfection lessened the importance of class-meeting attendance and made revivals less meaningful.{{cite journal|first=Charles Edward|last=White|title=The decline of the class meeting|journal=Methodist History|volume=40|issue=4|date=2002|pages=207–216}} The growth mechanisms that had worked so well in the expansion phase in the early 19th century were largely discarded, including revivals and the personal appeal in class meetings, as well as the love feast, the Sunday night prayer meeting, and the open-air meeting. The failure to grow was signalled by the flagging experience of the Sunday schools, whose enrolments fell steadily.Wearmouth, Robert F. (1957). The social and political influence of Methodism in the 20th century. Epworth Press. pp 54-57.{{cite book|first=Kenneth S.|last=Latourette|title=A History of The Expansion of Christianity: Volume 4. The 20th Century in Europe: Roman Catholic Protestant, and Eastern Churches |date=1943 |publisher=Harper & Row |pages=450–65}}

File:HymnBook-wyrdlight.jpg

With the Methodist Union of 1932 the three main Methodist connexions in Britain—the Wesleyans, Primitive Methodists, and United Methodists—came together to form the present Methodist Church.Richards, Peter S. (2011). "Primitive Methodism and the road to Methodist Union (1932) in Wallasey, Cheshire", Proceedings of the Wesley Historical Society 58: 151-156. Some offshoots of Methodism, such as the Independent Methodist Connexion, remain totally separate organisations.{{cite web |title=A History of British Methodism |url=https://www.methodistthamesvalley.org.uk/about_methodist_history.html |website=www.methodistthamesvalley.org.uk |access-date=24 January 2021 |date=2008 |quote=In 1806 the Independent Methodist Church came into being near Warrington, after the Circuit authorities decreed that cottage meetings were not permissible. (The Independent Methodist Church in Grappenhall, Warrington, still exists, complete with its own website.) |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129122329/https://www.methodistthamesvalley.org.uk/about_methodist_history.html |url-status=live }}

After the union of 1932 many towns and villages were left with rival Methodist churches and circuits that were slow to amalgamate.{{cite book |last1=Turner |first1=John Munsey |title=Modern Methodism in England, 1932–1998 |date=1998 |publisher=Epworth Press |location=Peterborough |isbn=978-0716205128 |pages=10–11}} Methodist historian Reginald Ward states that because unification was unevenly implemented until the 1950s, it distracted attention away from the urgent need to revive the fast-shrinking movement. The hoped-for financial gains proved to be illusory, and Methodist leaders spent the early post-war era vainly trying to achieve union with the Church of England.{{cite journal |last1=Ward |first1=W. Reginald |author-link=W. R. Ward |title=British Methodism between Clericalisation and Secularisation 1932-1999 |journal=Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte |date=2000 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=319–330 |issn=0932-9951}} Multiple approaches were used to turn around the membership decline and flagging zeal in the post-war era, but none worked well. For example, Methodist group tours were organised, but they ended when it was clear they made little impact.{{cite journal |last1=Field |first1=Clive D. |title=Fun, faith and fellowship: British Methodism and tourism in the twentieth century |journal=Journal of Tourism History |date=4 May 2015 |volume=7 |issue=1–2 |pages=75–99 |doi=10.1080/1755182X.2015.1024288|s2cid=144622387 }}

During the 20th century Methodists increasingly embraced Christian socialist ideas. Donald Soper (1903–1998) was perhaps the most widely recognised Methodist leader. An activist, he promoted pacifism and nuclear disarmament in cooperation with the Labour Party.{{cite journal |last1=Wellings |first1=Martin |title=Renewal, Reunion, and Revival: Three British Methodist Approaches to 'Serving the Present Age' in the 1950s |journal=Methodist History |date=October 2014 |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=21–23 |url=http://archives.gcah.org:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10516/9694/Methodist-History-2014-10-Wellings.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003191357/http://archives.gcah.org:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10516/9694/Methodist-History-2014-10-Wellings.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=3 October 2016 |url-status=unfit}} Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was a moralistic Methodist; Soper denounced her policies as unchristian. However, in "the battle for Britain's soul" she was reelected over and over.{{cite book |last1=Filby |first1=Eliza |title=God and Mrs Thatcher: The Battle for Britain's Soul |chapter=God or Mammon? |year=2015 |location=London |isbn=978-1849547857}} Methodist historian Martin Wellings says of Soper:

His combination of modernist theology, high sacramentalism, and Socialist politics, expressed with insouciant wit and unapologetic élan, thrilled audiences, delighted admirers, and reduced opponents to apoplectic fury.

In 1967, Soper, then the only Methodist minister in the House of Lords, lamented that:

To-day we are living in what is the first genuinely pagan age—that is to say, there are so many people, particularly children, who never remember having heard hymns at their mother's knee, as I have, whose first tunes are from Radio One, and not from any hymn book; whose first acquaintance with their friends and relations and other people is not in the Sunday School or in the Church at all, as mine was.{{cite hansard |title=Religious Education in Schools |chapter-url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1967/nov/15/religious-education-in-schools#column_734 |house=House of Lords |volume=286 |date=15 November 1967 |column=734 |speaker=Lord Soper |access-date=30 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217210833/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1967/nov/15/religious-education-in-schools |archive-date=17 February 2017 |url-status=live}}

Scholars have suggested multiple possible reasons for the decline, but have not agreed on their relative importance. Wellings lays out the "classical model" of secularization, while noting that it has been challenged by some scholars.

The familiar starting-point, a classical model of secularization, argues that religious faith becomes less plausible and religious practice more difficult in advanced industrial and urbanized societies. The breakdown or disruption of traditional communities and norms of behavior; the spread of a scientific world-view diminishing the scope of the supernatural and the role of God; increasing material affluence promoting self-reliance and this-worldly optimism; and greater awareness and toleration of different creeds and ideas, encouraging religious pluralism and eviscerating commitment to a particular faith, all form components of the case for secularization. Applied to the British churches in general by Steve Bruce and to Methodism in particular by Robert Currie, this model traces decline back to the Victorian era and charts in the twentieth century a steady ebbing of the sea of faith.For further analysis see also {{cite book |last=Currie |first=Robert |title=Methodism Divided: A Study in the Sociology of Ecumenicalism |publisher=Faber & Faber |date=1963 |edition=1st |pages=92–193 |isbn=0571084672}}

Over the ten-year period from 2006 to 2016 membership decreased from 262,972 to 188,398. This represents a decline at a rate of 3.5 per cent year-on-year.{{cite news |last1=Wyatt |first1=Tim |title=Methodist Conference ponders decline as latest statistics show numbers still falling |url=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2017/7-july/news/uk/methodist-church-ponders-decline |access-date=6 October 2018 |work=Church Times |date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006035132/https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2017/7-july/news/uk/methodist-church-ponders-decline |archive-date=6 October 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }} There were 4,512 local churches in the denomination.Piggot, Alan (June 2017). [http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/conf-2017-42-Statistics-for-Mission.pdf Statistics for Mission] (Report). The Methodist Conference. Accessed 24 October 2017. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025075342/http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/conf-2017-42-Statistics-for-Mission.pdf |date=25 October 2017 }} Over the following three years to 2019 the rate of decline slowed slightly, as membership reduced to under 170,000, and church numbers to 4,110.

File:Methodist Communion.jpg and preaching bands, presides over a service of Holy Communion]]

Methodism was endowed by the Wesley brothers with worship characterised by a twofold practice: the sacramental liturgy of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer on the one hand and the free form "service of the word", i.e. a Nonconformist preaching service, on the other.{{cite thesis|last1=Firth|first1=Richard|title=Methodist Worship|chapter-url=http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/4416/1/Firth13PhD.pdf|chapter=A Pragmatic Tradition|publisher=University of Birmingham|date=March 2013|access-date=5 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001115/http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/4416/1/Firth13PhD.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}{{cite book |editor-last=Westerfield Tucker |editor-first=Karen B. |title=The Sunday Service of the Methodists: Twentieth-Century Worship in Worldwide Methodism |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, N.Y. |chapter=Form and Freedom: John Wesley's Legacy for Methodist Worship|pages=8–14 |isbn=978-0687011346}} Listening to the reading of Scripture and a sermon based upon the biblical text is virtually always included in Methodist worship. The Methodist Church follows the Revised Common Lectionary, in common with other major denominations in Britain.{{cite web|title=Lectionary and other resources|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/prayer-and-worship/lectionary-and-other-resources|publisher=Methodist Church in Britain|access-date=27 March 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317053715/http://methodist.org.uk/prayer-and-worship/lectionary-and-other-resources|archive-date=17 March 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} Similar to most historic Christian churches, the Methodist Church has official liturgies for services such as Holy Communion (the Lord's Supper), Baptism, Ordination, and Marriage. These and other patterns of worship are contained in the Methodist Worship Book, the most recent Methodist service book.{{cite book|last1=Bradshaw|first1=Paul F.|title=New SCM Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship|date=2013|publisher=Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd|isbn=9780334049326|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRLJKonMfwQC&pg=PA82|access-date=5 April 2017|language=en}} It states in its preface that worship is "a gracious encounter between God and the Church. God speaks to us, especially through scripture read and proclaimed and through symbols and sacraments. We respond chiefly through hymns and prayers and acts of dedication."{{cite book|title=Methodist Worship Book|date=1999|publisher=Methodist Publishing House|location=Peterborough|isbn=978-1858521206|edition=Presentation|page=vii–viii}} Methodism has typically allowed for freedom in how the liturgy is celebrated—the Worship Book serves as a guideline, but ministers, preachers and other worship leaders are not obligated to use it.{{refn|The preface to the Methodist Service Book (1975), in a discussion of the relationship between free and fixed (written) prayer in Methodist liturgy, argues that the forms presented in the book "are not intended, any more than those in earlier books, to curb creative freedom, but rather to provide for its guidance".{{cite book |title=The Methodist Service Book |date=1975 |publisher=Methodist Publishing House |location=Peterborough, England |isbn=0716202557 |page=vii}} The preface to the Methodist Worship Book (1999) states that these words still apply.|group=note}}

File:Heptonstall Methodist Church interior - geograph.org.uk - 1241460.jpg of Heptonstall Methodist chapel. The prominent position of the pulpit reflects the emphasis on preaching as the central focus of most services.]]

The Methodist Church has used a succession of hymnals (hymn books) and service books. The Methodist Hymn-Book (1933) was the first hymnal published after the 1932 union. In 1936 the church authorised the Book of Offices,{{refn|group="note"|Offices refers to divine office or canonical hours. All Methodist service books contain evening and morning prayers for daily use.}} including an "Order for Morning Prayer", which followed the precedent of Wesleyan liturgies based on the Book of Common Prayer (1662).{{cite thesis|last1=Firth|first1=Richard|title=Methodist Worship|chapter-url=http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/4416/1/Firth13PhD.pdf|chapter=The Methodist Worship Book: Gestation|page=30|publisher=University of Birmingham|date=March 2013|access-date=5 April 2017|df=dmy-all|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001115/http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/4416/1/Firth13PhD.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last=Marsh|first=Clive|title=Methodist Theology Today|date=2006|pages=49, 51–53|publisher=A & C Black|language=en |isbn=9780826481047}} Later, the Methodist Service Book (1975) modernised the language used in the Communion prayers; its widespread usage has been cited as a cause for more frequent celebration of Communion in the Methodist Church.{{cite web|last1=Dixon|first1=Neil|title=At your service - again!|url=http://www.sacramental.org.uk/uploads/5/0/0/9/50096105/at_your_service_-_again_neil_dixon.pdf|publisher=Methodist Sacramental Fellowship|access-date=5 April 2017|date=1999|pages=2–3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406110319/http://www.sacramental.org.uk/uploads/5/0/0/9/50096105/at_your_service_-_again_neil_dixon.pdf|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} The publication of a new hymnal, Hymns and Psalms (1983), expanded the repertoire of 20th-century compositions.

The Methodist Worship Book (1999) includes a wider range of services for every season; it continues the 1975 service book's intention of preserving Methodist traditions while taking into account the insights of the liturgical renewal movement. News media took interest in its publication due to the utilisation of gender-neutral language and the inclusion of a prayer addressed to "God our Father and our Mother ". This prayer was viewed by some traditionalists as a "challenging" departure from the masculine language which is traditionally used when referring to God.{{cite news|title=Our Mother who art in Methodism|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/281106.stm|access-date=5 April 2017|work=BBC News|date=17 February 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040721045820/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/281106.stm|archive-date=21 July 2004|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}

Hymnody is used to communicate doctrine, and is recognised as a central feature of Methodism's liturgical identity.{{cite book |last1=Clarke |first1=Martin V. |date=2017 |title=British Methodist Hymnody: Theology, Heritage, and Experience |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-17179-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkYrDwAAQBAJ |pages=1, 183 |access-date=22 January 2021 |language=en |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164802/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkYrDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }} The church is known for its rich musical tradition, and Charles Wesley was instrumental in writing many of the popular hymns sung by Methodist congregations.{{cite web |title=Christianity: Charles Wesley |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/people/charleswesley_1.shtml |publisher=BBC |access-date=25 October 2020 |archive-date=6 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106083419/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/people/charleswesley_1.shtml |url-status=live }}{{cite web|title=Born in song|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/what-is-distinctive-about-methodism/born-in-song|publisher=The Methodist Church|access-date=5 April 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406110126/http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/what-is-distinctive-about-methodism/born-in-song|archive-date=6 April 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}{{cite web|title=Wesley, Charles|url=http://www.singingthefaithplus.org.uk/?cat=177|website=www.singingthefaithplus.org.uk|publisher=Singing the Faith Plus|access-date=10 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302024758/http://www.singingthefaithplus.org.uk/?cat=177|archive-date=2 March 2019|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} Singing the Faith is the current hymnal, published by the church in 2011.{{cite book|title=Singing the Faith|date=2011|author=Trustees for Methodist Church Purposes|publisher=Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd.|isbn=9781848250680|edition=Words}} It contains 748 hymns and songs and 42 liturgical settings (such as the Kyrie, the Sanctus and the Lord's Prayer, as well as material from the Taizé and Iona traditions). There are also 50 canticles and psalms, selected on the basis of their use within liturgy. The collection of 89 hymns by Charles Wesley{{cite web|title=Contents: Numerical|url=http://www.singingthefaithplus.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Stf-contents-numerical.pdf|website=www.singingthefaithplus.org.uk|publisher=Singing the Faith Plus|access-date=27 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328195414/http://www.singingthefaithplus.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Stf-contents-numerical.pdf|archive-date=28 March 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} is a reduction from over 200 in the 1933 Hymn-Book.

Methodist congregations celebrate Holy Communion within a Sunday service generally at least once a month.{{cite report |title=Holy Communion in the Methodist Church |url=https://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/conf-holy-communion-in-methodist-church-2003.pdf |publisher=The Methodist Conference |access-date=6 February 2019 |date=2003 |quote='Once a month' or 'less than once a week but more than once a month' were by far the most common frequencies for Sunday celebrations, accounting between them for nearly 90% of responses. More frequent celebrations were very uncommon. 5% reported 'less than once a month'.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730193230/https://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/conf-holy-communion-in-methodist-church-2003.pdf |archive-date=30 July 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }} The practice of an open table is now widespread in the Methodist Church. Although the phrasing and exact requirements in a particular local church may vary, generally "all those who love the Lord Jesus Christ"{{rp|7}} are invited to receive bread and wine, irrespective of age or denominational identity. However this is not historic Methodist practice. Guidelines about Children and Holy Communion, issued in 1987, affirmed that those receiving communion should, if not already baptised, be encouraged to be baptised—though acknowledging that this "theological principle" was not widely adhered to.{{cite report|title=Children and Holy Communion|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/conf-children-and-holy-communion-2000.pdf|publisher=Methodist Church in Britain|access-date=9 September 2017|pages=7|date=1987|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215015044/http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/conf-children-and-holy-communion-2000.pdf|archive-date=15 December 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}

{{Main|Covenant Service}}

A distinctive liturgical feature of British Methodism is the Covenant Service. Methodists annually follow the call of John Wesley for a renewal of their covenant with God.{{cite web|title=A covenant with God|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/what-is-distinctive-about-methodism/a-covenant-with-god|publisher=The Methodist Church|access-date=22 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605223804/http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/what-is-distinctive-about-methodism/a-covenant-with-god|archive-date=5 June 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} In 1755, Wesley crafted the original Covenant Service using

material from the writings of eminent clerics Joseph and Richard Alleine. In 1780, Wesley printed an excerpt from Richard Alleine's Vindiciae Pietatis, which is prayer for renewal of a believer's covenant with God.{{cite book|last1=Bradshaw|first1=Paul F.|title=New SCM Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship|date=2013|publisher=Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd|isbn=9780334049326|page=137|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRLJKonMfwQC&pg=PA137|access-date=5 April 2017|language=en}} This excerpt, known in modified form as the Wesley Covenant Prayer, remained in use—linked with Holy Communion and observed on the first Sunday of the New Year—among Wesleyan Methodists until 1936. In the 1920s, Wesleyan minister George B. Robson expanded the form of the Covenant Service by replacing most of the exhortation with prayers of adoration, thanksgiving and confession. Robson's Covenant Service was revised and officially authorised for use in the Book of Offices (1936). Further revisions, strengthening the link with Communion and intercession for the wider church and the world, appeared in the Service Book (1975) and Worship Book (1999). This Covenant Prayer, which has been adopted by other Christian traditions, has been described as "a celebration of all that God has done and an affirmation that we give our lives and choices to God".{{cite web|title=A study on the Methodist Covenant Prayer|url=https://www.rootsontheweb.com/content/PDFs/346041/Methodist_Covenant_Prayer_study.pdf|work=ROOTS Magazine|access-date=5 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906074913/http://www.rootsontheweb.com/content/PDFs/346041/Methodist_Covenant_Prayer_study.pdf|archive-date=6 September 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}

A summary of Methodist doctrine is contained in the Catechism for the Use of the People Called Methodists.{{sfn|Catechism|loc=Foreword|ps=none}} Some core beliefs that are affirmed by most Methodists include:

• The belief that God is all-knowing, possesses infinite love, is all-powerful, and the creator of all things.
• God has always existed and will always continue to exist.
• God is three persons in one: the Father, the Son (Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit.
• God is the master of all creation and humans are meant to live in a holy covenant with him. Humans have broken this covenant by their sins but all can be forgiven through the saving grace of Jesus Christ.
• Jesus was God in human form, who died by crucifixion as a sacrifice to achieve atonement for the sins of all people, and who was resurrected to bring them hope of eternal life.
• God's pardon for guilty sinners is granted to and received through faith alone.
• The grace of God is seen by people through the work of the Holy Spirit in their lives and in their world. (Scriptural holiness.)
• Scripture, comprising the Old and New Testaments, records divine revelation and is the primary source of authority for Christians.
• Baptism and the Lord's Supper (commonly called Holy Communion) are the two sacraments instituted by Jesus:
• Baptism involves being sprinkled with water or total immersion in it. This symbolises being brought into the community of faith; the sacrament requires a response of repentance and faith in Jesus Christ.{{sfn|Catechism|loc=48. What is Baptism?|ps=none}} The church practices infant baptism in anticipation of a response to be made later in confirmation.{{cite web|title=Baptism and Confirmation|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/baptisms-weddings-and-funerals/baptism-and-confirmation|publisher=Methodist Church|access-date=23 July 2017|language=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707201151/http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/baptisms-weddings-and-funerals/baptism-and-confirmation|archive-date=7 July 2017|df=dmy-all}}
• The Lord's Supper is a sacrament in which participants eat bread and drink wine in memory of the Last Supper. The Catechism states, "Jesus Christ is present with his worshipping people ... As they eat the bread and drink the wine, through the power of the Holy Spirit they receive him by faith and with thanksgiving."{{sfn|Catechism|loc=49. What is the Lord's Supper?|ps=none}}

{{Main|Wesleyan theology|Arminianism#Wesleyan Arminianism}}

Wesleyan tradition stands at a unique cross-roads between evangelical and sacramental, between liturgical and charismatic, and between Anglo-Catholic and Reformed theology and practice.{{cite book|last=Marsh|first=Clive|title=Methodist Theology Today|date=2006|publisher=A & C Black|language=en|isbn=9780826481047}} It has been characterised as Arminian theology with an emphasis on the work of the Holy Spirit to bring holiness into the life of the participating believer. The Methodist Church teaches the Arminian concepts of free will, conditional election, and sanctifying grace. John Wesley was perhaps the clearest English proponent of Arminianism.{{cite book |last1=Stanglin |first1=Keith D. |last2=McCall |first2=Thomas H. |title=Jacob Arminius: Theologian of Grace |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199755677 |page=153 |language=en}}{{cite book|last=Tillett|first=Wilbur Fisk|title=A Statement of the Faith of World-wide Methodism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ_QULVJ8qIC&pg=PA12|access-date=11 March 2017|year=1907|publisher=Publishing House of the M.E. Church, South|language=en|page=12}} Wesley taught that salvation is achieved through "divine/human cooperation" (which is referred to as synergism),{{cite book|last=Heitzenrater|first=Richard P.|title=Wesley and the People Called Methodists: Second Edition|date=20 August 2013|publisher=Abingdon Press|language=en|isbn=9781426765537|page=18|quote=The primacy of grace was central to their position, though the implication of divine/human cooperation (synergism) led many to criticize the Arminians for stressing human activity in salvation. The controversies that developed over this issue toward to end of the seventeenth century led to some interesting name calling that is important to an understanding of the name 'Methodist.{{'-}}}}{{cite book|last=Olson|first=Roger E.|title=The Mosaic of Christian Belief: Twenty Centuries of Unity & Diversity|date=6 September 2002|publisher=InterVarsity Press|isbn=9780830826957|page=281|quote=Two examples of Christian synergism are the Catholic reformer Erasmus, who was roughly contemporary with Luther, and the seventeenth-century Dutch theologian Arminius. John Wesley, founder of the Methodist tradition, was also a synergist with regard to salvation.}} however, one cannot either turn to God nor believe unless God has first drawn a person and implanted the desire in their heart (the Wesleyan doctrine of prevenient grace).{{cite journal |last1=Field |first1=David N. |title=The unrealised ethical potential of the Methodist theology of prevenient grace |journal=HTS Theological Studies |date=2015 |volume=71 |issue=1 |at=Prevenient grace in the theology of John Wesley |doi=10.4102/HTS.V71I1.2987 |issn=0259-9422 |doi-access=free }}

Wesley believed that certain aspects of the Christian faith required special emphasis.{{cite web|title=The Sermons of John Wesley|edition=1872|url=http://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-sermons-of-john-wesley-1872-edition/the-sermons-of-john-wesley-the-standard-sermons/|publisher=Wesley Center Online – Northwest Nazarene University|access-date=20 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122085932/http://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-sermons-of-john-wesley-1872-edition/the-sermons-of-john-wesley-the-standard-sermons|archive-date=22 November 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} Wesleyan Methodist minister William Fitzgerald (1856–1931) summarised the core emphases of Wesleyan doctrine by using four statements that collectively are called the 'Four Alls'.{{cite book|last=Marsh|first=Clive|title=Methodist Theology Today|date=2006|publisher=A & C Black|language=en|pages=155, 231|isbn=9780826481047}} These are expressed:

• All people need to be saved (total depravity)
• All people can be saved (unlimited atonement)
• All people can know they are saved (assurance of faith)
• All people can be saved to the uttermost (Christian perfection){{cite book|last1=Fitzgerald|first1=William B.|title=The Roots of Methodism|publisher=Epworth Press|date=1903|pages=191–217}}

Wesley described the mission of Methodism as being "to spread scriptural holiness over the land".{{cite journal |last1=Warner |first1=Laceye |title=Spreading Scriptural Holiness: Theology and Practices of Early Methodism for the Contemporary Church |journal=The Asbury Journal |date=2008 |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=115–138 |doi=10.7252/Journal.01.2008S.06 |url=https://place.asburyseminary.edu/asburyjournal/vol63/iss1/7/ |access-date=24 January 2021 |issn=2375-6330 |archive-date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023212145/https://place.asburyseminary.edu/asburyjournal/vol63/iss1/7/ |url-status=live }} Traditionally Methodists believe that inner holiness (sanctification) should be evidenced by external actions (that is, outward holiness), such as avoiding ostentation, dressing modestly,{{cite web|url=http://www.gloriouschurch.com/Questions-Answers-Details.asp?QuestID=3934|title=What is outward holiness?|year=2018|publisher=Glorious Church Questions & Answers|language=en|access-date=14 May 2018|first1=Jim|last1=McKinley|first2=David|last2=Huston|archive-date=14 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514213812/http://www.gloriouschurch.com/Questions-Answers-Details.asp?QuestID=3934|url-status=live}} and acting justly, mercifully and truthfully.{{cite journal |last1=Walton |first1=Roger L |title=Holiness |journal=The Journal of Wesley House Cambridge |date=2019 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=25–36}} Wesley made much of the ongoing process or "journey" of sanctification, occasionally even seeming to claim that believers could to some degree attain perfection in this life.{{cite web|last1=Dawes|first1=Stephen B|title=The Spirituality of 'Scriptural Holiness'|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/wc_Eur_Stephen_Dawes_The_Spirituality_of_Scriptural_Holine.pdf|publisher=The European Methodist Theological Commission|via=methodist.org.uk|access-date=10 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202040821/http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/wc_Eur_Stephen_Dawes_The_Spirituality_of_Scriptural_Holine.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}{{refn|Wesley insisted that the goal of Christian perfection was achievable and that he could name some of those who had "reached perfection's height". At the same time he admitted that he himself had not and that that

was the case with most of the rest of us too.See Wesley's sermon, {{citation |title=A Plain Account of Christian Perfection |date=1952 |publisher=Epworth Press |location=London |pages=58, 62–69}}|group=note}}

It is a traditional position of the Methodist Church that any disciplined theological work calls for the careful use of reason by which to understand God's action and will. However, Methodists also look to Christian tradition as a source of doctrine. Wesley himself believed that the living core of the Christian faith was revealed in the Bible as the sole foundational source. The centrality of Scripture was so important for Wesley that he called himself "a man of one book".For instance, Wesley used the phrase in the Preface to his collected sermons: "He came from heaven; He hath written it down in a book. O give me that Book! At any price, give me the Book of God. I have it; here is knowledge enough for me. Let me be homo unius libri!" Methodism has also emphasised a personal experience of faith; this is linked to the Methodist doctrine of assurance. These four elements taken together form the Wesleyan Quadrilateral.{{cite web |first=Albert C. |last=Outler |author-link=Albert C. Outler |url=http://wesley.nnu.edu/fileadmin/imported_site/wesleyjournal/1985-wtj-20-1.pdf |title=The Wesleyan Quadrilateral in John Wesley |editor=Jason Gingerich |publisher=Wesley Center for Applied Theology |year=1985 |access-date=10 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329052011/http://wesley.nnu.edu/fileadmin/imported_site/wesleyjournal/1985-wtj-20-1.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}

According to a conference report, A Lamp to my Feet and a Light to my Path (1998),{{refn|A reference to {{Bibleverse|Psalm|119:105|NRSV}}|group="note"}}{{cite report |title=A Lamp to my Feet and a Light to my Path: The Nature of Authority and the Place of the Bible in the Methodist Church |publisher=Methodist Publishing House |location=Peterborough |url=https://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/conf-a-lamp-to-my-feet-1998.pdf |access-date=31 July 2022 |page=35 |date=1998 |isbn=1-85852-124-6 |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719005522/https://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/conf-a-lamp-to-my-feet-1998.pdf |url-status=live }} there are different perspectives on biblical authority which are held within the Methodist Church. The report summarises a range of views, as follows:{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Forsaith|title=The Ashgate Research Companion to World Methodism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsrOCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT345|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|pages=345–46|isbn=978-1317040989}}

1. The Bible is the Word of God and is therefore inerrant (free of all error and entirely trustworthy in everything which it records) and has complete authority in all matters of theology and behavior....
2. The Bible's teaching about God, salvation and Christian living is entirely trustworthy. It cannot be expected, however, to provide entirely accurate scientific or historical information....
3. The Bible is the essential foundation on which Christian faith and life are built. However, its teachings were formed in particular historical and cultural contexts and must therefore be read in that light....
4. The Bible's teaching, while foundational and authoritative for Christians, needs to be interpreted by the church.... Church tradition is therefore high importance as a practical source of authority.
5. The Bible is one of the main ways in which God speaks to the believer... Much stress is placed on spiritual experience itself, which conveys its own compelling authority.
6. The Bible witnesses to God's revelation of himself through history and supremely through Jesus Christ. However, the Bible is not itself that revelation, but only the witness to it.... Reason, tradition and experience are as important as the biblical witnesses.
7. The Bible comprises a diverse and often contradictory collection of documents which represent the experiences of various people in various times and places. The Christian's task is to follow, in some way, the example of Christ. And to the extent that the Bible records evidence of his character and teaching it offers a useful resource.

The Methodist Church understands itself to be part of the one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church.{{cite web|title=Vision Statement – Our Ecumenical Calling: Making a difference together in the twenty-first century|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/media/2136601/ec-Vision%20-%20Our%20Ecumenical%20Calling.pdf|publisher=The Methodist Conference|access-date=3 April 2017|date=2009|page=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404050007/http://www.methodist.org.uk/media/2136601/ec-Vision%20-%20Our%20Ecumenical%20Calling.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|df=dmy-all}} It recognises the historic creeds—the Apostles' Creed and the Nicene Creed—as two statements of belief which have been in use since the earliest days of the Christian Church,{{cite book|author=Methodist Open Learning|title=Course Handbook – Faith and Worship, Appendix 10: Glossary|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/media/2416383/coursehandbook041016.pdf|quote=The Apostles' Creed, (see, page 107 in The Methodist Worship Book), and the Nicene Creed, (page 190 in The Methodist Worship Book) are two statements of belief that have been used since the early Church. The Methodist Church along with many other Churches accepts the fundamental principles of these historic creeds.|publisher=The Methodist Conference|access-date=3 April 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404132604/http://www.methodist.org.uk/media/2416383/coursehandbook041016.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|df=dmy-all}} and which may be used in church services; alongside these a short "affirmation of faith" is also set out in the Methodist Worship Book.{{cite book|title=The Methodist Worship Book|date=1999|publisher=Methodist Publishing House|location=Peterborough|isbn=978-1858521206|edition=Presentation}} The affirmation of faith is set out on page 31, the Apostles' Creed in recital format on page 151, and the Nicene Creed several times including pages 178 and 190.

Although Methodist practices and interpretation of beliefs have evolved over time, these practices and beliefs can be traced to the writings, hymns, and sermons of the church's founders,{{cite book|last1=Cross|first1=Frank Leslie|last2=Livingstone|first2=Elizabeth A.|title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780192802903|page=1084|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1084|language=en|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=21 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321201306/https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1084#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}} especially John Wesley and Charles Wesley. The Methodist Church does not possess a strict set of doctrines comparable to that of the Westminster Confession, but it does specify general doctrinal standards, as follows:

{{Blockquote|The Methodist Church claims and cherishes its place in the Holy Catholic Church which is the Body of Christ. It rejoices in the inheritance of the apostolic faith and loyally accepts the fundamental principles of the historic creeds and of the Protestant Reformation. It ever remembers that in the providence of God Methodism was raised up to spread scriptural holiness through the land by the proclamation of the evangelical faith and declares its unfaltering resolve to be true to its divinely appointed mission.

The doctrines of the evangelical faith which Methodism has held from the beginning and still holds are based upon the divine revelation recorded in the Holy Scriptures. The Methodist Church acknowledges this revelation as the supreme rule of faith and practice. These evangelical doctrines to which the preachers of the Methodist Church are pledged are contained in Wesley's Notes on the New Testament and the first four volumes of his sermons.

The Notes on the New Testament and the 44 Sermons are not intended to impose a system of formal or speculative theology on Methodist preachers, but to set up standards of preaching and belief which should secure loyalty to the fundamental truths of the gospel of redemption and ensure the continued witness of the Church to the realities of the Christian experience of salvation.|Deed of Union (1932){{rp|213}}}}

The church is also evangelistic, i.e. concerned with spreading the Christian gospel. Being an evangelistic church is considered an integral part of the Methodist calling. The church offers a course called Everyone an evangelist, reflecting the church's evangelism and growth strategy and its focus on personal testimony.Methodist Church of Great Britain, [https://www.methodist.org.uk/media/18329/sample-circuit-mission-plan-1.pdf Sample Circuit Mission Plan 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170617/https://www.methodist.org.uk/media/18329/sample-circuit-mission-plan-1.pdf |date=20 September 2022 }}, accessed 16 September 2022Methodist Church of Great Britain, [https://www.methodist.org.uk/our-work/our-work-in-britain/evangelism-growth/practise-evangelism/equipped-for-evangelism/everyone-an-evangelist/ Everyone an Evangelist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163543/https://www.methodist.org.uk/our-work/our-work-in-britain/evangelism-growth/practise-evangelism/equipped-for-evangelism/everyone-an-evangelist/ |date=20 September 2022 }}, accessed 16 September 2022

{{See also|Abortion and Christianity}}

The Methodist Conference statement of 1976 says that the termination of any form of human life cannot be regarded superficially.{{cite report|title=A Methodist Statement on Abortion|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/pi_abortionstatement_76.pdf|publisher=The Methodist Conference|date=1976|pages=1–3|access-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092330/http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/pi_abortionstatement_76.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} The church has also stated that the "unborn human" should be accorded rights progressively as it develops through the stages of gestation, from embryo to fetus, culminating with full respect as an individual at birth.{{cite report|title=A Report on the Status of the Unborn Human|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/pi_statusoftheunbornhuman_90.pdf|publisher=The Methodist Conference|access-date=19 February 2016|date=1990|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325010710/http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/pi_statusoftheunbornhuman_90.pdf|archive-date=25 March 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} The 1976 statement gives examples of circumstances in which abortion may be permissible; these include situations where the life or health of the mother is at risk, in cases of serious abnormality where the child is incapable of survival, and in cases where the right of the unborn child to be healthy and wanted may not be met. The Methodist Church believes that its members should work toward the elimination of the need for abortion by advocating for social support for mothers. The conference statement argues that "abortion must not be regarded as an alternative to contraception", and disagrees with complete legalisation, recommending that abortion "should remain subject to a legal framework and to responsible counselling and to medical judgement." Within this legal framework, it advocates limiting elective abortions to 20 weeks of pregnancy.{{cite book|last1=Butler|first1=J. Douglas|title=Abortion, Medicine, and the Law|date=2011|publisher=Fideli Publishing Inc.|page=461|isbn=9781604144451|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cPg35464NnAC&pg=PT461|language=en}} The church generally approved of the Abortion Act 1967 which made abortion legal only under certain circumstances. It also supports the use of "responsible contraception" and family planning as ways to prevent unwanted pregnancies.{{cite web|title=Abortion and Contraception|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/views-of-the-church/abortion-and-contraception|publisher=Methodist Church in Britain|access-date=26 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227080000/http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/views-of-the-church/abortion-and-contraception|archive-date=27 December 2013|url-status=unfit|df=dmy-all}}

The Methodist Church opposes assisted suicide and euthanasia. The conference statement of 1974 states: "The final stage of an illness is not one which need represent the ultimate defeat for the doctor or nurse, but a supreme opportunity to help the patient at many levels, including those relating to emotional and spiritual well-being ... Dedicated workers in this field of care, including specialised hospices, demonstrate that it is possible to deal with all the symptoms which cause problems to the patient ... Euthanasia, assisted dying – both are artificial precipitation of death. Many Christians believe this idea is wrong. An approach to death as outlined above makes euthanasia inappropriate and irrelevant."{{cite web|title=Euthanasia|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/pi_euthanasia_74.pdf|publisher=The Methodist Conference|access-date=26 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226212431/http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/pi_euthanasia_74.pdf|date=1974|archive-date=26 December 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}

The Methodist Church supported the campaign to abolish capital punishment in the United Kingdom, and since then has totally opposed its reintroduction.{{cite web|title=Criminal Justice|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/index.cfm?fuseaction=opentoworld.content&cmid=2073|work=Public Issues|publisher=Methodist Church in Britain|access-date=26 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618103726/http://www.methodist.org.uk/index.cfm?fuseaction=opentoworld.content&cmid=2073|archive-date=18 June 2012 }}

{{See also|Homosexuality and Methodism}}

Within the Methodist Church members have a broad range of views about sexual morality, relationships, and the purpose of marriage.{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions - Marriage and Relationships|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/views-of-the-church/human-sexuality/talking-of-marriage-and-relationships/frequently-asked-questions-marriage-and-relationships|publisher=Methodist Church in Britain|access-date=4 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915014605/http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/views-of-the-church/human-sexuality/talking-of-marriage-and-relationships/frequently-asked-questions-marriage-and-relationships|archive-date=15 September 2016|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}} The church condemns all practices of sexuality "which are promiscuous, exploitative or demeaning in any way".{{cite web|title=Human Sexuality|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/views-of-the-church/human-sexuality|publisher=Methodist Church in Britain|access-date=4 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405071543/http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/views-of-the-church/human-sexuality|archive-date=5 April 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} In his 1743 tract "Thoughts on Marriage and a Single Life", John Wesley taught that the ability to live a single life is given by God to all believers, although few people are able to accept this gift. He also taught that no one should forbid marriage.{{cite book|last1=Wesley|first1=John|orig-year=1743|year=1831|title=The Works of the Reverend John Wesley, A. M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jns9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA542|pages=539–544|publisher=Methodist Episcopal Church}}

In 1993 the Methodist Conference met in Derby and passed six resolutions covering issues related with human sexuality (known as the "Derby Resolutions" or "1993 Resolutions"). Among these, the conference at the time reaffirmed the traditional Christian teaching of "chastity for all outside marriage and fidelity within it". The Derby Resolutions also agreed that the church "recognises, affirms and celebrates the participation and ministry of lesbians and gay men" and allows the ordination of openly LGBT ministers.

The Methodist Church historically has had a mixed position on the blessing of same-sex couples. In 2005 the Methodist Conference meeting in Torquay recommended that ministers be allowed to bless same-sex relationships, subject to local approval.{{cite news|last1=Bates|first1=Stephen|title=Methodist leaders vote to bless gay couples|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/30/religion.gayrights|access-date=4 May 2016|work=The Guardian|date=30 June 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421155239/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/30/religion.gayrights|archive-date=21 April 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}{{cite web|last1=Robinson|first1=B.A.|title=The Methodist Church in Britain and homosexuality|url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/hommeth.htm|website=ReligiousTolerance.org|publisher=Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance|access-date=4 May 2016|date=2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909211141/http://www.religioustolerance.org/hommeth.htm|archive-date=9 September 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} It affirmed that the church should be "welcoming and inclusive" and not turn people away because of their sexual orientation. However, in 2006 the Methodist Conference decided not to authorise formal blessings in local churches, although ministers were allowed to offer informal private prayers.{{cite news|title=Methodist Church Votes Down Same-Sex Blessings|url=http://www.christiantoday.com/article/methodist.church.votes.down.same.sex.blessings/6762.htm|access-date=4 May 2016|work=Christianity Today|date=28 June 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605075228/http://www.christiantoday.com/article/methodist.church.votes.down.same.sex.blessings/6762.htm|archive-date=5 June 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}{{cite web|title=Methodist Church votes on same sex blessings|url=http://outcomeonline.org.uk/?p=187|publisher=Outcome|access-date=4 May 2016|date=28 June 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611135032/http://outcomeonline.org.uk/?p=187|archive-date=11 June 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} The 2013 conference set up a working party to oversee a process of "deep reflection and discernment" before reporting back to the conference in 2016 with recommendations about whether the definition of marriage should be revised.{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/10484097/Methodist-Church-begins-mass-consultation-on-gay-marriage.html|title=Methodist Church begins mass consultation on gay marriage|website=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=20 May 2016|date=2013-11-29|last1=Bingham|first1=John|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202003203/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/10484097/Methodist-Church-begins-mass-consultation-on-gay-marriage.html|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} Subsequently, in 2016 the conference voted to "revisit" the church's position on same-sex marriage, with a mandate from members "expressing a desire to endorse same-sex relationships".{{Cite web|url=http://www.christian.org.uk/news/methodist-church-to-re-visit-gay-marriage-stance/|title=Methodist Church to 'revisit' gay marriage stance|date=7 July 2016 |publisher=The Christian Institute|access-date=9 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821015324/http://www.christian.org.uk/news/methodist-church-to-re-visit-gay-marriage-stance/|archive-date=21 August 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}

On 3 July 2019 the Methodist Conference approved a report, God in Love Unites Us, and voted in principle to permit same-sex weddings in Methodist premises by Methodist ministers—the report was then sent to district synods for consultation.{{cite web |title=God in Love Unites Us: Managing Group Conversations |url=https://www.methodist.org.uk/media/14806/mandr-19-managing-group-conversations-0919.pdf |publisher=Methodist Church in Britain |access-date=30 June 2021 |page=1 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182428/https://www.methodist.org.uk/media/14806/mandr-19-managing-group-conversations-0919.pdf |url-status=live }} A final decision, initially scheduled for the July 2020 conference,{{Cite web|url=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2019/5-july/news/uk/methodists-move-towards-conducting-same-sex-marriages|title=Methodists move towards conducting same-sex marriages|work=Church Times|access-date=2019-07-05|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102160737/https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2019/5-july/news/uk/methodists-move-towards-conducting-same-sex-marriages|url-status=live}} was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic hindering grassroots discussions.{{cite web |title=The Conference Business Digest |url=https://www.methodist.org.uk/about-us/the-methodist-conference/conference-2020/the-conference-business-digest/ |website=www.methodist.org.uk |publisher=Methodist Church in Britain |access-date=15 September 2020 |date=30 June 2021 |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917095047/https://www.methodist.org.uk/about-us/the-methodist-conference/conference-2020/the-conference-business-digest/ |url-status=dead }} On 30 June 2021 the Conference, presided over by Sonia Hicks, overwhelmingly approved (254 votes in favour with 46 against) the recognition of same-sex marriage in the church. Ministers are not forced to conduct such weddings if they disagree.{{cite news |last=Farley |first=Harry |title=Methodist Church allows same-sex marriage in 'momentous' vote |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-57658161 |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=BBC News |date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=30 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630130704/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-57658161 |url-status=live }} The Conference also affirmed cohabitation.{{cite news |title=Methodist Church votes to accept same sex marriage and affirm cohabitation |url=https://premierchristian.news/en/news/article/methodist-church-votes-to-accept-same-sex-marriage-and-affirm-cohabitation |access-date=30 June 2021 |work=premierchristian.news |publisher=Premier Christianity |date=30 June 2021 |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701052436/https://premierchristian.news/en/news/article/methodist-church-votes-to-accept-same-sex-marriage-and-affirm-cohabitation |url-status=live }} The traditionalist caucus, Methodist Evangelicals Together, dissented from recognition of same-sex marriage.{{cite web |title=UK Methodist church approves same - sex marriage and affirms cohabitation |url=https://evangelicalfocus.com/europe/12319/uk-methodist-church-approves-same-sex-marriage-and-affirms-cohabitation |work=Evangelical Focus |access-date=3 July 2021 |language=English |date=2 July 2021 |archive-date=3 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703040612/https://evangelicalfocus.com/europe/12319/UK-Methodist-church-approves-same-sex-marriage-and-affirms-cohabitation |url-status=live }}

Prior to this, the Methodist Church already permitted transgender individuals who had undergone a legal gender transition to marry in the church. This was because it allowed persons to be married based on their legal gender rather than their assigned sex at birth. The church has stated, "[t]here is no clear theological or Scriptural position on matters of gender reassignment."{{cite web |title=Talking of Marriage and Relationships - frequently asked questions |url=https://www.methodist.org.uk/about-us/the-methodist-church/marriage-and-relationships/archive-marriage-and-relationships-2019/talking-of-marriage-and-relationships-frequently-asked-questions/#:~:text=Yes.%20The%20Gender%20Recognition%20Act%202004%20is%20clear,of%20the%20opposite%20gender%20under%20current%20marriage%20law. |website=www.methodist.org.uk |publisher=Methodist Church in Britain |access-date=28 December 2021 |language=en |date=2019 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228194324/https://www.methodist.org.uk/about-us/the-methodist-church/marriage-and-relationships/archive-marriage-and-relationships-2019/talking-of-marriage-and-relationships-frequently-asked-questions/#:~:text=Yes.%20The%20Gender%20Recognition%20Act%202004%20is%20clear,of%20the%20opposite%20gender%20under%20current%20marriage%20law. |url-status=live }}

Dignity and Worth is a campaign group within the Methodist Church which aims to strengthen the Methodist Church's position as an LGBT-affirming denomination.{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://dignityandworth.org.uk/about/ |website=Dignity & Worth |access-date=12 March 2021 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301213120/https://dignityandworth.org.uk/about/ |url-status=live }} The chair of the group described the church's decision to recognise same-sex marriage as a "momentous step on the road to justice".

{{Further|Christian views on alcohol#Methodism}}

In 1744, the directions the Wesleys gave to the Methodist societies required them "to taste no spirituous liquor ... unless prescribed by a physician."{{cite book |author=Methodist Episcopal Church |others=with explanatory notes by Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury |title=Doctrines and Discipline of the Methodist Episcopal Church |year=1798 |chapter=Directions given to the Band-Societies. December 25th, 1744. |edition=10th |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zOoCAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA150 |page=150}} Methodists, in particular the Primitives, later took a leading role in the British temperance movement of the 19th and early 20th centuries,{{cite journal |last1=Field |first1=Cive D. |title='The Devil in Solution': How temperate were the Methodists? |journal=Epworth Review |date=2000 |volume=27 |pages=78–93 |access-date=}} and Methodism remains closely associated with temperance in many people's minds.{{cite report |title=Methodist attitudes to alcohol |url=https://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/conf-methodist-attitudes-to-alcohol-1999.pdf |publisher=Methodist Conference |access-date=10 January 2020 |date=1999 |archive-date=22 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922142651/https://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/conf-methodist-attitudes-to-alcohol-1999.pdf |url-status=live}}{{rp|3}} Methodists saw social issues such as poverty and violence in the home as exacerbated by drunkenness and alcoholism, and sought to persuade people to abstain totally from alcoholic beverages.{{cite web |last1=Greet |first1=Kenneth G. |last2=Howdle |first2=Susan R. |title=Temperance |url=https://dmbi.online/index.php?do=app.entry&id=2704 |work=A Dictionary of Methodism in Britain and Ireland |access-date=29 May 2020 |archive-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613124703/http://dmbi.online/index.php?do=app.entry&id=2704 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=The Mahogany Bar Mission |url=https://www.mymethodisthistory.org.uk/place-2/the-mahogany-bar-mission |website=My Methodist History |access-date=27 December 2020 |language=en |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122193739/https://www.mymethodisthistory.org.uk/place-2/the-mahogany-bar-mission |url-status=live }} Temperance appealed strongly to the Methodist doctrines of sanctification and perfection. At one time, ministers had to take a pledge not to drink, and encouraged their congregations to do the same.{{cite book|last=Wright|first=Christopher J. H.|author-link=Christopher J. H. Wright|title=Truth and Spirituality Today - Book 4|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0199148424|page=121|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iu2QAMIwFJ4C|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=17 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517085417/https://books.google.com/books?id=iu2QAMIwFJ4C|url-status=live}} To this day, alcohol remains banned in most Methodist premises.{{refn|Since 1977, this restriction no longer applies to domestic occasions in private homes on Methodist property, meaning that a minister may have a drink at home in the manse.{{rp|4}} In 2004, an exception to the rule about not supplying alcohol on Methodist premises was created with regard to events taking place on premises used as a conference centre; Methodist Central Hall applied for, and was granted, an alcohol licence.{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://methodist-central-hall.org.uk/frequently-asked-questions/ |publisher=Methodist Central Hall Westminster |access-date=24 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121203825/https://methodist-central-hall.org.uk/frequently-asked-questions/ |archive-date=21 January 2021}}|group=note}} The choice to consume alcohol outside of church is now a personal decision for any member: the 1974 conference recognised the "sincerity and integrity of those who take differing views on whether they should drink or abstain".{{rp|4}}{{cite book |last1=Brake |first1=George Thompson |title=Policy and Politics in British Methodism 1932–1982 |date=1984 |publisher=Edsall |location=London |isbn=0902623419 |pages=433–443}} The conference of 2000 later recommended that all Methodists should "consider seriously the claims of total abstinence", and "make a personal commitment either to total abstinence or to responsible drinking".{{rp|817}}

The Methodist Church uses non-alcoholic wine (grape juice) in the sacrament of Holy Communion.{{cite web|title=Alcohol|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/views-of-the-church/alcohol|work=Views of the Church|publisher=The Methodist Church|at=What about Communion wine?|access-date=26 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227080557/http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/views-of-the-church/alcohol|archive-date=27 December 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} In 1869, a Methodist dentist named Thomas Welch developed a method of pasteurising grape juice in order to produce an unfermented communion wine for his church.{{cite book|last1=Blocker|first1=Jack S.|last2=Fahey|first2=David M.|last3=Tyrrell|first3=Ian R.|title=Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia|date=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1576078334|page=106|language=en}} He later founded Welch's grape juice company.{{cite news |first=Edwin |last=McDowell |title=Faces Behind The Famous Brand Names |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/12/business/what-s-new-on-the-executive-bookshelf-faces-behind-the-famous-brand-names.html |quote=Dr. Thomas B. Welch, a teetotaling New Jersey dentist, came up with Dr. Welch's Unfermented Wine - later renamed Welch's Grape Juice - to be used as a substitute for wine in church communion service. |newspaper=New York Times |date=12 January 1986 |access-date=4 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113165353/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/12/business/what-s-new-on-the-executive-bookshelf-faces-behind-the-famous-brand-names.html |archive-date=13 November 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }} By the 1880s this non-alcoholic wine had become commonplace in Methodist churches worldwide.Miller, Doris (1990). "Unfermented Wine on the Lord's Table: Origins and Implementation in Nineteenth Century Canadian Methodism". Methodist History. 29: 3–13.

From the start Methodism was sympathetic towards poor people. In 1753, John Wesley bemoaned, "So wickedly, devilishly false is that common objection, 'They are poor, only because they are idle'."{{cite web|title=Wesley's Forgiveness|url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/wesley/journal.vi.ix.x.html|work=Journal of John Wesley|publisher=Christian Classics Ethereal Library|access-date=11 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504132547/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/wesley/journal.vi.ix.x.html|archive-date=4 May 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} In a Joint Public Issues Team report issued with the Baptist Union of Great Britain, the Church of Scotland and United Reformed Church, the Methodist Church stated this misconception is also prevalent today.{{Cite web |url=http://www.jointpublicissues.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Truth-And-Lies-Report-smaller.pdf |title=The lies we tell ourselves: ending comfortable myths about poverty |publisher=Joint Public Issues Team|access-date=27 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811033522/http://www.jointpublicissues.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Truth-And-Lies-Report-smaller.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}

Daleep Mukarji, the former director of the charity Christian Aid,{{cite web|title=Gordon Brown and Rowan Williams praise Christian Aid's departing Director|url=http://www.christianaid.org.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/march2010/gordon-brown-and-rowan-williams-praise-christian-aids-departing-director.aspx|publisher=Christian Aid|access-date=28 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304123131/http://www.christianaid.org.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/march2010/gordon-brown-and-rowan-williams-praise-christian-aids-departing-director.aspx|archive-date=4 March 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} who was vice-president of the Methodist Conference in 2013, stated economic inequality was more prevalent in 21st-century Britain than at any time since World War II. He highlighted the response of Methodists:

{{Blockquote|Working with others, people of faith or no faith, we need to work for justice, inclusion and development that benefits the poor and marginalised here in the UK and across the world. This requires that we be prepared for the education, organisation and equipping of our members so that we build the necessary energy and commitment to see changes in our society. (...) We must hold our leaders, the structures and systems accountable so that we see that the weak and vulnerable are given a better deal. (...) Many Methodists in our local churches and circuits have outstanding programmes that serve people in need. At this time when poverty, deprivation and neglect seem to have got worse we should do more. (...) Our Methodist church is known for our service, our commitment to social justice and our willingness to act to transform society. |source=Daleep Mukarji{{Cite web |url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/news-and-events/news-archive-2013/new-vice-president-urges-methodists-to-fight-poverty |title=New Vice-President urges Methodists to fight poverty |publisher=The Methodist Church |access-date=1 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104042100/http://www.methodist.org.uk/news-and-events/news-archive-2013/new-vice-president-urges-methodists-to-fight-poverty |archive-date=4 November 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}}}

Some Methodist churches host food banks, distributing food to those in need.{{cite web |title=Smallbridge Methodist Church Opens to Foodbank Clients |url=https://rochdale.foodbank.org.uk/about/about-our-foodbank/smallbridge-methodist-church-opens-to-foodbank-clients/ |website=rochdale.foodbank.org.uk |publisher=Rochdale Foodbank |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129121259/https://rochdale.foodbank.org.uk/about/about-our-foodbank/smallbridge-methodist-church-opens-to-foodbank-clients/ |url-status=live }}{{cite press release |title=Churches challenge food poverty with latest resource on foodbanks |url=https://www.methodist.org.uk/about-us/news/latest-news/all-news/churches-challenge-food-poverty-with-latest-resource-on-foodbanks/ |publisher=The Methodist Church |access-date=24 January 2021 |language=en |date=20 May 2014 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129124806/https://www.methodist.org.uk/about-us/news/latest-news/all-news/churches-challenge-food-poverty-with-latest-resource-on-foodbanks/ |url-status=live }}

In 2016 there were 3,459 Methodist ministers, with 1,562 active in circuit ministry. The church recognises two orders of ordained ministry—that of presbyter and deacon.{{cite web|title=Ministers, Presbyters and Deacons: Signalling Vocation, Clarifying Identity|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/conf08_52_Signalling_Vocation_report210808.doc|publisher=The Methodist Conference|date=2008|access-date=30 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232416/http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/conf08_52_Signalling_Vocation_report210808.doc|archive-date=30 December 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}{{refn|Both titles are found in various places in the New Testament. The word "presbyter" derives from Greek πρεσβύτερος (presbyteros), the comparative form of πρέσβυς (presbus), "elder".{{cite web|last1=Liddell|first1=Henry George|last2=Scott|first2=Robert|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2386306|title=A Greek-English Lexicon, πρέσβυ^ς|work=tufts.edu|publisher=Tufts University|access-date=20 April 2017|archive-date=21 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321201620/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2386306&redirect=true|url-status=live}} The word "deacon" derives from διάκονος (diakonos), a standard ancient Greek word which had a variety of meanings centred around service, message and attendance.{{cite web|last=Ferguson|first=Thomas|title=Lifting Up the Servants of God: The Deacon, Servant Ministry, and the Future of the Church|url=http://www.sfd.edu/book/export/html/45|website=www.sfd.edu|publisher=School for Deacons|date=2001|access-date=20 April 2017|language=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421093944/http://www.sfd.edu/book/export/html/45|archive-date=21 April 2017|df=dmy-all}}|group="note"}} Church documents refer to both as "Minister", though common usage often limits this title to presbyters.{{rp|149}} Presbyters are styled "The Reverend",{{cite web |title=How to Address a Member of the Clergy |url=https://www.debretts.com/expertise/forms-of-address/professions/religion/ |publisher=Debrett's |access-date=27 January 2021 }} while "Deacon" is used as a title by members of the diaconate. Deacons (both women and men) also belong to a community of deacons in the Methodist Diaconal Order. The Deed of Union (the key foundation document of the Methodist Church since union in 1932) describes the roles of presbyters and deacons and the purpose of their ministries:

Christ's ministers in the church are stewards in the household of God and shepherds of his flock. Some are called and ordained to this occupation as presbyters or deacons. Presbyters have a principal and directing part in these great duties but they hold no priesthood differing in kind from that which is common to all the Lord's people and they have no exclusive title to the preaching of the gospel or the care of souls. These ministries are shared with them by others to whom also the Spirit divides his gifts severally as he wills.{{cite book|title=The Constitutional Practice and Discipline of the Methodist Church|date=2020|publisher=Methodist Publishing|isbn=978-1-85852-476-4|url=https://www.methodist.org.uk/media/18420/conf-2020-cpd-vol-2.pdf|volume=2|access-date=31 May 2021|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429172155/https://www.methodist.org.uk/media/18420/conf-2020-cpd-vol-2.pdf|url-status=dead}}{{rp|213}}

File:John Wesley. Stipple engraving after W. Hamilton, 1788. Wellcome V0006238.jpg

Both the diaconal and presbyteral orders in the Methodist Church are considered equal, playing distinct yet complementary roles in the ministry.{{cite book |last1=Howcroft |first1=Kenneth |editor-last1=Shreeve |editor-first1=Esther |editor-last2=Luscombe |editor-first2=Philip |title=What Is a Minister? |date=2002 |publisher=Epworth Press |isbn=0716205599 |pages=133–154 |url= |chapter=Ministerial Roles in Methodism}} Deacons are called to a ministry of service and witness: specifically to "assist God's people in worship and prayer" and "to visit and support the sick and the suffering".{{cite web|title=Deacons and Presbyters|url=http://methodistdiaconalorder.org.uk/index.php?page=deacons-and-presbyters|publisher=Methodist Diaconal Order|access-date=27 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227082808/http://methodistdiaconalorder.org.uk/index.php?page=deacons-and-presbyters|archive-date=27 December 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} Presbyters are called to a ministry of word and sacrament: "to preach by word and deed the Gospel of God's grace" and "to baptise, to confirm, and to preside at the celebration of the sacrament of Christ's body and blood." Presbyters historically are itinerant preachers, and the current rules mandate that presbyters in active work are stationed in a circuit for typically five years before transferring to another circuit.{{cite web |last=Beck |first=Brian E. |editor-last=Vickers |editor-first=John A. |title=Stationing Committee |url=https://dmbi.online/index.php?do=app.entry&id=2592 |website=A Dictionary of Methodism in Britain and Ireland |access-date=6 February 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206225011/https://dmbi.online/index.php?do=app.entry&id=2592 |url-status=live }}

Methodist presbyters are usually given pastoral charge of several local churches within the circuit. Ordinary presbyters are in turn overseen by a superintendent, who is the most senior minister in the circuit. Unlike many other Methodist denominations the British church does not have bishops. A report, What Sort of Bishops? to the conference of 2005, was accepted for study and report.{{cite web|title=What Sort of Bishops?|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/co_60_whatsortofbishops_0805.doc|publisher=Methodist Church in Britain|access-date=4 October 2016|date=July 2005|format=Microsoft Word doc.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202040517/http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/co_60_whatsortofbishops_0805.doc|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} This report considered whether this should now be changed, and if so, what forms of episcopacy might be acceptable. Consultation at grassroots level during 2006 and 2007 revealed overwhelming opposition from those who responded. As a consequence, the 2007 conference decided not to move towards having bishops at present.{{cite web|title=2007 Reports|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/conference/conference-reports/2007-reports|access-date=28 December 2016|publisher=Methodist Church in Britain|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229042125/http://www.methodist.org.uk/conference/conference-reports/2007-reports|archive-date=29 December 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}

Without bishops, the Methodist Church does not subscribe to the idea of an historical episcopate. It does, however, affirm the doctrine of apostolic succession.{{cite book |last1=Jay |first1=Eric George |title=The Church: Its Changing Image Through Twenty Centuries |date=1978 |publisher=SPCK |location=London |isbn=978-0-28102-991-4 |page=229}} In 1937 the Methodist Conference located the "true continuity" with the church of past ages in "the continuity of Christian experience, the fellowship in the gift of the one Spirit; in the continuity in the allegiance to one Lord, the continued proclamation of the message; the continued acceptance of the mission;..." [through a long chain which goes back to] "the first disciples in the company of the Lord Himself ... This is our doctrine of apostolic succession" [which neither depends on, nor is secured by,] "an official succession of ministers, whether bishops or presbyters, from apostolic times, but rather by fidelity to apostolic truth".

{{Further|Ordination of women in Methodism}}

The Primitive Methodist Church always allowed female preachers and ministers, although there were never many of them.{{cite web |title=The role of women within Methodism |url=https://www.library.manchester.ac.uk/search-resources/special-collections/guide-to-special-collections/methodist/using-the-collections/researching-women-in-methodism/the-role-of-women-in-methodism/ |website=www.library.manchester.ac.uk |author=The University of Manchester Library |access-date=2 March 2020 |archive-date=21 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621190325/https://www.library.manchester.ac.uk/search-resources/special-collections/guide-to-special-collections/methodist/using-the-collections/researching-women-in-methodism/the-role-of-women-in-methodism/ |url-status=dead}} The Wesleyan Methodist Church established an order of deaconesses in 1890. The Methodist Church has re-allowed ordination of women as presbyters since 2 July 1974, when 17 women were received into full connexion at the Methodist Conference in Bristol.{{cite web|title=Methodist Church celebrates 40 years of women's ordination|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/news-and-events/news-releases/methodist-church-celebrates-40-years-of-women%E2%80%99s-ordination|publisher=Methodist Church in Britain|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005091919/http://www.methodist.org.uk/news-and-events/news-releases/methodist-church-celebrates-40-years-of-women%E2%80%99s-ordination|archive-date=5 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}{{cite news |last1=Drake |first1=Gavin |title=Methodist women's ruby day |url=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2014/27-june/news/uk/methodist-women-s-ruby-day |work=Church Times |date=27 June 2014 |access-date=27 June 2014 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024063159/https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2014/27-june/news/uk/methodist-women-s-ruby-day |url-status=live }} The Methodist Church, along with some other Protestant churches, holds that when the historical contexts involved are understood, a coherent biblical argument can be made in favour of women's ordination.{{cite web|url = http://www.ntwrightpage.com/Wright_Women_Service_Church.htm|title = Women's Service in the Church: The Biblical Basis|publisher = St. John's College|access-date = 2 October 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160913211712/http://ntwrightpage.com/Wright_Women_Service_Church.htm|archive-date = 13 September 2016|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}

{{Main|Methodist local preacher}}

A distinctive feature of British Methodism is its extensive use of "local preachers" ('local' because they stay in the same circuit, as opposed to 'itinerant' preachers who move to different circuits, in the case of presbyters).{{cite web|title=Local Preacher FAQs|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/ministers-and-office-holders/local-preachers/local-preacher-faqs|publisher=Methodist Church in Britain|access-date=23 March 2017|language=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324085756/http://www.methodist.org.uk/ministers-and-office-holders/local-preachers/local-preacher-faqs|archive-date=24 March 2017|df=dmy-all}} They are laypeople who have been trained and accredited to preach and lead worship services in place of a presbyter; however, local preachers cannot ordinarily officiate at services of Holy Communion.{{cite report |title=Authorisations to Preside at the Lord's Supper |url=https://www.methodist.org.uk/media/1989/fo-statement-authorisations-to-preside-at-the-lords-supper-1996.pdf |publisher=Methodist Conference |access-date=23 January 2021 |date=1996 |page=162 |quote=A Circuit which considers that any of its churches or a significant number of church members or other Christians in the local community is deprived of reasonably frequent and regular celebration of the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper through lack of ordained ministers may apply for the authorisation of persons other than ministers to preside at that sacrament when appointed to do so on the circuit plan, or on other occasions when authorised by the Superintendent. |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014419/https://www.methodist.org.uk/media/1989/fo-statement-authorisations-to-preside-at-the-lords-supper-1996.pdf |url-status=live }} Local preachers are thus similar to lay readers in the Church of England.{{cite web|last=Cole|first=John|title=Local Preachers and Readers: Sharing Two Ministries|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/ec-embr-covenant-app3-250609.pdf|publisher=Methodist Church in Britain|date=April 2008|access-date=12 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721172144/http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/ec-embr-covenant-app3-250609.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} It is estimated that local preachers conduct seven out of every ten Methodist services, either in their own circuit or in others where they are invited as "visiting preachers".

Local preachers played an important role in English and Welsh social history, especially among the working class and labour movement.{{cite book |last1=Hempton |first1=David |title=Religion and Political Culture in Britain and Ireland: From the Glorious Revolution to the Decline of Empire |date=26 January 1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-47925-7 |page=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3AQ_ZrhPkh4C&pg=PA36 |language=en}} Prominent 20th- and 21st-century public figures who preached include George Thomas, Speaker of the House of Commons from 1976 to 1983;{{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=George|title=George Thomas, Mr Speaker: the memoirs of the Viscount Tonypandy|date=1985|publisher=Century Publishing|page=161}} David Frost, television broadcaster;{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Vickers |editor1-first=John A. |title=Local Preachers |url=https://dmbi.online/index.php?do=app.entry&id=1729 |encyclopedia=A Dictionary of Methodism in Britain and Ireland |access-date=3 March 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303184723/https://dmbi.online/index.php?do=app.entry&id=1729 |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=Obituary: Sir David Frost |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-13528279 |access-date=3 March 2024 |work=BBC News |date=1 September 2013 |archive-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231123438/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-13528279 |url-status=live }} Len Murray, General Secretary of the Trades Union Congress from 1973 to 1983;{{cite news|title=Lord Murray|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1462493/Lord-Murray.html|website=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=10 January 2017|date=22 May 2004|quote=A Methodist lay preacher, he held strong ethical opinions about the role of trades unions in a free society.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301114631/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1462493/Lord-Murray.html|archive-date=1 March 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} and David Blunkett, Home Secretary from 2001 to 2004.

Other appointments may include pastoral and administrative roles. Church standing orders prohibit the appointment of anyone being appointed to undertake work with children, young people or vulnerable adults in the life of the church if they have a criminal conviction or caution under a number of laws, including the Sexual Offences Act 2003, or who is barred by the Disclosure and Barring Service from work with vulnerable people or who the Safeguarding Committee has concluded poses a risk to vulnerable groups.{{rp|SO 010}}

{{Main|Organisation of the Methodist Church of Great Britain|Connexionalism}}

File:Chellastonmethodist.JPG. Local churches are grouped into circuits to which ministers are appointed.]]

Methodists belong to local churches or local ecumenical partnerships but also feel part of a larger connected community, known as 'The Connexion'. This sense of being connected makes a difference to how the Methodist Church as a whole is structured. From its inception under John Wesley, Methodism has always laid strong emphasis on the interdependence and mutual support of one local church for another.{{sfn|Catechism|loc=68. What are the distinctive features of the Methodist Church?|ps=none}} The church community has never been seen in isolation either from its immediately neighbouring church communities or from the centralised national organisation. When ministers are ordained in the Methodist Church, they are also "received into full Connexion".{{cite web|title=The Connexion|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/structure/the-connexion|publisher=Methodist Church in Britain|language=en|access-date=30 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325030528/http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/structure/the-connexion|archive-date=25 March 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}

A quarterly magazine entitled the connexion is published by the church.[https://www.methodist.org.uk/about-us/news/the-connexion-magazine/ the connexion magazine]. Methodist Church in Britain. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125203851/https://www.methodist.org.uk/about-us/news/the-connexion-magazine/ |date=25 November 2022 }}. Retrieved 25 November 2022.

File:Haroldswick Methodist Church - geograph.org.uk - 311241.jpg is the northernmost church in Britain. Methodism has a strong presence in the Shetland Islands.]]

Membership of the Methodist Church is held in a particular local church, or in a local ecumenical partnership.{{cite web|title=Membership|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/membership|publisher=Methodist Church in Britain|access-date=24 March 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317003456/http://methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/membership|archive-date=17 March 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} For people who wish to become members of the church there is a period of instruction and, once the local church council is satisfied with the person's sincere acceptance of the basis of membership of the Methodist Church, a service of confirmation and reception into membership is held; if they have not previously been baptised, the service will include baptism. (Each member of a local church receives a membership ticket at least once a year; in early Methodism, tickets were issued by Wesley every three months as evidence of a member's good standing.{{cite web |last1=Barber |first1=Jill |title=Primitive Methodist Class Tickets: an introduction |url=https://www.myprimitivemethodists.org.uk/content/subjects-2/primitive-methodist-history/primitive-methodist-class-tickets-an-introduction |website=My Primitive Methodists |access-date=21 January 2021 |language=en |date=3 December 2012 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128043604/https://www.myprimitivemethodists.org.uk/content/subjects-2/primitive-methodist-history/primitive-methodist-class-tickets-an-introduction |url-status=live }}{{cite book |last1=Kirby |first1=James E. |last2=Rivera |first2=Feliciano |last3=Kirby |first3=James |last4=Richey |first4=Russell E. |last5=Rowe |first5=Kenneth E. |title=The Methodists |year=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=02s2Lej8J3oC |access-date=21 January 2021 |isbn=978-0-313-22048-7 |page=166 |language=en |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116055924/https://books.google.com/books?id=02s2Lej8J3oC |url-status=live }}) {{As of|October 2016|alt=As at October 2016}}, church members are dispersed over 4,512 local churches—unevenly distributed over a small number of large churches and a large number of small churches.

Local church can refer to both the congregation and the building in which it meets (though the building may also be called a chapel).{{cite web|title=The Local Church: Meaning and Value|url=http://godisforus.com/information/church/church.htm|website=godisforus.com|access-date=25 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505042409/http://godisforus.com/information/church/church.htm|archive-date=5 May 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}{{cite web|last1=Wakeling|first1=Christopher|title=Nonconformist Places of Worship: Introductions to Heritage Assets|url=https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/iha-nonconformist-places-of-worship/heag139-nonconformist-places-of-worshipi-iha.pdf/|publisher=Historic England|access-date=28 March 2017|date=August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328195437/https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/iha-nonconformist-places-of-worship/heag139-nonconformist-places-of-worshipi-iha.pdf/|archive-date=28 March 2017|url-status=dead}} It is the whole body of members of the Methodist Church linked with one particular place of worship. The concept of the local church is based on the original Methodist "societies" that existed within the Church of England during the time of John Wesley's ministry.{{cite web|title=The local church|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/structure/the-local-church|publisher=Methodist Church in Britain|access-date=24 March 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325030250/http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/structure/the-local-church|archive-date=25 March 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} A local church is normally led by a presbyter, usually referred to as "the minister".

Some church members belong to a church council, either because they have been elected by the local church members, or because they hold one of a number of offices within the local church. The church council, with a minister, has responsibility for running the local church. Members of the church council are also trustees of the local church.{{cite web|title=Responsibilities of the managing trustees|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/static/rm/mtmm/responsibilities_of_the_managing_trustees.pdf|publisher=The Methodist Conference|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321145611/http://methodist.org.uk/static/rm/mtmm/responsibilities_of_the_managing_trustees.pdf|archive-date=21 March 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} The church council appoints two or more church stewards, who exercise pastoral responsibility in conjunction with the minister and together provide a leadership role across "the whole range of the church's life and activity".{{rp|530}}

Local churches are grouped into 368 circuits ({{as of|2016|lc=on}}) of various sizes. The responsibilities of the circuit are exercised through the circuit meeting, led by the superintendent minister.{{cite web|title=The circuit|publisher=Methodist Church in Britain|access-date=4 January 2019|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/structure/the-circuit|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204051826/http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/structure/the-circuit|archive-date=4 December 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} It is responsible for managing the finances, property and officeholders within the circuit. Most circuits have many fewer ministers than churches and the majority of services are led by local preachers, or by supernumerary ministers—retired ministers who are not officially counted in the number of ministers for the circuit in which they are listed.{{cite web|last1=Cranmer|first1=Frank|title=Methodist ministers and "retirement" – sort of|date=30 September 2014 |url=http://www.lawandreligionuk.com/2014/09/30/methodist-ministers-and-retirement-sort-of/|publisher=Law & Religion UK|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325115603/http://www.lawandreligionuk.com/2014/09/30/methodist-ministers-and-retirement-sort-of/|archive-date=25 March 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} The superintendent and other ministers are assisted in the leadership and administration of the circuit by lay circuit stewards, who together form the leadership team.{{cite web|title=Induction pack for circuit stewards|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/ministers-and-office-holders/leadership-and-ministry/circuit-stewards/induction-pack-for-circuit-stewards|publisher=Methodist Church in Britain|access-date=24 March 2017|language=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325030842/http://www.methodist.org.uk/ministers-and-office-holders/leadership-and-ministry/circuit-stewards/induction-pack-for-circuit-stewards|archive-date=25 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}

File:December Methodist Center Hall London Her Majesty Services Evangelize Genever - Master England Photography 2012 - panoramio.jpg, serves as a church and conference centre.]]

File:The church and the slum; (1908) (14803430273).jpg (1908). Originally a Methodist church, it was later converted into a music venue.]]

Some large inner-city Methodist buildings, called 'central halls', are designated as circuits in themselves.{{cite web|title=Membership [statistics by district]|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/mission/statistics-for-mission/district-circuit-church-reports/membership|publisher=Methodist Church in Britain|access-date=8 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419170844/http://methodist.org.uk/mission/statistics-for-mission/district-circuit-church-reports/membership|archive-date=19 April 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} About a hundred such halls were built in Britain between 1886 and 1945, many in a Renaissance or Baroque style.{{cite web|title=Methodist Central Halls - a mission with ambition|url=http://www.religionandsociety.org.uk/uploads/docs/2011_03/1300723374_Hebbert_Phase_1_Collaborative_Studentship_Block.pdf|publisher=AHRC/ESRC Religion and Society Programme|date=2011|access-date=27 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030144456/http://www.religionandsociety.org.uk/uploads/docs/2011_03/1300723374_Hebbert_Phase_1_Collaborative_Studentship_Block.pdf|archive-date=30 October 2012|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}} They were designated as multi-purpose venues; in their heyday they presented low-cost concerts and shows to entertain the working classes on Saturdays—encouraging them to avoid drinking establishments and thereby abstain from alcohol—as well as hosting church congregations on Sundays. However, many were bombed during the Second World War, and others declined as people moved out of the city centres; {{As of|2012|lc=on}} only sixteen remain in use as Methodist churches.{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Keith|title=What happened to the Methodist central halls?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19341345|access-date=13 May 2015|work=BBC News|date=30 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925174802/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19341345|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} Others, such as the landmark Birmingham Central Hall, and Liverpool's Grand Central Hall, have been sold and adapted as retail or nightclub venues. One of the remaining halls is Methodist Central Hall in Westminster (close to Parliament Square and Westminster Abbey), established in 1912 to serve as a church with additional use "for conferences on religious, educational, scientific, philanthropic and social questions".{{cite web|title=History|url=http://methodist-central-hall.org.uk/services/history/|publisher=Methodist Central Hall, Westminster|access-date=27 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106125730/http://methodist-central-hall.org.uk/services/history/|archive-date=6 November 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}

The Connexion is divided into thirty districts ({{as of|2018|alt=as at 2018}}) covering the whole of Great Britain, the Isle of Man, and the Channel Islands.{{cite web |title=UK District map 2018 |url=https://www.methodist.org.uk/media/6707/uk-district-map-2018.pdf |publisher=Methodist Church in Britain |access-date=21 December 2019 |date=2018 |archive-date=17 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517084402/http://www.methodist.org.uk/media/6707/uk-district-map-2018.pdf |url-status=live }} The district is a drawing together of a variable number of circuits in a geographic locality. Wales is covered by two districts: a Welsh-language synod and an English-language synod. Methodism has never been prevalent in Scotland, and there are only around 40 local churches gathered into one Scotland District.{{cite web |title=Statistics for Mission: District Mapping Packs |url=https://www.methodist.org.uk/media/2751/31_scotland-min.pdf |publisher=The Methodist Conference |access-date=20 October 2018 |date=2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021024550/https://www.methodist.org.uk/media/2751/31_scotland-min.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}

The governing body of a district is the twice-yearly synod.{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=John Owen|title=Methodist Origins|url=http://www.johnowensmith.co.uk/histdate/methdist.htm|website=www.johnowensmith.co.uk|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420051410/http://www.johnowensmith.co.uk/histdate/methdist.htm|archive-date=20 April 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} Each district is presided over by a chair, except the large London District which has three chairs.{{cite web|title=What is a District Chair?|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/Conf06_What_is_a_District_Chair_pc.doc|format=PDF|publisher=The Methodist Conference|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029171300/http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/Conf06_What_is_a_District_Chair_pc.doc|archive-date=29 October 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} A chair was, at first, a superintendent of a circuit within the district, but now ministers are appointed exclusively to the separated role.{{cite web|title=Larger than Circuit|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/media/1431016/coun-MC15-12-larger-than-circuit-january-2015.pdf|publisher=The Methodist Conference|access-date=24 March 2017|date=January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325113128/http://www.methodist.org.uk/media/1431016/coun-MC15-12-larger-than-circuit-january-2015.pdf|archive-date=25 March 2017|df=dmy-all}} The prime function of the chair is pastoral—the care of ministers and lay workers, and their families, within the district; the appointment of ministers to circuits; candidates for the ministry and the oversight of probationer (trainee) ministers. The district chair is also the person to whom other denominations relate ecumenically at regional or national level.{{cite web|title=Methodist District Chairs and Church of England Bishops joint meeting|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/media-centre/news/2002/01/methodist_district_chairs_and_church_of_england.aspx|website=Church of England News|publisher=Church of England|access-date=24 March 2017|language=en|date=18 January 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325202051/https://www.churchofengland.org/media-centre/news/2002/01/methodist_district_chairs_and_church_of_england.aspx|archive-date=25 March 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}

===Conference===

{{redirect|Methodist Conference|conferences in other Methodist denominations|Annual conferences within Methodism}}

{{See also|List of presidents of the Methodist Conference}}

The central governing body of the Connexion is the Methodist Conference, which meets in June or July each year in a different part of the country.{{rp|216}}{{cite web|title=The Conference|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/structure/the-conference|publisher=Methodist Church in Britain|access-date=27 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227114304/http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/structure/the-conference|archive-date=27 December 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} It represents both ministers and laypeople, and determines church policy. The conference is a gathering of representatives from each district, along with some who have been elected by the conference and some ex officio members and representatives of the youth assembly. It is held in two sessions: a presbyteral session and a representative session including lay representatives.{{rp|216}} The 2019 conference was held in Birmingham.{{cite web |title=Conference 2019 |url=https://www.methodist.org.uk/about-us/the-methodist-conference/conference-2019/ |publisher=Methodist Church of Great Britain |access-date=16 March 2020 |archive-date=2 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502192107/https://www.methodist.org.uk/about-us/the-methodist-conference/conference-2019/}} The 2020 conference took place as a virtual conference due to the COVID-19 pandemic."[https://www.methodist.org.uk/about-us/news/latest-news/all-news/the-methodist-conference-will-meet-virtually-this-year/ The Methodist Conference will meet virtually this year]". Methodist Church of Great Britain. 4 May 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2020. The 2021 conference took place in Birmingham and online. The 2022 conference was held in Telford,Methodist Church of Great Britain, [https://www.wandamethodists.org.uk/doc/D572862.pdf Conference Business Digest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808064138/https://www.wandamethodists.org.uk/doc/D572862.pdf |date=8 August 2021 }}, accessed 8 August 2021 and the 2023 conference returned to Birmingham.Methodist Church of Great Britain, [https://www.methodist.org.uk/about-us/the-methodist-conference/future-dates-of-the-conference/ Future dates of the Conference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627145519/https://www.methodist.org.uk/about-us/the-methodist-conference/future-dates-of-the-conference/ |date=27 June 2022 }}, accessed 13 June 2022 The 2024 conference took place in Leeds,Methodist Church of Great Britain, [https://www.methodist.org.uk/about/structure-and-governance/the-methodist-conference/conference-2024/ Conference 2024], accessed on 30 April 2025 and the 2025 conference will take place in Telford again.Methodist Church of Great Britain, [https://www.methodist.org.uk/about/structure-and-governance/the-methodist-conference/conference-2025/ Conference 2025], accessed on 30 April 2025

The Methodist Conference is the formal authority on all matters of belief and practice.{{cite web|title=Conference Reports|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/conference/conference-reports|publisher=The Methodist Conference|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317004735/http://methodist.org.uk/conference/conference-reports|archive-date=17 March 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} Proposals for a change or development of Methodist teaching about personal, social or public Christian ethics can be initiated:

1. by any two representatives to the annual conference proposing a resolution (known as a "notice of motion") at the conference itself;
2. by local groupings of churches (circuit meetings) by regional groupings of churches (synods) proposing a resolution to the conference;
3. by a resolution to conference from the Methodist Council (a smaller representative body which meets four times a year between conferences).

If, by methods one and two above, the proposed change or development is significant, the conference will usually direct the Methodist Council to look into the issues and to present a report at a subsequent conference.

In the course of preparing the report, staff who are appointed or employed by the council will be responsible for developing the church's thinking with the help of professional and theological expertise; and must undertake a wide range of consultations, both within the Methodist Church and with partner denominations. Then the report, with or without specific recommendations, will be presented to Conference for debate.

Examples of issues dealt with in this way are: abortion; civil disobedience; nuclear deterrence; the manufacture and sale of arms; disarmament; care of the environment; family and divorce law; gambling; housing; overseas development and fair trading; poverty; racial justice; asylum and immigration issues; human sexuality; political responsibility.For further information see {{cite web|title=Views of the Church|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/views-of-the-church|publisher=The Methodist Church|language=en|access-date=26 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216034204/http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/views-of-the-church|archive-date=16 December 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}

Sometimes the conference will attempt a definitive judgement on an important theme which is intended to represent the Methodist Church's viewpoint for a decade or more. In such cases a final decision is made after two debates in conference, separated by at least a year, to allow for discussion in all parts of the church's life. Topics of personal, social or public Christian ethics dealt with in this way become official "Statements" or "Declarations" of the Methodist Church on the subject concerned, for example, Family Life, the Single Person and Marriage.{{cite web|title=A Christian Understanding of Family Life, the Single Person and Marriage|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/media/1245111/meth-statement-family-life-single-person-marriage-1992-0714.pdf|publisher=Methodist Conference|access-date=7 April 2017|year=1992|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414142216/http://methodist.org.uk/media/1245111/meth-statement-family-life-single-person-marriage-1992-0714.pdf|archive-date=14 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}

The Methodist Conference is presided over by the president of conference, a presbyter. The president is supported by the vice-president, who is a layperson or deacon. The president and vice-president serve a one-year term, travelling across the Connexion—following the example of Wesley—and preaching in local churches.{{cite web|title=The President and Vice-President|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/structure/the-president-and-vice-president|publisher=Methodist Church in Britain|access-date=24 March 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421041610/http://methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/structure/the-president-and-vice-president|archive-date=21 April 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}

The Constitutional Practice and Discipline of the Methodist Church (CPD) is published annually by order of the conference. Its contents are prepared by the church's Law and Polity Committee and reviewed each year. Volume 1 contains a set of fixed texts, including acts of Parliament,{{refn|The Methodist Church Act 1976 grants legal authority to the Methodist Conference, for example.|group=note}} other legislation and historic documents; the 1988 preface has been retained in later revisions because, along with abridged versions of earlier forewords, its "value as a general introduction to Methodist constitutional practice and discipline remains unsurpassed".Howdle, S., [https://www.methodist.org.uk/media/18421/cpd-vol-1-0820.pdf Constitutional Practice and Discipline of the Methodist Church, Volume 1, Foreword to the Electronic Version of Volume 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124131457/https://www.methodist.org.uk/media/18421/cpd-vol-1-0820.pdf |date=24 January 2021 }}, published 2005, accessed 31 May 2021{{rp|vi}} Volume 2 includes the Deed of Union and Model Trusts, along with the conference standing orders which are updated annually after amendments by the conference.{{rp|261}}

There is an annual assembly for children and youth, called 3Generate. It represents children and young adults aged 8 to 23.{{cite web |title=3Generate |url=https://www.methodist.org.uk/our-work/children-youth-family-ministry/events-including-3generate/3generate/ |publisher=Methodist Church in Britain |website=www.methodist.org.uk |access-date=30 September 2022 |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930150334/https://www.methodist.org.uk/our-work/children-youth-family-ministry/events-including-3generate/3generate/ |url-status=live }} There is also a youth president,{{cite news |last1=Davies |first1=Madeleine |title=Young estate resident takes the words of John Wesley as a model for mission |url=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2019/5-july/news/uk/young-estate-resident-takes-the-words-of-john-wesley-as-a-model-for-mission |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=Church Times |date=5 July 2019 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002222211/https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2019/5-july/news/uk/young-estate-resident-takes-the-words-of-john-wesley-as-a-model-for-mission |url-status=live }} elected annually to serve a paid full-time role.{{cite news |title=Recruitment and election process |url=https://www.methodist.org.uk/our-work/children-youth-family-ministry/methodist-young-adults/youth-president/recruitment-and-election-process/ |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=Methodist Church in Britain |work=www.methodist.org.uk |language=en |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003190100/https://www.methodist.org.uk/our-work/children-youth-family-ministry/methodist-young-adults/youth-president/recruitment-and-election-process/ |url-status=live }}

The Methodist Church is closely associated with several charitable organisations: namely, Action for Children (formerly the National Children's Home),{{cite web|title=Our Methodist partnership|url=https://www.actionforchildren.org.uk/what-we-do/about-us/our-methodist-partnership/|publisher=Action for Children|access-date=24 March 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325024400/https://www.actionforchildren.org.uk/what-we-do/about-us/our-methodist-partnership/|archive-date=25 March 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} Methodist Homes (MHA) and All We Can (the Methodist Relief and Development Fund).{{cite web|title=About Us - All We Can|url=http://www.allwecan.org.uk/about-us/about-us|website=www.allwecan.org.uk|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304185947/http://www.allwecan.org.uk/about-us/about-us|archive-date=4 March 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}

The church also helps to run a number of faith schools, both state and independent. These include two leading private schools in East Anglia, Culford School and The Leys School.{{cite web|title=Schools|url=https://www.methodistschools.org.uk/find-a-school/schools|website=www.methodistschools.org.uk|publisher=Methodist Schools|access-date=29 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129080731/https://www.methodistschools.org.uk/find-a-school/schools|archive-date=29 January 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} It helps to promote an all round education with a strong Christian ethos.

{{multiple image

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|image1=Anglican and Methodist Church of St Matthew, Rastrick - geograph.org.uk - 519716.jpg

|caption1=St Matthew's Church, Rastrick, is an example of a local ecumenical partnership where Methodists and Anglicans work and worship together as one congregation.

|image2=Christ Church, Nelson, Lancashire - geograph.org.uk - 1037852.jpg

|caption2=Christ Church, Nelson, is an ecumenical partnership between Methodist and Roman Catholic congregations.

}}

{{Christian denominations in the United Kingdom|expanded=Interchurch}}

The Methodist Church participates in various ecumenical forums and associations with other denominations. The church is a founding member of Churches Together in Britain and Ireland (since 1990){{cite web |title=Member Churches of Churches Together in Britain and Ireland |url=https://ctbi.org.uk/member-churches/ |website=ctbi.org.uk |access-date=26 December 2020 |date=2015 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415054152/https://ctbi.org.uk/member-churches/ |url-status=live }} and the three national ecumenical bodies in Great Britain, namely Churches Together in England,{{cite web |title=Member Churches list |url=https://www.cte.org.uk/Groups/234772/Home/Contacts/Member_Churches_list/Member_Churches_list.aspx |website=www.cte.org.uk |publisher=Churches Together in England |access-date=26 December 2020 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118101249/https://www.cte.org.uk/Groups/234772/Home/Contacts/Member_Churches_list/Member_Churches_list.aspx |url-status=live }} Cytûn in Wales,{{cite web |title=Cytun, Churches Together in Wales {{!}} World Council of Churches |url=https://www.oikoumene.org/organization/cytun-churches-together-in-wales |website=www.oikoumene.org |publisher=World Council of Churches |access-date=26 December 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923204130/https://www.oikoumene.org/organization/cytun-churches-together-in-wales |url-status=live }} and Action of Churches Together in Scotland.{{cite web |title=About ACTS |url=http://www.acts-scotland.org/about-us/about-acts |website=www.acts-scotland.org |publisher=Action of Churches Together in Scotland |access-date=26 December 2020 |language=en-gb |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204041517/http://www.acts-scotland.org/about-us/about-acts |url-status=live }} Since 1975, the Methodist Church is one of the Covenanted Churches in Wales, along with the Church in Wales, the Presbyterian Church of Wales, the United Reformed Church and certain Baptist churches.{{cite web|title=Covenanted Churches in Wales|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/relationships-with-other-denominations/ecumenism-in-britain-and-ireland/walescymru/covenanted-churches-in-wales|publisher=Methodist Church in Britain|access-date=30 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231002249/http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/relationships-with-other-denominations/ecumenism-in-britain-and-ireland/walescymru/covenanted-churches-in-wales|archive-date=31 December 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} It participates in the Conference of European Churches and the World Council of Churches. The church has sent delegates to every Assembly of the World Council and has at various times been represented on its Central Committees and its Faith and Order Commission.{{cite web|title=World Council of Churches|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/relationships-with-other-denominations/worldwide-ecumenism/world-council-of-churches|publisher=The Methodist Church in Britain|access-date=24 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427074205/http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/relationships-with-other-denominations/worldwide-ecumenism/world-council-of-churches|archive-date=27 April 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}

The Methodist Church is officially committed to "seek opportunities to work in partnership with other denominations" and "seek opportunities to join with other Christians in sharing the Good News of the Gospel and to make more followers of Jesus Christ through together bearing witness to the unity of the one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church." From the 1970s onward, the Methodist Church has been involved in nearly 900 local ecumenical partnerships (LEPs) with neighbouring denominations, such as the Church of England, the Baptist Union and the United Reformed Church. Christ Church in Nelson, Lancashire, is an unusual example of a joint Methodist–Catholic church in Britain.{{cite news |last=Collis |first=Dominic |title=Nelson Methodists and Catholics reaffirm ties in shared church |url=https://www.burnleyexpress.net/news/people/nelson-methodists-and-catholics-reaffirm-ties-shared-church-1329464 |newspaper=Burnley Express |date=2 December 2019 |access-date=29 February 2020 |language=en |archive-date=29 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229103035/https://www.burnleyexpress.net/news/people/nelson-methodists-and-catholics-reaffirm-ties-shared-church-1329464 |url-status=live }}

In April 2016 the World Methodist Council opened an Ecumenical Office in Rome, Italy. International Methodist leaders and Pope Francis met together to dedicate the new office.{{cite web|title=World Methodist Council opens new ecumenical office in Rome|url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2016/04/06/world_methodist_council_opens_new_ecumenical_office_in_rome/1220756|website=en.radiovaticana.va|publisher=Vatican Radio|access-date=21 May 2016|date=6 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512111341/http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2016/04/06/world_methodist_council_opens_new_ecumenical_office_in_rome/1220756|archive-date=12 May 2016}} It exists to offer a resource in Rome for the worldwide Methodist family and to help facilitate Methodist relationships with the wider Christian Church, especially the Roman Catholic Church.{{cite web|title=About the Methodist Ecumenical Office Rome|url=http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/relationships-with-other-denominations/ecumenism-in-europe/the-methodist-ecumenical-office-rome/about-the-methodist-ecumenical-office-rome|publisher=Methodist Church in Britain|access-date=21 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915195821/http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/relationships-with-other-denominations/ecumenism-in-europe/the-methodist-ecumenical-office-rome/about-the-methodist-ecumenical-office-rome|archive-date=15 September 2016}}

In the 1960s the Methodist Church made ecumenical overtures to the Church of England, aimed at church unity.{{cite web|url=http://www.anglican-methodist.org.uk/common_statement0506.pdf|title=Common Statement of the Formal Conversations between the Methodist Church of Great Britain and the Church of England|date=2001|publisher=Methodist Publishing House and Church House Publishing|access-date=26 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616001822/http://www.anglican-methodist.org.uk/common_statement0506.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} {{ISBN|1-85852-218-8}} In February 1963, a report, Conversations between the Church of England and the Methodist Church, was published. This gave an outline of a scheme to unite the two churches. The scheme was not without opposition, for four Methodist representatives—Barrett, Meadley, Snaith and Jessop—issued a dissentient report.{{cite web|last=Booth|first=Stephen|date=2005|title=Make Bishops History|url=http://methodistevangelicals.org.uk/resources/make-bishops-history|publisher=Methodist Evangelicals Together|access-date=28 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229035213/http://methodistevangelicals.org.uk/resources/make-bishops-history|archive-date=29 December 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}{{cite book |last1=Barrett |first1=C. Kingsley |last2=Jessop |first2=Thomas E. |last3=Meadley |first3=Thomas D. |last4=Snaith |first4=Norman H. |author1-link=C. K. Barrett |title=A Dissentient View |series=Anglican–Methodist Conversations |date=1963 |publisher=Epworth Press}} Through much of the 1960s, controversy spread in the two churches. Central in the debate was the need for Methodist ministers to be ordained under the Anglican historic episcopate, which opponents characterised as "reordination" of Methodist ministers. Discussions ultimately failed when the proposals for union were rejected by the Church of England's General Synod in 1972.{{cite book |last1=Livingstone |first1=E. A. |last2=Sparks |first2=M. W. D. |last3=Peacocke |first3=R. W. |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |date=2013 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-965962-3 |page=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZecAQAAQBAJ&dq=1972+methodist+anglican+union+rejected&pg=PA116 |language=en |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517085418/https://books.google.com/books?id=DZecAQAAQBAJ&dq=1972+methodist+anglican+union+rejected&pg=PA116 |url-status=live }}

In 1982, the Methodist Conference endorsed a covenant with the Church of England, the United Reformed Church and the Moravian Church, but the plan faltered after the House of Bishops in the General Synod vetoed it.{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=David M. |last2=Briggs |first2=John H. Y. |last3=Turner |first3=John Munsey |title=Protestant Nonconformist Texts |volume=4: The Twentieth Century |date=February 2015 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-4982-1918-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s1enBgAAQBAJ |access-date=22 December 2022 |language=en |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517085420/https://books.google.com/books?id=s1enBgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}{{cite book |title=The Failure of the English Covenant: An Assessment of the Experiences of the Churches' Council for Covenanting |date=n.d. |publisher=British Council of Churches |location=London}} Bilateral discussions between the Anglicans and Methodists were renewed in the mid-1990s, with a series of Informal Conversations held in 1995 and 1996. These meetings concluded with the publication of a common statement in December 2000 which highlighted common beliefs and potential areas of cooperation between the two denominations.

In 2002, the Methodist Conference voted on the proposals in An Anglican–Methodist Covenant, sending it to its districts for discussion. On 1 November 2003, in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II, the President and other leaders of the Methodist Conference and Archbishops of the Church of England signed the covenant at Methodist Central Hall in Westminster.{{Cite web|url=http://www.anglican-methodist.org.uk/background.htm|title=History of the Covenant|website=www.anglican-methodist.org.uk|publisher=The Methodist Church and the Church of England|access-date=26 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805015902/http://www.anglican-methodist.org.uk/background.htm|archive-date=5 August 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} The covenant affirms the willingness of the two churches to work together at a diocesan/district level in matters of evangelism and joint worship.{{Cite web|url=http://www.anglican-methodist.org.uk/text.htm|title=An Anglican–Methodist Covenant: Text|website=www.anglican-methodist.org.uk|publisher=The Methodist Church and the Church of England|access-date=26 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622202017/http://www.anglican-methodist.org.uk/text.htm|archive-date=22 June 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}

In 2021, the churches agreed to move ahead with the covenant and set up a new body to encourage cooperation between Anglicans and Methodists, despite opposition from the Church of England toward the Methodist Church's decision to allow same-sex weddings.{{cite news |last1=Thornton |first1=Ed |title=General Synod digest: Anglican-Methodist Covenant moves ahead despite sexuality concerns |url=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2021/16-july/news/uk/general-synod-digest-anglican-methodist-covenant-moves-ahead-despite-sexuality-concerns |access-date=22 December 2022 |work=Church Times |date=16 July 2021 |language=en |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222192106/https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2021/16-july/news/uk/general-synod-digest-anglican-methodist-covenant-moves-ahead-despite-sexuality-concerns |url-status=live }}

Following the submission of a report entitled Justice for Palestine and Israel in June 2010,{{cite web |last=Rocker |first=Simon |url= http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/33315/chief-rabbi-slams-methodist-report |title= Chief Rabbi slams Methodist report |work= Jewish Chronicle |date= 23 June 2010 |access-date= 5 July 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154922/http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/33315/chief-rabbi-slams-methodist-report |archive-date= 14 July 2014 |url-status=dead |df= dmy-all }} the Methodist Conference was reported to have questioned whether "Zionism was compatible with Methodist beliefs".{{cite web |last=Dysch |first=Marcus |url=http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/33594/fury-methodists-vote-boycott-israel |title=Fury as Methodists vote to boycott Israel |work=Jewish Chronicle |date=1 July 2010 |access-date=5 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714171712/http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/33594/fury-methodists-vote-boycott-israel |archive-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }} Christian Zionism was broadly characterised as believing that Israel "must be held above criticism whatever policy is enacted", and Conference called for a boycott of selected goods from Israeli settlements.{{cite web|url= http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/conf10a-14-pal-israel-160211.pdf|title= Justice for Palestine and Israel|publisher= Methodist Church in Britain|date= July 2010|access-date= 5 July 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150128215253/http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/conf10a-14-pal-israel-160211.pdf|archive-date= 28 January 2015|url-status= live|df= dmy-all}} The Chief Rabbi of Britain's Orthodox Jewish community described the report as "unbalanced, factually and historically flawed" and charged that it offered "no genuine understanding of one of the most complex conflicts in the world today. Many in both communities will be deeply disturbed."

{{See also|List of Methodist denominations}}

Methodism is a worldwide movement with around 80 million adherents (including members of united and uniting churches).{{cite web|url=https://worldmethodistcouncil.org/about-us/|title=About Us|date=14 October 2019 |publisher=World Methodist Council|access-date=29 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209215225/https://worldmethodistcouncil.org/about-us/|archive-date=9 December 2023|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} Its largest denomination is the United Methodist Church,World Methodist Council (pub.) (2007). Handbook of Information 2007–2012, pp. 261–278. Cornerstone, Waynesville which has congregations on four continents, although the majority are in the United States.{{cite web|url=http://www.umc.org/site/c.lwL4KnN1LtH/b.1720697/k.734E/Structure__Organization_Organization.htm|title=Structure & Organization: Organization|publisher=The United Methodist Church|access-date=1 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711214536/http://www.umc.org/site/c.lwL4KnN1LtH/b.1720697/k.734E/Structure__Organization_Organization.htm|archive-date=11 July 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} Delegates from almost all Methodist denominations (and many uniting churches) meet together every five years in a conference of the World Methodist Council.

St Andrew's Scots Church, Malta, is a joint congregation of the Methodist Church of Great Britain and the Church of Scotland situated in Valletta. It serves British expats.{{cite book|last1=Gill|first1=Robin|title=Changing Worlds: Can the Church Respond?|date=2002|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9780567369390|page=113|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GlevAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA113|language=en|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216191226/https://books.google.com/books?id=GlevAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA113|archive-date=16 February 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} There are also Methodist congregations in the Crown Dependencies of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands (each forming a district).

Methodist churches in Northern Ireland are part of the Methodist Church in Ireland,{{cite web |title=How We Are Organised |url=https://www.irishmethodist.org/how-we-are-organised |publisher=The Methodist Church in Ireland |access-date=23 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123071425/https://www.irishmethodist.org/how-we-are-organised |archive-date=23 January 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }} a separate connexion which is historically associated with the British Methodist Church. John Wesley visited Ireland on twenty-one occasions between 1747 and 1789, establishing societies there.{{cite news |last=Cooney |first=Dudley Levistone |title=The prophet of experience |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/the-prophet-of-experience-1.362632 |access-date=7 May 2021 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=14 June 2003 |language=en-IE |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306072113/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/the-prophet-of-experience-1.362632 |url-status=live }}

{{Portal|Christianity}}

• List of Methodist churches
• Saints in Methodism
• Independent Methodist Connexion
• History of Christianity in Britain
• Methodist Peace Fellowship
• Methodist Recorder – an independent Methodist newspaper
• Temperance movement in the United Kingdom – Methodists played a significant part in the movement

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{{Reflist|group=note}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Refbegin|30em}}

• {{cite book|title=A Catechism for the Use of the People Called Methodists|date=2000|publisher=Methodist Publishing House|location=Peterborough|isbn=978185852182-4 |ref={{sfnref|Catechism}}}}
• Abraham, William J.; Kirby, James E. (eds.) (2009). The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies. Oxford University Press. ([https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Methodist-Studies-Handbooks-ebook/dp/B0064A55N2/ excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321202417/https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Methodist-Studies-Handbooks-ebook/dp/B0064A55N2/ |date=21 March 2024 }})
• Brake, George Thompson (1984). Policy and Politics in British Methodism 1932–1982. Edsall. {{ISBN|0-902-62341-9}}
• Brooks, Alan (2010). West End Methodism: The Story of Hinde Street. London: Northway Publications. {{ISBN|978-0-955-78884-0}}
• Currie, Robert (1968). Methodism Divided: A Study in the Sociology of Ecumenicalism. Faber. {{ISBN|978-0-571-08467-8}}
• Davies, Rupert; Raymond, George A. (eds.) (1965 – 1988). A History of the Methodist Church in Great Britain. Volumes 1–4.
• Davies, Rupert E. et al. (1983). [https://books.google.com/books?id=_qQoDwAAQBAJ A History of the Methodist Church in Great Britain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321202250/https://books.google.com/books?id=_qQoDwAAQBAJ |date=21 March 2024 }} Vol 3. Wipf & Stock.
• Dowson, Jean; Hutchinson, John. (2003). John Wesley: His Life, Times and Legacy. [CD-ROM] Methodist Publishing House, TB214.

• Edwards, Maldwyn. (1943) Methodism and England a Study if Methodism in its Social and Political Aspects during the Period 1850-1932 [https://archive.org/details/methodismengland0000mald/page/5/mode/1up online]
• Harmon, Nolan B. (ed.) (1974). The Encyclopedia of World Methodism. United Methodist Publishing House. pp. 2, 640. {{ISBN|0-687-11784-4}}
• Heitzenrater, Richard P. (1994). Wesley and the People Called Methodists. Nashville: Abingdon Press. {{ISBN|0-687-01682-7}}
• Hempton, David (2005). Methodism: Empire of the Spirit. Yale University Press. {{ISBN|0-300-10614-9}}
• Hempton, David (1984). Methodism and Politics in British Society, 1750–1850. Stanford University Press. {{ISBN|0-804-71269-7}}
• Hobsbawm, E. J. (Feb 1957). "Methodism and the threat of revolution in Britain". History Today. Vol. 7 (2):115–123. Rejects Halevy thesis that Methodism calmed the workers.
• Jones, David Ceri et al. (2012). The Elect Methodists: Calvinistic Methodism in England and Wales, 1735–1811. University of Wales Press. {{ISBN|978-0-708-32501-8}}
• Kent, John (2002). Wesley and the Wesleyans. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-45532-4}}
• {{cite book |last1=Kirby |first1=James E. |last2=Rivera |first2=Feliciano |last3=Kirby |first3=James |last4=Richey |first4=Russell E. |last5=Rowe |first5=Kenneth E. |title=The Methodists |year=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-22048-7 |page=166 |language=en}}
• Mack, Phyllis (2008). Heart Religion in the British Enlightenment: Gender and Emotion in Early Methodism. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-88918-6}}
• Madden, Lionel (2003). Methodism in Wales: A Short History of the Wesley Tradition. Gomer Press. {{ISBN|978-0-863-81846-2}}
• Marsh, Clive (2006). Methodist Theology Today. Bloomsbury Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-826-48104-7}}
• {{cite book |last1=Milburn |first1=Geoffrey E. |last2=Batty |first2=Margaret |title=Workaday Preachers: Story of Methodist Local Preaching |date=1995 |publisher=Methodist Publishing House |location=Peterborough |isbn=978-1858520582}}
• Smith, John T. (1998). Methodism and Education 1849-1902: J.H. Rigg, Romanism, and Wesleyan Schools. Clarendon Press. ([https://books.google.com/books?id=7k01RTSWdkUC excerpt])
• {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Wesleyan Methodist Church |volume=28 |pages=531–533 |first=John |last=Telford}} This article has a detailed history of the Church's early years.
• Turner, John Munsey (2002). John Wesley: The Evangelical Revival and the Rise of Methodism in England. Epworth Press. {{ISBN|978-0-716-20556-2}}
• Turner, John Munsey (1997). Modern Methodism in England, 1932–1996. Epworth Press. p. 128. {{ISBN|978-0-716-20512-8}}
• Warner, Wellman J. (1930). The Wesleyan Movement in the Industrial Revolution. London: Longmans, Green. {{ISBN|978-0-846-20960-7}}
• Wellings, Martin (2012). "[http://archives.gcah.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10516/5125/Methodist-History-2012-2013-Wellings.pdf?sequence=1 'And Are We Yet Alive?': Methodism In Great Britain, 1945–2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005075651/http://archives.gcah.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10516/5125/Methodist-History-2012-2013-Wellings.pdf?sequence=1 |date=5 October 2016 }}." Methodist History. 61(1–2):38–60
• Yrigoyen Jr, Charles; Warrick, Susan E. (eds.) (2005). Historical Dictionary of Methodism. Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|978-0-810-85451-2}}
• Yrigoyen Jr, Charles (ed.) (2014). T&T Clark Companion to Methodism. Bloomsbury T&T Clark. {{ISBN|978-0-567-65712-1}}

{{Refend}}

{{Commons category|Methodist churches in the United Kingdom}}

• {{Official website|http://www.methodist.org.uk/}}
• [https://dmbi.online A Dictionary of Methodism in Britain and Ireland]
• [http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/co_mcstructure_260405.pdf Structure of the Methodist Church] at methodist.org.uk
• [http://www.anglican-methodist.org.uk/ Anglican–Methodist Covenant]
• [http://www.methodistrecorder.co.uk/ Methodist Recorder newspaper]
• [https://www.methodistevangelicals.org.uk Methodist Evangelicals Together]
• [https://www.sacramental.org.uk Methodist Sacramental Fellowship]
• [http://www.methodistheritage.org.uk Methodist Heritage] – guide to Methodist heritage sites
• [https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/methodist_1.shtml Christianity: Methodist Church] from the BBC website

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Britain

Category:Methodist denominations established in the 20th century

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da:Den Britiske Metodistkirke