Opposition to immigration#Australia

Whether and how national identity affects attitudes toward immigration depends heavily on the meanings associated with a particular national identity. If a national identity is defined in an exclusionary way that targets ethnic or racial groups, or if an ethnic or racial majority dominates in the political structures of a nation, then that national identity is likely to be associated with attitudes against immigration. Research also suggests that people respond more strongly to appeals to national identity than they do to economic considerations when they are asked about issues relating to immigration.{{cite journal |last1=Mylonas |first1=Harris |last2=Tudor |first2=Maya |title=Nationalism: What We Know and What We Still Need to Know |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |date=11 May 2021 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=109–132|doi-access=free |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-101841 }} Both Americans and Europeans are likely to overestimate the number of immigrants in their countries and to favor lower immigration.{{cite journal|author2-link=John M. Sides |last1=Citrin |first1=Jack |last2=Sides |first2=John |title=Immigration and the Imagined Community in Europe and the United States |journal=Political Studies |date=March 2008 |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=33–56 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00716.x |s2cid=145792964 |url=https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/polstu/v56y2008i1p33-56.html |access-date=28 September 2021}}

Where national identity is not defined in a way that conflicts with ethnic or racial identity, and where such groups are not excluded socio-economically, national identity can be compatible with ethnic or racial diversity.{{Cite book|last=Wimmer|first=Andreas|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400888894|title=Nation Building|date=2018-05-08|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400888894|isbn=978-1-4008-8889-4|s2cid=240305736}}

National identity can even be an important factor for social peace in cases where there are intra-national divides. For example, a 2015 study showed that educational content emphasizing the national unity of Indonesia was an important cause of improved inter-ethnic and inter-religious relationships in Suharto's Indonesia.{{cite web|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/64558/|title=Does Education Increase Interethnic and Interreligious Tolerance? Evidence from a Natural Experimen|first1=Christopher|last1=Roth|first2=Sudarno|last2=Sumarto|date=2 November 2015}}

Immigrants can be isolated in their own communities, forming self-organized communities, ghettos or parallel societies where they live according to their own culture, rather than assimilating to the native culture with a reduced or minimal spatial, social and cultural contact with the majority society into which they have immigrated. Such ethnic enclaves can be the result of humans naturally liking to be around people like themselves.{{cite magazine|title=End of nations: Is there an alternative to countries?|url=http://mpc-journal.org/blog/2016/11/09/end-of-nations-is-there-an-alternative-to-countries/|magazine=New Scientist|access-date=10 May 2017|archive-date=18 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318172657/http://mpc-journal.org/blog/2016/11/09/end-of-nations-is-there-an-alternative-to-countries/|url-status=dead}} They might not learn the local language and might eventually undermine the national unity, as well as the cultural and religious unity of the native country.[http://www.bpb.de/publikationen/URZDVA Parallelgesellschaften?], Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, No. 1–2 (2006) Research by Jennifer Neal of Michigan State University suggests that ethnic enclaves promote social cohesion at the cost of decreasing tolerance between groups and that their size, autonomy and proximity are factors. Some also suggest to devolve more power to local communities.

Immigration may adversely affect social{{cite book|last1=Sobel|first1=Andrew|title=Challenges of Globalization: Immigration, Social Welfare, Global Governance|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135216955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4CMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96|access-date=10 May 2017|language=en|date=10 September 2009}} and political stability.{{cite web|title=Immigration and political stability|url=https://www.oecd.org/dev/pgd/46923664.pdf|access-date=10 May 2017}}

Economic arguments concentrate on competition for employment, and the higher burdens that some groups of immigrants may impose on social welfare systems, health systems, housing and public schools of the native state.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/09/is-britain-full-home-truths-about-population-panic|title=Is Britain full? Home truths about the population panic|first=Andy|last=Beckett|date=9 February 2016|newspaper=The Guardian}} For example, Denmark's strict immigration law reform has saved the country 6.7 billion euros compared to previous more permissive approach, according to a 2011 report from the Danish Integration Ministry.{{cite web | last = Reimann | first = Anna | title = Putting a price on foreigners: strict immigration laws 'Save Denmark Billions'|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/putting-a-price-on-foreigners-strict-immigration-laws-save-denmark-billions-a-759716.html |website =spiegel.de | publisher = Spiegel Online | date = 29 April 2011 |access-date=14 September 2014}}{{cite news |title=Denmark's immigration laws save country £6 billion|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/denmark/8492822/Denmarks-immigration-laws-save-country-6-billion.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/denmark/8492822/Denmarks-immigration-laws-save-country-6-billion.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | work = The Daily Telegraph |access-date=14 September 2014}}{{cbignore}}

Some people think{{weasel inline|date=October 2024}} there is a certain size of land needed to provide for a population ("environmental space"), e.g., to provide for the population's consumption, including absorption of waste products.{{cite web|url=https://www.populationmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/population_problem_uk.pdf|title=The UK's population problem|access-date=28 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020230841/http://www.populationmatters.org/wp-content/uploads/population_problem_uk.pdf|archive-date=20 October 2016|url-status=dead}} Immigrants, in this logic, such as a newborn child, reduce the per-capita size of land of the native country.

Some are concerned about urban sprawl and congestion, alterations in the wildlife and natural environment of the state, and an expansive carbon footprint due to immigration.{{cite web|last1=Rohe|first1=John F|title=Living Standards, Scarce Resources and Immigration: An Interview With Labor Economist Vernon M. Briggs, Jr.|date=1 January 2006|url=http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1205&context=articles|access-date=28 January 2017|language=en}} Furthermore, some are concerned over a state's scarce resources, dwindling water reserves, energy, pauperized soils and solid waste.

Immigrants (and cross-border movements in general) can bring infectious diseases uncommon to the native population from their home countries{{cite book|last1=Dhooper|first1=Surjit Singh|title=Social Work in Health Care: Its Past and Future|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9781483342573|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dggAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA110|access-date=12 February 2017|language=en|date=29 November 2011}}{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Diane|last2=Edwards|first2=Helen|last3=Seaton|first3=Lesley|last4=Buckley|first4=Thomas|title=Lewis's Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780729582209|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G5u9BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|access-date=12 February 2017|language=en|date=29 January 2015}}{{cite web|title=U.S. – Mexico Cross-Border Health|publisher=Gateway to Health Communication {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthcommunication/toolstemplates/entertainmented/tips/us-mexico-health.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=12 February 2017|language=en-us}}{{cite journal|last1=Gushulak|first1=B. D.|last2=MacPherson|first2=D. W.|title=Globalization of Infectious Diseases: The Impact of Migration|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|date=15 June 2004|volume=38|issue=12|pages=1742–1748|doi=10.1086/421268|pmid=15227621|doi-access=free}}{{cite book|last1=Wilder-Smith|first1=Annelies|last2=Shaw|first2=Marc|last3=Schwartz|first3=Eli|title=Travel Medicine: Tales Behind the Science|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136352157|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=821u8pqWgq4C&pg=PA218|access-date=12 February 2017|language=en|date=7 June 2007}} which some perceive as a threat of significance in opposition to immigration.{{cite news|title=Polish opposition warns refugees could spread infectious diseases|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-europe-migrants-poland-idUSKCN0S918B20151015|work=Reuters|access-date=13 February 2017|date=15 October 2016}}{{cite news|last1=Bruce|first1=Tammy|title=When foreigners bring disease across the border|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/jan/25/tammy-bruce-when-foreigners-bring-disease-across-t/|newspaper=The Washington Times|access-date=13 February 2017}}{{cite news|title=The Mexican 'germ invasion' is just the right's latest anti-immigration myth|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jul/02/border-patrol-diseases-anti-immigration-myth|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=13 February 2017|date=2 July 2014}}

There is a history of white supremacist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan exaggerating or fabricating a connection between immigrants and infectious disease in order to stoke anti-immigrant sentiment.{{Cite journal|last=Kraut|first=Alan M.|date=2010|title=Immigration, Ethnicity, and the Pandemic|journal=Public Health Reports|volume=125|issue=Suppl 3|pages=123–133|issn=0033-3549|pmc=2862341|pmid=20568574|doi=10.1177/00333549101250S315}}

{{Main|Immigration and crime|}}

Opponents of immigration often claim that immigrants contribute to higher crime rates, but research suggests that people tend to overestimate the relationship between immigration and criminality.{{Cite journal|last1=Hooghe|first1=Marc|last2=de Vroome|first2=Thomas|date=1 January 2016|title=The relation between ethnic diversity and fear of crime: An analysis of police records and survey data in Belgian communities |journal=International Journal of Intercultural Relations|volume=50|pages=66–75|doi=10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.11.002|hdl=1874/344394|s2cid=133596758 |hdl-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last=Nunziata|first=Luca|date=4 March 2015|title=Immigration and crime: evidence from victimization data |journal=Journal of Population Economics|volume=28|issue=3|pages=697–736|doi=10.1007/s00148-015-0543-2|s2cid=154572522|issn=0933-1433}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2016/06/28/americas-puzzling-moral-ambivalence-about-middle-east-refugees/|title=America's puzzling moral ambivalence about Middle East refugees|date=28 June 2016|newspaper=Brookings|language=en-US|access-date=26 January 2017}} The academic literature provides mixed findings for the relationship between immigration and crime worldwide, but finds for the United States that immigration either has no impact on the crime rate or that it reduces the crime rate.{{Cite journal|last=Papadopoulos|first=Georgios|date=2 July 2014|title=Immigration status and property crime: an application of estimators for underreported outcomes|url=http://www.izajom.com/content/3/1/12/abstract|journal=IZA Journal of Migration|volume=3|issue=1|page=12|doi=10.1186/2193-9039-3-12|issn=2193-9039|doi-access=free|hdl=10.1186/2193-9039-3-12|hdl-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last1=Bianchi|first1=Milo|last2=Buonanno|first2=Paolo|last3=Pinotti|first3=Paolo|date=1 December 2012|title=Do Immigrants Cause Crime? |journal=Journal of the European Economic Association|language=en|volume=10|issue=6|pages=1318–1347|doi=10.1111/j.1542-4774.2012.01085.x|s2cid=260571383 |issn=1542-4774|url=http://aisberg.unibg.it/bitstream/10446/288/1/WPEco01(2008)Bianchi.pdf}}{{Cite journal|last1=Jaitman|first1=Laura|last2=Machin|first2=Stephen|date=25 October 2013|title=Crime and immigration: new evidence from England and Wales |journal=IZA Journal of Migration|volume=2|issue=1|pages=19|doi=10.1186/2193-9039-2-19|s2cid=58926977|issn=2193-9039|url=https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/92234/1/775177067.pdf|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last1=Bell|first1=Brian|last2=Fasani|first2=Francesco|last3=Machin|first3=Stephen|date=10 October 2012|title=Crime and Immigration: Evidence from Large Immigrant Waves |journal=Review of Economics and Statistics|volume=95|issue=4|pages=1278–1290|doi=10.1162/REST_a_00337|s2cid=11566473|issn=0034-6535|url=http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp0984.pdf}}{{Cite journal|last1=Bell|first1=Brian|last2=Machin|first2=Stephen|date=1 February 2013|title=Immigrant Enclaves and Crime |journal=Journal of Regional Science|volume=53|issue=1|pages=118–141|doi=10.1111/jors.12003|bibcode=2013JRegS..53..118B |s2cid=19138479|issn=1467-9787|url=http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1104.pdf}}{{Cite journal|last=Wadsworth|first=Tim|date=1 June 2010|title=Is Immigration Responsible for the Crime Drop? An Assessment of the Influence of Immigration on Changes in Violent Crime Between 1990 and 2000 |journal=Social Science Quarterly|volume=91|issue=2|pages=531–553|doi=10.1111/j.1540-6237.2010.00706.x|issn=1540-6237}}{{Cite report|last1=Piopiunik|first1=Marc|last2=Ruhose|first2=Jens|date=6 April 2015|title=Immigration, Regional Conditions, and Crime: Evidence from an Allocation Policy in Germany|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2589824 |ssrn=2589824|url=https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:iza:izadps:dp8962 |hdl=10419/110652|hdl-access=free}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WtYEoD4u9RYC|title=Immigration, Crime and Justice|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|year=2009|pages=3–16|chapter=Immigration reduces crime: an emerging scholarly consensus|author1=Lee, Matthew T.|author2=Martinez Jr., Ramiro|isbn=9781848554382}}{{Cite journal|last1=Bell|first1=Brian|last2=Oxford|first2=University of|last3=UK|title=Crime and immigration|url=http://wol.iza.org/articles/crime-and-immigration|journal=IZA World of Labor|doi=10.15185/izawol.33|year=2014|doi-access=free|hdl=10419/125260|hdl-access=free}}

Some concerns regarding immigration can be found in perceived military loyalty, especially if the country of emigration becomes involved in a war with the country of immigration{{cite journal|last1=Kozak|first1=Krystof|title=Are Immigrants Disloyal? The Case of Mexicans in the U.S.|url=https://ejas.revues.org/7629|journal=European Journal of American Studies|year=2009|volume=4|issue=2|publisher=European Association for American Studies|doi=10.4000/ejas.7629|access-date=20 July 2016|doi-access=free}} or if a country finds itself to need conscription.

Unauthorized or irregular migration can expose immigrants to many dangers, including exposure to harsh environments, lack of food and water, and violence from smugglers and authorities.{{Cite journal|url=https://publications.iom.int/books/global-migration-data-analysis-centre-data-briefing-series-issue-no-4-august-2016|title=Global Migration Data Analysis Centre: Data Briefing Series | Issue No. 4, August 2016|via=publications.iom.int}} Since 2014, over 4,000 people have died each year on migration routes around the world, and this is likely to be a low estimate since many deaths are never recorded.{{cite web|title=Migrant Deaths and Disappearances|url=https://migrationdataportal.org/themes/migrant-deaths-and-disappearances|access-date=4 July 2021}}

Harshly restricting immigration and making these restrictions known to potential emigrants may prevent them from taking such dangerous journeys.{{cite news|last1=Farrell|first1=Paul|title=Could Australia's 'stop the boats' policy solve Europe's migrant crisis?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/22/could-australia-stop-the-boats-policy-solve-europe-migrant-crisis|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=26 January 2017|date=22 April 2015}}{{better source needed|date=January 2017}} In the United States, the border patrol policy of Prevention Through Deterrence has deliberately acted to divert migrants into remote areas where they are more likely to encounter life-threatening dangers.{{cite web|title=Left to die: Border patrol, search and rescue, & the crisis of disappearance|url=http://www.thedisappearedreport.org/uploads/8/3/5/1/83515082/left_to_die_-_english.pdf}}

{{Further|Islamization|Cultural conflict|#National identity}}

Immigrants bring their culture with them.{{cite web|title=The gifts of immigration|date=21 April 2011 |url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2011/04/the-gifts-of-immigration/|publisher=Harvard Gazette|access-date=26 January 2017|language=en}}{{cite book|last1=Swain|first1=Laksha P.|title=Migration and Adjustment|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=9788172112110|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7nOhJszK3QC&pg=PA45|access-date=26 January 2017|language=en|year=2006}}{{cite book|last1=Flores|first1=Juan|last2=Flores|first2=Prof of Social and Cultural Analysis Juan|title=The Diaspora Strikes Back: Caribeño Tales of Learning and Turning|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135927592|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVSTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR7|access-date=26 January 2017|language=en|date=2 April 2010}}{{cite book|last1=Chuang|first1=Susan S.|title=Immigrant Children: Change, Adaptation, and Cultural Transformation|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=9780739167069|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AeDXAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA239|access-date=26 January 2017|language=en|date=16 June 2011}}{{cite journal|title=Muslims in France: Identifying a Discriminatory Equilibrium|url=http://ftp.iza.org/dp6953.pdf|access-date=10 May 2017}}{{cite book|last1=Rozell|first1=Mark J.|last2=Jelen|first2=Ted G.|title=American Political Culture: An Encyclopedia [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610693783|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MuVjCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA953|access-date=26 January 2017|language=en|date=28 April 2015}}{{cite book|title=Epidemiology for Public Health Practice|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=9781449666637|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TLNMPc-Pa5oC&pg=PA168|access-date=10 May 2017|language=en|date=18 May 2009}} The immigrants' thinking, their norms, practices, customs and values shape, extend and influence the native country's culture (Leitkultur). Some such extensions and influences might not be desired by parts of the native population, for reasons that may include practises considered less civilized, restrictions as well as collisions with the native country's norms, laws and values in general.{{cite book|last1=Chapman|first1=Roger|last2=Ciment|first2=James|title=Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints and Voices|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317473510|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XO9nBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA330|access-date=26 January 2017|language=en|date=17 March 2015}}{{cite book|last1=Rahim|first1=Abdur|title=Canadian Immigration and South Asian Immigrants|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=9781499058727|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o22mBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT168|access-date=26 January 2017|language=en|date=19 September 2014}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}{{cite book|last1=Congress|first1=Elaine P. |last2=Gonzalez|first2=Manny J. |title=Multicultural Perspectives in Working with Families: Second Edition|publisher=Springer Publishing Company|isbn=9780826131461|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eujRZg308isC&pg=PA382|access-date=26 January 2017|language=en|date=15 April 2005 }}{{cite book|last1=Nyangweso|first1=Mary|title=Female Genital Cutting in Industrialized Countries: Mutilation or Cultural Tradition?|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781440833472|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AyqBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4|access-date=26 January 2017|language=en|date=20 October 2014}}

{{See also|Economic results of migration}}

Opponents of immigration often state that immigrants have a net negative effect on public coffers mainly due to the provisioning of medical care and welfare.{{cite journal|title=Immigration and the Welfare State|journal=Cato Journal|url=https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/2012/1/cj32n1-11.pdf|access-date=12 February 2017}}{{cite web|title=The Cost of Welfare Use By Immigrant and Native Households|url=http://cis.org/Cost-Welfare-Immigrant-Native-Households|publisher=Center for Immigration Studies|access-date=12 February 2017|language=en|date=6 May 2016 |last1=Richwine |first1=Jason }}{{cite book|last1=Sowell|first1=Thomas|title=Applied Economics: Thinking Beyond Stage One|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0786722709|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gh4JdTv-t9sC&pg=PT173|access-date=25 January 2017|language=en|date=9 December 2008}}{{cite book|last1=Bommes|first1=Michael|last2=Geddes|first2=Andrew|title=Immigration and Welfare: Challenging the Borders of the Welfare State|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134593705|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQuEXKGPqfEC&pg=PA9|access-date=25 January 2017|language=en|date=2 September 2003}}{{cite news|title=Report: More than half of immigrants on welfare|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/09/01/immigrant-welfare-use-report/71517072/|newspaper=USA TODAY|access-date=25 January 2017|language=en}}{{cite web|title=Germany Announces Crackdown on Immigrant 'Welfare Abuse' {{!}} VICE News|date=28 August 2014 |url=https://news.vice.com/article/germany-announces-crackdown-on-immigrant-welfare-abuse|publisher=VICE News|access-date=12 February 2017}}{{cite web|title=The Welfare Use of Immigrants and Natives in Germany: The Case of Turkish Immigrants|url=http://www.laser.uni-erlangen.de/papers/paper/117.pdf|access-date=25 January 2017}}

Various factors influence the impact of immigrants to a nation's public coffers and their use of welfare. While immigrants can improve a state's welfare system by for example counteracting trends of aging populations their net economic impact might also be negative.{{cite web|title=The Impact of Immigration on Germany's Society|url=https://www.bamf.de/SharedDocs/Anlagen/EN/Publikationen/Forschungsberichte/fb01-einfluss-zuwanderung.pdf?__blob=publicationFile|publisher=Federal Office for Migration and Refugees|access-date=12 February 2017|date=2005}}{{cite web|title=Refugee immigration and public finances in Sweden|url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/38323/1/gupea_2077_38323_1.pdf|access-date=10 May 2017}} George Borjas, economics professor at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, states that "the more unskilled the immigrant, the more likely the immigrant will be a fiscal burden".{{cite magazine|last1=Horn|first1=Heather|title=The Economics—and Morality—of Admitting Refugees|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/02/welfare-state-refugees-europe/463272/|magazine=The Atlantic|access-date=12 February 2017}} High-skilled immigrants have better labor market prospects than those admitted based on kinship ties or for humanitarian reasons.{{cite web|title=Skill-based immigration, economic integration, and economic performance|url=https://wol.iza.org/uploads/articles/41/pdfs/skill-based-immigration-economic-integration-and-economic-performance.pdf|access-date=10 May 2017}} It also depends on the tenures, wages and ages of the immigrants{{cite CiteSeerX|title=Economic Impacts of Immigration: A Survey|year=2011|citeseerx=10.1.1.360.324}} and the country's integration system.

{{See also|Brain drain}}

Some opponents of immigration argue that immigration of highly skilled or well-educated individuals may hurt their home countries, which could otherwise benefit from them and build up their economy and improve their social and political system. However, that notion of "brain drain" remains largely unsupported in the academic literature. According to the economist Michael Clemens, it has not been shown that restrictions on high-skill emigration reduce shortages in the countries of origin.{{Cite journal|last1=Clemens|first1=Michael|last2=Development|first2=Center for Global|last3=USA|title=Smart policy toward high-skill emigrants|url=http://wol.iza.org/articles/smart-policy-toward-high-skill-emigrants|journal=IZA World of Labor|doi=10.15185/izawol.203|year=2015|doi-access=free}} According to the development economist Justin Sandefur, "there is no study out there... showing any empirical evidence that migration restrictions have contributed to development."{{Cite web|url=http://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/migration-and-development-who-bears-the-burden-of-proof-justin-sandefur-replies-to-paul-collier-2/|title=Migration and Development: Who Bears the Burden of Proof? Justin Sandefur replies to Paul Collier {{!}} From Poverty to Power|website=oxfamblogs.org|access-date=3 July 2016|archive-date=15 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715125841/http://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/migration-and-development-who-bears-the-burden-of-proof-justin-sandefur-replies-to-paul-collier-2/|url-status=usurped}} Hein de Haas, a professor of sociology at the University of Amsterdam, describes brain drain as a "myth".{{Cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/eight-myths-about-migration-and-refugees-explained-a-1138053.html|title=Myths of Migration: Much of What We Think We Know Is Wrong|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=21 March 2017 |access-date=23 March 2017|last1=Haas |first1=Hein de }} Research suggests that emigration (both low- and high-skilled) is beneficial to the sending countries in terms of economy,(speculation){{Cite journal|last1=di Giovanni|first1=Julian|last2=Levchenko|first2=Andrei A.|last3=Ortega|first3=Francesc|date=1 February 2015|title=A Global View of Cross-Border Migration |journal=Journal of the European Economic Association|volume=13|issue=1|pages=168–202|doi=10.1111/jeea.12110|hdl=10230/22196|s2cid=3465938|issn=1542-4774|url=http://www.fordschool.umich.edu/rsie/workingpapers/Papers626-650/r627.pdf|hdl-access=free}}{{Cite web|first1=Dirk Andreas|last1=Willenbockel |first2=Delfin Sia |last2=Go |first3=S. 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Remittances have a major impact on the developing economies of the world with the majority of remittances, $441 billion in 2015, going to developing nations. This amount is nearly triple the $131 billion of global Official Development Assistance.{{Cite news|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/understanding-importance-remittances|title=Understanding the Importance of Remittances|date=1 October 2004|work=migrationpolicy.org|access-date=3 May 2017|language=en}} For many developing nations, remittances received make up a significant portion of their economies often receiving over 10% of their GDP in remittances each year. From a macroeconomic perspective, there is no conclusive relationship between remittances and GDP growth.{{Cite journal|last1=Barajas|first1=Adolfo|last2=Chami|first2=Ralph|last3=Fullenkamp|first3=Connel|last4=Montiel|first4=Peter|date=2009|title=Do Workers' Remittances Promote Economic Growth?|journal=IMF Working Paper Series}} While remittances can boost aggregate demand and thereby spur economic activity, other research indicates that remittances may also have adverse macroeconomic impacts by increasing income inequality and reducing labour supply among recipient countries.{{Cite web |url=http://www.dallasfed.org/assets/documents/research/papers/2010/wp1007.pdf |work=Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas |title=Do Remittances Boost Economic Development? Evidence From Mexican States |date=October 2010 |access-date=2 February 2021 |archive-date=15 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215070726/http://www.dallasfed.org/assets/documents/research/papers/2010/wp1007.pdf |url-status=dead }}

Immigration may be the outcome of problems in the migrants' countries of origin. Open immigration policies and efforts do not address the problems, but keeping borders closed does not address them either.

Jeanne Park of the Council on Foreign Relations recommends European leaders to address the root causes of migration such as helping to broker an end to the Syrian Civil War, restoring stability to Libya, and increasing aid to sub-Saharan Africa. According to her, a political solution to the regional crises can make Europe no longer struggle with migrant inflows.{{cite web|title=Europe's Migration Crisis|url=http://www.cfr.org/refugees-and-the-displaced/europes-migration-crisis/p32874|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|access-date=25 January 2017|language=en|archive-date=24 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824223513/http://www.cfr.org/refugees-and-the-displaced/europes-migration-crisis/p32874|url-status=dead}} Concerning the migratory and refugee movements in and from the Horn of Africa, Günther Schröder noted that more efforts are needed to deal with its causes.{{cite web|title=Migratory and Refugee Movements in and from the Horn of Africa|url=http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/12081.pdf|access-date=25 January 2017}} A report by the German Caritasverband stated that only a long-term strategy that differentiates combating the causes for migration in the countries of origin and the development of an EU migration policy can find solutions.{{cite web|title=Foundations of a Humane Asylum and Migration Policy of the EU|url=https://www.caritas.de/cms/contents/caritasde/medien/dokumente/dcv-zentrale/migration/foundationsofahumane/foundations%20of%20a%20humane%20asylum%20and%20migration%5B1%5D.pdf?d=a&f=o|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806042921/https://www.caritas.de/cms/contents/caritasde/medien/dokumente/dcv-zentrale/migration/foundationsofahumane/foundations%20of%20a%20humane%20asylum%20and%20migration%5b1%5d.pdf?d=a&f=o|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 August 2020|access-date=25 January 2017}} Responding to the root causes of illegal migration flows involves co-operation with third countries, including migrants' countries of origin and transit, and might manifest itself in conflict avoidance, peacekeeping and state building.{{cite web|title=Preventing illegal migration flows |url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/migratory-pressures/preventing-illegal-migration-flows/|website=www.consilium.europa.eu|access-date=26 January 2017|language=en}} It has been suggested that safe havens be created within the country of origin.{{cite news|title=Why Eastern Europe's resistance to refugee quotas is not 'selfish'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/16/eastern-european-migrants-refugees-selfish|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=29 January 2017|date=16 September 2015}} It can be argued that immigration means that people "flee" of their country's problems instead of organizing, building up pressure, being involved in constructive foreign aid programs, or otherwise addressing them.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Some advocates of decolonization view immigrants as colonizers of the native-born or indigenous people.[https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315458298-25/migrants-indigeneity-nandita-sharma Sharma, Nandita. "Migrants and indigeneity: Nationalism, nativism and the politics of place." Routledge International Handbook of Migration Studies. Routledge, 2019. 246-257.]

Permissive immigration policies tend to lead to worse enfranchisement for immigrants.{{cite journal | last1=Kayran | first1=Elif Naz | last2=Erdilmen | first2=Merve | title='When do states give voting rights to non-citizens? The role of population, policy, and politics on the timing of enfranchisement reforms in liberal democracies' | journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies | publisher=Informa UK Limited | date=25 June 2020 | volume=47 | issue=13 | issn=1369-183X | doi=10.1080/1369183x.2020.1782178 | doi-access=free | pages=2855–2876| hdl=1887/3245216 | hdl-access=free }}

A 2017 study comprised 18,000 interviews across eleven countries: Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Japan, Korea, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States. The study found that "higher-skilled immigrants are preferred to their lower-skilled counterparts at all levels of native socio-economic status (SES). There is little support for the Labor Market Competition hypothesis, since respondents are not more opposed to immigrants in their own SES stratum. While skin tone itself has little effect in any country, immigrants from Muslim-majority countries do elicit significantly lower levels of support, and racial animus remains a powerful force."{{Cite journal|last1=Valentino|first1=Nicholas A.|last2=Soroka|first2=Stuart N.|last3=Iyengar|first3=Shanto|last4=Aalberg|first4=Toril|author5-link=Raymond Duch|last5=Duch|first5=Raymond|last6=Fraile|first6=Marta|last7=Hahn|first7=Kyu S.|last8=Hansen|first8=Kasper M.|last9=Harell|first9=Allison|date=2017|title=Economic and Cultural Drivers of Immigrant Support Worldwide|url=https://pcl.stanford.edu/research/2017/valentino-bjps-economic.pdf|journal=British Journal of Political Science|volume=49|issue=4|pages=1201–1226|doi=10.1017/S000712341700031X|issn=0007-1234|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611012157/https://pcl.stanford.edu/research/2017/valentino-bjps-economic.pdf|archive-date=11 June 2018|quote=We conducted a series of survey experiments, fielded in nearly identical ways across eleven countries on four continents: Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Japan, Korea, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States. Evidence from several of these individual country studies has presented elsewhere.|author-link1=Nicholas Valentino|hdl=11250/2493305|hdl-access=free}}

A paper published in 2018 found that an influx of high-skilled immigration was associated with declines in nationalist voting, but that an influx in low-skilled immigration was associated with increases in nationalist voting in elections during the 2007–2016 period.{{Cite journal|last1=Moriconi|first1=Simone|last2=Peri|first2=Giovanni|last3=Turati|first3=Riccardo|date=2018|title=Skill of the Immigrants and Vote of the Natives: Immigration and Nationalism in European Elections 2007–2016|series=Working Paper Series |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |location=Cambridge, MA |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w25077|doi=10.3386/w25077|quote=In this paper we document the impact of immigration at the regional level on Europeans' political preferences as expressed by voting behavior in parliamentary or presidential elections between 2007 and 2016.|hdl=2078.1/204679|s2cid=53994396|hdl-access=free}} Perceptions that immigrants are low skilled also caused increased opposition (though high-skilled immigrants are more likely to be welcomed).Igarashi, Akira, and Yoshikuni Ono. Neoliberalism and Negative Attitudes toward Immigrants. Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI), 2019. A 2019 paper from Tel Aviv University identified economic competition, cultural competition, racial attitudes, and fear of crime as some of the most significant factors in opposition to immigration.{{Cite journal |doi = 10.3389/fsoc.2019.00024|title = Unwelcome Immigrants: Sources of Opposition to Different Immigrant Groups Among Europeans|year = 2019|last1 = Gorodzeisky|first1 = Anastasia|last2 = Semyonov|first2 = Moshe|journal = Frontiers in Sociology|volume = 4|page = 24|pmid = 33869349|pmc = 8022805|doi-access = free}}

While much research has been conducted to determine what causes opposition to immigration, little research has been done to determine the causes behind support for immigration.Newman, Benjamin J., Todd K. Hartman, Patrick L. Lown, and Stanley Feldman. "Easing the heavy hand: Humanitarian concern, empathy, and opinion on immigration." British Journal of Political Science 45, no. 3 (2015): 583-607.

A study of Europe found that immigrants themselves tend to hold more favorable views of immigration.{{Cite journal|url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/14315/|title=Understanding Attitudes to Immigration: The Migration and Minority Module of the first European Social Survey|first1=D.|last1=Card|first2=C.|last2=Dustmann|first3=I.|last3=Preston|date=3 May 2005|website=discovery.ucl.ac.uk}} The same study found no evidence that the native-born children of immigrants hold more favorable views of immigration. A 2017 study found that immigrants who stay in the country longer hold more negative views of immigration than those who have only been there for a brief period, possibly due to assimilating into native society and adopting its views.Braakmann, Nils, Muhammad Waqas, and John Wildman. "Are immigrants in favour of immigration? Evidence from England and Wales." The BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 17, no. 1 (2017).

A 2014 review study in the Annual Review of Political Science found that "there is little accumulated evidence that citizens primarily form attitudes about immigration based on its effects on their personal economic situation. This pattern has held in both North America and Western Europe, in both observational and experimental studies."{{Cite journal |title=Public Attitudes Toward Immigration|last1=Hainmueller|first1=Jens|last2=Hopkins|first2=Daniel J.|date=12 May 2014 |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=225–249 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-102512-194818|url=https://www.cream-migration.org/publ_uploads/CDP_15_13.pdf|doi-access=free}} A study of Europe found the unemployed hold less favorable views towards immigration than the employed.

A 2022 study found that individuals in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and Italy became less hostile to welfare for immigrants when immigrants had a long work history in the country.{{Cite journal |last=Magni |first=Gabriele |date=2022 |title=Boundaries of Solidarity: Immigrants, Economic Contributions, and Welfare Attitudes |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ajps.12707 |journal=American Journal of Political Science |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=72–92 |language=en |doi=10.1111/ajps.12707 |s2cid=248108351 |issn=0092-5853}}

A 2020 study found that "economic anxiety" had little to do with a person's view on the inflow of immigrants in the U.S. The data collected by surveys showed that respondents' negative views/feelings about immigration were not impacted by economic anxiety but instead were impacted by higher levels of ethnocentrism. This means that if someone was anti-immigrant their views were not likely to be justified through economic anxiety or viewing immigrants as burdens but instead, people were more likely to be anti-immigrant based on the higher levels of ethnocentrism the individual had.{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Steven V. |title=Economic anxiety or ethnocentrism? An evaluation of attitudes toward immigration in the U.S. from 1992 to 2017 |journal=The Social Science Journal |date=16 July 2020 |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=818–837 |doi=10.1080/03623319.2020.1782638|s2cid=225532169 }}

Levels of education are one of the best predictors of support for anti-immigration policies and parties.{{Cite web |last1=Burn-Murdoch |first1=John |last2=Ehrenberg-Shannon |first2=Billy |last3=Wisniewska |first3=Aleksandra |last4=Rininsland |first4=Ændrew |date=7 May 2017 |title=French election results: Macron's victory in charts |url=https://www.ft.com/content/62d782d6-31a7-11e7-9555-23ef563ecf9a |access-date=13 May 2017 |website=Financial Times |language=en-GB}}{{Cite web |last1=Ehrenberg-Shannon |first1=Billy |last2=Wisniewska |first2=Aleksandra |date=1 March 2017 |title=How education level is the biggest predictor of support for Geert Wilders |url=https://www.ft.com/dutchvoting |access-date=13 May 2017 |website=Financial Times |language=en-GB}}{{Cite journal|last=Rustenbach|first=Elisa|date=1 January 2010|title=Sources of Negative Attitudes toward Immigrants in Europe: A Multi-Level Analysis|jstor=20681745|journal=The International Migration Review|volume=44|issue=1|pages=53–77|doi=10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00798.x|s2cid=153955759}} A 2016 study published in the European Economic Review found, on the basis of European survey data in the period 2002–2012, that "higher levels of education lead to a more positive reported attitude toward immigrants". The authors suggest that this is explained by weaker economic competition between immigrants and educated natives, a higher aversion to discrimination among the educated, and a greater belief in the positive effects of immigration among the educated. A 2013 study in the American Journal of Political Science lends some support to the economic competition theory, as highly educated Americans who exhibit lower levels of xenophobia tend to support reductions in the number of highly skilled immigrants.{{Cite journal|last1=Malhotra|first1=Neil|author-link1=Neil Malhotra|last2=Margalit|first2=Yotam|last3=Mo|first3=Cecilia Hyunjung|date=1 April 2013|title=Economic Explanations for Opposition to Immigration: Distinguishing between Prevalence and Conditional Impact |journal=American Journal of Political Science|language=en|volume=57|issue=2|pages=391–410|doi=10.1111/ajps.12012|issn=1540-5907|doi-access=free}}

A 2007 study in International Organization found that "people with higher levels of education and occupational skills are more likely to favor immigration regardless of the skill attributes of the immigrants in question. Across Europe, higher education and higher skills mean more support for all types of immigrants. These relationships are almost identical among individuals in the labor force (that is, those competing for jobs) and those not in the labor force."{{Cite journal|last1=Hainmueller|first1=Jens|last2=Hiscox|first2=Michael J.|date=1 April 2007|title=Educated Preferences: Explaining Attitudes Toward Immigration in Europe |journal=International Organization|volume=61|issue=2|pages=399–442|doi=10.1017/S0020818307070142|doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |s2cid=14644165|issn=1531-5088}} A 2018 study in the American Political Science Review found "an additional year of secondary schooling substantially reduces the probability of opposing immigration, believing that immigration erodes a country's quality of life, and feeling close to far-right anti-immigration parties."{{Cite journal|last1=Cavaille|first1=Charlotte|last2=Marshall|first2=John|date=2018|title=Education and Anti-Immigration Attitudes: Evidence from Compulsory Schooling Reforms across Western Europe|journal=American Political Science Review|language=en|volume=113|issue=1 |pages=254–263|doi=10.1017/S0003055418000588|s2cid=149597489|issn=0003-0554}}

One study of Japan found that exposure to information about the benefits of immigration substantially increased support for a more open immigration policy.{{Cite journal|last1=Facchini|first1=Giovanni|last2=Margalit|first2=Yotam|last3=Nakata|first3=Hiroyuki|date=27 December 2016|title=Countering Public Opposition to Immigration: The Impact of Information Campaigns|ssrn=2889666}}{{Cite web|url=http://voxeu.org/article/effectiveness-information-campaigns-countering-public-opposition-immigration|title=Countering public opposition to immigration with information campaigns|last1=Facchini|first1=Giovanni|last2=Margalit|first2=Yotam|date=9 January 2017|website=VoxEU.org|access-date=13 May 2017|last3=Nakata|first3=Hiroyuki}}

A study by Alexander Janus investigated whether social desirability pressures may partially explain reduced opposition to immigration amongst the highly educated. Using an unobtrusive questioning technique, Janus found that anti-immigration sentiments amongst American college graduates were far higher than subjects were willing to state. This indicates that support for immigration amongst the better educated may reflect expression of socially desirable views rather than actual beliefs.{{Cite journal|last=Janus|first=Alexander|date=25 October 2010|title=The Influence of Social Desirability Pressures on Expressed Immigration Attitudes |journal=Social Science Quarterly|volume=91|issue=4|pages=928–946|doi=10.1111/j.1540-6237.2010.00742.x}} Further evidence for this was found in a study by Creighton et al., where amongst the college educated, it was found the stated support for immigration was higher than the actual pro-immigrant sentiment. This was true for other education levels. The study also found that the 2008 economic crisis did not significantly increase anti-immigration attitudes but rather there was a greater expression of opposition to immigration, with underlying attitudes changing little before and after the crisis.{{Cite journal|last1=Creighton|first1=Matthew|last2=Jamal|first2=Amaney|last3=Malancu|first3=Natalia|date=3 May 2014|title=Has Opposition to Immigration Increased in the United States after the Economic Crisis? An experimental Approach |journal=International Migration Review|volume=49|issue=3|pages=727–756|doi=10.1111/imre.12091|s2cid=153811626}} A 2015 study found further evidence that support for immigration amongst the educated was mainly driven by social desirability bias.An, Brian P. "The role of social desirability bias and racial/ethnic composition on the relation between education and attitude toward immigration restrictionism." The Social Science Journal 52, no. 4 (2015): 459–467.

Some research suggests that geographic proximity to immigrants drives anti-immigration views,{{Cite web|url=http://voxeu.org/article/immigration-and-far-right-voting-new-evidence|title=Immigration and far-right voting: New evidence|last1=Halla|first1=Martin|last2=Wagner|first2=Alexander|date=29 November 2015|website=VoxEU.org|access-date=13 May 2017|last3=Zweimüller|first3=Josef}} also described as NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) effect.{{cite journal | last=Solodoch | first=Omer | title=Overburdened? How refugee dispersal policies can mitigate NIMBYism and public backlash | journal=Journal of European Public Policy | volume=31 | issue=9 | date=2024 | issn=1350-1763 | doi=10.1080/13501763.2023.2191271 | doi-access=free | pages=2455–2482}}

A 2017 study finds that "more rapid ethnic changes increase opposition to immigration and support for UKIP" in the United Kingdom.{{Cite journal|last=Kaufmann|first=Eric|title=Levels or changes?: Ethnic context, immigration and the UK Independence party vote |journal=Electoral Studies|volume=48|pages=57–69|doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2017.05.002|year=2017|doi-access=free}} A 2018 study found that increases in local ethnic diversity in Denmark caused "rightward shifts in election outcomes by shifting electoral support away from traditional “big government” left‐wing parties and towards anti‐immigrant nationalist parties."{{Cite journal|last=Harmon|first=Nikolaj A.|date=11 September 2018|title=Immigration, Ethnic Diversity, and Political Outcomes: Evidence from Denmark|journal=The Scandinavian Journal of Economics|volume=120|issue=4|pages=1043–1074|language=en|doi=10.1111/sjoe.12239|s2cid=54936991|issn=0347-0520|url=https://curis.ku.dk/portal/da/publications/immigration-ethnic-diversity-and-political-outcomes-evidence-from-denmark(2725b09a-4340-4b56-aa6f-56e5d253f92d).html}} A 2018 study in the American Political Science Review found that Greeks who had "direct exposure to refugee arrivals" showed more hostility "toward refugees, immigrants, and Muslim minorities; support for restrictive asylum and immigration policies; and political engagement to effect such exclusionary policies."{{Cite journal|last1=Xefteris|first1=Dimitrios|last2=Matakos|first2=Konstantinos|last3=Marbach|first3=Moritz|last4=Dinas|first4=Elias|last5=Hangartner|first5=Dominik|date=2018|title=Does Exposure to the Refugee Crisis Make Natives More Hostile?|journal=American Political Science Review|language=en|volume=113|issue=2|pages=442–455|doi=10.1017/S0003055418000813|issn=1537-5943|doi-access=free|hdl=1814/61885|hdl-access=free}}

Some research shows the geographic proximity to immigrants reduces anti-immigration views.{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2016/8/12/12454250/donald-trump-gallup-trade-immigration-study|title=Donald Trump's supporters are LESS likely to be affected by trade and immigration, not more|date=12 August 2016|website=Vox|access-date=13 May 2017}}{{Cite journal|last1=Piekut|first1=Aneta|last2=Valentine|first2=Gill|date=1 June 2016|title=Perceived Diversity and Acceptance of Minority Ethnic Groups in Two Urban Contexts|url=https://academic.oup.com/esr/article/32/3/339/2453403/Perceived-Diversity-and-Acceptance-of-Minority|journal=European Sociological Review|language=en|volume=32|issue=3|pages=339–354|doi=10.1093/esr/jcw011|issn=0266-7215|doi-access=free}} The contact hypothesis suggests that intergroup contact can reduce prejudice.Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books Other research suggests that it is the perception of proximity, not actual proximity, that drives these views. A 2019 study investigated why residents of cities tend to have more positive attitudes towards immigration and cosmopolitanism. The study concluded that it was not living in a city per se that created more positive attitudes but rather the composition of the populations of cities; city populations tended to be more educated, which correlated with more positive immigration attitudes, while people who were more positive of immigration were more likely to self-select into large cities. Cities were also found to be internally heterogenous with regards to immigration attitudes, with attitudes varying between neighbourhoods.Maxwell, Rahsaan. "Cosmopolitan immigration attitudes in large European cities: Contextual or compositional effects?." American Political Science Review 113, no. 2 (2019): 456–474.

Some research suggests that anti-immigration views are transmitted from older generations to younger generations.{{Cite journal |title=Intergenerational Correlations of Extreme Right-Wing Party Preferences and Attitudes toward Immigration|doi=10.1111/sjoe.12190|volume=119|year=2017|issue=3|journal=The Scandinavian Journal of Economics|pages=768–800 | last1 = Avdeenko | first1 = Alexandra | last2 = Siedler | first2 = Thomas|s2cid=147145336|url=http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.535405.de/diw_sp0845.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430043038/https://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.535405.de/diw_sp0845.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 April 2019}} A 2015 study found that British communities that were more acceptant of Jews in medieval times show much more tolerance towards 20th century immigrants (chiefly Caribbean and South Asian immigrants) and 21st century immigrants (chiefly Eastern European), and less support for the far right.{{Cite journal|last=Fielding|first=David|date=1 January 2015|title=Traditions of Tolerance: The Long-Run Persistence of Regional Variation in Attitudes towards English Immigrants |journal=British Journal of Political Science|pages=167–188|doi=10.1017/S0007123415000575|issn=0007-1234|volume=48|issue=1 |doi-access=free}}

The belief that some cultures are better than others, called cultural absolutism or cultural racism, is correlated with opposition to immigration.{{Cite journal |last1=Ramos |first1=Alice |last2=Pereira |first2=Cicero Roberto |last3=Vala |first3=Jorge |date=2020-02-17 |title=The impact of biological and cultural racisms on attitudes towards immigrants and immigration public policies |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1550153 |journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies |language=en |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=574–592 |doi=10.1080/1369183X.2018.1550153 |hdl=10451/38459 |s2cid=150849832 |issn=1369-183X|hdl-access=free }}{{Rp|page=6,12}}

{{See also|Racism}}

The belief that some groups of people are born with different psychological abilities or personalities was found to be correlated with opposition to immigration.{{Rp|page=6,12}}

A 2017 study found that by emphasizing shared religion can produce more supportive attitudes toward refugees.{{Cite journal|last1=Lazarev|first1=Egor|last2=Sharma|first2=Kunaal|date=April 2017|title=Brother or Burden: An Experiment on Reducing Prejudice Toward Syrian Refugees in Turkey*|journal=Political Science Research and Methods|volume=5|issue=2|pages=201–219|doi=10.1017/psrm.2015.57|s2cid=153704135|issn=2049-8470}} A 2015 study of the US found that religion did not seem to determine opposition to immigration as while respondents were explicit about opposition to Muslim immigration, they also concealed significant opposition to Christian immigration due to social desirability bias. It was thus determined that religiosity or denomination did not determine explicit or implicit opposition and any differences were down to social desirability bias in this case.Creighton, Mathew J., and Amaney Jamal. "Does Islam play a role in anti-immigrant sentiment? An experimental approach." Social science research 53 (2015): 89–103.

One 2018 study in the United Kingdom found that opposition to Muslim immigrants was not about a more negative view of Muslim (compared to Christian) immigrants but rather about rejecting fundamentalist religiosity. The study concluded that opposition based on religion was thus less about the religious group and more about political liberalism versus religious fundamentalism.{{Cite journal|last=Helbling|first=Marc|date=2017|title=What Is Islamophobia? Disentangling Citizenss Feelings Towards Ethnicity, Religion and Religiosity Using a Survey Experiment|journal=SSRN Working Paper Series|language=en|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2906451|issn=1556-5068|ssrn=2906451}}Helbling, Marc, and Richard Traunmüller. "What is Islamophobia? Disentangling Citizens' Feelings Toward Ethnicity, Religion and Religiosity Using a Survey Experiment." British Journal of Political Science (2018): 1–18.

A 2014 review study in the Annual Review of Political Science found that there is substantial evidence in support of sociopsychological explanations for anti-immigration views. A 2007 study in International Organization found that "the link between education and attitudes toward immigrants is driven by differences among individuals in cultural values and beliefs. More educated respondents are significantly less racist and place greater value on cultural diversity than do their counterparts; they are also more likely to believe that immigration generates benefits for the host economy as a whole."

A 2017 study in the American Political Science Review argued that hostility towards immigrants is driven by disgust and can be explained as a psychological mechanism designed to protect humans from disease.{{Cite journal|last1=Aarøe|first1=Lene|last2=Petersen|first2=Michael Bang|last3=Arceneaux|first3=Kevin|date=1 May 2017|title=The Behavioral Immune System Shapes Political Intuitions: Why and How Individual Differences in Disgust Sensitivity Underlie Opposition to Immigration|journal=American Political Science Review|volume=111|issue=2|pages=277–294|doi=10.1017/S0003055416000770|s2cid=151895140|issn=0003-0554|url=https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/121656845/12_31_The_Behavioral_Immune_System_Shapes_Political_Intuitions_2017.pdf}}

Research suggests that the perception that there is a positive causal link between immigration and crime leads to greater support for anti-immigration policies or parties.{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Jason Matthew|date=1 November 2010|title=Does Crime Pay? Issue Ownership, Political Opportunity, and the Populist Right in Western Europe|journal=Comparative Political Studies|volume=43|issue=11|pages=1471–1498|doi=10.1177/0010414010372593|s2cid=154607509|issn=0010-4140}}{{Cite journal|last1=Dinas|first1=Elias|last2=van Spanje|first2=Joost|date=1 December 2011|title=Crime Story: The role of crime and immigration in the anti-immigration vote |journal=Electoral Studies|volume=30|issue=4|pages=658–671|doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2011.06.010}}{{Cite journal|last1=Burscher|first1=Bjorn|last2=van Spanje|first2=Joost|last3=de Vreese|first3=Claes H.|date=1 June 2015|title=Owning the issues of crime and immigration: The relation between immigration and crime news and anti-immigrant voting in 11 countries |journal=Electoral Studies|volume=38|pages=59–69|doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2015.03.001|s2cid=59143838 |url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/2563200/168937_503146.pdf}}{{Cite journal|last=Rydgren|first=Jens|date=1 October 2008|title=Immigration sceptics, xenophobes or racists? Radical right-wing voting in six West European countries |journal=European Journal of Political Research|volume=47|issue=6|pages=737–765|doi=10.1111/j.1475-6765.2008.00784.x|issn=1475-6765}}{{Cite journal|last=Mayda|first=Anna Maria|date=1 August 2006|title=Who Is Against Immigration? A Cross-Country Investigation of Individual Attitudes toward Immigrants |journal=Review of Economics and Statistics|volume=88|issue=3|pages=510–530|doi=10.1162/rest.88.3.510|s2cid=18610990|issn=0034-6535|url=http://www.dagliano.unimi.it/media/WP2004_187.pdf|hdl=10419/20350|hdl-access=free}} Research also suggests that bigotry and immigrant alienation could exacerbate immigrant criminality and bigotry. For instance, University of California, San Diego political scientist Claire Adida, Stanford University political scientist David Laitin and Sorbonne University economist Marie-Anne Valfort argue "fear-based policies that target groups of people according to their religion or region of origin are counter-productive. Our own research, which explains the failed integration of Muslim immigrants in France, suggests that such policies can feed into a vicious cycle that damages national security. French Islamophobia—a response to cultural difference—has encouraged Muslim immigrants to withdraw from French society, which then feeds back into French Islamophobia, thus further exacerbating Muslims' alienation, and so on."{{Cite journal|last1=Adida|first1=Claire L.|last2=Laitin|first2=David D.|last3=Valfort|first3=Marie-Anne|date=1 February 2017|title=The Wrong Way to Stop Terrorism|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2017-02-01/wrong-way-stop-terrorism|journal=Foreign Affairs}}

A study of the long-term effects of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States found that the post-9/11 increase in hate crimes against Muslims decreased assimilation by Muslim immigrants.{{Cite journal|last1=Gould|first1=Eric D.|last2=Klor|first2=Esteban F.|date=1 July 2015|title=The Long-run Effect of 9/11: Terrorism, Backlash, and the Assimilation of Muslim Immigrants in the West |journal=The Economic Journal|volume=126|issue=597|pages=2064–2114|doi=10.1111/ecoj.12219|s2cid=55809315|issn=1468-0297|hdl=10.1111/ecoj.12219|hdl-access=free}} Controlling for relevant factors, the authors found that "Muslim immigrants living in states with the sharpest increase in hate crimes also exhibit: greater chances of marrying within their own ethnic group; higher fertility; lower female labour force participation; and lower English proficiency." A study of Germans found that the 9/11 terror attacks contributed to greater anti-immigrant sentiments.{{Cite journal |title=The Effects of 9/11 on Attitudes toward Immigration and the Moderating Role of Education|doi=10.1111/kykl.12122 |volume=69|issue= 4|year=2016|journal=Kyklos|pages=604–632 | last1 = Schüller | first1 = Simone|s2cid=184549|url= http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.415405.de/diw_sp0534.pdf}} States that experience terrorist acts on their own soil or against their own citizens are more likely to adopt stricter restrictions on asylum recognition.{{Cite journal|last=Avdan|first=Nazli|date=1 December 2014|title=Do asylum recognition rates in Europe respond to transnational terrorism? The migration-security nexus revisited |journal=European Union Politics|language=en|volume=15|issue=4|pages=445–471|doi=10.1177/1465116514534908|s2cid=154649714|issn=1465-1165}}

Research in 2017 also indicated opposition to immigration may be motivated by a person's concern about their group's social position.{{cite web |url=https://policyexchange.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Racial-Self-Interest-is-not-Racism-FINAL.pdf |last=Kaufmann |first=Eric |authorlink=Eric Kaufmann |title=Racial Self-Interest is not racism: ethno-demographic interests and the immigration debate. |website=Policy Exchange |location=London |year=2017 |pages=4, 20–23 }} Studies found that increasing Hispanic immigration to the US caused greater support for immigration restriction amongst both white Americans and non-Hispanic non-white Americans (Hispanic Americans showed no change in attitudes), suggesting that concerns about group position could motivate opposition to immigration.{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/1948550617712029|title=Hispanic Population Growth Engenders Conservative Shift Among Non-Hispanic Racial Minorities|year=2018|last1=Craig|first1=Maureen A.|last2=Richeson|first2=Jennifer A.|journal=Social Psychological and Personality Science|volume=9|issue=4|pages=383–392|s2cid=3630320}}

{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/1369183X.2017.1334540|title=What's left unsaid? In-group solidarity and ethnic and racial differences in opposition to immigration in the United States|year=2018|last1=Bazo Vienrich|first1=Alessandra|last2=Creighton|first2=Mathew J.|journal=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies|volume=44|issue=13|pages=2240–2255|s2cid=148910927}} Political ideology can also interact with group social position;{{cite web |last=Kaufmann |first=Eric |title=Is tribalism racist? Antiracism norms and immigration. |work=British Politics and Policy at LSE |date=9 July 2017 |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/antiracism-norms-and-immigration/ }} in the 2016 United States presidential election white Clinton voters were strongly opposed to the notion of white Americans limiting immigration to maintain their group position but were not generally opposed to the notion of Hispanic Americans desiring to increase their population share via increased immigration, while white Trump voters showed the opposite. David Frum suggests that while mass migration has occurred historically, for societies that have undergone a demographic transition, immigration brings change faster since the native population has fewer children. This causes immigrants to be perceived not as reinforcing the native population but instead as replacing it.{{cite news |first=David |last=Frum |title=How Much Immigration Is Too Much? |date=April 2019 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/04/david-frum-how-much-immigration-is-too-much/583252/ |work=The Atlantic }}

A study in Canada found that anti-refugee sentiments persisted more strongly among people with populist attitudes – on both sides of the political spectrum, i.e. left and right – even when controlling for demographic and economic factors, political interest, and satisfaction with democracy of the participants.{{cite book |last1=Pruysers |first1=Scott |last2=Schminke |first2=Tobias Gerhard |title=Prejudicial Populists? Evidence from Canada |date=2024 |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9780228020486-015 |isbn=9780228020486 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780228020486-015/html?lang=en |access-date=30 July 2024}}

In 2018, a survey of 27 countries around the world showed that a median of 45% wanted fewer or no immigrants, 36% wanted to keep the current immigration levels and only 14% wanted immigration to increase. The median of those opposing was the highest in countries receiving the most migrants, with 51% in European countries.

File:Pauline Hanson (438351804) (cropped).jpg said in her maiden speech in 1996 that Australia "was in danger of being swamped by Asians"{{Cite news |date=2016-09-15 |title=Pauline Hanson defiant as speech criticised in Australia |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-37335544 |access-date=2024-07-12 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}]]

The impact of Europeans was profoundly disruptive to Aboriginal life and, though the extent of violence is debated, there was considerable conflict on the frontier. At the same time, some settlers were quite aware they were usurping the Aborigines place in Australia. In 1845, settler Charles Griffiths sought to justify this, writing; "The question comes to this; which has the better right – the savage, born in a country, which he runs over but can scarcely be said to occupy ... or the civilized man, who comes to introduce into this ... unproductive country, the industry which supports life."{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

A sparsely-populated continental nation with a predominantly European population, Australia has long feared being overwhelmed by the heavily populated Asian countries to its north. The standard policy after 1900 was "White Australia" which encouraged immigration from Britain, was suspicious of immigrants from Germany and elsewhere in Europe, and which was quite hostile to immigrants from Asia or the Pacific islands.{{cite journal | last = Jensen | first = Richard | title = Comparative nativism: the United States, Canada and Australia, 1880s–1910s | journal = Canadian Issues | pages = 45–55 | publisher = Association for Canadian Studies | date = Spring 2009 | url = https://acs-aec.ca/en/publications/canadian-issues/borders-boundaries/buy-now/ | access-date = 23 February 2016 | archive-date = 3 July 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170703230221/https://acs-aec.ca/en/publications/canadian-issues/borders-boundaries/buy-now/ | url-status = dead }} After World War II, most Australians agreed that the country must "populate or perish".{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} Immigration brought people from traditional sources such as the British Isles along with, for the first time, large numbers of Southern and Central Europeans. The abolition of the so-called 'White Australia policy' during the early 1970s led to a significant increase in immigration from Asian and other non-European countries.

Prime Minister John Curtin supported White Australia policy, saying "This country shall remain forever the home of the descendants of those people who came here in peace to establish in the South Seas an outpost of the British race."{{cite web|url=http://www.border.gov.au/about/corporate/information/fact-sheets/08abolition|title=Fact Sheet – Abolition of the 'White Australia' Policy|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia, National Communications Branch, Department of Immigration and Citizenship|work=Australian Immigration|access-date=27 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919131355/http://www.border.gov.au/about/corporate/information/fact-sheets/08abolition|archive-date=19 September 2015|url-status=dead}}

Prime Minister Stanley Bruce was a supporter of the White Australia Policy, and made it an issue in his campaign for the 1925 Australian Federal election.

{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article155676023 |title=ISSUES OF THE ELECTIONS |newspaper=The Age |location=Victoria, Australia |date=6 October 1925 |access-date=9 December 2016 |page=11 |via=National Library of Australia}}

It is necessary that we should determine what are the ideals towards which every Australian would desire to strive. I think those ideals might well be stated as being to secure our national safety, and to ensure the maintenance of our White Australia Policy to continue as an integral portion of the British Empire. We intend to keep this country white and not allow its people to be faced with the problems that at present are practically insoluble in many parts of the world.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywV16n6mOUUC&q=%22stanley+bruce%22&pg=PA301|title=The Great Barrier Reef: History, Science, Heritage|last=Bowen|first=James|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-521-82430-3|page=301|author2=Bowen, Margarita|access-date=24 January 2008}}

Labor leader (1951–1960) H. V. Evatt was a defender of the White Australia Policy. There was a strong view in Australia that any softening of the White Australia stance might result in cheaper labour being imported from overseas. Another prevailing sentiment was that multiculturalism resulted in instability. Evatt, opposing resolutions which could have led to more Asian immigration to Australia, told the Chinese delegation at San Francisco:

You have always insisted on the right to determine the composition of your own people. Australia wants that right now. What you are attempting to do now, Japan attempted after the last war [the First World War] and was prevented by Australia. Had we opened New Guinea and Australia to Japanese immigration then the Pacific War by now might have ended disastrously and we might have had another shambles like that experienced in Malaya.{{Cite web|url=https://www.moadoph.gov.au/blog/dr-evatt-goes-to-san-francisco|title=Dr Evatt Goes to San Francisco|first=Executive Agency within the Prime Minister and Cabinet portfolio|last=corporatename:Old Parliament House|website=Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House|date=25 June 2015 }}

Another (ALP) Leader of the Labor Party from 1960 to 1967 Arthur Calwell supported the White European Australia policy. This is reflected by Calwell's comments in his 1972 memoirs, Be Just and Fear Not, in which he made it clear that he maintained his view that non-European people should not be allowed to settle in Australia. He wrote:

I am proud of my white skin, just as a Chinese is proud of his yellow skin, a Japanese of his brown skin, and the Indians of their various hues from black to coffee-colored. Anybody who is not proud of his race is not a man at all. And any man who tries to stigmatize the Australian community as racist because they want to preserve this country for the white race is doing our nation great harm... I reject, in conscience, the idea that Australia should or ever can become a multi-racial society and survive.Calwell, Be Just and Fear Not, 117

It was the high-profile historian Geoffrey Blainey, however, who first achieved mainstream recognition for the anti-multiculturalist cause when he wrote that multiculturalism threatened to transform Australia into a "cluster of tribes". In his 1984 book All for Australia, Blainey criticised multiculturalism for tending to "emphasise the rights of ethnic minorities at the expense of the majority of Australians" and also for tending to be "anti-British", even though "people from the United Kingdom and Ireland form the dominant class of pre-war immigrants and the largest single group of post-war immigrants."

According to Blainey, such a policy, with its "emphasis on what is different and on the rights of the new minority rather than the old majority," was unnecessarily creating division and threatened national cohesion. He argued that "the evidence is clear that many multicultural societies have failed and that the human cost of the failure has been high" and warned that "we should think very carefully about the perils of converting Australia into a giant multicultural laboratory for the assumed benefit of the peoples of the world."Blainey, G. (1984). All For Australia, North Ryde, NSW: Methuen Haynes ({{ISBN|0-454-00828-7}})

In one of his many criticisms of multiculturalism, Blainey wrote:

For the millions of Australians who have no other nation to fall back upon, multiculturalism is almost an insult. It is divisive. It threatens social cohesion. It could, in the long-term, also endanger Australia's military security because it sets up enclaves which in a crisis could appeal to their own homelands for help.

Blainey remained a persistent critic of multiculturalism into the 1990s, denouncing multiculturalism as "morally, intellectually and economically ... a sham".

During the early 1990s, Australia had two parties with their name in opposition to immigration. Australians Against Further Immigration and Reclaim Australia: Reduce Immigration.

In the 1996 election Pauline Hanson was elected to the federal seat of Oxley. In her controversial maiden speech to the House of Representatives, she expressed her belief that Australia "was in danger of being swamped by Asians". Hanson went on to form the One Nation Party, which initially won nearly one quarter of the vote in Queensland state elections before entering a period of decline due to internal disputes.{{cite journal |last = Goot |first = Murray | title = Pauline Hanson's One Nation: extreme right, centre party or extreme left? | journal = Labour History | volume = 89 |issue = 89 | pages = 101–119 | publisher = Australian Society for the Study of Labour History (ASSLH) | doi = 10.2307/27516078 | jstor = 27516078 | date = November 2005 }} The name "One Nation" was meant to signify national unity, in contrast to what Hanson said was an increasing division in Australian society caused by government policies favouring migrants (multiculturalism) and indigenous Australians.{{cite journal |last = Ben-Moshe |first = Danny | title = One Nation and the Australian far right | journal = Patterns of Prejudice | volume = 35 | issue = 3 | pages = 24–40 | publisher = Taylor and Francis | doi = 10.1080/003132201128811205 | date = July 2001 |s2cid = 145077630 }}

Some Australians reacted angrily to One Nation, as Hanson was subjected to water balloons filled with urine at public speeches, ridiculed in the media, and received so many death threats she filmed a "good-bye video" in the case of her assassination.{{cite journal | last = Scalmer |first = Sean | title = From contestation to autonomy: the staging and framing of anti-Hanson contention | journal = Australian Journal of Politics and History | volume = 47 | issue = 2 | pages = 209–224 | publisher = Wiley | doi = 10.1111/1467-8497.00228 | date = June 2001 }} She was imprisoned by the government on political corruption charges, which were dropped after her imprisonment.

In recent years, however, Hanson returned to politics in 2016 after being elected as One Nation Senator for Queensland, and the rise of other anti-immigrant parties such as the Australian Liberty Alliance and groups such as the United Patriots Front indicates that anti-immigration sentiment may be becoming mainstream.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

{{See also|Immigration to Europe}}

File:2015-09-22 EU JHA Council majority vote to relocate 120,000 refugees.svg Justice and Home Affairs Council majority vote to relocate 120,000 refugees from Greece and Italy to other EU countries according to proportional quotas:

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A February 2017 poll of 10,000 people in 10 European countries by Chatham House found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in several countries: Austria (65%), Poland (71%), Hungary (64%), France (61%) and Belgium (64%). Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the centre of a refugee crisis. Of those opposed to further Muslim immigration, 3/4 classify themselves as on the right of the political spectrum. Of those self-classifying as on the left of the political spectrum, 1/3 supported a halt.{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=Chatham House|access-date=28 September 2018|language=en}} According to a Yougov poll in 2018, majorities in all seven polled countries were opposed to accepting more migrants: Germany (72%), Denmark (65%), Finland (64%), Sweden (60%), United Kingdom (58%), France (58%) and Norway (52%).{{Cite web|url=https://yougov.co.uk/news/2018/07/17/eurotrack-uk-denmark-finland-and-norway-not-pullin/|title=YouGov {{!}} Eurotrack: UK, Denmark, Finland and Norway not pulling their weight on migrants|website=YouGov: What the world thinks|access-date=28 September 2018}} A 2025 YouGov poll found the proportion of respondents which found immigration in the last 10 years too high was 81% in Germany, 80% in Spain, 73% in Sweden, 71% in Britain and Italy while 69% in France.{{cite web | last=Smith | first=Matthew | title=EuroTrack: publics across Western Europe are unhappy with immigration | website=YouGov | date=26 February 2025 | url=https://yougov.co.uk/international/articles/51684-eurotrack-publics-across-western-europe-are-unhappy-with-immigration | access-date=1 March 2025}}

Political opposition to high levels of legal immigration has been associated with certain right-wing parties in the EU. The issue increased with the European migrant crisis in 2015 with large numbers of refugees from the Middle East and Africa making dangerous trips to Europe and many deaths en route. With high levels of unemployment and partly unassimilated non-European immigrant populations already within the EU, parties opposed to immigration have improved their position in polls and elections. Right-wing parties critical to immigration have entered the government in Austria, Denmark, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland and Slovakia, and have become major factors in English, Swedish, German and French politics.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2nG1bCRUEMC&pg=PA39|title=Rethinking the French New Right: Alternatives to Modernity|first=Tamir|last=Bar-On|date=12 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135966263|via=Google Books}}

Immigration is one of the central political issues in many European countries, and increasingly also at European Union level. The anti-immigration perspective is predominantly nationalist, cultural and economic. A new index measuring the level of perceived threat from immigrants has been recently proposed and applied to a data set covering 47 European countries and regions.{{cite journal |last=Marozzi|first=Marco | title = Construction, robustness assessment and application of an index of perceived level of socio-economic threat from immigrants: a study of 47 European countries and regions | journal = Social Indicators Research |volume=128 | pages = 413–437 | publisher = Springer | doi = 10.1007/s11205-015-1037-z | date = 2015 |issue=1 |s2cid=152888964 }}

In France, the National Front opposed immigration as of 2000.{{cite book | last = Fetzer | first = Joel S. | title = Public attitudes toward immigration in the United States, France, and Germany | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge New York | year = 2000 | isbn = 9780521786799 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/publicattitudest0000fetz }} In the 1988 elections, 75% of supporters of its leader Jean-Marie Le Pen believed France had too many immigrants as opposed to 35% of all voters.{{cite journal | last1 = Mayer |first1 = Nonna |author-link1=Nonna Mayer | last2 = Perrineau | first2 = Pascal | title = Why do they vote for Le Pen? | journal = European Journal of Political Research | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 123–141 | publisher = Wiley | doi = 10.1111/j.1475-6765.1992.tb00308.x | date = July 1992 |s2cid = 153651501 |url = http://spire.sciencespo.fr/hdl:/2441/f0uohitsgqh8dhk97j20ledri }}{{update inline|date=May 2024}}

In the European Parliament, some political groups oppose to illegal immigration including European People's Party Group, Patriots for Europe and European Conservatives and Reformists Group.

{{See also|Immigration to Denmark|Islam in Denmark}}

According to a poll in 2017, two out of three (64%) wished for limiting immigration from Muslim countries which was an increase from 2015 (54%).{{Cite web|url=https://www.berlingske.dk/content/item/421956|title=To ud af tre vil begrænse muslimsk indvandring|date=14 March 2017|website=Berlingske.dk|language=da|access-date=25 May 2019}}

In Denmark, the parliamentary party most strongly associated with anti-immigration policies is the Danish People's Party.

{{Main|Immigration to France|Remigration}}

File:Calais - Manifestation contre les clandestins, l'immigration-invasion et l'islamisation de l'Europe, 8 novembre 2015 (20).JPG" during an anti-immigration protest in Calais, France, in 2015]]

According to an Ipsos poll in September 2019, 65% responded that accepting migrants did not improve the situation in France and 45% responded that accepting migrants deprived the French of social services.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipsos.com/fr-fr/la-france-en-tete-des-pays-en-attente-dun-leader-fort-pour-casser-les-regles|title=La France en tête des pays en attente d'un leader " fort " pour " casser les règles "|website=Ipsos|date=13 September 2019 |language=fr-fr|access-date=17 September 2019}}

The largest party in Senate Les Républicains have a right-wing populist views on immigration{{Cite web |date=2019-11-04 |title=Immigration |url=https://republicains.fr/nos-propositions/immigration/ |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=les Républicains |language=fr-FR}}

The National Rally is the largest party in France with anti immigration views.

{{See also|Immigration to Germany|European migrant crisis|PEGIDA|Alternative für Deutschland}}In 2018, a poll by Pew Research found that a majority (58%) wanted fewer immigrants to be allowed into the country, 30% wanted to keep the current level and 10% wanted to increase immigration.

In February 2020, more than 10,000 individuals attempted to cross the border between Greece and Turkey after Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan opened its border to Europe, but they were blocked by Greek army and police forces. Hundreds of Greek soldiers and armed police resisted the trespassers and fired tear gas at them. Among those who attempted to cross the majority were not war refugees from Syria, but the largest group was from Afghanistan and the next largest from Pakistan along with significant numbers of migrants from African countries Ethiopia, Morocco and Algeria. Greece responded by refusing to accept asylum applications for a month.{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/greece-migrants-struggle-cross-eu-turkey-162105944.html|title='Are we in Greece?': Migrants seize their chance in Europe quest|website=news.yahoo.com|language=en-US|access-date=3 March 2020}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200301-greece-blocks-thousands-of-migrants-trying-to-enter-from-turkey|title=Greece blocks thousands of migrants trying to enter from Turkey|date=1 March 2020|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=3 March 2020}}{{Cite web|url=https://m.focus.de/politik/ausland/schon-fast-37-000-grenzuebertritte-verhindert-rotes-kreuz-besorgt-in-griechenland-kommen-weit-mehr-migranten-als-fluechtlinge-an_id_11738162.html|title=Anders als 2015: In Griechenland kommen viel mehr Migranten als Syrer an|website=FOCUS Online|language=de|access-date=8 March 2020}} Among the illegal immigrants who were apprehended between 28 February and 5 March by Greek authorities in the Evros region 64% were from Afghanistan, 19% were from Pakistan, 5% were from Turkey, 4% from Syria and 2.6% from Somalia.

{{See also|Hungarian border barrier}}

File:Hungary-Serbia border barrier.jpg

In 2015 during the European migrant crisis, Hungary built a razor-wire fence on its border to Serbia to stop migrants from entering the European Union.{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34260071|title=Migrants stranded at Hungarian border|date=15 September 2015|access-date=27 September 2019|language=en-GB}}

In 2016, Hungary held a referendum related to the European Union's migrant relocation plans. An overwhelming majority of voters (98.36%) rejected the EU's migrant quotas.

{{See also|Irish anti-immigration protests (2022–present)}}

In 2022, during the Ukrainian refugee crisis, the Irish Department of Children, Equality, Disability, Integration and Youth (DCEDIY) set up transitional shelters for refugees from various backgrounds, which lead to nationwide protests, which the Garda Síochána say numbered 307 in 2022 and at least a further 169 {{As of|2023|August|lc=y}}.{{Cite web |last=Askew |first=Joshua |date=2023-03-13 |title='Keep Ireland Irish': Say hello to Ireland's growing far right |url=https://www.euronews.com/2023/03/13/keep-ireland-irish-say-hello-to-irelands-growing-far-right |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=Euronews |language=en}}{{Cite news |last=Gallagher |first=Conor |date=27 March 2023 |title=Anti-immigration protests have 'peaked', gardaí believe |language=en |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/crime-law/2023/03/27/anti-immigration-protests-have-peaked-gardai-believe/ |access-date=2023-07-02}}{{Cite news |last=Lally |first=Conor |date=21 August 2023 |title=Sustained fall in number of anti-immigration protests in Dublin |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/crime-law/2023/08/21/sustained-fall-in-number-of-anti-immigration-protests-in-dublin/}} They started over concerns over the lack of information given to the people in the areas beforehand,{{Cite web |last=Pepper |first=Diarmuid |date=22 November 2022 |title=Minister says East Wall 'leaflet drop' is planned amid dispute over asylum seeker accommodation |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/information-leaflets-dublin-east-wall-residents-asylum-seeker-accommodation-5927360-Nov2022/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=TheJournal.ie |language=en}} an overcrowding of facilities and the existing housing crisis,{{Cite news |last=Grennan |first=Dan |date=30 November 2022 |title=East Wall locals slam 'embarrassing' refugee protests bringing 'element of fear' to the area |work=Dublin Live |url=https://www.dublinlive.ie/news/east-wall-locals-slam-embarrassing-25640742 |access-date=2022-12-04}} refugee welfare,{{Cite news |last=De Vaal |first=Danny |date=9 December 2022 |title=Inside East Wall refugee centre as asylum seekers want to join protests and say rooms are like 'cage for animals' |work=The Irish Mirror |url=https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/irish-news/inside-east-wall-refugee-centre-28689129 |access-date=2022-12-19}} and the lack of women and children in the initial group.{{Cite news |last=De Vaal |first=Danny |date=21 November 2022 |title=Second protest takes place in East Wall after 'male-only' asylum seekers housed in old ESB building |work=The Irish Mirror |url=https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/irish-news/second-protest-takes-place-east-28550267 |access-date=2022-12-19}}

As news of the protests spread, far-right protestors used the events to express their opposition to immigration and many have been criticized as being racist, which is what led to the counter-protests in County Cork and in the "Ireland for All" rally.{{Cite news |last=O'Callaghan |first=Gavin |date=2 December 2022 |title=Fermoy locals hosting 'Rally against Racism' demo in response to asylum protests |work=Cork Beo |url=https://www.corkbeo.ie/news/local-news/fermoy-locals-hosting-rally-against-25655458 |access-date=2022-12-05}}{{cite news |last=Wilson |first=Jade |date=18 February 2023 |title=Thousands protest against 'hatred and disinformation' at anti-racism march in Dublin |work=Irish Times |location= |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/social-affairs/2023/02/18/thousands-protest-against-hatred-and-disinformation-at-anti-racism-march-in-dublin/ |access-date=18 February 2023}} Some minority parties such as the National Party,{{Cite news |last=McEnroe |first=Juno |date=18 November 2016 |title=National Party president wants immigrants to leave |work=Irish Examiner |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-20431172.html |access-date=2022-12-19}} the Irish Freedom Party,{{Cite news |last1=Gallagher |first1=Conor |last2=Lally |first2=Conor |date=24 February 2021 |title=Refugee tribunal member sues for defamation |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/refugee-tribunal-member-sues-for-defamation-1.4494131 |access-date=2022-12-19}} and Ireland First oppose immigration.{{cite news |last=Gallagher |first=Conor |date=12 March 2023 |title=Ireland First: Inside the group chat of Ireland's latest far-right political party |newspaper=The Irish Times |location= |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/social-affairs/2023/03/12/ireland-first-becomes-a-political-party-but-will-anyone-vote-for-it/ |access-date=13 March 2023}} Independent politicians opposed to immigration also formed the now defunct Immigration Control Platform and party Identity Ireland want to tighten border control restrictions and have been described by the TheJournal.ie as anti-immigrant.{{Cite news |last=Brennan |first=Cianan |date=16 November 2016 |title=Dublin hotel cancels launch of new extreme right-wing party which had been planned for tomorrow |work=TheJournal.ie |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/the-national-party-merrion-hotel-3084352-Nov2016/ |access-date=2022-12-20}} There is also an Irish off-shoot of Pegida.{{cite news |last=Roche |first=Barry |date=9 February 2016 |title=Varadkar concerned by rise of anti-Islamic group Pegida |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/varadkar-concerned-by-rise-of-anti-islamic-group-pegida-1.2526717 |access-date=14 March 2016}}{{cite news |last=Roche |first=Barry |date=30 January 2016 |title=Anti-Islamic group Pegida Ireland to be launched at Dublin rally |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/anti-islamic-group-pegida-ireland-to-be-launched-at-dublin-rally-1.2515875 |access-date=27 February 2016}}

Social media campaigns have united the far-right activists to join the anti-immigration protests. Anti-immigration activists have used Telegram to communicate and started campaigns such as #IrelandIsFull, a hashtag that trended on Twitter.{{Cite news |last=Malekmian |first=Shamim |date=30 November 2022 |title=How the Government Created an Opening for Anti-Immigration Activists to Exploit in East Wall |work=Dublin Inquirer |url=https://www.dublininquirer.com/2022/11/30/how-the-government-created-an-opening-for-anti-immigration-activists-to-exploit-in-east-wall |access-date=2022-12-05}} The DCEDIY projected a shortfall of 15,000 beds for refugees in December 2022 and admitted that there was mounting pressure to house 65,000 people.{{Cite news |date=19 November 2022 |title=Protest held over housing of asylum seekers in Dublin |work=RTÉ |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/regional/2022/1119/1337137-east-wall-protest/ |access-date=2022-12-05}}

Controversy has been raised over the loss or destruction of travel documents by 2,232 asylum seekers who were over 16 and traveling through Dublin Airport in 2022 after a freedom of information request. Reports had been made of the destruction of passports during transit in 2019.{{Cite news |last=Gallagher |first=Conor |date=2022-06-08 |title=Thousands of asylum seekers arrive at Dublin Airport with no travel documents |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/2022/10/06/thousands-of-passengers-destroy-or-lose-passports-before-arrival-at-dublin-airport/ |access-date=2023-01-16 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Healy |first=John |title=Bringing down the immigration curtain |url=https://www.mayonews.ie/news/local-news/1133830/bringing-down-the-immigration-curtain.html |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=The Mayo News |language=en-ie |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116183827/https://www.mayonews.ie/comment-opinion/down-memory-lane/39023-bringing-down-the-immigration-curtain |url-status=dead }}

In May 2023, a Red C/The Business Post poll found that 75% of people thought that Ireland is taking in too many refugees.{{cite web | url=https://www.businesspost.ie/news/red-c-poll-three-out-of-four-think-ireland-has-taken-too-many-refugees/ | title=Red C poll: Three out of four think Ireland has taken too many refugees }}

{{See also|Immigration to Italy}}

According to poll published by Corriere della Sera, one of two respondents (51%) approved closing Italy's ports to further boat migrants arriving via the Mediterranean, while 19% welcomed further boat migrants.{{Cite web|url=https://www.corriere.it/politica/19_gennaio_11/colpe-dell-emergenza-migranti-salvini-conte-dimaio-dacb3282-15e0-11e9-9cd3-6f68d3bb44a0.shtml|title=Le colpe dell'emergenza migranti? Il 60% punta il dito contro l'Europa|last=Pagnoncelli|first=Nando|date=1 November 2019|website=Corriere della Sera|language=it|access-date=12 January 2019}}

In 2018, a poll by Pew Research found that a majority (71%) wanted fewer immigrants to be allowed into the country, 18% wanted to keep the current level and 5% wanted to increase immigration.

In 2023, Poland held a referendum with a question "Do you support the admission of thousands of illegal immigrants from the Middle East and Africa, in accordance with the forced relocation mechanism imposed by the European bureaucracy?. 96.79% of voters voted no.

Portugal had little immigration until a sudden influx in the 1970s, as ex-colonists, most of them ethnically white, returned.{{Cite web|last=Peralta|first=Elsa|date=2019|title=A integração dos retornados: identidade, desidentificação e ocultação|url=http://analisesocial.ics.ul.pt/documentos/n231_a04.pdf|website=Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa.|language=pt-PT}} After the former Portuguese African colonies gained independence, and because nationals of Portuguese-speaking nations can freely live and work in Portugal without much bureaucracy, an incremental growth of immigration from Portugal's former overseas possessions was observed over the past few decades, primarily from Brazil, Cape Verde, Angola and Mozambique.{{Cite web|date=December 2019|title=AFRODESCENDENTES EM PORTUGAL|url=https://www.om.acm.gov.pt/documents/58428/183863/Revista+Migra%C3%A7%C3%B5es+16.pdf/d7e56cb0-7d04-4f2c-96a6-fb2c7ee8e9ff|website=Revista do Observatório das Migrações|language=pt-PT}}{{Cite web|date=March 2023|title=Cidadãos de países da CPLP vão ter autorizações de residência em 72 horas|url=https://www.publico.pt/2023/03/10/sociedade/noticia/cidadaos-paises-cplp-vao-autorizacoes-residencia-72-horas-2042005|website=Público|language=pt-PT}} The country now has are nearly 240,000 Brazilians{{Cite web|date=June 2023|title=Quase 800 mil estrangeiros vivem em Portugal e 30% são brasileiros|url=https://www.publico.pt/2023/06/23/sociedade/noticia/quase-800-mil-estrangeiros-vivem-portugal-30-sao-brasileiros-2054424|website=Público|language=pt-PT}} and about 350,000 people born in an African country.{{Cite web|title=População residente de naturalidade estrangeira segundo os Censos: total e por país de naturalidade|url=https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/populacao+residente+de+naturalidade+estrangeira+segundo+os+censos+total+e+por+pais+de+naturalidade-3800-325591|website=Pordata|language=pt-PT}} Although immigrants are mostly concentrated in urban and suburban areas, mainly on Portugal's coast, Portuguese authorities have in recent times encouraged immigration, notably from Brazil, to rural areas, in an effort to increase an ever shrinking population.{{Cite web|last=Amato|first=Gian|date=14 December 2020|title='Há qualidade de vida no interior de Portugal, faltam pessoas. É o momento de os brasileiros virem', diz ministra do país|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/economia/ha-qualidade-de-vida-no-interior-de-portugal-faltam-pessoas-o-momento-de-os-brasileiros-virem-diz-ministra-do-pais-1-24794797|website=O Globo|language=pt-PT}} The growth of the number of immigrants has been linked to an escalation of anti-immigration sentiments and protests throughout Portugal since the mids 2000's.{{Cite web|last=Rattner|first=Jair|date=18 June 2005|title=Portugueses fazem protesto em Lisboa contra imigrantes e violência|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/bbc/ult272u43602.shtml|website=Folha|language=pt-PT}}{{Cite web|last=Carlos|first=João|date=20 August 2020|title=Ataques racistas preocupam imigrantes africanos em Portugal|url=https://www.dw.com/pt-002/ataques-racistas-preocupam-imigrantes-africanos-em-portugal/a-54635065|website=DW|language=pt-PT}}

Until recently,{{when|date=May 2024}} far-right party "National Renewal Party", known as PNR, was the only one in Portugal which actively targeted{{clarify|date=May 2024}} the mass-immigration and ethnic minorities (mainly related to Gypsy and African communities) issues.{{Cite web|last=Gomes|first=Joaquim|date=1 December 2018|title=Líder do PNR contra "marxismo cultural que captura o pensamento"|url=https://ionline.sapo.pt/artigo/636732/lider-do-pnr-contra-marxismo-cultural-que-captura-o-pensamento-?seccao=Portugal_i|website=Sapo|language=pt-PT}}{{Cite web|last=Henriques|first=Joana|date=13 July 2018|title=Boicote do PNR a protesto anti-racista vigiado pela PSP|url=https://www.publico.pt/2018/07/13/sociedade/noticia/psp-vai-vigiar-concentracao-do-pnr-a-protesto-antiracista-1837879|website=Publico|language=pt-PT}} After years of growing support—0.09% 4,712 2002, 0.16% 9,374 2005, 0.20% 11,503 2009, 0.31% 17,548 2011— it managed 0.50%, or 27,269, of the electorate in the 2015 Portuguese legislative election. Since 2019, far-right political party Chega has gained traction in the country. Following the 2019 Portuguese legislative election, the party's president, André Ventura, assured a seat in Assembly of the Republic, after having received over 66,000 votes, 1,3% of the electorate.{{Cite web|last=Jorge|first=Catarina|date=7 October 2019|title=O Chega elegeu um deputado e promete ser "o maior partido daqui a 8 anos"|url=https://observador.pt/2019/10/07/o-chega-elegeu-um-deputado-e-promete-ser-o-maior-partido-daqui-a-8-anos/|access-date=20 February 2021|website=Observador|language=pt-PT}} In the 2020 Azorean regional election, the party secured two assemblyman to the regional parliament{{Cite web|date=7 October 2019|title=Eleições nos Açores: Chega elege dois deputados|url=https://www.publico.pt/2020/10/25/politica/noticia/chega-elege-deputado-circulo-sao-miguel-1936698|access-date=20 February 2021|website=Publico|language=pt-PT}} and, during the 2021 Portuguese presidential election, André Ventura managed to gather approximately 500,000 votes, 12% of the total.{{Cite web|date=25 January 2021|title=Portugal's centre-right president re-elected but far right gains ground|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/25/portugals-centre-right-president-re-elected-but-far-right-gains-ground|access-date=21 January 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en-EN}} The party opposes immigration and has been described by the media and mainstream parties as xenophobic.{{Cite web|date=25 January 2021|title=Is the far-right gaining popularity in Portugal?|url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/01/21/is-the-far-right-gaining-popularity-in-portugal|access-date=20 February 2021|website=Euronews|language=en-EN}} Chega has an estimated 28,000 militant members{{Cite web|last=Figueiredo|first=Inês André|date=10 March 2021|title=Só um em cada cinco militantes do Chega inscritos nos cadernos eleitorais votou em Ventura|url=https://observador.pt/2021/03/10/so-um-em-cada-cinco-militantes-do-chega-votou-em-ventura/|access-date=20 February 2021|website=Observador|language=pt-PT}} and is expected to continue to rise in popularity and political force.{{Cite web|last=Cotrim|first=António|date=21 December 2020|title=Sondagem legislativas. Chega passa a terceira força e Bloco cai|url=https://expresso.pt/politica/2020-12-21-Sondagem-legislativas.-Chega-passa-a-terceira-forca-e-Bloco-cai|access-date=20 February 2021|website=Publico|language=pt-PT}}

A January 2004 survey by Spanish newspaper El País found that the "majority" of Spaniards believed immigration was too high.{{Cite news|last=Staff writer |title=Immigration time-bomb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060528065305/http://www.expatica.com/source/site_article.asp?subchannel_id=83&story_id=8794&name=Immigration%2Btime-bomb |archive-date=28 May 2006 |url=http://www.expatica.com/source/site_article.asp?subchannel_id=83&story_id=8794&name=Immigration+time%2Dbomb |work=Expatica |date=23 June 2004 |access-date=11 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}

In Spain, as of 2005, surveys found "in descending order, jobs, crime and housing" were the primary concerns for citizens opposed to immigration.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIWNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136|title=Europe's Population|author1=Ray Hall|author2=Paul White|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=9781135369484|page=136}}

Small Neo-fascist parties, such as Movimiento Social Español, openly campaign using nationalist or anti-immigrant rhetoric as do other small far-right parties such as National Democracy (Spain) and España 2000. These parties have never won national or regional parliamentary seats.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

{{Main|Immigration to Sweden}}

A 2008 study, which involved questionnaires circulated to 5000 people, showed that less than a quarter of the respondents (23%) wanted to live in areas characterised by cultural, ethnic and social diversity.{{Cite news|url=https://www.svd.se/svenskar-vill-ha-inhagnat-boende|title=Svenskar vill ha inhägnat boende {{!}} SvD|last=TT|work=SvD.se|access-date=14 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322170850/http://www.svd.se/svenskar-vill-ha-inhagnat-boende|archive-date=22 March 2016|language=sv}} A 2016 SOM Institute survey published by University of Gothenburg reported that between the years 2011 and 2016, the estimated share of people with concerns about the increasing number of immigrants increased from around 20% to 45%.{{cite web|url=http://som.gu.se/digitalAssets/1649/1649642_32-svenska-trender-1986-2016.pdf|title=Svenska Trender report|website=University of Gothenburg|publisher=SOM Institute|pages=24, 48|access-date=9 November 2017|archive-date=12 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712211328/http://som.gu.se/digitalAssets/1649/1649642_32-svenska-trender-1986-2016.pdf|url-status=dead}}; cf. [https://imgur.com/ZTcINnh VAD SVENSKAR OROAR SIG FÖR – Sociala klyftor och ökat antal flyktingar] In 2018, a poll by Pew Research found that a majority (52%) wanted fewer immigrants to be allowed into the country, 33% wanted to keep the current level and 14% wanted to increase immigration.{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/12/10/many-worldwide-oppose-more-migration-both-into-and-out-of-their-countries/|title=Many worldwide oppose more migration – both into and out of their countries|last1=Connor|first1=Phillip|last2=Krogstad|first2=Jens Manuel|website=Pew Research Center|date=10 December 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=24 January 2019}}

On the question of repatriation of the asylum immigrants, 61% of native respondents in 1990 thought that it was a good suggestion, with this figure steadily decreasing over the ensuing years to a low of around 40% in 2014. In 2015, there was an increase in respondents in favor of repatriation, with a majority, 52%, deeming it a good suggestion. The proportion of respondents who felt repatriation was neither a good nor bad proposal simultaneously dropped from almost 40% to 24%.

In February 2020 finance minister Magdalena Andersson encouraged migrants to head for countries other than Sweden. Andersson stated in an interview that integration of immigrants in Sweden wasn't working, neither before nor after 2015, and that Sweden cannot accept more immigration than it is able to integrate.{{Cite web|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/5V6xz1|title=Magdalena Andersson: Sök er till annat land|website=Aftonbladet|date=21 December 2017 |language=sv|access-date=6 March 2020}}

The party's most strongly associated with anti-immigration policies are Sweden Democrats and Alternative for Sweden.

File:Anti-Einwanderungsinitiative 2014.svg, Do you accept the federal popular initiative 'against mass immigration'? Green is a Yes vote, Red a No vote]]

{{excerpt|Immigration to Europe|Switzerland}}

{{Main|Immigration to the United Kingdom|2024 United Kingdom riots}}

In the UK the British National Party made opposition to immigration one of their central policies in the 2010 general election.{{cite news | title = BNP call for end to immigration from Muslim nations | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/election_2010/8639097.stm | work = BBC News | publisher = BBC | date = 23 April 2010 }} In 2015 the anti-mass-immigration party, UKIP, proposed setting up a Migration Control Commission, tasked with bringing down net migration.{{cite news | last = Wilkinson | first = Michael | title = Immigration policies: General Election 2015 and how each party will tackle it | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/general-election-2015/11451936/General-Election-2015-Immigration-policy.html | work = The Daily Telegraph | date = 5 May 2015 }}

The vote for the UK to leave the EU was successful in Britain, with several commentators suggesting that populist concern over immigration from the EU was a major feature of the public debate.{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/triumph-brexiteer-nigel-farage-british-scourge-eu-134149305.html|title=Triumph for 'Brexiteer' Nigel Farage, British scourge of the EU|website=www.yahoo.com|date=24 June 2016 }} British Prime Minister David Cameron resigned over the vote. He had agreed to hold a vote on leaving the EU, due in part to the Conservative party losing votes to UKIP.{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/may/13/david-cameron-eu-ukip | title=David Cameron offers olive branch on EU referendum as Ukip soars |work=The Guardian | access-date=28 June 2019}}

As of 2024, The British Democrats, Britain First and the UK Independence Party have anti immigration policies.

{{main|Illegal immigration to India}}

India has anti-immigration parties at the state level. Two anti-immigration parties in the state of Maharashtra, the Shiv Sena and the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena, are a proponent of the idea that migrants from Northern India steal jobs from the native Marathi people, with a history of attacking immigrants and accusing them of playing a role in crime in the city of Mumbai. The Shiv Sena also has a history of threatening the Pakistani cricket team from coming to Mumbai and also threatening Australian cricket players in the Indian Premier League, following racially motivated attacks on Indian students in Australia in 2009.

In the last few decades, there has been a rise in the anti-illegal immigration attitudes in the North East Indian states like Assam, which has become a common entry point for illegal immigrants from Bangladesh. Riots have occurred between the native tribes of Assam and illegal immigrants from Bangladesh.

In 2019, the Government of India introduced the Citizenship Amendment Act, which gives a faster path to Indian citizenship for Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, and Christian religious minorities that have immigrated both legally and illegally from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan that suffer religious persecution (provided they arrived in India before 31 December 2014).{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/ErrorPage.html?aspxerrorpath=/newsite/mainpage.aspx|title=Untitled Page|website=pib.gov.in}} Any refugees from these groups that arrived after the cutoff must reside in India for at least 5 years before they can gain citizenship. Widespread protests have been held, both opposing and supporting the Act.

The National Register of Citizens is a register of all Indian citizens whose creation is mandated by the 2003 amendment of the Citizenship Act, 1955. Its purpose is to document all the legal citizens of India so that the illegal migrants can be identified and deported.[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/assam-final-nrc-list-out-over-19-lakh-people-excluded-1593769-2019-08-31 Assam final NRC list released: 19,06,657 people excluded, 3.11 crore make it to citizenship list], India Today, 31 August 2019.Ravi Agrawal, Kathryn Salam, [https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/12/17/india-citizenship-law-protests-narendra-modi-amit-shah-founding-fathers/ India Is Betraying Its Founding Fathers], Foreign Policy, 17 December 2019. {{citation needed span |text=It has been implemented for the state of Assam starting in 2013–2014. |date=April 2023}} The Government of India plans to implement it for the rest of the country in 2021.{{cite news |title=As Anti-CAA Pressure Builds, BJP Govt Goes Discernibly on the Backfoot |date=21 December 2019 |work=The Wire |url=https://thewire.in/politics/bjp-anti-caa-nrc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221231703/https://thewire.in/politics/bjp-anti-caa-nrc |archive-date=21 December 2019 |url-status=live}}

File:ISR-EGY border 6521a.jpg

In 2012, Israel constructed a barrier on its border with Egypt which reduced the number of illegal immigrants crossing the border into Israel, from {{Val|16000}} in 2011 to fewer than 20 in 2016 which represents a decrease of 99%.{{Cite web|url=http://www.israeltoday.co.il/NewsItem/tabid/178/nid/32949/Default.aspx|title=Israel to Deport 40,000 Illegal Immigrants|website=www.israeltoday.co.il|language=en-US|access-date=12 January 2019}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2017/feb/13/ron-johnson/border-fence-israel-cut-illegal-immigration-99-per/|title=GOP senator says Israel border fence cut illegal immigration|website=@politifact|language=en|access-date=12 January 2019}} The government tried offering money to migrants to encourage them to return to their countries of origin, while the Supreme Court blocked the government's attempts to deport them.

In December 2017, the parliament approved legislation which would allow the government to overrule the Supreme Court to deport {{Val|40000}} illegal immigrants. In the preceding decade, some {{Val|60000}} illegal immigrants entered Israel by crossing the border with Egypt. Some were legitimate refugees, most were economic migrants.

{{Main|Ethnic issues in Japan|Human rights in Japan}}

The movement for Japanese cultural isolation, {{nihongo|sakoku|鎖 国}}, arose in Edo period Japan, in response to the strong influence of Western culture. The study of (ancient) Japanese literature and culture was called {{nihongo|kokugaku|国 学||"country study"}}.

{{Main|Turkey's migrant crisis}}

Established against the increasing number of legal and illegal refugees in Turkey as much as several millions, Victory Party (Turkey) has been the leader of return of the refugees to their home countries in Turkey since the day it was founded. The Victory Party's founding manifesto has numerous references to the founding father of the modern Turkish Republic, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his nationalist revolution after World War I. Ümit Özdağ defines the mass refugee influx from the Middle East to Turkey as “strategically engineered migration”—a renewed imperialist plot, resurfacing a century after the republic's inception (referencing to the Treaty of Sèvres of 1920). Only this time, Ümit Özdağ suggests, the imperialists will not use a “rental Greek army” to upend Turkey's sovereignty; they will instead install a Sunni Arab population of refugees to undermine Turkish national identity.

The Victory Party promises to send all fugitives and asylum seekers within one year. Although there is not a very high rate of votes among the public for now, it seems to have received 4.1% of the votes in some polls. The slogan of the party is "Victory Party will come, refugees will go." Foreign policy reported on Victory Party (Turkey) and Ümit Özdağ [https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/07/12/turkeys-far-right-has-already-won/ Turkey’s Far Right Has Already Won]

{{See also|Venezuelan refugee crisis}}

Brazil is a country of immigrants and developed a reputation for "warm welcome" of people all over the world. Nevertheless, different analysts often dispute how truthful this image is and, although openly xenophobic manifestation were uncommon, some scholars denounce it existence in more subtle ways.{{cite news |last1=Novais |first1=Andréa |title=Xenophobia in Brazil |url=http://thebrazilbusiness.com/article/xenophobia-in-brazil |access-date=2 November 2018 |agency=The Brazil Business |date=30 November 2012}}

Despite the fact that Brazil was considered a safe haven for neighboring refugees and immigrants, xenophobic violence has erupted. Brazil received up to 3000 Syrian refugees becoming the largest receiver of such in Latin America.{{cite news |last1=Tsavkko Garcia |first1=Raphael |title=Is Brazil no longer safe for refugees and immigrants? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/08/brazil-longer-safe-refugees-immigrants-170809113330259.html |access-date=2 November 2018 |agency=Al Jazeera |date=16 August 2017}} However, xenophobic and islamophobic attacks were reported against Syrian refugees and Muslims in general. After the alleged beating of a shop owner during a robbery by alleged Venezuelan migrants, riots occurred in the Brazilian-Venezuelan border which included attacks on Venezuelans nationals, destruction of refugee tents and fires.{{cite news |last1=Doce Villamar |first1=Inacio |title=Tense calm on Brazil-Venezuelan border after anti-immigrant riot |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-brazil-border/tense-calm-on-brazil-venezuelan-border-after-anti-immigrant-riot-idUSKCN1L40LU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819201458/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-brazil-border/tense-calm-on-brazil-venezuelan-border-after-anti-immigrant-riot-idUSKCN1L40LU |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 August 2018 |access-date=2 November 2018 |work=Reuters |date=19 August 2018}} 1200 Venezuelans went back to their homeland as a result and the administration of President Michel Temer increased military personnel in the border. The burning of the refugee camps was reported in national and international news outlet and the authorities announce they will investigate and prosecute the authors.

During the Brazilian general election in 2018, then far-right presidential candidate Jair Bolsonaro said the government should not turn its back on popular sentiment in Roraima, and proposed the creation of refugee camps with the help of the United Nations.{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/brasil-jair-bolsonaro-sugiere-crear-campos-refugiados-venezolanos-venezuela-noticia-550369|title=Bolsonaro sugiere crear campos de refugiados para venezolanos|date=24 August 2018|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=19 September 2019}} Once he became president, Bolsonaro said he would adopt more rigorous criteria for the entry of foreigners to Brazil, but ruled that he would not repatriate Venezuelan immigrants to their country.{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/brasil-jair-bolsonaro-devolvera-venezolanos-roraima-anuncia-control-migratorio-noticia-580848|title=Jair Bolsonaro no devolverá a venezolanos en Roraima pero anuncia control migratorio|date=24 November 2018|website=El Comercio|language=es|access-date=19 September 2019}}

File:Arrêtons-l'immigration (2021).jpg

Opponents of immigration to Canada have argued that immigration to Canada is unsustainable and puts pressure on resources such as worsening the country's current housing crisis.{{Cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/canadas-backlogged-asylum-system-is-not-sustainable-immigration-minister-says-in-leaked-letter|title=Canada's backlogged asylum system is 'not sustainable,' immigration minister says in leaked letter|newspaper=National Post|date=25 August 2018 |last1=Humphreys |first1=Maura Forrest }} They argue that Canadian cities are limited in size and cannot take an infinite number of people. This also further creates a competition for jobs and puts a strain on the economy, the environment and tax funded public services.{{Cite web|url=https://vancouversun.com/opinion/letters/letters-immigration-policy-fuels-unsustainable-demands|title=Letters: Immigration policy fuels unsustainable demands|website=vancouversun}}{{cite news |last1=Rieger |first1=Sarah |title=Why Bernier's PPC polls higher in Alberta than anywhere else |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/ppc-alberta-1.5315754 |access-date=28 September 2021 |work=CBC News |date=October 18, 2019}} Economic and housing resources seems to be the largest concern for Canadians, and recent studies show declining fear of immigrants threatening cultures or values.{{Cite web |title=Public Opinion about Immigration & Refugees |url=https://www.environicsinstitute.org/projects/project-details/public-opinion-about-immigration-refugees |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=Environics Institute |language=en}}

Historically, Canada has implemented a variety of anti-immigration laws. In the early 19th century Canadian immigration laws specifically discriminated against people based on class, race, and disability. These policies continued into the 20th century, which did not change until following World War II.{{Cite web |title=Immigration Policy in Canada |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/immigration-policy |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |language=en}}

In a 2013 interview with the French news magazine L'Express Canadian academic and environmental activist David Suzuki stated that Canada's immigration policy was "crazy" and "Canada is full". However, he insisted that Canada should "open its doors to those who are oppressed" and accept refugees.{{cite news |title=David Suzuki 'full' comment slammed by Jason Kenney |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/jason-kenney-slams-david-suzukis-immigration-views-as-toxic-and-irresponsible-after-environmentalist-says-canada-full |access-date=25 April 2020 |work=National Post |date=11 July 2013 |language=en-CA}} The leader of the People's Party of Canada, Maxime Bernier believes that current immigration harms Canadian values, and also makes it more difficult for real refugees to come to Canada.{{Cite news |last=Goodyear |first=Sheena |title=Maxime Bernier explains what he means by 'extreme multiculturalism' |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-friday-edition-1.4833110/maxime-bernier-explains-what-he-means-by-extreme-multiculturalism-1.4833113 }}

In a 2017 poll conducted by the Angus Reid Institute, a majority of respondents (57%) indicated that they believed Canada should accept fewer immigrants and refugees.{{cite web |title=Spirituality in a changing world: Half say faith is 'important' to how they consider society's problems |url=http://angusreid.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2017.05.17-Faith-Wave-1-Part2.pdf |publisher=Angus Reid Institute |access-date=25 April 2020}} Despite this more recent surveys immigration is one of the smallest concerns to the average Canadian, with only 2% of Canadian surveyed ranking immigration as their largest concern.{{Cite web |last=Neuman |first=Keith |title=Canadian Public Opinion About Immigration & Refugees, Fall 2023 |url=https://www.environicsinstitute.org/docs/default-source/focus-canada-fall-2023/focus-canada-fall-2023---canadian-public-opinion-about-immigration-refugees---final-report.pdf?sfvrsn=75312743_2 }} Concerns for immigration seem to be directly tied to cost of living increases that the country has faced, with Canadians feeling housing costs are increasing due to immigration.{{Cite web |title=Majority of Canadians say higher immigration is fuelling housing crisis: poll - National {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10126729/immigration-housing-canada-leger-poll/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=Global News |language=en-US}}

The National Citizens Alliance was a far-right political party in Canada that regularly held anti-immigration rallies.{{cite news |last1=Gunn |first1=Andrea |title=Atlantic Canada's alt-right fringe |url=https://www.theguardian.pe.ca/news/provincial/atlantic-canadas-alt-right-fringe-340070/ |access-date=17 April 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=9 August 2019 |language=en |quotation=Garvey's policies are decidedly anti-immigrant, and he speaks extensively about the need to preserve Canada's 'European heritage'.}}{{cite web|title=Anti-immigration rally on Hill fizzles, leader disappointed|website=Ottawa Citizen|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/anti-immigration-rally-on-hill-fizzles-leader-disappointed|access-date=14 August 2019|quote=Dozens of tourists took photographs of the far-right participants, many waving Canadian and Quebec flags.}}

The political parties Avenir Quebec, Bloc Québécois, People's party and factions of Conservative party have anti-immigration views, the former minister of foreign Affairs Maxime Bernier and some members of conservative party and regional conservative parties, such as Jason Kenney, François Legault, Scott Reid have anti-immigration views.

Anti-immigrant feelings date back to the late 19th century and early 20th century with the country's first waves of migrations from places like China, Lebanon and Poland. Non-Polish European migration dates back to practically the independence from Spain but was generally well received.{{cite journal|last1=González|first1=Daniel|title=Migración e identidad cultural en Costa Rica (1840–1940)|journal=Revista de Ciencia Sociales UCR|date=18 August 2017|issue=155|url=https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/sociales/article/view/30259/30231|access-date=12 October 2017}} Polish migration was mostly Jewish thus the backlash was due to anti-Semitism. Records of the time show Chinese migrants as the most affected by prejudice especially from government official and the first anti-Chinese laws were enacted as far back as the 1910s. In 1903 President Ascensión Esquivel Ibarra enacted one of the first decrees forbidding non-White immigration and explicitly stating that migration from Asians, Blacks, Gypsies, Arabs and Turks was not allowed. Although these laws were common in Latin America at the time, and Costa Rica's government eventually became the lead force in its abolishment.

Polish, Chinese and Lebanese migrants would integrate fully into Costa Rican society with time to the point that many prominent Costa Ricans from industry, politics, arts, academy, etc. are of those descents. Latin American migrants became the next source of mistrust and opposition, especially Nicaraguan and Colombian migrants. During the second half of the 20th century and to this date Costa Rica receives numerous waves of Latin American migrants from all the region, but Nicaraguans are by far the higher group among immigrant population encompassing 74.6% of the immigrant population,{{cite journal|last1=Acuña|first1=Guillermo|title=La migración en Costa Rica|journal=Ministerio de Salud|date=2005|url=https://www.ministeriodesalud.go.cr/gestores_en_salud/derechos%20humanos/migracion/inmigracr.pdf|access-date=12 October 2017|archive-date=24 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724075158/http://www.ministeriodesalud.go.cr/gestores_en_salud/derechos%20humanos/migracion/inmigracr.pdf|url-status=dead}} followed by Colombians and Americans (immigrants in general are 9% of the population) making ethnic Nicaraguans and binational Nicaraguan-Costa Rican citizens one of the most notorious ethnic minorities in Costa Rica outnumbering other groups like African-Costa Ricans. This caused debate in the country with some voices claiming for harder regulations and border control. The issue was one of the main topics of the 2002 election and was again important for the 2018's campaign with right-wing politicians like Otto Guevara quoting Donald Trump as an inspiration{{cite news|last1=Arias|first1=L|title=Costa Rican legislator praises Trump's tactics as he eyes new presidential bid|url=http://www.ticotimes.net/2016/11/23/otto-guevara-trump-campaign|access-date=12 October 2017|agency=The Tico Times|date=23 November 2016}} and calling for harsher migratory laws and eliminating the citizenship by birth in the Constitution. The Migration Law was reform globally in 2005 hardening some of the requirements for entering, staying and working on the country which was criticized as excessive,{{cite journal|last1=Dobles|first1=Ignacio|last2=Vargas|first2=Gabriela|last3=Amadro|first3=Krissia|last4=Arroyo|first4=Massiel|title=La inmigración y el Poder Legislativo en Costa Rica|date=2013|url=http://www.redalyc.org/html/729/72927050005/|access-date=12 October 2017}} but further reforms, the last one in 2009, reduce some of the impact of the more controversial parts of the law. Far-right ultra-conservative National Restoration Party, that held an important role in the 2018 presidential election, also holds anti-migration positions.{{cite news |last1=Chinchilla |first1=Aaron |title=Restauración Nacional exige al Gobierno reforzar controles migratorios en Peñas Blancas |agency=El Periódico |date=25 July 2018}}{{cite news |last1=Pérez |first1=Karla |title=Fabricio Alvarado: Hay que implementar una política migratoria fuerte |agency=El Mundo |date=January 2018}}

After a series of fake news spread by several far-right Facebook pages{{cite news |last1=Rico |title=44 arrested for xenophobic attacks against Nicaraguans in San José |url=https://qcostarica.com/44-arrested-for-xenophobic-attacks-against-nicaraguans-in-san-jose/ |access-date=2 November 2018 |agency=QCosta Rica |date=18 August 2018}} inciting hatred against Nicaraguan migrants, an anti-migration manifestation was organized on 18 August 2018 known as the "Taken of La Merced" after Nicaraguan refugees were falsely accused of having "taking" La Merced Park in San Jose, a common gathering of the Nicaraguan community. Although some of the protesters were peaceful, participation of openly neo-Nazi groups and violent hooligans with criminal records caused riots and attacks on Nicaraguans or people suspected of being. The national police Public Force intervened{{cite news |title=Costa Rica: symboles nazis lors d'une manifestation anti-migrants nicaraguayens |url=https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2018/08/19/costa-rica-symboles-nazis-lors-dune-manifestation-anti-migrants-nicaraguayens |access-date=2 November 2018 |agency=Journal de Montreal |date=19 August 2018}} with up to 44 people arrested, 36 of such were Costa Rican and the rest Nicaraguans. Several violent articles including Molotov bombs were confiscated and some of the protesters identify themselves with Swastikas and yelled "¡Fuera nicas!" (Nicas out!).{{cite news |title=Costa Rica: violenta protesta contra inmigración nicaragüense |url=https://www.dw.com/es/costa-rica-violenta-protesta-contra-inmigraci%C3%B3n-nicarag%C3%BCense/a-45134202 |access-date=2 November 2018 |agency=DW}} A pro-immigrant manifestation was scheduled a week later with a high attendance.{{cite news |last1=Redaccion |title=Costa Rica marcha contra la xenofobia hacia los migrantes de Nicaragua que llegan al país huyendo de la crisis |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-45312167 |access-date=2 November 2018 |agency=BBC Mundo |date=26 August 2018}} Further anti-migration protests (this time with the explicit exclusion of hooligans and neo-nazi) were organized in later days but with lesser participation.

{{Update|section|date=May 2024}}

In Mexico, during the first eight months of 2005, more than 120,000 people from Central America were deported to their countries of origin. This is a much higher number than the people deported in the same period in 2002, when only 1 person was deported in the entire year.{{cite news | last = Roman | first = Jose Antonio | title = Detienen en seis meses a 120 mil indocumentados de Centroamérica | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111024215950/http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2005/08/24/018n3pol.php | archive-date = 24 October 2011 | url = http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2005/08/24/018n3pol.php | work = La Journada | publisher = Desarrollo de Medios, S.A. de C.V. (DEMOS) | date = 24 August 2005 }} Many women from countries in the Commonwealth of Independent States (most of former USSR), Asia and Central and South America are offered jobs at table dance establishments in large cities throughout the country, causing the National Institute of Migration (INM) in Mexico to raid strip clubs and deport foreigners who work without the proper documentation.{{cite web|url=http://www.tvazteca.com/hechos/archivos2/2004/10/102327.shtml|title=TV en vivo por internet y capítulos en línea|publisher=tvazteca.com|date=October 2004|access-date=14 September 2014|archive-date=2 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061202164716/http://www.tvazteca.com/hechos/archivos2/2004/10/102327.shtml|url-status=dead}}

Mexico has very strict laws pertaining to both illegal and legal immigrants.{{cite news | last = Slagle | first = John W. | title = Illegal alien amnesty, guest workers, international law and politics | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071007080905/http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=5240 | archive-date = 7 October 2007 | url = http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=5240 | work = American Chronicle | publisher = Ultio | date = 28 January 2006 }} The Mexican constitution restricts non-citizens or foreign-born persons from participating in politics, holding office, acting as a member of the clergy, or serving on the crews of Mexican-flagged ships or airplanes. Certain legal rights are waived, such as the right to a deportation hearing or other legal motions. In cases of flagrante delicto, any person may make a citizen's arrest on the offender and his accomplices, turning them over without delay to the nearest authorities.

Many immigration restrictionists in the United States have accused the Mexican government of hypocrisy in its immigration policy, noting that while the Government of Mexico and Mexican Americans are demanding looser immigration laws in the United States and oppose the 2010 Arizona Immigration Bill, at the same time Mexico is imposing even tighter restrictions on immigration into Mexico from Central America and other places than the Arizona law. However, Mexico started enforcing those laws which they previously ignored at the direct request of the United States, which saw a surge of Central American immigration during the Bush years; the newly elected president{{who|date=May 2024}} of Mexico has stated his desire to be more open, and would not deport Central Americans on their way to the United States or those who wish to remain in Mexico. {{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

The recent exodus of Venezuelan migrants in Panama encouraged the xenophobic and anti-migration public speech from Panamanian nationalist groups.

{{See also|Immigration reduction in the United States|Illegal immigration to the United States}}

File:Donald Trump August 19, 2015 (cropped).jpg campaigned for president in 2016 by promising to build a wall on the border of Mexico and the United States "as the centerpiece of his immigration plan", as well as a temporary suspension of Muslim migration to the United States"Venturing to Mexico, Donald Trump defends right to build huge wall". [http://floridapolitics.com/archives/220947-venturing-mexico-donald-trump-defends-right-build-huge-wall AP Aug 21, 2016]]]

File:Anti-immigration sign in Colorado.jpg

In the United States, opponents of immigration typically focus on perceived adverse effects, such as economic costs (job competition and burdens on education and social services); negative environmental impact from accelerated population growth; increased crime rates, and in the long run, changes in traditional identities and values.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IGSBQAAQBAJ|title=White Backlash: Immigration, Race, and American Politics|author1=Marisa Abrajano|author2=Zoltan L. Hajnal|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781400866489|pages=31–35}}

In countries where the majority of the population is of immigrant descent, such as the United States, opposition to immigration sometimes takes the form of nativism.{{cite book |last = Higham | first = John | title = Strangers in the land: patterns of American nativism, 1860–1925 | publisher = Atheneum | location = New York | year = 1963 | oclc = 421752 }}

In the United States, opposition to immigration has a long history, starting in the late 1790s, in reaction to an influx of political refugees from France and Ireland. The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 severely restricted the rights of immigrants. Nativism first gained a name and affected politics in the mid-19th century United States because of the large inflows of immigrants from cultures that were markedly different from the existing Protestant culture. Nativists primarily objected to Roman Catholics, especially Irish Americans. Nativist movements included the American Party of the mid-19th Century (formed by members of the Know-Nothing movement), the Immigration Restriction League of the early 20th Century, and the anti-Asian movements in the West, resulting in the Chinese Exclusion Act and the so-called "Gentlemen's Agreement" which was aimed at the Japanese. Major restrictions became law in the 1920s and sharply cut the inflow of immigrants until 1965, when they ended. The federal government took charge of finding and deporting illegal aliens, which it still does.{{cite journal |last = Ngai |first = Mae M. |title = The strange career of the illegal alien: immigration restriction and deportation policy in the United States, 1921–1965 |journal = Law and History Review |volume = 21 |issue = 1 |pages = 69–107 |publisher = Cambridge Journals |doi = 10.2307/3595069 |jstor = 3595069 |date =Spring 2003 |s2cid = 145344500 }}

Immigration again became a major issue from the 1990s onward, with burgeoning rates of undocumented immigration, particularly by Mexicans who crossed the Southern border, and others who overstayed their visitor visas. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 provided an amnesty which was described as the amnesty to end all amnesties but it had no lasting impact on the flow of illegal immigrants.{{cite journal |last = Camarota |first = Steven A. |url=http://www.cis.org/articles/2000/ins1986amnesty.html|title=New INS Report |website=cis.org |publisher = Center for Immigration Studies |date = October 2000 |access-date=14 September 2014}}

• See also: {{cite book |last = INS |author-link = Immigration and Naturalization Service |title = Statistical yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 2000 |url = https://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/two_unauthorized_immigration_us.pdf |publisher = Immigration and Naturalization Service, U.S. Department of Justice |id = M-367 |date = September 2000 |location = Washington, D.C. |oclc = 780095878 }}

By 2014, the Tea Party movement narrowed its focus away from economic issues, spending and Obamacare to attacking President Barack Obama's immigration policies. They saw his immigration policies as threatening to transform American society. They tried but failed to defeat leading Republicans who supported immigration programs, such as Senator John McCain. A typical slogan appeared in the Tea Party Tribune: "Amnesty for Millions, Tyranny for All." The New York Times reported:

:What started five years ago as a groundswell of conservatives committed to curtailing the reach of the federal government, cutting the deficit and countering the Wall Street wing of the Republican Party has become a movement largely against immigration overhaul. The politicians, intellectual leaders and activists who consider themselves part of the Tea Party movement have redirected their energy from fiscal austerity and small government to stopping any changes that would legitimize people who are here illegally, either through granting them citizenship or legal status.{{cite news |last=Peters |first=Jeremy W. |date=25 November 2014 |title=Obama's Immigration Action Reinvigorates Tea Party |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/26/us/obamas-immigration-action-reinvigorates-tea-party.html |newspaper= The New York Times |access-date=29 January 2015}}

As of 2014, over 42.4 million immigrants were living in the United States. This was about 13.3% of the entire United States population at that time.{{cite web|last1=Zong|first1=Jie|last2=Batalova|first2=Jeanne|title=Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants and Immigration in the United States|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/frequently-requested-statistics-immigrants-and-immigration-united-states|website=Migration Policy Institute|access-date=30 January 2017}}

In 2016, New York City millionaire and media personality, Donald Trump, ran a successful presidential campaign aimed at ending illegal immigration. Trump portrayed himself as the outsider who would "Make America Great Again," calling out to the Tea Party movement and the like who wanted to "take their country back." Several of his campaign promises included construction of a border wall along the US–Mexico border, a temporary suspension of migration to the United States from several Muslim-majority nations, and the deportation of undocumented immigrants. Trump was known for his "Make America Great Again" rhetoric which could become provocative, inciting violence at his campaign rallies. A major part of his 2016 campaign was opposition to "political correctness", which he criticized as too nice, when we need to be stronger and tougher. Although Trump's Democratic rival Hillary Clinton, and even some of his fellow Republicans, such as John McCain and Mitt Romney, called Trump's "Make America Great Again"/anti-immigrant rhetoric racist, xenophobic, Islamophobic, and dangerous, but his proposals found strong support in the heartland and the south.

On November 8, 2016, Trump won as the 2016 US presidential election against his Democratic rival Hillary Clinton. Although Clinton won the popular vote, Trump won the electoral college.

Trump was later inaugurated on January 20, 2017. After taking the oath of office, Trump gave a speech that lacked any of the incendiary rhetoric many people had grown accustomed to, such as when he argued that prejudice isn't consistent with patriotism – though many still viewed his speech as divisive. He tried to strike a balance between rallying his supporters and uniting the country. The speech seemingly called out previous US politicians, including the former presidents sitting next to him, as being ineffective and inadequate at leading most Americans. It also echoed much of the same isolationist and nativist rhetoric that his campaign had inspired, in which Trump related his election to that of a revolution in the country, promising to take the country back. Nationalism ran high, with Trump stating that America would come first in every situation from that moment forward, and in the finale he repeated his longstanding campaign promise to Make America Great Again.

Promptly after his inauguration, Trump issued an executive order to begin construction of a border wall along the US-Mexico border and limit the number of refugees and foreigners entering the country. Then on January 27, 2017, he issued an executive order banning the admission of travelers from seven Muslim-majority nations, which was met with large protests at airports all over the nation. The order would not only shut down the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program for 120 days but also suspend entry from seven countries for 90 days. Since the countries subject to the ban were Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen, Trump’s travel ban was referred to by critics and supporters alike as “the Muslim ban.” After the original executive order, there were two more modified versions of the travel ban, which were all met with polarized reactions from politicians and the general public alike.

Later on in his presidency, in April 2018, the Trump administration’s zero-tolerance family separation policy saw migrant children taken from their parents, until it was suspended in response to public opposition on June 20, 2018. But immigration became the focus again in the lead-up to the midterm elections when President Trump sent troops to the border to meet a migrant caravan. Tensions came to a head on November 25, 2018, when border agents fired tear gas after migrants rushed barriers. Tear gas has been used at the border since 2010, but critics called its use on a desperate group with small children overkill. In one of the more surreal moments of 2018, the President at first denied that children had been gassed, despite plenty of photos. This was also met with large nationwide protests and polarized reactions from politicians and the general public alike.

;Labor unions

{{Main|Immigration policies of American labor unions}}

The American Federation of Labor (AFL), a coalition of labor unions formed in the 1880s, vigorously opposed unrestricted immigration from Europe for moral, cultural, and racial reasons. The issue unified the workers who feared that an influx of new workers would flood the labor market and lower wages.{{cite journal |last = Collomp |first = Catherine | title = Unions, civics, and National identity: organized Labor's reaction to immigration, 1881–1897 | journal = Labor History | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | pages = 450–474 | publisher = Taylor and Francis | doi = 10.1080/00236568800890311 | date = October 1988 }} Nativism was not a factor because upwards of half the union members were themselves immigrants or the sons of immigrants from Ireland, Germany and Britain. However, nativism was a factor when the AFL even more strenuously opposed all immigration from Asia because it represented (to its Euro-American members) an alien culture that could not be assimilated into American society. The AFL intensified its opposition after 1906 and was instrumental in passing immigration restriction bills from the 1890s to the 1920s, such as the 1921 Emergency Quota Act and the Immigration Act of 1924 and seeing that they were strictly enforced.{{cite journal |last = Lane |first = A.T. | title = American trade unions, mass immigration and the literacy test: 1900–1917 | journal = Labor History | volume = 25 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–25 | publisher = Taylor and Francis | doi = 10.1080/00236568408584739 | date = January 1984 }}

Mink (1986) concludes that the link between the AFL and the Democratic Party rested in part on immigration issues, noting the large corporations, which supported the Republicans, wanted more immigration to augment their labor force.{{cite book | last = Mink | first = Gwendolyn | title = Old labor and new immigrants in American political development: union, party, and state, 1875–1920 | publisher = Cornell University Press | location = Ithaca | year = 1986 | isbn = 9780801418631 | url = https://archive.org/details/oldlabornewimmig00mink }}

The United Farm Workers was committed to restricting immigration during Cesar Chavez tenure. Chavez and Dolores Huerta, cofounder and president of the UFW, fought the Bracero Program that existed from 1942 to 1964. Their opposition stemmed from their belief that the program undermined U.S. workers and exploited the migrant workers. Since the Bracero Program ensured a constant supply of cheap immigrant labor for growers, immigrants could not protest any infringement of their rights, lest they be fired and replaced. Their efforts contributed to Congress ending the Bracero Program in 1964. In 1973, the UFW was one of the first labor unions to oppose proposed employer sanctions that would have prohibited hiring illegal immigrants.

On a few occasions, concerns that illegal immigrant labor would undermine UFW strike campaigns led to a number of controversial events, which the UFW describes as anti-strikebreaking events, but which have also been interpreted as being anti-immigrant. In 1969, Chavez and members of the UFW marched through the Imperial and Coachella Valleys to the border of Mexico to protest growers' use of illegal immigrants as strikebreakers. Joining him on the march were Reverend Ralph Abernathy and U.S. Senator Walter Mondale.{{cite web |last1=Artz |first1=Matt |title=Civil Rights, Vietnam and the Decade of Protest (1960-1970) |url=https://understandingrace.org/history/society/civil-rights-vietnam-and-the-decade-of-protest-1960-1970/#:~:text=In%201969%2C%20Chávez%20and%20UFW,from%20grape%20and%20lettuce%20growers. |website=Understanding RACE |access-date=15 June 2023 |date=27 January 1960}} In its early years, the UFW and Chavez went so far as to report illegal immigrants who served as strikebreaking replacement workers (as well as those who refused to unionize) to the Immigration and Naturalization Service.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAd4W9OdLX0C&q=UFW+report+undocumented&pg=PA197|title=Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants and the Politics of Ethnicity|first=David Gregory|last=Gutiérrez|year=1995|pages=97–98|publisher=University of California Press|location=San Diego|isbn=9780520916869}}{{cite web|url=http://www.aim.org/publications/media_monitor/2003/03/05.html|title=Why Journalists Support Illegal Immigration|publisher=Accuracy in the Media|first1=Reed|last1=Irvine|first2=Cliff|last2=Kincaid|access-date=18 June 2014|archive-date=3 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203084534/http://www.aim.org/publications/media_monitor/2003/03/05.html|url-status=dead}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ewnEO2GvkFIC&q=ufw+undocumented&pg=PA89|title=Strawberry Fields: Politics, Class, and Work in California Agriculture|first=Miriam J.|last=Wells|pages=89–90|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=New York|year=1996|isbn=9780801482793}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnUgAAAAMAAJ&q=crack+down|title=Beyond the Border: Mexico & the U.S. Today|first1=Peter|last1=Baird|first2=Ed|last2=McCaughan|page=169|publisher=North American Congress on Latin America|isbn=9780916024376|year=1979}}Farmworker Collective Bargaining, 1979: Hearings Before the Committee on Labor Human Resources Hearings held in Salinas, Calif., 26 April 27, and Washington, D.C., 24 May 1979

In 1973, the United Farm Workers set up a "wet line" along the United States-Mexico border to prevent Mexican immigrants from entering the United States illegally and potentially undermining the UFW's unionization efforts.[http://migration.ucdavis.edu/rmn/more.php?id=217_0_3_0 "PBS Airs Chávez Documentary"], University of California at Davis – Rural Migration News. During one such event, in which Chavez was not involved, some UFW members, under the guidance of Chavez's cousin Manuel, physically attacked the strikebreakers after peaceful attempts to persuade them not to cross the border failed.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=raNFo6Tvmt0C&q=cesar+chavez+undocumented&pg=PA18|title=Cesar Chavez: A Brief Biography with Documents|first=Richard W.|last=Etulain|page=18|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2002|isbn=9780312294274}}{{cite news|url=http://www.ocweekly.com/2005-12-29/columns/ask-a-mexican/|title=The year in Mexican-bashing|first=Gustavo|last=Arellano|newspaper=OC Weekly|access-date=18 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609052417/http://www.ocweekly.com/2005-12-29/columns/ask-a-mexican/|archive-date=9 June 2014|url-status=dead}}{{cite news|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/op-ed/navarrette/20050330-9999-lz1e30navar.html|title=The Arizona Minutemen and César Chávez|newspaper=San Diego Union Tribune|first=Ruben Jr.|last=Navarrette|date=30 March 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805204302/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/op-ed/navarrette/20050330-9999-lz1e30navar.html|archive-date=5 August 2009}}

In 1979, Chavez used a forum of a U.S. Senate committee hearing to denounce the federal immigration service, which he said the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service purportedly refused to arrest illegal Mexican immigrants who Chavez claims are being used to break the union's strike.{{cite news |last1=Cannon |first1=Lou |title=Chavez Employs Senate Hearing To Urge National Lettuce Boycott |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/04/27/chavez-employs-senate-hearing-to-urge-national-lettuce-boycott/50b668f3-0b1d-46de-8c11-909a61e5bcae/ |access-date=28 September 2021 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=April 27, 1979}}

Bernie Sanders opposes guest worker programs{{cite web |last=Jamieson |first=Dave |date=19 June 2013 |title=Senator Sounds Alarm On Teen Unemployment |website=The Huffington Post |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/19/bernie-sanders-immigration-reform_n_3467243.html |access-date=15 June 2015}} and he is also skeptical of skilled immigrant (H-1B) visas, saying, "Last year, the top 10 employers of H-1B guest workers were all offshore outsourcing companies. These firms are responsible for shipping large numbers of American information technology jobs to India and other countries".{{cite web |last=Thibodeau |first=Patrick |date=1 May 2015 |title=Meet Bernie Sanders, H-1B skeptic |website=Computerworld |url=http://www.computerworld.com/article/2916827/it-outsourcing/bernie-sanders-h-1b-skeptic.html |access-date=15 June 2015}} In an interview with Vox, he stated his opposition to an open borders immigration policy, describing it as such:

[A] right-wing proposal, which says essentially there is no United States. [...] [Y]ou're doing away with the concept of a nation-state. What right-wing people in this country would love is an open-border policy. Bring in all kinds of people, work for $2 or $3 an hour, that would be great for them. I don't believe in that. I think we have to raise wages in this country, I think we have to do everything we can to create millions of jobs.{{cite web|last=Bier |first=Daniel |url=http://www.newsweek.com/bernie-sanders-immigrants-silly-tribal-and-economically-illiterate-358369 |title=Bernie Sanders on Immigrants: Silly, Tribal and Economically Illiterate |date=30 July 2015 |publisher=Newsweek.com |access-date=27 July 2016}}{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/aug/03/bernie-sanders-open-borders-economy|title=Bernie Sanders is wrong on open borders; they'd help boost the economy |last=Massimino|first=Cory|work=the Guardian|date=3 August 2015 }}

{{see also|Xenophobia in South Africa|Immigration to South Africa}}

Several periods of violent riots against migrants have occurred in South Africa in the past decade, some resulting in fatalities. Countries from which the migrants targeted originated include Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-32372501|title=South Africa anti-immigrant violence: Hundreds held|work=BBC News|date=19 April 2015}}{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2014045/South-Africa-riots-Violence-against-immigrants-spreads-to-Cape-Town.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2014045/South-Africa-riots-Violence-against-immigrants-spreads-to-Cape-Town.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=South Africa riots: Violence against immigrants spreads to Cape Town|date=23 May 2008}}{{cbignore}}

In March 2019, groups armed with machetes broke into the homes of migrants in Durban. At least six people were killed, several were wounded, and their homes were looted. At least 300 Malawi migrants were forced to leave the country. In separate attacks, foreign truck drivers were forced out of their vehicles and were attacked with knives. On 2 April 2019, another group of migrants in Durban was attacked{{By whom|date=April 2019}} and forced to flee their homes. The escalating violence added tension to the 2019 South African general election.{{Cite web|url=http://www.gp.se/1.14580250|title=Våld mot migranter skapar oro i Sydafrika|last=Karlsson, TT|first=Mia Holmberg|website=gp.se|date=16 April 2019|language=sv|access-date=16 April 2019}}

Operation Dudula is a political organization described as xenophobic and linked to violent targeting of immigrants.

Anti-immigrant policies can affect law and order, social security, and international relations well as inequality issues.{{cite journal |last1=Hangartner |first1=Dominik |last2=Spirig |first2=Judith |title=Immigration and inequality: the role of politics and policies |journal=Oxford Open Economics |date=17 July 2024 |volume=3 |doi=10.1093/ooec/odad042 |url=https://academic.oup.com/ooec/article/3/Supplement_1/i480/7708086 |access-date=13 April 2025}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|

• America First (policy)
• Aporophobia
• Criticism of economic growth
• Criticisms of globalization
• Divide and rule
• Economic migrant
• Economic results of migration
• Emigration
• Environmental migrant
• Environmental racism
• Executive Order 13769
• Global labor arbitrage
• Human capital flight
• Human overpopulation
• Immigration and crime
• Immigration policy
• Immigration reduction in the United States
• Immigration reform
• International Organization for Migration
• Islamization and Islamophobia
• Left-wing terrorism
• Make America Great Again
• Nativism (politics)
• Non-refoulement
• People smuggling
• Political asylum
• Refugee
• Right of foreigners to vote
• Right-wing terrorism
• Rivers of Blood speech
• Single-issue politics
• Trump administration family separation policy
• Trumpism
• With Open Gates
• Xenophobia

}}

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book | last = Alexseev | first = Mikhail A. | title = Immigration phobia and the security dilemma: Russia, Europe, and the United States | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge New York | year = 2006 | isbn = 9780521849883 }}
• {{cite journal | last = Jensen | first = Richard | title = Comparative nativism: the United States, Canada and Australia, 1880s–1910s | journal = Canadian Issues | pages = 45–55 | publisher = Association for Canadian Studies | date = Spring 2009 | url = https://acs-aec.ca/en/publications/canadian-issues/borders-boundaries/buy-now/ | access-date = 23 February 2016 | archive-date = 3 July 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170703230221/https://acs-aec.ca/en/publications/canadian-issues/borders-boundaries/buy-now/ | url-status = dead }}
• Peter Thisted Dinesen and Frederick Hjorth. 2020. "[https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634131.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190634131-e-26 Attitudes toward Immigration: Theories, Settings, and Approaches]." in The Oxford Handbook of Behavioral Political Science.

United States

• {{cite book | last = Allerfeldt | first = Kristofer | author1-link=Kristofer Allerfeldt|title = Race, radicalism, religion, and restriction immigration in the Pacific Northwest, 1890–1924 | publisher = Praeger | location = Westport, Connecticut | year = 2003 | isbn = 9780313093036 }}
• {{citation | last = Anbinder | first = Tyler | contribution = Nativism and prejudice against immigrants | editor-last = Ueda | editor-first = Reed | title = A companion to American immigration | pages = 177–201 | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | location = Malden, Massachusetts Oxford | year = 2006 | isbn = 9780631228431 | postscript = .}} [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=cHZc5GJOlwIC Excerpt.]
• {{cite journal |last = Barkan |first = Elliott R. | title = Return of the nativists? California public opinion and immigration in the 1980s and 1990s | journal = Social Science History | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 229–283 | publisher = Cambridge Journals | doi = 10.1017/S0145553200012530 | jstor = 40267808 | date =Summer 2003 |s2cid = 144785379 }}
• {{cite book |last = Higham | first = John | title = Strangers in the land: patterns of American nativism, 1860–1925 | publisher = Atheneum | location = New York | year = 1963 | oclc = 421752 }}
• {{cite book | last = Hueston | first = Robert F. | title = The Catholic press and nativism, 1840–1860 | publisher = Arno Press | location = New York | year = 1976 | isbn = 9780405093425 }}
• Maddalena, Marinari. Unwanted: Italian and Jewish Mobilization against Restrictive Immigration Laws, 1882–1965 (2020) [https://www.amazon.com/Unwanted-Mobilization-Restrictive-Immigration-1882-1965/dp/1469652935/ excerpt]
• {{cite book | last = Schrag | first = Peter | title = Not fit for our society nativism and immigration | publisher = University of California Press | location = Berkeley | year = 2010 | isbn = 9780520259782 | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520259782 }}

Canada

• {{cite journal | last = McLean | first = Lorna | title = "To become part of us": ethnicity, race, literacy and the Canadian Immigration Act of 1919 | journal = Canadian Ethnic Studies | volume = 36 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–28 | date = Summer 2004 | url = https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-129353715/to-become-part-of-us-ethnicity-race-literacy | issn = 0008-3496 | access-date = 23 February 2016 | archive-date = 24 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190624123406/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-129353715/to-become-part-of-us-ethnicity-race-literacy | url-status = dead }}
• {{cite book | last = Palmer | first = Howard | title = Patterns of prejudice: a history of nativism in Alberta | publisher = McClelland and Stewart | location = Toronto, Ontario | year = 1982 | isbn = 9780771069475 }}
• {{cite book | last = Robin | first = Martin | title = Shades of right: nativist and fascist politics in Canada, 1920–1940 | url = https://archive.org/details/shadesofrightnat0000robi | url-access = registration | publisher = University of Toronto Press | location = Toronto Buffalo | year = 1992 | isbn = 9780802068927 }}
• {{cite book | last = Ward | first = W. Peter | title = White Canada forever popular attitudes and public policy toward orientals in British Columbia | publisher = McGill-Queen's University Press | location = Montreal, Quebec | year = 2002 | orig-year = 1978 | edition = 3rd | isbn = 9780773569935 }}

Other countries

• {{citation | last = Betz | first = Hans-Georg | contribution = Against the 'Green Totalitarianism': Anti-Islamic nativism in contemporary radical right-wing populism in Western Europe | editor-last = Schori Liang | editor-first = Christina | title = Europe for the Europeans the foreign and security policy of the populist radical right | pages = 33–54 | publisher = Ashgate | location = Aldershot, England Burlington, Vermont | year = 2007 | isbn = 9780754686255 | postscript = .}}
• {{cite book | editor-last1 = Finzsch | editor-first1 = Norbert | editor-last2 = Schirmer | editor-first2 = Dietmar | title = Identity and intolerance : nationalism, racism, and xenophobia in Germany and the United States | publisher = German Historical Institute Cambridge University Press | location = Washington, D.C. Cambridge | year = 1998 | isbn = 9780521591584 }}
• {{cite book | last = Lucassen | first = Leo | title = The immigrant threat: the integration of old and new migrants in western Europe since 1850 | publisher = University of Illinois Press | location = Urbana, Illinois | year = 2005 | isbn = 9780252072949 }} Examines Irish immigrants in Britain, Polish immigrants in Germany, Italian immigrants in France (before 1940), and (since 1950), Caribbeans in Britain, Turks in Germany, and Algerians in France.
• {{cite book | editor-last = Schori Liang | editor-first = Christina | title = Europe for the Europeans the foreign and security policy of the populist radical right | publisher = Ashgate | location = Aldershot, England Burlington, Vermont | year = 2007 | isbn = 9780754686255 }}

• Esses, Victoria M. (2021-01-04). "Prejudice and Discrimination Toward Immigrants". Annual Review of Psychology. 72 (1)

{{Discrimination}}

*

Category:Xenophobia

Category:Racism