Nymph
{{Short description|Greek and Roman mythological creature}}
{{About|the creatures of Greek mythology}}
{{Infobox mythical creature
|name = Nymph
|image = William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905) - Nymphs and Satyr (1873) HQ.jpg
|image_size =
|caption = William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Nymphs and Satyr, 1873. Clark Art Institute.
|Grouping = Mythological
|Sub_Grouping = Nature spirit
|Similar_entities = Mermaid, hellois, huldra
|Country = Greece
}}
{{Greek deities (nymphs)}}
A nymph ({{langx|grc|{{linktext|νύμφη}}|nýmphē}}; {{IPA|grc-x-attic|nýmpʰɛː|lang|link=yes}}; sometimes spelled nymphe) is a minor female nature deity in ancient Greek folklore. Distinct from other Greek goddesses, nymphs are generally regarded as personifications of nature; they are typically tied to a specific place, landform, or tree, and are usually depicted as maidens. Because of their association with springs, they were often seen as having healing properties;{{Sfn|Larson|2001|p=5}} other divine powers of the nymphs included divination and shapeshifting.{{Sfn|Larson|2001|p=11, 71}} In spite of their divine nature, they were not immortal.Brill's New Pauly, s.v. Nymphs.
Nymphs are divided into various broad subgroups based on their habitat,{{Sfn|Grimal|1996|pp=313-314}} such as the Meliae (ash tree nymphs), the Dryads (oak tree nymphs), the Alseids (grove nymphs), the Naiads (spring nymphs), the Nereids (sea nymphs), the Oceanids (ocean nymphs), and the Oreads (mountain nymphs). Other nymphs included the Hesperides (evening nymphs), the Hyades (rain nymphs), and the Pleiades (companions of Artemis).
Nymphs featured in classic works of art, literature, and mythology. They are often attendants of goddesses and frequently occur in myths with a love motif, being the lovers of heroes and other deities.{{Sfn|Grimal|1996|pp=313-314}} Desirable and promiscuous, nymphs can rarely be fully domesticated, being often aggressive to their mortal affairs.{{Sfn|Larson|2001|p=4}}{{cite web|title=Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology: Nymphs|year=1997|last1=Parad|first1=Carlos|last2=Förlag|first2=Maicar|url=http://www.maicar.com/GML/NYMPHS.html|publisher=Astrom Editions|access-date=25 May 2019}} Since the Middle Ages, nymphs have been sometimes popularly associated or even confused with fairies.
Etymology
The Greek word {{lang|grc-Latn|nýmphē}} has the primary meaning of "young woman; bride, young wife" but is not usually associated with deities in particular. Yet the etymology of the noun {{lang|grc-Latn|nýmphē}} remains uncertain. The Doric and Aeolic (Homeric) form is {{lang|grc-Latn|nýmphā}} ({{lang|grc|νύμφα}}).{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/nymph |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |work=etymonline.com}}
Modern usage more often applies to young women, contrasting with parthenos ({{lang|grc|παρθένος}}) "a virgin (of any age)", and generically as kore ({{lang|grc|κόρη}} < {{lang|grc|κόρϝα}}) "maiden, girl". The term is sometimes used by women to address each other and remains the regular Modern Greek term for "bride".
Ancient Greek mythology
File:John William Waterhouse - Hylas and the Nymphs.jpg by John William Waterhouse, Hylas is abducted by the Naiads, i.e. fresh water nymphs]]
Nymphs were sometimes beloved by many and dwelt in specific areas related to the natural environment: e.g. mountainous regions; forests; springs. Other nymphs were part of the retinue of a god (such as Dionysus, Hermes, or Pan) or of a goddess (generally the huntress Artemis).{{Cite journal |last1=Larson|first1=Jennifer|year=1997|title=Handmaidens of Artemis?|journal=The Classical Journal|volume=92|issue=3|pages=249–257|jstor=3298110}}
The Greek nymphs were also spirits invariably bound to places, not unlike the Latin genius loci, and sometimes this produced complicated myths like the cult of Arethusa to Sicily. In some of the works of the Greek-educated Latin poets, the nymphs gradually absorbed into their ranks the indigenous Italian divinities of springs and streams (Juturna, Egeria, Carmentis, Fontus) while the Lymphae (originally Lumpae), Italian water goddesses, owing to the accidental similarity of their names, could be identified with the Greek Nymphae. The classical mythologies of the Roman poets were unlikely to have affected the rites and cults of individual nymphs venerated by country people in the springs and clefts of Latium. Among the Roman literate class, their sphere of influence was restricted and they appear almost exclusively as divinities of the watery element.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
Greek folk religion
The ancient Greek belief in nymphs survived in many parts of the country into the early years of the twentieth century when they were usually known as "nereids".{{cite book |last=Lawson |first=John Cuthbert |title=Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/moderngreekfolkl00laws |edition=1st |year=1910 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |page=[https://archive.org/details/moderngreekfolkl00laws/page/131 131]}} Nymphs often tended to frequent areas distant from humans but could be encountered by lone travelers outside the village, where their music might be heard, and the traveler could spy on their dancing or bathing in a stream or pool, either during the noon heat or in the middle of the night.{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1256865|title=Folklore of the Greeks in America|author=Lee, D. Demetracopoulou|year=1936|journal=Folklore|volume=47|issue=3|pages=294–310|doi=10.1080/0015587X.1936.9718647 |jstor=1256865 |url-access=subscription}} They might appear in a whirlwind. Such encounters could be dangerous, bringing dumbness, besotted infatuation, madness or stroke to the unfortunate man. When parents believed their child to be nereid-struck, they would pray to the Saint Artemidos (Artemis), an example of "practical polytheism in the worship of the saints.""Heathen Artemis yielded her functions to her own genitive case transformed into Saint Artemidos", as Terrot Reaveley Glover phrased it in discussing the "practical polytheism in the worship of the saints", in Progress in Religion to the Christian Era
Nymphs and fairies
Nymphs are often depicted in classic works across art, literature, mythology, and fiction. They are often associated with the medieval romances or Renaissance literature of the elusive fairies or elves.{{cite book |last=Kready |first=Laura|year=1916
|title=A Study of Fairy Tales |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |location=Boston|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/etc/sft/sft07.htm}}{{cite book |author-link=Katharine Mary Briggs |last=Briggs |first=Katharine Mary |year=1976 |title=An Encyclopedia of Fairies |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffa00brig |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Pantheon Books |chapter=Euphemistic names for fairies |isbn=0-394-73467-X}}
Sleeping nymph
File:Stourhead, Grotto, statue of a sleeping nymph.jpg at Stourhead gardens, England.]]
A motif that entered European art during the Renaissance was the idea of a statue of a nymph sleeping in a grotto or spring.{{cite web|title=The Nymph of the Spring|url=http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/Collection/art-object-page.43716.html|website=National Gallery of Art|access-date=23 September 2016}}{{cite book|author=Stephen John Campbell|title=The Cabinet of Eros: Renaissance Mythological Painting and the Studiolo of Isabella D'Este|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z_GBq346SKIC&pg=PA95|year=2004|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-11753-0|pages=95–6}}{{cite book|author1=Maryan Wynn Ainsworth|author2=Joshua P. Waterman|author3=Dorothy Mahon |title=German Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1350-1600|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MKkSBtJNBUwC&pg=PA95|year=2013|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=978-1-58839-487-3|pages=95–6}} This motif supposedly came from an Italian report of a Roman sculpture of a nymph at a fountain above the River Danube.{{cite book|author1=Jay A. Levenson|author2=National Gallery of Art (U.S.)|title=Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMK-Ba0-RG4C&pg=PA260|year=1991|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-05167-4|page=260}} The report, and an accompanying poem supposedly on the fountain describing the sleeping nymph, are now generally concluded to be a fifteenth-century forgery, but the motif proved influential among artists and landscape gardeners for several centuries after, with copies seen at neoclassical gardens such as the grotto at Stourhead.{{cite book|author=Leonard Barkan|title=Unearthing the Past: Archaeology and Aesthetics in the Making of Renaissance Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPMHJVKLc74C&pg=PA237|year=1999|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-08911-0|pages=237–8}}{{cite book|author=Elisabeth B. MacDougall|title=Fountains, Statues, and Flowers: Studies in Italian Gardens of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xav4T6QU5n8C&pg=PA37|date=January 1994|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|isbn=978-0-88402-216-9|pages=37–56}}{{cite book|author=Kenneth Gross|title=The Dream of the Moving Statue|url=https://archive.org/details/dreamofmovingsta00gros|url-access=registration|year=1992|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-2702-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dreamofmovingsta00gros/page/170 170]–175}}
List
All the names for various classes of nymphs have plural feminine adjectives, most agreeing with the substantive numbers and groups of nymphai. There is no single adopted classification that could be seen as canonical and exhaustive.{{cite book |last=Rose |first=Herbert Jennings |author-link=H. J. Rose |title=A Handbook of Greek Mythology |edition=1st |year=1959 |publisher=E. P. Dutton |location=New York |isbn=978-0-525-47041-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookofgreekm00rose/page/173 173] |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofgreekm00rose/page/173 }} Some classes of nymphs tend to overlap, which complicates the task of precise classification. e.g. dryads and hamadryads as nymphs of trees generally, meliai as nymphs of ash trees. According to classicist Robin Hard, these terms "were hardly proper names at all, but feminine adjectives that could be assigned to the noun {{translit|grc|nymphē}} at will", adding that "[n]o orthodox or exhaustive classification of such beings was ever attempted, and ancient authors were often careless or arbitrary in the application of such titles".Hard, p. 210.
= By dwelling or affinity =
The following is not the authentic Greek classification, but is intended as a guide:
| class="wikitable"
|+ !Type / Group / Individuals !Location !Relations and Notes |
| colspan="3" |Celestial nymphs |
| Aurae (breezes)
| |also called Aetae or Pnoae,{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} daughters of BoreasQuintus Smyrnaeus, 1.683 ff. |
| Hesperides (evening)
| rowspan="4" |Far West |nymphs of the sunset, the West, and the evening; daughters of Atlas; also had attributes of the HamadryadsDiodorus Siculus, 4.26.2 |
| • Aegle
| |
| • Arethusa
| |
| • Erytheia (or Eratheis) |
| Hyades (star cluster; sent rain)
| rowspan="2" |Boeotia (probably) |daughters of Atlas by either Pleione or AethraHyginus, Fabulae 192 |
| Pleiades
|daughters of Atlas and Pleione;Apollodorus, 3.10.1 constellation; also were classed as Oreads |
| • Maia
|Mt. Cyllene, Arcadia |partner of Zeus and mother of HermesHesiod, Theogony 938 |
| • Electra
|Mt. Saon, Samothrace |mother of Dardanus and Iasion by ZeusApollodorus, 3.12.1 |
| • Taygete
|Taygetos Mts., Laconia |
| • Alcyone
|Mt. Cithaeron, Boeotia |
| • Celaeno
|Mt. Cithaeron, Boeotia or Euboea |mother of Lycus and Nycteus by PoseidonApollodorus, 3.10.1 |
| • Asterope
|Pisa, Elis |mother of Oenomaus by AresHyginus, Fabulae 84 |
| • Merope
|Corinth |wife of Sisyphus and mother of GlaucusHyginus, Astronomica 2.21 |
| Nephele (clouds)
| |daughters of OceanusAristophanes, Clouds 264 and/or TethysOrphic Hymn 22 or of AitherAristophanes, Clouds 563 |
| colspan="3" |Land nymphs |
| Alseides (groves)
| |
| Auloniades (valleys, see also Napaeae)
| | Montanari, s.v. αὐλωνιάς, p. 338; Orphic Hymns 51.7 (Ricciardelli, pp. 134, 135). |
| Leimonides (meadows)
| |{{cite encyclopedia|author=Malkin, Irad|year=2016|chapter=Nymphs|title=Oxford Classical Dictionary|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.4487}} |
| Napaeae (dells, see also Auloniades)
| |
| Oreads (mountains, grottoes), also Orodemniades
| | |
| colspan="3" |Wood and plant nymphs |
| Anthousai (flower nymphs)
| |
| Dryades (trees)
| | |
| Hamadryades or Hadryades
| | |
| Daphnaeae (laurel tree)
| | |
| Epimeliades or Epimelides (apple tree; also protected flocks)
| |other name variants include Meliades, Maliades and Hamameliades; same as these are also the Boucolai (Pastoral Nymphs) |
| Kissiae (ivy)
| | |
| Meliae (manna-ash tree)
| |born from the drops of blood that fell on Gaia when Cronus castrated UranusHesiod, Theogony 182–187 |
| Hyleoroi (watchers of woods)
| | |
| colspan="3" |Water nymphs (Hydriades or Ephydriades) |
| Haliae (sea and seashores)
| | |
| Nereids
|50 daughters of Nereus and DorisHesiod, Theogony 240-262 |
| Naiads, Naides (fresh water)
| rowspan="6" | | |
| Crinaeae (fountains)
| |
| 3. Limnades, Limnatides (lakes)
| |
| 4. Pegaeae (springs)
| |
| 5. Potameides (rivers)
| |
| Oceanids
| |daughters of Oceanus and Tethys,Hesiod, Theogony 365–366 any freshwater, typically clouds and rain. see List of Oceanids |
| colspan="3" |Underworld nymphs |
| • Orphne
| rowspan="3" |Hades |is a representation of the darkness of the river Styx, the river of hatred, but is not to be confused with the goddess Styx herself nor with Nyx, goddess of night, despite being associated with both. She is the consort of Acheron, (the god of the river in Hades), and the mother of Ascalaphus, (the orchardist of Hades).Ovid, Metamorphoses 5.539 ff |
| • Leuce (white poplar tree)
|daughter of Oceanus and lover of HadesServius, Commentary on Virgil's Aeneid 7.61 |
| • Melinoe
|Orphic nymph, daughter of Persephone and "Zeus disguised as Pluto".Orphic Hymn 71 Her name is a possible epithet of Hecate. |
| • Minthe (mint)
|Cocytus River |probably a daughter of Cocytus, lover of Hades and rival of PersephoneOppian, Halieutica 3.485 ffStrabo, 8.3.14 |
| colspan="3" |Other nymphs |
| Lampades
| |torch bearers in the retinue of HecateScholia minora on Homer's Iliad, 6.21 [= Alcman, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/alcman-fragments/1988/pb_LCL143.439.xml fr. 63 Campbell, pp. 438, 439] = fr. 63 PMG (Page, p. 53)]. |
| Hecaterides (rustic dance)
| |daughters of Hecaterus by a daughter of Phoroneus; sisters of the Dactyls and mothers of the Oreads and the SatyrsStrabo, 10.3.19 |
| Kabeirides
| |daughters of Cadmilus and sisters of the KabeiroiAcusilaus Frag as cited in Strabo, 10.3.21 or of Hephaestus and CabeiroStrabo, 10.3.21 citing Pherecydes |
| Maenads or Bacchai or Bacchantes
| |frenzied nymphs in the retinue of Dionysus |
| Lenai (wine-press)
| | |
| Limnakides
| |translated by Vian as "marsh nymphs" (Nymphes des Marais); older editions render their name as Limnaioi or LeimakidesVian, commentary on line 646, p. 120; Orphic Argonautica 646 (Vian, p. 120). |
| Mimallones (music)
| | |
| Thyiai or Thyiades (thyrsus bearers)
| | |
| Melissae (honey)
| |likely a subgroup of Oreades or Epimelides |
= By location =
The following is a list of individual nymphs or groups thereof associated with this or that particular location. Nymphs in such groups could belong to any of the classes mentioned above (Naiades, Oreades, and so on).
| class="wikitable"
|+ !Groups and Individuals !Location !Relations and Notes |
| Aeaean Nymphs
|Aeaea Island |handmaidens of Circe |
| Aegaeides
|Aegaeus River on the island of Scheria | |
| Aesepides
| rowspan="2" |Aesepus River in Anatolia | |
| • Abarbarea
| |
| Acheloides
| rowspan="2" |Achelous River in Acarnania | |
| • Callirhoe, second wife of Alcmaeon
| |
| Acmenes
| |
| Amnisiades
|Amnisos River on the island of Crete |entered the retinue of Artemis |
| Anigrides
|Anigros River in Elis |believed to cure skin diseases |
| Asopides
|Asopus River in Sicyonia and Boeotia | |
| • Aegina
|Island of Aegina |
| • Asopis
| | |
| • Chalcis
|regarded as the mother of the Curetes and Corybantes; perhaps the same as Combe and Euboea |
| • Cleone
|Cleonae, Argos |one of the daughters of Asopus |
| • Combe
|Island of Euboea |consort of Socus and mother by him of the seven Corybantes |
| • Corcyra
|Island of Corcyra |mother of Phaiax by Poseidon |
| • Euboea
|Island of Euboea |abducted by Poseidon; perhaps the same as Chalcis and Combe above |
| • Harpina
|Pisa, Elis |
| • Ismene
|Ismenian spring of Thebes, Boeotia |wife of Argus, eponymous king of Argus and thus, mother of Argus Panoptes and Iasus. |
| • Nemea
|others called her the daughter of Zeus and Selene |
| • Oeroe or Plataia
|Plataea, Boeotia |carried off by Zeus |
| • Ornea
|Ornia, Sicyon | |
| • Peirene
|others called her father to be Oebalus or Achelous by Poseidon she became the mother of Lecheas and Cenchrias |
| • Salamis
|Island of Salamis |mother of Cychreus by Poseidon |
| • Sinope |
| • Tanagra
|Tanagra, Boeotia |
| • Thebe
|Thebes, Boeotia |wife of Zethus and also said to have consorted with Zeus |
| • Thespeia
|Thespia, Boeotia |abducted by Apollo |
| Astakides
|Lake Astacus, Bithynia |appeared in the myth of Nicaea |
| • Nicaea
|Nicaea, Bithynia | |
| Asterionides
| rowspan="4" |Asterion River, Argos |daughters of the river god Asterion; nurses of the infant goddess Hera |
| • Acraea
| |
| • Euboea
| |
| • Prosymna
| |
| Carian Naiades (Caria)
|Caria | |
| • Salmacis
|Halicarnassus, Caria | |
| Nymphs of Ceos
|Island of Ceos | |
| Corycian Nymphs (Corycian Cave)
|Corycian cave, Delphi, Phocis |daughters of the river god Pleistos |
| • Kleodora (or Cleodora)
|Mt. Parnassus, Phocis |mother of Parnassus by Poseidon |
| • Corycia
|Corycian cave, Delphi, Phocis |
| • Daphnis
|Mt. Parnassus, Phocis | |
| • Melaina
| Dephi, Phocis |
| Cydnides
| |
| Cyrenaean Nymphs
|City of Cyrene, Libya | |
| Cypriae Nymphs
|Island of Cyprus | |
| Cyrtonian Nymphs
|Town of Cyrtone, Boeotia |Κυρτωνιαι |
| Deliades
|Island of Delos |daughters of Inopus, god of the river Inopus |
| Dodonides
|Oracle at Dodona | |
| Erasinides
| rowspan="5" |Erasinos River, Argos |daughters of the river god Erasinos; attendants of the goddess Britomartis. |
| • Anchiroe
| |
| • Byze
| |
| • Maera
| |
| • Melite
| |
| Nymphs of the river Granicus
| rowspan="3" |River Granicus |daughters of the river-god Granicus |
| • Alexirhoe
|mother of Aesacus by Priam |
| • Pegasis
|mother of Atymnios by Emathion |
| Heliades
|River Eridanos |daughters of Helios who were changed into trees |
| Himeriai Naiades
|Local springs at the town of Himera, Sicily | |
| Hydaspides
|Hydaspers River, India |nurses of infant Zagreus |
| Idaean Nymphs
| rowspan="3" |Mount Ida, Crete |nurses of infant Zeus |
| • Ida
| |
| • Adrasteia
| |
| Inachides
| rowspan="7" |Inachos River, Argos |daughters of the river god Inachus |
| • Io
|mother of Epaphus by Zeus |
| • Amymone
| |
| • Philodice
|wife of Leucippus of Messenia by whom she became the mother of Hilaeira, Phoebe and possibly Arsinoe |
| • Messeis
| |
| • Hyperia
| |
| • Mycene
|wife of Arestor and by him probably the mother of Argus Panoptes; eponym of Mycenae |
| Ionides
| rowspan="5" |Kytheros River in Elis |daughters of the river god Cytherus |
| • Calliphaea
| |
| • Iasis
| |
| • Pegaea
| |
| • Synallaxis
| |
| Ithacian Nymphs
|Local springs and caves on the island of Ithaca | |
| Ladonides
|Ladon River | |
| Lamides or Lamusides
|Lamos River in Cilicia |possible nurses of infant Dionysus |
| Leibethrides
|Mounts Helicon and Leibethrios in Boeotia; or Mount Leibethros in Thrace) | |
| • Libethrias
| | |
| • Petra
| | |
| Lelegeides
| |
| Lycaean Nymphs
|Mount Lycaeus |nurses of infant Zeus, perhaps a subgroup of the Oceanides |
| Melian Nymphs
|Island of Melos |transformed into frogs by Zeus; not to be confused with the Meliae (ash tree nymphs |
| Mycalessides
|Mount Mycale in Caria, Anatolia | |
| Mysian Nymphs
| rowspan="4" |Spring of Pegai near Lake Askanios in Bithynia |who abducted Hylas |
| • Euneica
| |
| • Malis
| |
| • Nycheia
| |
| Naxian Nymphs
| rowspan="4" |Mount Drios on the island of Naxos |nurses of infant Dionysus; were syncretized with the Hyades |
| • Cleide
| |
| • Coronis
| |
| • Philia
| |
| Neaerides
|Thrinacia Island |daughters of Helios and Neaera, watched over Helios' cattle |
| Nymphaeides
|Nymphaeus River in Paphlagonia | |
| Nysiads
|Mount Nysa |
| Ogygian Nymphs
|Island of Ogygia |four handmaidens of Calypso |
| Ortygian Nymphs
|Local springs of Syracuse, Sicily |named for the island of Ortygia |
| Othreides
|Mount Othrys |a local group of Hamadryads |
| Pactolides
| rowspan="2" |Pactolus River | |
| • Euryanassa
|wife of Tantalus |
| Pelionides
|Mount Pelion |nurses of the Centaurs |
| Phaethonides
| |a synonym for the Heliades |
| Phaseides
|Phasis River | |
| Rhyndacides
|Rhyndacus River in Mysia |daughters of the river god Rhyndacus |
| Sithnides
|Fountain at the town of Megara | |
| Spercheides
|River Spercheios |one of them, Diopatra, was loved by Poseidon and the others were changed by him into trees |
| Sphragitides, or Cithaeronides
|Mount Cithaeron | |
| Tagids, Tajids, Thaejids or Thaegids
|River Tagus in Portugal and Spain | |
| Thessalides
|Peneus River in Thessaly | |
| Thriae
|Mount Parnassos |prophets and nurses of Apollo |
| Trojan Nymphs
|Local springs of Troy | |
= Others =
The following is a selection of names of the nymphs whose class was not specified in the source texts. For lists of Naiads, Oceanids, Dryades etc., see respective articles.
=In non-Greek tales influenced by Greek mythology=
- Sabrina (the river Severn)
- Tágides (Tagus River)
Gallery
File:Hylas Saint-Romain-en Gal 07 2011.jpg|Hylas and nymphs from a mosaic in Roman Gaul (3rd century)
File:Sátiro y ninfa..JPG|Fight between Nymph and Satyr, Naples National Archaeological Museum
File:Lucas Cranach d.Ä. - Ruhende Quellnymphe (Washington, D.C.).jpg|The Nymph of the Spring
by Lucas Cranach the Elder
National Gallery of Art
({{Circa|1537}})
File:Nymphe et satyr - Nicolas Poussin - Musée Pouchkine Moscou.jpg|Nymphe and Satyr by Nicolas Poussin - Pushkin Museum, Moscow (between 1626 and 1628)
File:Sleepingnymph.jpg|A Sleeping Nymph Watched by a Shepherd by Angelica Kauffman (about 1780, V&A Museum no. 23–1886)
File:Makovsky - satyr-and-nymph.jpg|Satyr and nymph by Konstantin Makovsky (1864)
File:Nymphs and Satyr, by William-Adolphe Bouguereau.jpg|Nymphs and Satyr by William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1873)
File:Pleiades by Elihu Vedder.jpg|The Pleiades by Elihu Vedder (1885)
File:Nymphe, by Luis Ricardo Falero.jpg|A naiad by Luis Ricardo Falero (1892)
File:Adolf Hiremy-Hirschl, Die Seelen des Acheron.jpg|The Souls of Acheron by Adolf Hirémy-Hirschl (1898)
File:Bildplatte Oreade.jpg|Young oread, on German porcelain plate (late 19th century)
File:Sir Edward John Poynter — Cave of the Storm Nymphs.jpg|The Cave of the Storm Nymphs by Sir Edward John Poynter (1903)
File:Echo and Narcissus by John William Waterhouse.jpg|Echo, an Oread (mountain nymph) watches Narcissus in this 1903 painting of Echo and Narcissus by John William Waterhouse
File:Nymph with morning glory flowers.jpg|Nymph with morning glory flowers by Jules Joseph Lefebvre
File:La Nymphe de la Foret.jpg|La Nymphe de la Foret by Guillaume Seignac
See also
Notes
{{Reflist|30em}}
References
- {{cite book|last=Burkert|first=Walter|author-link=Walter Burkert|title=Greek Religion|edition=1st|year=1985|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=978-0-674-36281-9}}
- Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Antiquity, Volume 9, Mini – Obe, edited by Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider, Brill, 2006. {{ISBN|9004122729}}.
- Campbell, David A., Greek Lyric, Volume II: Anacreon, Anacreontea, Choral Lyric from Olympus to Alcman, Loeb Classical Library No. 143, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1988. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99158-3}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL143/1988/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. [https://archive.org/details/greeklyric0002unse/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
- {{cite book|last=Grimal |first=Pierre |title=The Dictionary of Classical Mythology |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=1996 |ISBN=978-0-631-20102-1}}
- Hard, Robin, The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology", London and New York, Routledge, 2004. {{ISBN|020344633X}}. {{DOI|10.4324/9780203446331}}.
- {{cite book|last=Larson|first=Jennifer|title=Greek Nymphs: Myth, Cult, Lore |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|year=2001|isbn=978-0-19-514465-9}}
- {{cite book|last=Lawson|first=John Cuthbert|date=1910|title=Modern Greek Folklore and Ancient Greek Religion|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=131}}
- Montanari, Franco, The Brill Dictionary of Ancient Greek, edited by Madeleine Goh and Chad Schroeder, Leiden, Brill, 2015. {{ISBN|978-90-04-19318-5}}.
- Page, Denys Lionel, Sir, Poetae Melici Graeci, Oxford University Press, 1962. {{ISBN|978-0-198-14333-8}}.
- Philostratus the Elder, Imagines, in Philostratus the Elder, Imagines. Philostratus the Younger, Imagines. Callistratus, Descriptions, translated by Arthur Fairbanks, Loeb Classical Library No. 256, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1931. {{ISBN|978-06-749-9282-5}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL256/1931/volume.xml Harvard University Press].
- Ricciardelli, Gabriella, Inni Orfici, Fondazione Lorenzo Valla, 2000. {{ISBN|978-8-804-47661-0}}.
- {{cite book|last=Tomkinson|first=John L.|title=Haunted Greece: Nymphs, Vampires and Other Exotika|edition=1st|year=2004|publisher=Anagnosis|location=Athens|isbn=978-960-88087-0-6}}
- Vian, Francis, Les Argonautiques orphiques, Collection Budé, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2003. {{ISBN|978-2-251-00389-4}}.
External links
- [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-000154 The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (images of Nymphs)]
- {{wiktionary-inline}}
- {{Commons category-inline}}
{{Greek religion}}
{{Fairies}}
{{Fantasy fiction}}
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