Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro

{{Main|2018 Jair Bolsonaro presidential campaign|2014 Brazilian economic crisis}}

File:Encontro entre Presidente Temer e Presidente eleito Bolsonaro 2.jpg

File:Bolsonaro aniversario da constituição 10.jpg

Bolsonaro, at the time of his election, was a 27-year member of Congress; his victory has been credited to voter anger at the political class over years of corruption in politics, economic recession, and a surge in violent crime.{{cite magazine|url=http://time.com/5437289/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-wins-president-election/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102001620/http://time.com/5437289/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-wins-president-election/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 November 2018|title=Brazil Elects Far-Right Jair Bolsonaro as Next President|last=Dilorenzo|first=Sarah|date=28 October 2018|magazine=Time|language=en|access-date=2 November 2018}} According to sociologist Clara Araújo, "the dissatisfaction over the economic crisis, it seems to me, was channeled along with a discourse about conservative morals".{{cite news |title=Brazil Election: Jair Bolsonaro Heads to Runoff After Missing Outright Win |work=The New York Times |date=8 October 2018 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/07/world/americas/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-election.html |last1=Londoño |first1=Ernesto |last2=Andreoni |first2=Manuela }} The economy of Brazil was recovering from crisis, with an unemployment rate of 12 percent at the time of the election, double that of five years prior. The crisis was caused by, among other factors, weak commodity prices; events revealed underlying weaknesses in the economy, which include poor infrastructure, excessive bureaucracy, an inefficient tax system, and corruption.{{cite news |title=Brazil's failure to live up to its great economic promise has handed power to the far-right |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-election-results-president-fascism-far-right-brazilian-economic-crisis-a8606841.html |website=Independent.co.uk}}

{{Main|Bolsonaro administration cabinet members}}

On 11 October 2018, days before his election victory, Bolsonaro had already announced DEM congressman Onyx Lorenzoni as the future chief of staff in his cabinet.{{cite web|url=https://politica.estadao.com.br/blogs/carrapato-estadao/bolsonaro-anuncia-onyx-lorenzoni-dem-para-ministerio-da-casa-civil-em-eventual-governo/ |title=Bolsonaro anuncia Onyx Lorenzoni para Ministério da Casa Civil em eventual governo |publisher=Politica.estadao.com.br |date=11 October 2018 |access-date=2 January 2019}} On 31 October, president-elect Bolsonaro announced astronaut Marcos Pontes as the future Minister of Science and Technology; as of that date, he had already confirmed two other ministerial nominations: Paulo Guedes as Economy minister, and Augusto Heleno as defence minister.{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2018/10/31/bolsonaro-anuncia-astronauta-marcos-pontes-como-ministro-da-ciencia-e-tecnologia.ghtml|title=Bolsonaro anuncia astronauta Marcos Pontes como ministro da Ciência e Tecnologia|website=G1.globo.com|date=31 October 2018 }} However, on 7 November, Augusto Heleno was appointed to the Institutional Security Office of Brazil.{{Cite web|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2018/11/07/general-heleno-ministerio-defesa-ministro-gsi-bolsonaro.htm|title=General Heleno troca ministério da Defesa no governo Bolsonaro pelo GSI|website=Noticias.uol.com.br|access-date=4 July 2022}} On the first day of November, Bolsonaro confirmed that anti-graft judge Sergio Moro had accepted his invitation to serve as Justice minister. The decision drew backlash from the international press because Moro had convicted Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Bolsonaro's chief political rival in the election, for money laundering and corruption.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/brazil-president-elect-jair-bolsonaro-vows-move-israel-embassy-jerusalem-n930216|title=Brazil's far-right president-elect Bolsonaro vows to move Israel embassy to Jerusalem|last=Jamieson|first=Alastair|date=2 November 2018|work=NBC News|access-date=2 November 2018|language=en-US}}{{cite web|author=1 November 2018 13h36 |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/internacional/ultimas-noticias/2018/11/01/analise-por-que-a-nomeacao-de-moro-por-bolsonaro-caiu-mal-na-imprensa-internacional.htm |title=Por que a nomeação de Moro por Bolsonaro caiu mal na imprensa internacional |website=Noticias.uol.com.br |access-date=2 January 2019}}

On 11 November 2018, O Estado de S. Paulo released a story stating that Bolsonaro's team has chosen World Bank director and former finance minister Joaquim Levy to head the Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES).{{cite web|url=https://economia.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,joaquim-levy-sera-o-presidente-do-bndes,70002603930 |title=Joaquim Levy será o presidente do BNDES, Estado de S. Paulo |website=Economia.estadao.com.br |access-date=2 January 2019}} A report was later issued by Folha de S. Paulo that Bolsonaro has yet to confirm the nomination of Levy to the post.{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mercado/2018/11/equipe-de-bolsonaro-convida-joaquim-levy-para-assumir-bndes.shtml |title=Guedes quer Joaquim Levy no BNDES, mas nome precisa ser avalizado por Bolsonaro, Folha de S. Paulo |website=1.folha.uol.com.br |date=11 November 2018 |access-date=2 January 2019}} A press release from Paulo Guedes's team, released the next day, confirmed Levy's appointment.{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2018/11/12/joaquim-levy-aceita-convite-para-presidir-bndes-informa-assessoria-de-paulo-guedes.ghtml |title=Joaquim Levy aceita convite para presidir BNDES, informa assessoria de Paulo Guedes, G1 |date=12 November 2018 |publisher=G1.globo.com |access-date=2 January 2019}} On 15 November 2018, economist Roberto Campos Neto was named as the future Central Bank governor.{{cite web|url=http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/economia/noticia/2018-11/roberto-campos-neto-comandara-banco-central |title=Roberto Campos Neto comandará Banco Central, Agência Brasil EBC, accessed 17 November 2018 |language=pt|publisher=Agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br |date=15 November 2018 |access-date=2 January 2019}}

In December 2018 the final composition had emerged after weeks of announcements and appointments. The cabinet would include 22 personnel, of which 16 are ministers, two are cabinet-level positions and four are secretaries directly linked to the presidency.{{cite web|author=o autor |url=https://www.poder360.com.br/governo/saiba-quem-sao-os-22-ministros-da-esplanada-de-bolsonaro/ |title=Saiba quem são os 22 ministros da esplanada de Bolsonaro, Poder360, accessed 12 December 2018 |publisher=Poder360.com.br |date=28 November 2018 |access-date=2 January 2019}} The 22 figure is down from 29 in the outgoing administration. Seven of the ministers will be military men, eight have technocrat profiles, and seven are politicians. Hindustan Times commented that "there are just two women in Bolsonaro’s government, which is double the number in the outgoing lineup under President Michel Temer", and that "there are no blacks, despite half of Brazil’s population being at least partly descended from Africans".{{cite web |date=22 April 2016 |title=Jair Bolsonaro government has military, conservative streak, Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/jair-bolsonaro-government-has-military-conservative-streak/story-oDL2RdIPIsO3Qc4hXKZ20J.html |access-date=2 January 2019 |publisher=Hindustantimes.com}}

On 7 November 2019, Roberto Alvim was nominated Special Secretary for Culture under the auspices of the Ministry of Tourism,{{cite web | url=http://www.turismo.gov.br/%C3%BAltimas-not%C3%ADcias/13141-nota-%C3%A0-imprensa-integra%C3%A7%C3%A3o-turismo-e-cultura.html | title=NOTA À IMPRENSA – Integração Turismo e Cultura – Ministério do Turismo | language=pt-br | trans-title=NOTE TO THE PRESS – Tourism and Culture Integration – Ministry of Tourism | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114013327/http://www.turismo.gov.br/%C3%BAltimas-not%C3%ADcias/13141-nota-%C3%A0-imprensa-integra%C3%A7%C3%A3o-turismo-e-cultura.html | archive-date=2019-11-14 | url-status=live | access-date=2019-11-22 }} only to be fired on 17 January 2020 after appearing to quote a speech by German Nazi politician Joseph Goebbels in a government-sanctioned video.{{ cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/17/brazil-culture-minister-goebbels-roberto-alvim-nazi | title=Brazil culture secretary fired after echoing words of Nazi Goebbels | first=Sam | last=Cowie | date=2020-01-17 | website=The Guardian | access-date=2020-01-17 }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/17/americas/brazil-culture-minister-goebbels-intl-scli/index.html|title=Brazil's culture secretary fired after appearing to quote Nazi leader Joseph Goebbels in a video|author1=Vasco Cotovio |author2=Jack Guy|website=CNN|date=17 January 2020 |access-date=2020-01-18}}

On 18 June 2020, Minister of Education Abraham Weintraub resigned.{{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2020/06/18/ministro-da-educacao-abraham-weintraub-anuncia-saida-do-cargo-em-video-com-bolsonaro.ghtml|title=Em vídeo ao lado de Bolsonaro, ministro Abraham Weintraub, da Educação, anuncia saída do cargo|website=G1.globo.com|date=18 June 2020 |access-date=4 July 2022}}File:Equipe de Governo de Jair Bolsonaro.jpg

{{See also|2021 Brazilian Military crisis}}

File:Brazilian Government's logo (Jair Messias Bolsonaro).svg

In one of his first actions as president, Bolsonaro increased the minimum wage from R$954 to R$998. Within days of assuming office, Bolsonaro transferred land reform duties from the National Indigenous Foundation (FUNAI) to the Ministry of Agriculture. Most of the remaining duties previously assigned to FUNAI are now part of the Ministry of Women, Family and Human Rights.{{cite web|url=https://veja.abril.com.br/politica/todas-as-medidas-tomadas-pelo-governo-bolsonaro-ate-agora/|title=Todas as medidas tomadas pelo governo Bolsonaro até agora|website=VEJA.com}}

Bolsonaro spent the first months of his administration trying to pass legislation and enact reforms with the stated goal of creating more economic freedom and growth for Brazil. The federal government cut taxes for some specific sectors of the economy and removed import tariffs for several areas, such as capital goods, and IT or telecommunication products which were necessary for technological evolution and increased production in the medical, industrial, and agricultural sectors.{{Cite web|url=https://forbes.com.br/forbes-money/2020/05/brasil-zera-imposto-de-importacao-para-bens-de-informatica-e-de-telecomunicacoes/|title=Como o governo Bolsonaro se saiu na economia|website=Forbes Brasil|date=21 May 2020 |access-date=21 May 2020}}{{Cite web|url=https://forbes.com.br/forbes-money/2020/05/brasil-zera-imposto-de-importacao-para-bens-de-informatica-e-de-telecomunicacoes/|title=Brasil zera imposto de importação para bens de informática e de telecomunicações|date=21 May 2020|website=Forbes.com.br|access-date=4 July 2022}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.firjan.com.br/main.jsp?lumPageId=4028818B46EEB3CD01472226FDB01228&lumItemId=2C908A8A6D462120016D4A1E07FD3F1F|title=Governo zera imposto de importação de quase 500 produtos para atrair investimentos|website=Firjan.com.br|access-date=4 July 2022}} Bolsonaro also removed the import tariffs of sailing ships, jet skis and other luxury items.{{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2022/03/02/governo-zera-imposto-de-importacao-sobre-jet-ski-balao-e-dirigivel.ghtml|title= Governo zera imposto de importação sobre moto aquática, balão e dirigível|website=G1|access-date=3 February 2022}} The government also passed a controversial pension reform, along with making other changes across the economy.{{Cite web|url=http://media.folha.uol.com.br/mercado/2019/02/20/pec-6-2019.pdf|title=Proposta de Emenda a Constituicao - Previdencia|website=Folha de Sao Paulo|access-date=8 January 2023}} The government also tried to pass economic reforms such as the {{lang|pt|Plano Mais Brasil}}, which enveloped around resource decentralization combined with greater fiscal responsibility in Brazil's management, reduction of taxes for productive sectors of the economy, reduction of direct state investments in the economy, and the debureaucratization of the state, while increasing funding for anti-poverty programmes.{{Cite web|url=http://www.economia.gov.br/noticias/2019/11/executivo-e-legislativo-propoem-mudancas-na-constituicao-para-pais-consolidar-nova-ordem-fiscal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105211931/http://www.economia.gov.br/noticias/2019/11/executivo-e-legislativo-propoem-mudancas-na-constituicao-para-pais-consolidar-nova-ordem-fiscal|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-11-05|title=Executivo e Legislativo propõem mudanças na Constituição para País consolidar nova ordem fiscal|website=Economia.gov.br}} Some of those proposals were able to pass in Congress, though others were stopped in different committees. Overall, though the economy did grow, poverty and inequality expanded under Bolsonaro.{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/pt-br/como-o-governo-bolsonaro-se-saiu-na-economia/a-64237081|title=Como o governo Bolsonaro se saiu na economia|website=DW.com|access-date=30 December 2022}}

According to the economist Guilherme Delgado, the proposed measures made by Bolsonaro disorganized the public service, stifled investments, privileged the rich, weakened democratic rights and deepened economic and social inequalities.Fachin, Patricia. [https://www.ihu.unisinos.br/categorias/159-entrevistas/594272-plano-mais-brasil-nao-e-um-projeto-de-crescimento-mas-de-aprofundamento-da-desigualdade-economica-e-social-entrevista-especial-com-guilherme-delgado?gclid=EAIaIQobChMInOzjwtGd_AIVKexcCh0thwUjEAMYASAAEgJPpPD_BwE "Plano mais Brasil não é um projeto de crescimento, mas de aprofundamento da desigualdade econômica e social"]. Revista do Instituto Humanitas - Unisinos, 12 November 2019

The result of Bolsonaro's economic reforms were mixed. Overall, prior to the COVID-19 recession, the Brazilian economy was recovering and growing, though at a slower pace than predicted by the government. In 2021, Brazil broke a record with more than 4 million companies being opened by the private sector, of which 1,4 million end up closing, an increase of 34.6% when compared to 2020.{{Cite web|url=https://valor.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2022/02/09/brasil-quebra-recorde-ao-registrar-4-milhoes-de-empresas-abertas-em-2021.ghtml|title=Brasil quebra recorde ao registrar 4 milhões de empresas abertas em 2021|website=Firjan.com.br|date=9 February 2022 |access-date=9 February 2022}} Talking about most of the reforms enacted by Bolsonaro, according to the Interunion Department of Statistics and Socioeconomic Studies, "the final objective [of the reforms] was to reduce the size of the State, not so that it could become more agile, but so that the private sector could profit from activities that were previously done by the government".[https://www.andes.org.br/conteudos/noticia/pacote-do-plano-mais-brasil-representa-destruicao-do-estado-brasileiro1 "Pacote do Plano Mais Brasil representa destruição do Estado brasileiro"]. Sindicato Nacional dos Docentes das Instituições de Ensino Superior, 7 November 2019

File:Jair Bolsonaro e Paulo Guedes em solenidade.jpg.]]

The Bolsonaro administration left Brazil with a public debt of $5,87 trillion reais (or US$1.12 trillion).{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.br/economia/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2022/dezembro/divida-publica-federal-atinge-r-5-87-trilhoes-em-novembro|title=Dívida Pública Federal atinge R$ 5,87 trilhões em novembro|website=Ministério da Economia|access-date=30 December 2022}} Bolsonaro ended his term leaving the largest federal debt in the history of the country.{{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/jornal-nacional/noticia/2022/12/27/divida-publica-do-brasil-cresce-quase-r-93-bilhoes-de-outubro-para-novembro.ghtml|title=Dívida pública do Brasil cresce quase R$ 93 bilhões de outubro para novembro|website=G1|date=27 December 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022}} Bolsonaro was also the first Brazilian president since the {{lang|pt|Plano Real}}, in the mid-90s, to end his term with a real minimum wage worth less than when taking office.{{Cite web|url=https://www.metropoles.com/brasil/economia-br/bolsonaro-e-o-1-presidente-desde-o-real-a-deixar-salario-minimo-menor|title=Bolsonaro é o 1° presidente desde o real a deixar salário mínimo menor|website=Metrópoles|date=9 May 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/economia/2022/05/5006532-bolsonaro-sera-o-1-presidente-desde-o-real-a-deixar-salario-minimo-menor.html|title=Bolsonaro será o 1º presidente desde o Real a deixar salário mínimo menor|website=Correiobraziliense.com.br|date=9 May 2022|access-date=30 December 2022}}

The main characteristic of the Brazilian energy matrix is that it is much more renewable than most other countries. While in 2019 the world matrix was only 14% made up of renewable energy, Brazil's was at 45%. Petroleum and oil products made up 34.3% of the matrix; sugar cane derivatives, 18%; hydraulic energy, 12.4%; natural gas, 12.2%; firewood and charcoal, 8.8%; varied renewable energies, 7%; mineral coal, 5.3%; nuclear, 1.4%, and other non-renewable energies, 0.6%.{{Cite web |url=https://www.epe.gov.br/pt/abcdenergia/matriz-energetica-e-eletrica |title=Matriz Energética |access-date=20 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203230/https://www.epe.gov.br/pt/abcdenergia/matriz-energetica-e-eletrica |url-status=dead }} In the electric energy matrix, the difference between Brazil and the world is even greater: while the world only had 25% of renewable electric energy in 2019, Brazil had 83%. The Brazilian electric matrix is composed of: hydraulic energy, 64.9%; biomass, 8.4%; wind energy, 8.6%; solar energy, 1%; natural gas, 9.3%; oil products, 2%; nuclear, 2.5%; coal and derivatives, 3.3%.

During Bolsonaro's presidency, the installation of wind energy and solar energy reached its highest level throughout history. {{As of|2021|02|url=http://www.ons.org.br/paginas/conhecimento/acervo-digital/documentos-e-publicacoes|post=,}} according to ONS, total installed capacity of wind energy was 19.1 GW, with average capacity factor of 30%.{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.org.br/AcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes/Boletim%20Mensal%20de%20Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20E%C3%B3lica%202021-02.pdf|title=Boletim Mensal de Geração Eólica Fevereiro/2021|language=pt|date=2021-05-03|publisher=Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico – ONS|pages=6, 14|access-date=2021-05-17}} In 2020 Brazil was the 8th country in the world in terms of installed wind power (17.2 GW).{{cite web|url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf|title= RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2021|website=Irena.org}} {{As of|2021|04|url=http://www.ons.org.br/paginas/conhecimento/acervo-digital/documentos-e-publicacoes|post=,}} according to ONS, total installed capacity of photovoltaic solar was 8.9 GW, with average capacity factor of 24%.{{Cite news|url=http://sharenergy.com.br/quais-melhores-regioes-brasil-para-geracao-de-energia-fotovoltaica/|title=Quais as melhores regiões do Brasil para geração de energia fotovoltaica? |date=2017-02-03|work=Sharenergy.com.br|access-date=2018-10-07|language=pt-BR}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.capitalinvest-group.com/en/invest-in-brazil-ma-guide/|title=Invest in Brazil|date=2018-08-23|website=Capitalinvest-group.com|access-date=2018-10-07|language=en-US}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.org.br/AcervoDigitalDocumentosEPublicacoes/Boletim%20Mensal%20de%20Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Solar%202021-04.pdf|title=Boletim Mensal de Geração Solar Fotovoltaica Abril/2021|language=pt|date=2021-05-03|publisher=Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico – ONS|pages=6, 13|access-date=2021-05-17}} In 2020, Brazil was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed solar power (7.8 GW).

Bolsonaro is against any kind of taxation on solar energy.{{Cite web |url=https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2020/01/06/bolsonaro-defende-acordo-com-congresso-para-vetar-taxacao-sobre-energia-solar.ghtml |title=Bolsonaro defends agreement with Congress to veto taxes on solar energy |date=2021-03-31 |website=G1.globo.com |language=pt-br}} In 2020, the government zeroed the tax on solar energy import of solar energy equipment.{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.br/pt-br/noticias/financas-impostos-e-gestao-publica/2020/07/governo-zera-imposto-de-importacao-de-equipamentos-de-energia-solar |title=Government resets import tax on solar energy equipment |date=2021-03-31 |website=Gov.br|language=pt-br}}

One of the main objectives of the Bolsonaro Government was to try to complete the execution of more than 14,000 works promised by previous governments, which were never completed until that point, or even having started. According to calculations, the execution and completion of works that have already started would cost something around R$144 billion.{{Cite web|url=https://epocanegocios.globo.com/Economia/noticia/2019/10/epoca-negocios-retomar-obras-destrava-ate-r-144-bilhoes.html|title=Retomar obras destrava até R$ 144 bilhões|website=Época Negócios|access-date=4 July 2022}} Some of the most important road works carried out in Bolsonaro's term include: completion of the duplication of the BR-116 in Rio Grande do Sul,{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.br/pt-br/noticias/transito-e-transportes/2021/01/obras-avancam-no-rio-grande-do-sul-com-a-duplicacao-da-br-116|title=Serviços e Informações do Brasil|website=Gov.br|access-date=4 July 2022}} of the BR-101 in the Northeast,{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.br/pt-br/noticias/transito-e-transportes/2021/03/governo-conclui-90-das-obras-de-duplicacao-do-lote-1-na-br-101-se|title=Serviços e Informações do Brasil|website=Gov.br|access-date=4 July 2022}} of BR-116 in Bahia,{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.br/pt-br/noticias/transito-e-transportes/2021/03/governo-entrega-duplicacao-da-br-116-bahia|title=Serviços e Informações do Brasi|website=Gov.brl|access-date=4 July 2022}} of BR-364 between Cuiabá and Rondonópolis,{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.br/dnit/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/dnit-segue-com-a-construcao-de-tres-viadutos-na-br-163-364-em-cuiaba|title=DNIT segue com a construção de três viadutos na BR-163/364, em Cuiabá|website=Departamento Nacional de Infraestrutura de Transportes|access-date=4 July 2022}} duplication of the BR-470 in Santa Catarina,{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.br/dnit/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/dnit-finaliza-o-ano-com-mais-de-163-quilometros-de-pista-recuperada-em-santa-catarina|title=DNIT finaliza o ano com mais de 163 quilômetros de pista recuperada em Santa Catarina|website=Departamento Nacional de Infraestrutura de Transportes|access-date=4 July 2022}} from BR-280 in Santa Catarina,{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.br/dnit/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/dnit-avanca-nas-obras-de-duplicacao-da-br-280-em-santa-catarina|title=DNIT avança nas obras de duplicação da BR-280 em Santa Catarina|website=Departamento Nacional de Infraestrutura de Transportes|access-date=4 July 2022}} of the BR-381 in Minas Gerais,{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.br/dnit/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/obras-de-duplicacao-na-br-381-sao-destaque-em-minas-gerais-em-2020|title=Obras de duplicação na BR-381 são destaque em Minas Gerais em 2020|website=Departamento Nacional de Infraestrutura de Transportes|access-date=4 July 2022}} construction of the International Integration Bridge (linking Foz do Iguaçu to presidente Franco, in Paraguay),{{Cite web|url=https://www.itaipu.gov.br/responsabilidade-social/segunda-ponte-sobre-o-rio-parana|title=Segunda ponte sobre o Rio Paraná|website=Itaipu.gov.br|access-date=4 July 2022}} bidding for construction of a bridge that will connect Porto Murtinho (MS) to Carmelo Peralta (Paraguay) for the realization of the Bioceanic Corridor,{{Cite web|url=http://www.ms.gov.br/publicado-edital-para-construcao-da-ponte-sobre-o-rio-paraguai-entre-porto-murtinho-e-carmelo-peralta/|title=Publicado Edital para construção da ponte sobre o Rio Paraguai entre Porto Murtinho e Carmelo Peralta – Portal do Governo de Mato Grosso do Sul|website=Ms.gov.br|access-date=4 July 2022}} completion of asphalting of BR-163 in Pará,{{Cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2020/10/trecho-da-br-163-foi-asfaltado-no-governo-bolsonaro-como-afirma-post.shtml|title=Trecho da BR-163 foi asfaltado no governo Bolsonaro, como afirma post|date=20 October 2020|website=Folha.uol.com.br|access-date=4 July 2022}} inauguration of the Abunã Bridge connecting Rondônia to Acre,{{Cite web|url=https://www.diariodaamazonia.com.br/ponte-do-rio-madeira-deve-ser-inaugurada-em-abril/|title=Ponte do Rio Madeira deve ser inaugurada em abril|first=Diário da|last=Amazônia|website=Diário da Amazônia|access-date=4 July 2022}} paving of BRs in the Northeast such as BR-222{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.br/pt-br/noticias/transito-e-transportes/2020/12/br-222-no-piaui-ganha-mais-47-quilometros-de-pavimentacao-asfaltica|title=BR-222, no Piauí, ganha mais 47 quilômetros de pavimentação asfáltica |date=21 December 2020 |website=Gov.br|access-date=4 July 2022}} and the BR-235,{{Cite web|url=https://estradas.com.br/br-235-ganha-77-quilometros-de-pista-pavimentada-em-jeremoabo-na-bahia/|title= BR-235 ganha 77 quilômetros de pista pavimentada em Jeremoabo (BA)|website=Estradas |date=15 February 2021|access-date=4 July 2022}} in addition to being programmed new concessions for the main motorway of Paraná {{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/pr/parana/noticia/2021/01/29/projeto-que-preve-para-a-concessao-de-rodovias-e-reducao-de-tarifas-de-pedagios-e-aprovado-e-sera-debatido-a-partir-de-fevereiro.ghtml |date=29 January 2021 |title=Projeto que prevê concessão de rodovias e redução de tarifas de pedágios no Paraná é aprovado e será debatido a partir de fevereiro|website=G1.globo.com|access-date=4 July 2022}} and Rodovia Presidente Dutra,{{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/sp/vale-do-paraiba-regiao/noticia/2021/02/23/contrato-de-concessao-da-dutra-e-prorrogado-por-mais-um-ano-antt-aprova-reducao-no-pedagio.ghtml |date=23 February 2021 |title=Contrato de concessão da Dutra é prorrogado por mais um ano; ANTT aprova redução no pedágio|website=G1.globo.com|access-date=4 July 2022}} among others. During Bolsonaro's government, there was also a greater focus on the construction of railways, with the government inaugurating a stretch of the North-South Railway, between Goiás and São Paulo,{{Cite web|url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/politica/noticia/2021-03/bolsonaro-participa-de-inauguracao-de-trecho-da-ferrovia-norte-sul |first1=Andreia |last1=Verdélio |title=Bolsonaro participa de inauguração de trecho da Ferrovia Norte-Sul|date=4 March 2021|website=Agência Brasil|access-date=4 July 2022}} start of construction of the Railroad of East-West Integration in Bahia,{{Cite web|url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/politica/noticia/2020-09/governo-firma-acordo-com-exercito-para-construcao-de-ferrovia-na-bahia |first1=Andreia |last1=Verdélio |title=Governo firma acordo com Exército para construção de ferrovia na Bahia|date=11 September 2020|website=Agência Brasil|access-date=4 July 2022}} in addition to planning the construction of Ferrogrão, between Mato Grosso and Pará,{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.br/pt-br/noticias/transito-e-transportes/2021/01/estudos-para-implantacao-de-ferrovia-contarao-com-apoio-de-universidade-do-para|title=Estudos para implantação de ferrovia contarão com apoio de universidade do Pará |website=Gov.br|access-date=2021-01-19 }} among others.

File:2020-06-25 Chegada das águas do Rio São Francisco ao Ceará - 23.jpg

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, Bolsonaro and his administration have been accused of downplaying the crisis while the number of Brazilians infected by the virus climbed exponentially by mid-2020.{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-52040205|title=Coronavirus: Bolsonaro downplays threat of pandemic to Brazil|date=25 March 2020|website=BBC|access-date=7 July 2020|archive-date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501054300/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-52040205|url-status=live}} Bolsonaro claimed that COVID-19 is no deadlier than the "common flu" and that his priority was the nation's economic recovery rather than the health crisis.{{Cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/just-like-trump-brazils-bolsonaro-puts-the-economy-ahead-of-his-people-during-coronavirus-136351|title=Just like Trump, Brazil's Bolsonaro puts the economy ahead of his people during coronavirus|date=20 April 2020|website=TheConversation.com|access-date=7 July 2020|archive-date=9 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609005226/https://theconversation.com/just-like-trump-brazils-bolsonaro-puts-the-economy-ahead-of-his-people-during-coronavirus-136351|url-status=live}} He criticized the governor of Rio de Janeiro for suspending flights from other states with confirmed cases, claiming that Rio de Janeiro was behaving like its own country and that taking precautions such as closing businesses to limit the spread was hurting the economy.{{Cite web|title=Bolsonaro critica Witzel por querer impedir voos para o Rio de Janeiro [20/03/2020]|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2020/03/20/bolsonaro-critica-witzel-por-fechar-aeroporto-parece-que-rj-e-outro-pais.htm|access-date=2021-05-12|website=noticias.uol.com.br|language=pt-br}}

In March 2020, there were demonstrations throughout the country calling for Bolsonaro's resignation due to his government's handling of the virus.{{Cite news|date=2020-03-19|title=Coronavirus protest in Brazil sees millions bang pots from balconies|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-51955679|access-date=2021-05-12}} According to independent polls taken at the time: 44% of Brazilians considered Bolsonaro's government "bad", 33% thought it ordinary, and 26% thought it excellent.{{Cite web|last=Bedinelli|first=Talita|date=2020-03-19|title=Gestão de Bolsonaro do coronavírus é reprovada por 64%, e 45% se dizem a favor de impeachment|url=https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2020-03-19/gestao-de-bolsonaro-do-coronavirus-e-reprovada-por-64-e-45-se-dizem-a-favor-de-impeachment.html|access-date=2021-05-12|website=EL PAÍS|language=pt-br}} In the same poll, 64% of Brazilians disapproved of Bolsonaro's handling of the virus, and 44.8% favoured his resignation.{{Cite news|date=2020-04-28|title=Brazilians divided on impeachment of President Bolsonaro: poll|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics-poll-idUSKCN22A05R|access-date=2021-05-12}}

As cases in the country rose, Bolsonaro claimed that "Brazilians never catch anything", and as an example said that a Brazilian man can jump into sewage and nothing will happen to him.{{Cite web|date=2020-03-27|title=Jair Bolsonaro claims Brazilians 'never catch anything' as Covid-19 cases rise|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/mar/27/jair-bolsonaro-claims-brazilians-never-catch-anything-as-covid-19-cases-rise|access-date=2021-05-12|website=the Guardian|language=en}} He continually accused political opponents and the press of exaggerating the threat of the virus and called it a "fantasy" created by the media.{{Cite news|last=Phillips|first=Tom|date=23 March 2020|title=Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro says coronavirus crisis is a media trick|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/23/brazils-jair-bolsonaro-says-coronavirus-crisis-is-a-media-trick|access-date=7 July 2020|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702014127/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/23/brazils-jair-bolsonaro-says-coronavirus-crisis-is-a-media-trick|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=Bolsonaro diz que 'pequena crise' do coronavírus é 'mais fantasia' e não 'isso tudo' que mídia propaga|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2020/03/10/bolsonaro-diz-que-questao-do-coronavirus-e-muito-mais-fantasia.ghtml|access-date=2021-05-09|website=G1.globo.com|date=10 March 2020 |language=pt-br}} He has been criticised by João Doria, the governor of São Paulo, for not acting on the crisis at a federal level, instead leaving the responsibility of placing measures to tackle the virus to the individual states.{{Cite web|title=Doria rebate Bolsonaro: 'estamos fazendo o que ele não faz, liderar' [20/03/2020]|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2020/03/20/doria-rebate-bolsonaro-estamos-fazendo-o-que-ele-nao-faz-liderar.htm|access-date=2021-05-09|website=noticias.uol.com.br|language=pt-br}}

On 7 July 2020, Bolsonaro said that he had tested positive for COVID-19.{{Cite web|title=Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro tests positive for coronavirus|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/07/americas/brazil-bolsonaro-positive-coronavirus-intl/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707201055/https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/07/americas/brazil-bolsonaro-positive-coronavirus-intl/index.html|archive-date=7 July 2020|access-date=7 July 2020|website=CNN|date=7 July 2020 }} On 25 July, he announced that he had tested negative for COVID-19 in a fourth test since being diagnosed, but the next week he indicated that he had also started suffering from "mold in the lung".{{cite news|title=Brazil President Jair Bolsonaro Says He Tested Negative for Coronavirus|url=https://time.com/5871754/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-negative-coronavirus/|access-date=27 July 2020|publisher=Time Magazine|date=25 July 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727025453/https://time.com/5871754/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-negative-coronavirus/|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web|author=Rodrigo Pedroso and Amy Woodyatt|title=Brazil's Bolsonaro says he has 'mold' in his lungs as his wife tests positive for Covid-19|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/31/americas/brazil-bolsonaro-mold-lungs-intl/index.html|access-date=31 July 2020|website=CNN|date=31 July 2020 |archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731204018/https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/31/americas/brazil-bolsonaro-mold-lungs-intl/index.html|url-status=live}} Even so, he stated his opposition to mandatory vaccination.{{cite web | last1=Savarese | first1=Mauricio | title=Brazil leader rapped for stirring doubt on COVID-19 vaccine | url=https://apnews.com/76e0d15bff4cf885f29abb953a842253 | date=4 September 2020 | work=Associated Press | access-date=19 September 2020 | archive-date=13 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913101052/https://apnews.com/76e0d15bff4cf885f29abb953a842253 | url-status=live }}{{cite web | title=Brazil's Bolsonaro says COVID-19 vaccinations will not be mandatory | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-brazil-vaccination/brazils-bolsonaro-says-covid-19-vaccinations-will-not-be-mandatory-idUSKBN25U30C | date=3 September 2020 | work=Reuters | access-date=19 September 2020 | archive-date=10 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910031312/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-brazil-vaccination/brazils-bolsonaro-says-covid-19-vaccinations-will-not-be-mandatory-idUSKBN25U30C | url-status=live }}

In August 2020, in the middle of the pandemic, Bolsonaro's approval rating showed signs of recovery, reaching its highest level since his inauguration.{{Cite web|title=Datafolha: aprovação de Bolsonaro sobe para 37%, a melhor do mandato, e reprovação cai para 34%|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2020/08/13/bolsonaro-tem-aprovacao-de-37percent-e-reprovacao-de-34percent-diz-datafolha.ghtml|access-date=14 August 2020|website=G1.globo.com|date=13 August 2020 |language=pt-br|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814081948/https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2020/08/13/bolsonaro-tem-aprovacao-de-37percent-e-reprovacao-de-34percent-diz-datafolha.ghtml|url-status=live}} In November 2020, he said he would not take a COVID vaccine if it became available; he supported the efficacy of any possible vaccine if the Brazilian Health Agency deemed it safe.{{Cite web|title=Brazil's Bolsonaro rejects COVID-19 shot, calls masks taboo|url=https://apnews.com/article/pandemics-brazil-health-coronavirus-pandemic-latin-america-0295d39d3032aa14c6675b8b4080e8cc|access-date=2021-05-09|website=AP NEWS|date=5 May 2021}} In the same broadcast, he called face masks "the last taboo to fall".

On 17 December 2020, Bolsonaro made comments in jest at a political event in Porto Seguro, Bahia that people taking the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine might get side-effects including transforming into crocodiles, becoming superhuman, turning into bearded ladies, and developing effeminate voices.{{Cite web|title=Brazil's Bolsonaro warns virus vaccine can turn people into 'crocodiles'|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/brazil-s-bolsonaro-warns-virus-vaccine-can-turn-people-into-crocodiles-1.5237678|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028211335/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/brazil-s-bolsonaro-warns-virus-vaccine-can-turn-people-into-crocodiles-1.5237678|archive-date=28 October 2021|access-date=16 December 2021|website=CTV News|date=18 December 2020 }}

In early 2021, Bolsonaro's approval ratings fell again, mostly due to the government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination controversies, and the concurrent economic crisis that evolved under his watch.{{Cite web|date=22 January 2021|title=Crise derruba popularidade de Bolsonaro, aponta Datafolha|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2021/01/crise-derruba-popularidade-de-bolsonaro-aponta-datafolha.shtml|access-date=9 February 2021|website=Folha de S.Paulo|language=pt-BR}} Days after Brazil surpassed Russia as the country worst hit by COVID, Bolsonaro held a political rally in Brasília; while surrounded by supporters and his own security guards, who were wearing masks, he did not.{{Cite web|title=Bolsonaro attends rally as Brazil political scandal heats up|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/5/24/bolsonaro-attends-rally-as-brazil-political-scandal-heats-up|access-date=2021-05-09|website=Aljazeera.com|language=en}} In February, Supreme Court Justice Rosa Weber charged Bolsonaro with putting the Brazilian people at risk for spreading misinformation by encouraging the use of hydroxychloroquine as a valid treatment for COVID-19.{{Cite web|date=2021-02-22|title=Bolsonaro could face criminal charges for chloroquine endorsement|url=https://brazilian.report/liveblog/coronavirus/2021/02/22/bolsonaro-could-face-criminal-charges-for-chloroquine-endorsement/|access-date=2021-08-06|website=The Brazilian Report|language=en-US |last1=Berti |first1=Lucas }} In March, as the nation saw a surge in deaths, Bolsonaro criticized the measures to curb the virus and told the public to "stop whining".{{Cite news|date=2021-03-05|title=Covid: Bolsonaro tells Brazilians to 'stop whining' as deaths spike|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-56288548|access-date=2021-05-09}}

In June 2021, protests erupted all over Brazil against Bolsonaro's response to the pandemic; in São Paulo alone there were estimated to be 100,000 protesters on the streets.{{Cite web|title=COVID-19: Bolsonaro doesn't believe in social distancing, masks or vaccines. That wasn't lost on those protesting|url=https://news.sky.com/story/covid-19-in-brazil-the-fact-500-000-have-died-and-the-country-isnt-in-lockdown-is-too-much-for-some-to-take-12336762|access-date=2021-08-05|website=Sky News|language=en}} In July, YouTube removed videos posted by Bolsonaro for spreading false information about the virus. YouTube has reportedly removed 15 videos altogether; one that was removed had shown that Brazil's former health minister, Eduardo Pazuello, comparing the virus to HIV.{{Cite news|date=2021-07-22|title=YouTube removes Bolsonaro videos for Covid misinformation|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57923862|access-date=2021-08-05}} In other videos, Bolsonaro criticised efforts to stop the spread of the virus, such as wearing masks or taking the vaccine.{{Cite news|title=YouTube removes videos posted by Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro that spread coronavirus misinformation|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/07/22/youtube-bolsonaro-brazil-removal-covid-19/|access-date=2021-08-05|issn=0190-8286}}

By the end of June 2021, more members of Bolsonaro's opposition called for his impeachment for his handling and spreading of misinformation during the pandemic. The opposition signed a document with multiple accusations, such as blaming Bolsonaro for the deaths of 500,000 Brazilians from COVID-19, stating that his government had blatantly turned down expert advice on tackling the virus, and more than 20 others.{{Cite web|date=2021-06-30|title=Fresh bid to impeach Brazil's Bolsonaro over Covid response|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210630-fresh-bid-to-impeach-brazil-s-bolsonaro-over-covid-response|access-date=2021-08-06|website=France 24|language=en}}{{Cite web|date=2021-06-30|title=Fresh bid to impeach Brazil's Bolsonaro over Covid response|url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/fresh-bid-to-impeach-brazil-s-bolsonaro-over-covid-response|access-date=2021-08-06|website=RFI|language=en}}

In July 2021, Bolsonaro claimed on Brazilian radio that his government's greatest achievement was "two and a half years without corruption".{{Cite news|title=Become an FT subscriber to read {{!}} Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/95820cc7-94a8-42e5-af40-bfedeae0833a|access-date=2021-08-05|newspaper=Financial Times|date=28 July 2021 }} In the same month, a scandal dubbed "vaccine-gate" had washed over the country. After months of denying offers of vaccines and bartering the costs, Bolsonaro's government made a deal to buy the unapproved Covaxin vaccine from the Indian company Bharat Biotech at a very high price.{{Cite news|last=McCoy|first=Terrence|date=5 July 2021|title=As coronavirus probe deepens, Bolsonaro increasingly threatened by a corruption scandal|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/07/05/brazil-bolsonaro-corruption-investigation/|newspaper=The Washington Post}} It was found that the government allegedly paid ten times the amount agreed by Bharat Biotech for the vaccine{{Cite news|title=CPI da Covid: Quem é quem no escândalo Covaxin|language=pt-BR|work=BBC News Brasil|url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-57647163|access-date=2021-08-05}} and that the irregularities were not found in the prices of the vaccines, but in a payment of $45 million to a company in Singapore.{{Cite web|date=2021-07-03|title=Brazil court approves investigation into Bolsonaro over vaccine deal|url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/07/03/brazil-court-approves-corruption-investigation-into-bolsonaro-over-vaccine-deal|access-date=2021-08-06|website=euronews|language=en}} in response, the Brazilian Supreme Court authorised a criminal investigation of Bolsonaro.{{Cite web|date=2021-07-02|title=STF autoriza investigação de Bolsonaro por prevaricação no caso Covaxin|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/stf-autoriza-investigacao-de-bolsonaro-por-prevaricacao-no-caso-covaxin-1-25088702|access-date=2021-08-05|website=O Globo|language=pt-BR}} He has denied the allegations, calling the investigation "an embarrassment" and saying "I'm incorruptible".{{Cite web|last=TEMPO|first=O.|date=2021-07-01|title=Em live, Bolsonaro ataca presidente da CPI da Covid no Senado|url=https://www.otempo.com.br/politica/em-live-bolsonaro-ataca-presidente-da-cpi-da-covid-no-senado-1.2507155|access-date=2021-08-05|website=Politica|language=pt-BR}} Bharat Biotech claimed innocence with regard to the deal.{{Cite web|author=Juliana Koch and Mitchell McCluskey|title=Brazil suspends Covid-19 vaccine deal with Indian firm|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/30/americas/brazil-india-covid-vaccines-deal-intl/index.html|access-date=2021-08-06|website=CNN|date=30 June 2021 }}

In 2019, a trade agreement was announced between Mercosur and European Union, which provides, among other matters, for the elimination of tariffs for various products, such as fruit, orange juice, instant coffee, fish, crustaceans, vegetable oils, and quotas for the sale of meat, sugar and ethanol. For example, an increase in the export of fruits from the Brazilian Northeast to Europe was expected.{{Cite web |url=https://revistagloborural.globo.com/Noticias/Economia/noticia/2019/08/acordo-mercosul-ue-vai-beneficiar-setor-de-fruticultura-diz-bolsonaro.html |title=Acordo Mercosul-UE vai beneficiar setor de fruticultura, diz Bolsonaro - Revista Globo Rural | Economia |access-date=20 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203307/https://revistagloborural.globo.com/Noticias/Economia/noticia/2019/08/acordo-mercosul-ue-vai-beneficiar-setor-de-fruticultura-diz-bolsonaro.html |url-status=dead }} However, since then, France, which is a competitor of Brazil in the sale of commodities and which depends on the protectionism of the European Union to sell its products, has purposely and unilaterally blocked the execution of the agreement,{{Cite web|url=https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/bolsonaro-grande-problema-para-avancar-no-acordo-mercosul-ue-e-a-franca/|title=Bolsonaro: 'Grande problema para avançar no acordo Mercosul-UE é a França'|website=Istoedinheiro.com.br|date=20 November 2020|access-date=4 July 2022}} through massive demands, a common tactic in international negotiations to prevent actions.{{Cite web|url=https://economia.ig.com.br/2021-02-05/acordo-entre-mercosul-e-ue-macron-exige-nova-politica-ambiental-de-bolsonaro.html|title=Acordo entre Mercosul e UE: Macron exige nova política ambiental de Bolsonaro|first=Brasil|last=Econômico|date=5 February 2021|website=Economia.ig.com.br|access-date=4 July 2022}}

Nevertheless, during Bolsonaro's tenure, the country's agriculture broke successive production records. It is estimated that the national grain harvest will break the 3rd consecutive record in 2021, with a production of 260.5 million tons (2.5% increase compared to the previous year, when production was 254.1 million tons).{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.br/pt-br/noticias/agricultura-e-pecuaria/2021/01/safra-2021-deve-superar-recorde-do-ano-passado|title=Serviços e Informações do Brasil|website=Gov.br|access-date=4 July 2022}} In terms of gross value, in 2020, the country's agricultural production increased by 17% compared to the previous year, reaching R$871.3 billion.{{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/economia/agronegocios/noticia/2021/01/14/faturamento-da-agropecuaria-tem-recorde-de-r-8713-bilhoes-em-2020-governo-ve-alta-de-10percent-para-este-ano.ghtml|title=Faturamento da agropecuária tem recorde de R$ 871,3 bilhões em 2020; governo vê alta de 10% para este ano|website=G1.globo.com|date=15 January 2021 |access-date=4 July 2022}}

Official rates of violence in the country have been falling as a result of toughening laws, increasing police powers and implementing anti-violence programmes. In the first 11 months of the first year of government, the murder rate fell 22.3%, attempted murder fell 9.5%, personal injury followed by death 3.5% and rape cases fell 10.9%. All other robbery and theft rates fell above 20% on average.{{cite news |title=Brasil registra queda de 25% nos assassinatos nos primeiros três dois do ano |url=https://g1.globo.com/monitor-da-violencia/noticia/2019/04/18/brasil-registra-queda-de-25percent-nos-assassinatos-nos-dois-primeiros-meses-do-ano.ghtml|website=G1 |date=18 April 2019}}{{cite news |title=Bolsonaro volta a comemorar queda nos índices de criminalidade |url=https://istoe.com.br/bolsonaro-volta-a-festejar-no-twitter-queda-nos-indices-de-criminalidade |website=Istoé |date=14 October 2019}}

Bolsonaro issued a decree to facilitate gun ownership in Brazil on 15 January 2019. The decree, signed by Bolsonaro in an event at Planalto Palace, extends valid ownership period from five to ten years and allows citizens to own up to four firearms. The decree loosens restrictions for gun possession but does not affect those for gun carry. In order to own a firearm, a citizen will have to provide proof of the "existence of a safe or a secure location for storage" of the weapon at home. Requirements for possession such as passing training courses and background checks remain, as does the minimum age requirement of 25 years.{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2019/01/15/bolsonaro-assina-decreto-que-facilita-posse-de-armas.ghtml|title=Bolsonaro assina decreto que facilita posse de armas|website=G1.globo.com|date=15 January 2019 }}

The Bolsonaro Government took office in 2019 under the country's poor result in the 2018 PISA exam: among 79 countries analysed, the country ranked 59th in reading, 71st in mathematics and 67th in science, a performance below the OECD average and one of the worst in South America. The Minister of Education, Abraham Weintraub, criticized the situation of the education that the Government had just been given to administer, stating that "Brazil's poor PISA result is entirely the PT's fault". In the 1st year of Bolsonaro's mandate, the MEC had already initiated measures to try to reverse the situation: a National Programme of Civic-Military Schools, Full-time Secondary and Elementary Education, opening of more places, use of the internet to improve education and greater use of universities.{{Cite web|url=https://educacao.uol.com.br/noticias/2019/12/03/brasil-cai-em-ranking-mundial-de-ciencias-e-matematica-e-empaca-em-leitura.htm|title=Brasil cai em ranking mundial de ciências e matemática e empaca em leitura|website=Educacao.uol.com.br|access-date=4 July 2022}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.br/inep/pt-br/pagina-inicial|title=Inep|website=Gov.br|access-date=4 July 2022}}

The Bolsonaro government also inherited a terrible position from Brazil in the ranking of the best universities in the world. At the end of 2018, the best Brazilian university was not even in 250th place, and after that, all were in positions below 400th place.{{Cite web|url=https://epocanegocios.globo.com/Mundo/noticia/2018/10/no-ranking-mundial-de-universidades-melhor-brasileira-nao-fica-nem-em-250-lugar.html|title=No ranking mundial de universidades, a melhor brasileira não fica nem em 250º lugar|website=Epocanegocios.globo.com|access-date=4 July 2022}} By the end of 2020, even with educational institutions closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Brazil had slightly improved in the ranking: USP and UNICAMP had risen in rank and six national institutions had entered the ranking.{{Cite web|url=https://educacao.uol.com.br/noticias/2020/09/02/as-melhores-universidades-do-mundo-segundo-o-ranking-do-the.htm|title=As melhores universidades do mundo, segundo o ranking do THE|website=Educacao.uol.com.br|access-date=4 July 2022}}

In May 2019, the government cut 30% of the education budget for three universities due to alleged issues with partisan activities.{{cite web |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/03/brazil-schools-teachers-indoctrination-jair-bolsonaro|title= Call for students to film 'biased' teachers brings Brazil's culture wars to classroom|author1= Anna Jean Kaiser|date= 3 May 2019|work= The Guardian|access-date=21 May 2019}} Bolsonaro has supported the Escola sem Partido (ESP), which encourages students to film teachers to collect evidence for its allegation that the education system is dominated by progressive parties. Students protested the education cuts in Rio de Janeiro.{{cite web |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/16/brazils-bolsonaro-dismisses-imbecile-students-as-he-faces-biggest-rallies-yet|title= Brazil's Bolsonaro dismisses 'imbecile' students as he faces biggest protests yet|author1= Anna Jean Kaiser|date= 15 May 2019|work= The Guardian|access-date=21 May 2019}}

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| image1=2021 Top ten countries for tropical primary forest loss - World Resources Institute.svg |caption1= Home to much of the Amazon rainforest—the world's largest—Brazil's tropical primary (old-growth) forest loss rate exceeds that of other countries.● 2021 data: {{cite web|title=Forest Pulse: The Latest on the World's Forests|url=https://research.wri.org/gfr/latest-analysis-deforestation-trends |website=WRI.org |publisher=World Resources Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627150528/https://research.wri.org/gfr/latest-analysis-deforestation-trends|archive-date=27 June 2023 |date=June 2023 |url-status=live}}
● 2022 and 2023 data: {{cite web |title=Forest Pulse: The Latest on the World's Forests |url=https://research.wri.org/gfr/latest-analysis-deforestation-trends |publisher=World Resources Institute / Global Forest Review |website=WRI.org |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240404205336/https://research.wri.org/gfr/latest-analysis-deforestation-trends |archive-date=4 April 2024 |date=4 April 2024 |url-status=live}}

| image2= 20220910 Amazon deforestation and degradation, by country - Amazon Watch.svg | caption2= Cumulatively, 20% of the Amazon rainforest has been "transformed" (deforested) and another 6% has been "highly degraded", with Brazil having the highest percentage deforested or highly degraded of any Amazonia nation.{{cite web |title=Amazon Against the Clock: A Regional Assessment on Where and How to Protect 80% by 2025 |url=https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2022-amazonia-against-the-clock-executive-summary.pdf |website=Amazon Watch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910025229/https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2022-amazonia-against-the-clock-executive-summary.pdf |archive-date=10 September 2022 |page=8 |date=September 2022 |quote=Graphic 2: Current State of the Amazon by country, by percentage / Source: RAISG (Red Amazónica de Información Socioambiental Georreferenciada) Elaborated by authors. |url-status=live }}

}}

{{multiple image | right | total_width=250

| image3=1988- Deforestation rates in Brazil - Terra Brasilis.svg |caption3=The deforestation rate in Brazil surged by 72% during Bolsonaro's time in office, reflecting that Amazon development was his key policy position.{{cite web |last1=Freedman |first1=Andrew |title=Bolsonaro's defeat is a climate turning point |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/10/31/brazil-lula-bolsonaro-climate-election |website=Axios |date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031134834/https://www.axios.com/2022/10/31/brazil-lula-bolsonaro-climate-election |archive-date=31 October 2022 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title= Taxas de desmatamento (Deforestation rates) |url=http://terrabrasilis.dpi.inpe.br/app/dashboard/deforestation/biomes/legal_amazon/rates |website=TerraBrasilis |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241211053835/https://terrabrasilis.dpi.inpe.br/app/dashboard/deforestation/biomes/legal_amazon/rates |archive-date=11 December 2024 |date=2024 |url-status=live}}

}}

According to a report by the National Institute for Space Research the deforestation of the rainforests in Brazil more than doubled during Bolsonaro's presidency.{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-environment-deforestation-idUSKCN1T52OQ|title=Satellite data shows Amazon deforestation rising under Brazil's...|date=2019-06-04|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-08-21|language=en}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/66120-amazon-rainforest-deforestation-bolsonaro.html|title=Amazon Deforestation Shot Up by 278% Last Month, Satellite Data Show|last=Brandon Specktor 2019-08-07T21:42:34Z Planet Earth|website=livescience.com|date=7 August 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-08-21}} Bolsonaro called the publication a lie and fired the institute's director, Ricardo Galvão.{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/jair-bolsonaro-to-merkel-reforest-germany-not-amazon/a-50032213|title=Jair Bolsonaro to Merkel: Reforest Germany, not Amazon {{!}} DW {{!}} 15.08.2019|website=DW.COM|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-08-21}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-49212115|title=Space agency chief out amid deforestation row|date=2019-08-02|access-date=2019-08-21|language=en-GB}}

In June 2019, German chancellor Angela Merkel said she was concerned about deforestation in the Amazon rainforest and would seek "straight talk" with Bolsonaro on the upcoming G20 summit in Osaka. She also said that the situation "does not affect the imminent free trade agreement between Mercosur and the EU".{{cite news|title=Merkel descreve situação sob Bolsonaro como dramática|url=https://www.dw.com/pt-br/merkel-descreve-situa%C3%A7%C3%A3o-sob-bolsonaro-como-dram%C3%A1tica/a-49367311|language=pt|publisher=Deutsche Welle|date=26 May 2019|access-date=26 June 2019|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626231109/https://www.dw.com/pt-br/merkel-descreve-situa%C3%A7%C3%A3o-sob-bolsonaro-como-dram%C3%A1tica/a-49367311|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=Merkel wants 'straight talk' with Bolsonaro over deforestation|url=http://www.spacedaily.com/afp/190626140722.4340bpio.html|publisher=Space Daily|date=26 May 2019|access-date=26 June 2019|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626231057/http://www.spacedaily.com/afp/190626140722.4340bpio.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=Merkel quer ter "conversa clara" com Bolsonaro sobre desmatamento no G20|url=https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2019/06/26/politica/1561562740_367321.html|language=pt|publisher=El País|date=26 May 2019|access-date=26 June 2019|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626231057/https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2019/06/26/politica/1561562740_367321.html|url-status=live}} After French president Emmanuel Macron conditioned France's support for a trade accord between the European Union and Mercosul to Brazil remaining in the Paris Agreement, Bolsonaro said, at the meeting of the G20 in Osaka, that Brazil "will not leave the Paris Agreement", also inviting Macron to visit Brazil's Amazon region.{{cite news|title=Bolsonaro sinaliza a Macron que fica no Acordo de Paris, e discute com Trump medidas contra Maduro|url=https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2019/06/28/politica/1561724232_672469.html|language=pt|publisher=El País|date=28 May 2019|access-date=28 June 2019|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629133338/https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2019/06/28/politica/1561724232_672469.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=Bolsonaro sinaliza a Macron que Brasil vai continuar no Acordo do Clima de Paris|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2019/06/28/bolsonaro-convida-macron-para-visitar-a-amazonia.ghtml|language=pt|publisher=G1.globo.com|date=28 May 2019|access-date=28 June 2019|archive-date=28 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628163338/https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2019/06/28/bolsonaro-convida-macron-para-visitar-a-amazonia.ghtml|url-status=live}}

In August 2019, Bolsonaro accused Macron of having "a misplaced colonialist mentality in the 21st century" in reference to criticism by the French president, when he called on G7 leaders to discuss the Amazon crisis. He later tweeted "I regret that the President Macron seeks to exploit an internal issue in Brazil and other Amazonian countries for personal political gains".{{cite web |last1=Bolsonaro |first1=Jair |title=Jair M. Bolsonaro on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/jairbolsonaro/status/1164667765799694345 |website=twitter.com |access-date=14 June 2020 |archive-date=31 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531175625/https://twitter.com/jairbolsonaro/status/1164667765799694345 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |last1=Smith-Schoenwalder |first1=Cecelia |title=The Amazon Rainforest Is On Fire. Can Pressure From Other Nations Get Brazil to Act? |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world-report/articles/2019-08-23/the-amazon-rainforest-is-on-fire-can-pressure-from-other-nations-get-brazil-to-act |website=Usnews.com |access-date=14 June 2020 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801220852/https://www.usnews.com/news/world-report/articles/2019-08-23/the-amazon-rainforest-is-on-fire-can-pressure-from-other-nations-get-brazil-to-act |url-status=live }} He added that "the Brazilian government remains open to dialogue, based on objective data and mutual respect".{{cite news |title=Bolsonaro diz que Macron busca instrumentalizar uma questão interna e critica tom sensacionalista sobre a Amazônia |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2019/08/22/bolsonaro-diz-que-macron-busca-instrumentalizar-uma-questao-interna-e-critica-tom-sensacionalista-sobre-a-amazonia.ghtml |publisher=G1 |language=pt |date=22 August 2019 |access-date=23 August 2019 |archive-date=23 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823014327/https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2019/08/22/bolsonaro-diz-que-macron-busca-instrumentalizar-uma-questao-interna-e-critica-tom-sensacionalista-sobre-a-amazonia.ghtml |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=Macron Calls on G7 Countries to Discuss Amazon Forest in Summit |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-22/macron-calls-on-g7-countries-to-discuss-amazon-forest-in-summit |publisher=Bloomberg |date=22 August 2019 |access-date=23 August 2019 |archive-date=23 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823111912/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-22/macron-calls-on-g7-countries-to-discuss-amazon-forest-in-summit |url-status=live }} Macron stated he will refuse to ratify the European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement unless Brazil commits to protecting the environment.{{cite news |title=Ireland, France set to block EU-Mercosur trade deal over Amazon |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/ireland-block-eu-mercosur-trade-deal-amazon-fires-190823095908509.html |work=Al-Jazeera |date=23 August 2019 |access-date=24 August 2019 |archive-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826214837/https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/ireland-block-eu-mercosur-trade-deal-amazon-fires-190823095908509.html |url-status=live }} Bolsonaro's Facebook comments mocking Brigitte Macron's looks escalated the diplomatic clash, which was dubbed "the worst diplomatic crisis between France and Brazil in 40 years".{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/26/macron-rebukes-bolsonaro-over-extraordinarily-rude-comments-about-wife |title=Macron rebukes Bolsonaro for 'extraordinarily rude' comments about wife |date=26 August 2019 |website=The Guardian |access-date=26 August 2019 |archive-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826190747/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/26/macron-rebukes-bolsonaro-over-extraordinarily-rude-comments-about-wife |url-status=live }}

File:Bolsonaro with Modi November 2019 (cropped).jpg, Brasília, November 2019]]

During a conversation with journalists in July 2019, Bolsonaro lashed out at European leaders, saying that the Amazon belongs to Brazil and European countries can mind their own business because they have already "destroyed their environment". He also said: "We preserve more [rainforest] than anyone. No country in the world has the moral right to talk about Amazon".{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/19/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-amazon-rainforest-deforestation|title=Bolsonaro declares 'the Amazon is ours' and calls deforestation data 'lies'|website=The Guardian|date=19 July 2019|language=en|access-date=16 August 2019|archive-date=11 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811005051/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/19/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-amazon-rainforest-deforestation|url-status=live}}

During the 2019 Brazil wildfires, Bolsonaro accused (without providing any evidence) non-governmental organizations of starting the forest fires, due to a reduction of government funding to the NGOs. Environmental and climate experts described Bolsonaro's accusation as a "smokescreen" to hide his own government's rolling back of protections for the Amazon. They instead attributed the fires to farmers clearing land.{{cite web |last1=Simões |first1=Eduardo |last2=Boadle |first2=Anthony |last3=Mano |first3=Ana |last4=Stargardter |first4=Gabriel |last5=Brown |first5=Tom |last6=O'Brien |first6=Rosalba |title=Igniting global outrage, Brazil's Bolsonaro baselessly blames NGOs for Amazon fires |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics-idUSKCN1VB1BY |website=Reuters |access-date=23 August 2019 |date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=23 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823071421/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics-idUSKCN1VB1BY |url-status=live }}

In 2020 the government of Brazil pledged to reduce its annual greenhouse gas emissions by 43% by 2030. It also set a target of reaching carbon neutrality by 2060 if it receives 10 billion dollars per year as help from the international community.{{cite journal |last1=Felin |first1=Bruno |title=STATEMENT: Brazil Sets Weak 2030 Emission Reduction Target |url=https://www.wri.org/news/2020/12/statement-brazil-sets-weak-2030-emission-reduction-target |website=World Resources Institute |date=10 December 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021}}

On 15 April 2021, in a letter to U.S. president Joe Biden, Bolsonaro said that Brazil is committed to ending illegal deforestation in the Amazon by 2030 and stated "the need of an adequate financial support from the international community, compatible with the magnitude and urgency of the challenges to be faced".{{cite web |last1=Felin |first1=Bruno |title=Bolsonaro envia carta a Biden prometendo fim do desmatamento ilegal até 2030 |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/2021/04/14/bolsonaro-envia-carta-a-biden-prometendo-fim-do-desmatamento-ilegal-ate-2030 |website=CNN |date=15 April 2021}} According to TV host and entrepreneur Luciano Huck, outreach from the Biden administration "opens a door for Brazil to correct its current course of climate denialism".{{Cite web|date=11 March 2021|title=Brazil's Bolsonaro needs to get real on climate change|url=https://www.ft.com/content/67f547f3-fb8e-4a27-88da-78adea07d51c|access-date=|website=Financial Times}} In April 2021, nearly 200 Brazilian organizations published an open letter warning US lawmakers against making deals with Bolsonaro's administration unless it reverses its anti-environmental agenda. According to Mother Jones, deforestation in the Amazon reached a 12-year high during Bolsonaro's administration and he has dismantled environmental policies, removed resources from enforcement agencies, and reduced environmental regulations.{{cite web | website=Mother Jones | title=Indigenous and Environmental Groups Warn Biden Not to Trust Bolsonaro | date=15 April 2021 | url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2021/04/indigenous-and-environmental-groups-warn-biden-not-to-trust-bolsonaro/ | last=Dias | first=Isabela | access-date=23 April 2021}} During the Leaders Summit on Climate, Bolsonaro pledged Brazil would go carbon-neutral by 2050, ten years earlier than previously pledged.{{Cite web|title=Brazil's Bolsonaro promises to end deforestation despite overseeing a sharp increase|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/04/22/us/biden-earth-day-climate-summit/brazils-bolsonaro-promises-to-end-deforestation-despite-overseeing-a-sharp-increase|date=22 April 2021|website=The New York Times}}{{Cite web|title=Leaders of countries like Brazil, Japan and Canada made commitments on Thursday to curb greenhouse gas emissions during President Joe Biden's climate summit|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/22/biden-climate-summit-2021-what-brazil-japan-canada-others-pledged.html|date=22 April 2021|website=CNBC}}

In November 2021, Bolsonaro promised to end and reverse deforestation of the Amazon rainforest by 2030, in the COP26 climate summit's first major agreement.{{cite news |title=COP26: Don't Be Fooled by Bolsonaro's Pledges |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/02/cop26-dont-be-fooled-bolsonaros-pledges |work=Human Rights Watch |date=2 November 2021}}{{cite news |title=COP26 deforestation: Brazil backtracks on forests pledge before conference is even over |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/environment/cop26-deforestation-brazil-backtracks-forests-pledge-before-conference-over-1294831 |work=i |date=10 November 2021}}

Following the disappearance of Brazilian indigenous expert Bruno Pereira and British journalist Dom Phillips in June 2022 while on a trip to report the remote Brazilian Amazon region of Javari Valley and to interview indigenous people who were patrolling the area against illegal miners and fishers,{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/06/world/americas/dom-phillips-bruno-araujo-pereira-missing-amazon.html | title=British Journalist and Indigenous Expert Are Missing in Amazon After Threats | newspaper=The New York Times | date=7 June 2022 | last1=Nicas | first1=Jack | last2=Andreoni | first2=Manuela }} Bolsonaro downplayed the pair's disappearance, calling the trip an "unrecommended adventure" they should not have taken.{{cite web | url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2022/06/bolsonaro-downplays-journalists-disappearance-in-amazonas.shtml | title=Bolsonaro Downplays Journalist's Disappearance in Amazonas|website=1.folha.uol.com.br | date=8 June 2022 }} The United Nations Human Rights Committee said the Brazilian government response to Bruno Pereira and Dom Phillips disappearance and subsequent murder was 'extremely slow' and highlighted both the indigenous expert and the journalist works as raising awareness, monitoring and reporting illegal activities in the Javari Valley region,{{cite web | url=https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2022/06/10/reposta-do-governo-ao-desaparecimento-de-dom-phillips-e-bruno-pereira-foi-extremamente-lenta-diz-alto-comissariado-da-onu.ghtml | title=Resposta do governo ao desaparecimento de Dom Phillips e Bruno Pereira foi 'extremamente lenta', diz comitê da ONU|website=G1.globo.com | date=10 June 2022}}{{cite web | url=https://news.yahoo.com/bolsonaro-blamed-evidence-mounts-amazon-173604757.html | title=Bolsonaro blamed as UN, activists denounce Amazon murders|website=news.yahoo.com }} which is the second biggest indigenous territory in Brazil and is believed to have one of the world's highest concentrations of uncontacted indigenous tribes.{{cite web | url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/06/1120112 | title=Brazil urged to step up search for missing journalist and indigenous activist |website=Un.org| date=10 June 2022 }}

His damage to the Amazon has widely been described by indigenous groups, human rights groups, politicians, academics and journalists as an ecocide and a genocide.{{Cite web |date=2021-04-25 |title=Imagine Jair Bolsonaro Standing Trial for Ecocide at The Hague - The New York Times |website=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/21/sunday-review/bolsonaro-amazon-fire.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425160936/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/21/sunday-review/bolsonaro-amazon-fire.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2021-04-25 |access-date=2023-07-10 }}{{Cite news |last=Watts |first=Jonathan |date=2023-02-06 |title=Investigate Bolsonaro for genocide, says Brazil's Marina Silva |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/06/investigate-bolsonaro-for-genocide-says-brazils-marina-silva |access-date=2023-07-10 |issn=0261-3077}}{{Cite news |title=Bolsonaro should be investigated by International Criminal Court for crimes against humanity and nature |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/environment/climate-crisis/2022/10/27/bolsonaro-should-be-investigated-by-international-criminal-court-for-crimes-against-humanity-and-nature/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}{{Cite journal |last=McCartin |first=Matthew J. |date=2022–2023 |title=The Planet v. Bolsonaro: How an International Crime of Ecocide Could Aid in Enforcing the UNFCCC |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jgro13&id=6&div=&collection= |journal=Journal of Global Rights and Organizations |volume=13 |pages=1}} Indigenous chiefs and human rights organizations have submitted an Article 15 communication to the International Criminal Court for crimes against humanity and genocide for harm to Indigenous people and destruction of the Amazon.{{Cite web |date=2021-08-11 |title=Brazil indigenous group accuses Bolsonaro of 'genocide' and 'ecocide' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/brazil-indigenous-icc-bolsonaro-genocide-b1900078.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=The Independent |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2022-02-04 |title=Indigenous Groups Accuse Brazil's Bolsonaro of Genocide, Call on the ICC to Investigate {{!}} Sounds and Colours |url=https://soundsandcolours.com/articles/brazil/indigenous-groups-accuse-brazils-bolsonaro-of-genocide-call-on-the-icc-to-investigate-64683/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=soundsandcolours.com |language=en-GB}}{{Cite web |title=ICC climate crimes suit filed against Brazil's Bolsonaro – DW – 10/12/2021 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/icc-climate-crimes-suit-filed-against-brazils-bolsonaro/a-59480922 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=dw.com |language=en}} Another has been submitted for ecocide by indigenous chiefs.{{Cite web |date=2021-06-24 |title=Chiefs demand Bolsonaro's prosecution, say Amazon close to irreversible destruction |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/bolsonaro-should-be-tried-crimes-against-humanity-indigenous-leaders-say-n1272193 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=NBC News |language=en}}{{Cite news |last=Milhorance |first=Flávia |date=2021-01-23 |title=Jair Bolsonaro could face charges in The Hague over Amazon rainforest |language=en-GB |work=The Observer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/23/jair-bolsonaro-could-face-charges-in-the-hague-over-amazon-rainforest |access-date=2023-07-10 |issn=0029-7712}}

In October 2019, Bolsonaro said that Brazil has stopped taking care of its military and needs to rearm. He also said that "Brazil needs new armaments", and that "nobody wants an extremely bellicose Brazil", but that the country "needs to have the least deterrent power".{{cite news |title=Bolsonaro: Brasil precisa de armamentos, meios de se defender |url=https://www.metropoles.com/mundo/politica-int/bolsonaro-brasil-precisa-de-armamentos-meios-de-se-defender|website=Metrópole |language=pt |date=26 October 2019}}{{cite news |title=Bolsonaro diz que Brasil deixou de se armar por ideologia |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2019/10/bolsonaro-diz-que-brasil-deixou-de-se-armar-por-ideologia.shtml |website=1.folha.uol.com.br|language=pt |date=26 October 2019}}

In March 2021, Bolsonaro replaced Fernando Azevedo e Silva with Walter Souza Braga Netto as defence minister; the latter, like Bolsonaro, lionized the 1964–1985 military dictatorship in Brazil, unlike Silva. A day later, the leaders of the army, air force, and navy all resigned.{{cite news |last1=Jeantet |first1=Diane |last2=Biller |first2=David |title=Brazil military chiefs quit as Bolsonaro seeks their support |url=https://apnews.com/article/brazil-rio-de-janeiro-cabinets-health-coronavirus-pandemic-fdeb61a84563bca5ed9ddf9dd437a8c9 |access-date=7 September 2021 |work=Associated Press |date=31 March 2021}} In April, Bolsonaro declared that the Brazilian armed forces would "go into the streets" if he ordered them.{{cite news |last1=Brito |first1=Ricardo |last2=Perry |first2=Michael |title=Brazil's Bolsonaro says military would follow his orders to take the streets |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazils-bolsonaro-says-military-would-follow-his-orders-take-streets-2021-04-24/ |access-date=7 September 2021 |work=Reuters |date=24 April 2021}} In mid-August, the military conducted a 10-minute tank parade in Brasília, with Bolsonaro in attendance. The parade had been held annually in the last 30 years, but tanks had never been sent to the capital before. The parade was only announced a day before, and it passed by the country's national congressional building, where lawmakers were due to vote on Bolsonaro's proposed election-related changes hours later. The lawmakers ultimately rejected the changes.{{cite news |last1=Alvares |first1=Debora |last2=Savares |first2=Mauricio |title=Military display rolls into Brazil capital before tense vote |url=https://apnews.com/article/science-caribbean-brazil-74267e007a4c09417d905b5447d16782 |access-date=7 September 2021 |work=Associated Press |date=11 August 2021}}{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Tom |title=Bolsonaro's 'banana republic' military parade condemned by critics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/10/bolsonaro-banana-republic-military-parade-condemned-by-critics-brazil |access-date=7 September 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=10 August 2021}}

After Biden won the 2020 US presidential election, Bolsonaro was quick to make unsubstantiated allegations, along with Trump, that there was a possibility of fraud in the election.{{Cite web|date=2021-04-22|title=Brazil's Bolsonaro alleges fraud in US presidential election|url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-brazil-elections-jair-bolsonaro-a52b8580df2264247d7ed59c16358228|access-date=2021-08-06|website=AP NEWS|language=en}}{{Cite web|date=2020-11-30|title=Brazil's Bolsonaro alleges fraud in US presidential election|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/brazils-bolsonaro-alleges-fraud-in-us-presidential-election-bolsonaro-fraud-us-brazil-donald-trump-b1763530.html|access-date=2021-08-06|website=The Independent|language=en}} In an interview, he said he would wait to officially recognise Biden as president.{{Cite news|date=2020-11-29|title=Brazil's Bolsonaro to wait 'a bit longer' to recognize winner of U.S. election|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/brazil-elections-idUSKBN2890SH|access-date=2021-08-06}}

In January 2021, Bolsonaro said the Brazilian electronic voting system could fall victim to the same fate as that of the United States.{{Cite news|date=2021-01-07|title=Bolsonaro warns U.S.-like political crisis could happen in Brazil|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics-idUSKBN29C28U|access-date=2021-08-06}} He added that lack of confidence in the vote was to blame for the storming of the U.S. Capitol building, and that Brazil should return to printed ballots to avoid fraud.

Bolsonaro has claimed without evidence that the Brazilian electronic voting system is "riddled with fraud".{{Cite web|date=2021-08-05|title=Brazil's Bolsonaro rages against probe, threatens to act beyond constitution|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazils-bolsonaro-rages-against-probe-threatens-act-beyond-constitution-2021-08-05/|access-date=2021-08-06|website=Reuters}} Brazil's electoral authorities and Supreme Court have ordered an investigation into his campaign against the voting system.{{Cite web|title=Buenos Aires Times {{!}} Brazil's electoral court to probe Bolsonaro for attacking voting system|url=https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/latin-america/bolsonaro-rages-as-brazils-electoral-court-says-it-will-probe-his-attacks-on-voting-system.phtml|access-date=2021-08-06|website=Batimes.com.ar|date=3 August 2021 }}{{Cite web|title=Brazil's president hits out at new probe into voting fraud claims|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/3/brazil-president-hits-out-at-new-probe-into-voting-fraud-claims|access-date=2021-08-06|website=Aljazeera.com|language=en}} In response he claimed that the country was "under attack" and that he refused to be intimidated by the investigation.{{Cite web|date=2021-07-09|title=Taking Trump's cue, Bolsonaro clouds vote with fraud claims|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/taking-trumps-cue-bolsonaro-clouds-vote-with-fraud-claims-jair-bolsonaro-donald-trump-brazil-congress-people-b1881475.html|access-date=2021-08-06|website=The Independent|language=en}} He also said there would be no election in 2022 unless the system was overhauled; these claims gave rise to thousands of protesters filling the streets to support the overhaul of the electronic voting system.{{Cite web|date=2021-08-04|title=Brazil high court orders Bolsonaro investigated for 'vote fraud' claims|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210804-brazil-high-court-orders-bolsonaro-investigated-for-vote-fraud-claims|access-date=2021-08-06|website=France 24|language=en}} Top judges across the country have rejected Bolsonaro's claims, stating that the system has been free of fraud since its introduction in 1996. Bolsonaro's critics have accused him of trying to stir distrust in the people of Brazil ahead of the 2022 election.{{Cite web|title=Brazil top justice orders Bolsonaro investigated for fraud claims|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/4/brazil-top-justice-orders-bolsonaro-investigated-for-fraud-claims|access-date=2021-08-06|website=Aljazeera.com|language=en}}

In early August 2021, Bolsonaro threatened to respond with unconstitutional measures to an investigation of his baseless allegations of fraud vulnerabilities within Brazil's electronic voting system, because he deemed that investigation unconstitutional. The investigation had been approved by Brazilian Supreme Court Justice Alexandre de Moraes.{{cite news |last1=Fonseca |first1=Pedro |title=Brazil's Bolsonaro rages against probe, threatens to act beyond constitution |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazils-bolsonaro-rages-against-probe-threatens-act-beyond-constitution-2021-08-05/ |access-date=7 September 2021 |work=Reuters |date=5 August 2021}} In mid-August 2021, Bolsonaro warned of a potential "institutional rupture", while urging the Brazilian Senate to charge Justice de Moraes and another Justice, Luis Roberto Barroso, the leader of the electoral court.{{cite news |last1=Paraguassu |first1=Lisandra |title=Bolsonaro attacks Brazil judges, warns of "institutional rupture" |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/bolsonaro-attacks-brazil-judges-warns-institutional-rupture-2021-08-14/ |access-date=7 September 2021 |work=Reuters |date=15 August 2021}}

File:19 03 2019 Declaração à imprensa (47423243351).jpg at the White House, Washington, 19 March 2019]]

Foreign Affairs minister Ernesto Araújo had outlined five measures for the first 100 days of the Bolsonaro administration. The first two were official state visits of Bolsonaro to the United States and Israel; the third was revising Mercosur policies; the fourth was restoring the coat of arms to the cover of the Brazilian passport; and the fifth was ending visa requirements for U.S. and Canadian citizens.{{cite web|url=https://epoca.globo.com/os-planos-do-chanceler-para-os-100-primeiros-dias-de-governo-23366651|title=Os planos do chanceler para os 100 primeiros dias de governo|date=12 January 2019|website=Época}}

During the 2018 presidential campaign, Bolsonaro said he would make considerable changes to Brazil's foreign relations, saying that the "Itamaraty needs to be in service of the values that were always associated with the Brazilian people". He also said that the country should stop "praising dictators" and attacking democracies, such as the United States, Israel and Italy.{{Cite news|first=Ana Cristina|last=Campos|url=http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/politica/noticia/2018-10/veja-propostas-de-bolsonaro-e-haddad-para-politica-externa|title=Veja as propostas de Bolsonaro e Haddad para a política externa|work=Agência Brasil|date=26 October 2018|access-date=26 October 2018}} In early 2018, he affirmed that his "trip to the five democratic countries the United States, Israel, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan showed who we will be and we would like to join good people". Bolsonaro has shown distrust towards China throughout the presidential campaign claiming they "[want to] buy Brazil",{{Cite news|url=https://manchikoni.com/presidential-candidates-present-a-drastic-turn-in-foreign-policy-jair-bolsonaro-psl-promises-to-break-brazils-traditional-diplomatic-positions-while-fernando-haddad/|title=Presidential candidates present a drastic turn in foreign policy Jair Bolsonaro (PSL) promises to break Brazil's traditional diplomatic positions while Fernando Haddad|access-date=2018-10-27}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKVnvgrkcfQ|title=Os compromissos de Bolsonaro em Taiwan.|work=Jair Bolsonaro|date=2018-03-04|access-date=2018-10-29}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z4c36Kw6388|title=Conversa com Brasileiros em Taiwan.|work=Jair Bolsonaro|date=2018-03-05|access-date=2018-10-29}}{{Cite news|url=http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/paper/1242214|title=巴西川普批中掠奪者 北京急了|work=Liberty Times|date=2018-10-26|access-date=2018-10-27}} although Brazil recorded a US$20 billion trade surplus with China in 2018, and China is only the 13th largest source of foreign direct investment into Brazil.{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/b5371a10-044a-11e9-bf0f-53b8511afd73|title=Bolsonaro will regret baiting the Chinese tiger|website=Financial Times|date=27 December 2018 |language=en-GB|access-date=2018-12-27}} Bolsonaro said he wishes to continue to have business with the Chinese but he also said that Brazil should "make better [economic] deals" with other countries, with no "ideological agenda" behind it.{{cite news|first=Constança|last=Rezende|url=https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,bolsonaro-quer-campo-de-refugiados-em-roraima,70002226010|title=Bolsonaro quer campo de refugiados em Roraima|newspaper=O Estado de S. Paulo|publisher=Grupo Estado|location=São Paulo, Brazil|date=14 March 2018|access-date=14 March 2018}} His stance towards China has also been interpreted by some as an attempt to curry favour the Trump administration to garner concessions from the US.{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/b5371a10-044a-11e9-bf0f-53b8511afd73|title=Bolsonaro will regret baiting the Chinese dragon|website=Financial Times|date=27 December 2018 |language=en-GB|access-date=2018-12-27}} Bolsonaro said that his first international trip as president will be to Israel.{{cite news |title=Israel hails election of Brazil's controversial Bolsonaro, who plans visit soon |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-hails-election-of-brazils-controversial-bolsonaro-who-plans-visit/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=29 October 2018}} Bolsonaro also said that the State of Palestine "is not a country, so there should be no embassy here", adding that "you don't negotiate with terrorists". The announcement was warmly received by the prime minister of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu, who welcomed Bolsonaro to Israel in March 2019 during the final weeks of a re-election campaign,{{cite news|url=https://jg-tc.com/news/world/netanyahu-warmly-welcomes-brazil-s-bolsonaro-in-israel/article_2b286bf8-4d6e-5f02-9a6d-4e83a9cf4e34.html |title=Netanyahu embraces Brazil's far-right Bolsonaro in Israel |work=Associated Presa |date=31 March 2019|access-date=6 April 2018|first=Ilan|last=Ben Zion}} but was met with condemnation from the Arab League, which warned Bolsonaro it could damage diplomatic ties.{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/arab-league-warns-brazil-that-jerusalem-embassy-move-could-harm-ties/|title=Arab League warns Brazil that Jerusalem embassy move could harm ties|website=The Times of Israel }}"I love Israel", Bolsonaro said in Hebrew at a welcoming ceremony, with Netanyahu at his side, at Tel Aviv's Ben-Gurion airport.{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/i-love-israel-brazils-bolsonaro-lands-in-tel-aviv/a-48134150|title = 'I love Israel' — Brazil's Bolsonaro lands in Tel Aviv | DW | 31.03.2019| website=Deutsche Welle }}

File:Macri Bolsonaro.jpg with Bolsonaro, 16 January 2019]]

Argentine president Mauricio Macri was the first foreign leader to be received by Bolsonaro on a state visit to Brasília since he assumed the Brazilian presidency.{{cite web|date=2019-01-16|title=All Smiles in Brasilia as Macri and Bolsonaro Reset Relationship|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-16/all-smiles-in-brasilia-as-macri-and-bolsonaro-reset-relationship|access-date=22 January 2019|website=Bloomberg.com}} Bolsonaro praised Macri for ending the 12-years rule of Néstor and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, which he saw as similar to Lula and Rousseff. Although he does not have plans of leaving the Mercosur, he criticized that it gave priority to ideological issues instead of economic ones.{{cite news |first=Alberto|last=Almendariz|url= https://www.lanacion.com.ar/2180830-bolsonaro-un-saludo-macri-termino-dilma-kirchner|title=Bolsonaro: "Un abrazo a Macri, que terminó con la 'Dilma Kirchner'"|trans-title= Bolsonaro: "A hug for Macri, who ended the 'Dilma-Kirchner'"|language= es|date= 11 October 2018|newspaper= La Nación|access-date=29 October 2018}} A staunch anti-communist, Bolsonaro has condemned Cuba's former leader Fidel Castro and the current regime in that island.{{cite news |title=Brazil's Bolsonaro names Trump fan top diplomat as Cuba relations sour |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-politics/brazils-bolsonaro-names-trump-fan-top-diplomat-as-cuba-relations-sour-idUSKCN1NJ31M |work=Reuters |date=3 December 2018}}

Bolsonaro has also praised U.S. president Donald Trump and his foreign policy. Bolsonaro's son Eduardo has indicated that Brazil should distance itself from Iran, sever ties with Nicolás Maduro's government in Venezuela and relocate Brazil's embassy in Israel to Jerusalem.{{cite news |title=Brazil Should Shun Venezuela and Embrace Israel, Bolsonaro's Son Says |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-10/brazil-to-shun-venezuela-and-embrace-israel-bolsonaro-son-says |work=Bloomberg |date=10 October 2018}} Bolsonaro is widely considered to be the most pro-American candidate in Brazil since the 1980s. PSL members have said that if elected, he will dramatically improve relations between the United States and Brazil. During an October 2017 campaign rally in Miami, he saluted the American flag and led chants of "USA! USA!" to a large crowd.{{cite web|url=https://www.americasquarterly.org/content/what-expect-jair-bolsonaro|title=What to Expect from Jair Bolsonaro|last=Winter|first=Brian|date=9 October 2018|website=Americas Quarterly|access-date=11 October 2018}} U.S. National Security Advisor John Bolton praised Bolsonaro as a 'like-minded' partner and said his victory was a "positive sign" for Latin America.{{cite news |title=Jair Bolsonaro: Brazil's far-right president-elect wants to move Israel embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-embassy-israel-tel-aviv-jerusalem-middle-east-palestine-a8614066.html |work=The Independent |date=2 November 2018}}

On 7 March 2020, Bolsonaro was hosted by the U.S. president Donald Trump at Mar-a-Lago for a working dinner, where the two leaders discussed the U.S.-led effort to oust Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro, a future trade deal and peace for the Middle East, also Trump reaffirmed his interest in upgrading the American military alliance with Brazil, suggesting give to the country a full NATO membership, as part of an effort to fortify the Western Hemisphere against Russian and Chinese influence.{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-08/trump-and-bolsonaro-to-discuss-venezuela-over-mar-a-lago-dinner |author1=Adghirni, Sami |author2=Harney, John |author3=Parker, Mario |title=Trump and Bolsonaro Discuss Venezuela Over Mar-a-Lago Dinner |publisher=Bloomberg |date=7 March 2020 |access-date=8 March 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308093830/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-08/trump-and-bolsonaro-to-discuss-venezuela-over-mar-a-lago-dinner |url-status=live }}{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/policy/defense-national-security/that-would-really-be-historic-trump-wants-nato-to-tighten-ties-with-brazils-jair-bolsonaro |author1=Gehrke, Joel |title=That would really be historic: Trump wants NATO to tighten ties with Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro |publisher=Washington Examiner |date=7 March 2020 |access-date=8 March 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308022738/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/policy/defense-national-security/that-would-really-be-historic-trump-wants-nato-to-tighten-ties-with-brazils-jair-bolsonaro |url-status=live }}

File:Bolsonaro with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in Tel Aviv, 31 March 2019.jpg in Tel Aviv, 31 March 2019]]

Bolsonaro praised Britain's prime minister Winston Churchill, saying that he had learned from Churchill: "Patriotism, love for your fatherland, respect for your flag – something that has been lost over the last few years here in Brazil ... and governing through example, especially at that difficult moment of the second world war".{{cite news |title=Jair Bolsonaro denies he is a fascist and paints himself as a Brazilian Churchill |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/30/jair-bolsonaro-denies-he-is-a-fascist-brazilian-churchill |work=The Guardian |date=30 October 2018}} Bolsonaro said he's open to the possibility of hosting a U.S. military base in Brazil to counter Russian influence in the region.{{cite news |title=Brazil military uneasy with Bolsonaro's openness to U.S. base: source |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-usa-base/brazil-military-uneasy-with-bolsonaros-openness-to-u-s-base-source-idUSKCN1OZ0IW |publisher=Reuters |date=5 January 2019}}

With the intention of the U.S. president Donald Trump to make Brazil a NATO member in March 2019, Bolsonaro said: "the discussions with the United States will begin in the coming months".{{cite news |title=Trump says strongly considering NATO membership for Brazil |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-brazil-nato/trump-says-looking-at-nato-membership-for-brazil-idUSKCN1R024O|publisher=Reuters |date=19 March 2019}}{{cite news |title=Trump says looking at NATO membership for Brazil|url=https://www.euronews.com/2019/03/19/trump-says-looking-at-nato-membership-for-brazil|publisher=Euronews|date=19 March 2019}}{{cite news |title='Diplomacia em primeiro lugar, até as últimas consequências', diz Bolsonaro sobre Venezuela|url=https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2019/03/19/diplomacia-em-primeiro-lugar-ate-as-ultimas-consequencias-diz-bolsonaro-sobre-venezuela.ghtml|publisher=G1.globo.com|date=19 March 2019}}{{cite news |title=Em almoço fechado, Trump diz querer Brasil como membro pleno da Otan|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2019/03/em-almoco-fechado-trump-diz-querer-brasil-como-membro-pleno-da-otan.shtml|publisher=Folha de S.Paulo|date=20 March 2019}} After protests for over his use of "homophobic, racist and misogynist remarks", a ceremony hosted by Brazilian-American Chamber of Commerce and set to award United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and Bolsonaro with person of the year awards for "fostering closer commercial and diplomatic ties between Brazil and the United States" was cancelled.{{cite web |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/03/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-us-visit-cancelled-protest|title= Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro abruptly cancels US visit after protests|author1= Dom Phillips|date= 3 May 2019|work= The Guardian|access-date=6 May 2019}}

File:2019 74ª Sessão da Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas - 48788490037.jpg in September 2019]]

On 25 January 2020, on his first state visit to India, Bolsonaro said that Brazil will continue to demand a permanent seat on the UN Security Council, and that will remain a priority on his government. Together with Indian prime minister Narendra Modi, he said that "Brazil and India are two great countries, among the ten largest economies in the world, that together have 1.5 billion inhabitants, are democratic countries. We believe that it will be good for the world if Brazil and India join this group".{{cite news|title=Índia e Brasil confirmam interesse em ampliar Conselho de Segurança da ONU|url=https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2020/01/25/interna_politica,823263/india-e-brasil-confirmam-interesse-em-ampliar-conselho-de-seguranca-da.shtml|website=Correio Brasiliense|date=25 January 2019|access-date=31 January 2020|archive-date=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127211543/https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2020/01/25/interna_politica,823263/india-e-brasil-confirmam-interesse-em-ampliar-conselho-de-seguranca-da.shtml|url-status=live}} As head of state, he was the chief guest at the Delhi Republic Day parade on 26 January 2020.{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/republic-day-2020-live-updates-india-71st-r-day-brazilian-prez-jair-bolsonaro-chief-guest-rajpath-1148777|title=Republic Day 2020 Live Updates: PM Modi, President Kovind, Chief Guest President of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro Arrive At Rajpath; R-day Parade To Begin|last=Bureau|first=ABP News|date=26 January 2020|website=news.abplive.com|language=en|access-date=26 January 2020|archive-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126043754/https://news.abplive.com/news/india/republic-day-2020-live-updates-india-71st-r-day-brazilian-prez-jair-bolsonaro-chief-guest-rajpath-1148777|url-status=live}}

On 20 January 2021, in a letter to the new U.S. president, Joe Biden, Bolsonaro wrote that he would work to strengthen ties between Brazil and the U.S. in the areas of economy, environment, defence, technology, both bilaterally and in international institutions in order to strengthen stability and security in the hemisphere and around the world.{{cite news |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/internacional/2021/01/20/bolsonaro-manda-carta-para-biden |title=Bolsonaro manda carta para Biden |publisher=CNN Brazil |date=20 January 2021 |access-date=18 March 2021}} Biden welcomed Bolsonaro's words and the opportunity for the countries to join efforts, saying, "there are no limits to what Brazil and the U.S. can achieve together" and stressing that his administration was "ready to work closely with the Brazilian government in this new chapter of the bilateral relationship".{{cite news |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/internacional/2021/03/18/em-carta-a-bolsonaro-biden-pede-colaboracao-no-clima-e-no-combate-a-pandemia |author1=Galzo, Weslley |title=Em carta a Bolsonaro, Biden pede colaboração no clima e no combate à pandemia |publisher=CNN Brazil |date=18 March 2021 |access-date=18 March 2021}}

File:20 09 2021 - Encontro com o Primeiro Ministro do Reino Unido, Boris Johnson (51496837523).jpg in New York, 20 September 2021]]

On 6 April 2021, Bolsonaro discussed with the Russian president, Vladimir Putin, the creation of a consortium between Brazil and Russia for the mass production of the COVID-19 vaccine Sputnik V, in Brazilian territory, in addition to cooperation in trade, defence, science and technology.{{cite news |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2021/04/06/bolsonaro-e-putin-conversam-por-telefone-sobre-vacina-sputnik-v-e-frigorificos-diz-planalto.ghtml |author1=Mazui, Guilherme |title=Bolsonaro e Putin conversam por telefone sobre vacina Sputnik V e frigoríficos, diz Planalto |publisher=G1 |date=6 April 2021}}{{cite news |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/saude/2021/04/06/ha-uma-grande-possibilidade-de-o-brasil-fabricar-a-sputnik-v-afirma-bolsonaro |author1=Magalhães, Leandro |title=Bolsonaro à CNN: Há uma grande possibilidade de o Brasil fabricar a Sputnik V |publisher=CNN |date=6 April 2021}} During the administration of the U.S. president Donald Trump, the U.S. pushed Brazil to reject Sputnik V.{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/03/16/hhs-brazil-sputnik-russia |authorlink=Antonia Noori Farzan|first=Antonia Noori|last=Farzan|title=U.S. officials pushed Brazil to reject Russia's coronavirus vaccine, according to HHS report |newspaper=Washington Post|date=18 March 2021 |access-date=16 March 2021}} According to The Economist magazine, Bolsonaro's policies are the main reason the EU has not ratified a trade deal with Mercosur.{{Cite news|date=2021-03-20|title=Joe Biden and Jair Bolsonaro square off over the Amazon|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2021/03/20/joe-biden-and-jair-bolsonaro-square-off-over-the-amazon|access-date=2021-04-16|issn=0013-0613}}

On 15 June 2021, Brazil joined NASA's Artemis space programme.{{Cite web|title=Brazil Signs Artemis Accords|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/brazil-signs-artemis-accords|date=15 June 2021|website=NASA.gov}} Bolsonaro joined U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken and NASA Administrator Bill Nelson to announce that Brazil is "committed to working with the United States and international partners for the fair and peaceful exploration of deep space".{{Cite web|title=Brasil oficializa adesão a programa da Nasa que quer voltar a enviar humanos para a Lua|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2021/06/15/brasil-oficializa-adesao-a-programa-da-nasa-que-quer-voltar-a-enviar-humanos-para-a-lua.ghtml|date=15 June 2021|website=G1.globo.com|language=pt}}

File:2022 Reunião com o Presidente da Federação Russa, Vladimir Putin 04.jpg in Moscow, 16 February 2022]]

File:09 06 2022 Encontro com o Presidente dos Estados Unidos da América, Senhor Joe Biden (52135428138).jpg at the 9th Summit of the Americas in Los Angeles, 9 June 2022]]

On 8 January 2019, minister of foreign affairs Ernesto Araújo asked diplomats to inform the UN that Brazil had withdrawn from the Global Compact for Migration.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}

The Bolsonaro administration declared on 12 January 2019, that it recognized Juan Guaidó, the acting president of Venezuela appointed by the National Assembly, as the legitimate president of Venezuela amidst the Venezuelan presidential crisis.{{cite web|url=https://gestion.pe/mundo/brasil-reconoce-juan-guaido-legitimo-presidente-venezuela-nndc-255542|title=Brasil reconoce a Juan Guaidó como presidente interino de Venezuela|first=Redacción|last=Gestión|date=12 January 2019|website=Gestion}}

Bolsonaro supported the European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement, which would form one of the world's largest free trade areas.{{cite news |title=How Brazil, Argentina helped seal EU-Mercosur deal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190628-how-brazil-argentina-helped-seal-eu-mercosur-deal |work=France 24 |date=28 June 2019}}

{{see also|List of scandals in Brazil}}

Of the new ministers announced, five are or were subjected to investigation: Luiz Henrique Mandetta, Tereza Cristina, Onyx Lorenzoni, Paulo Guedes and Marcos Pontes.{{cite web|url=https://www.opovo.com.br/noticias/politica/2018/11/cinco-ministros-de-bolsonaro-sao-ou-foram-alvo-de-investigacao.html|title=Cinco ministros j anunciados por Bolsonaro so ou foram alvo de investigao|first=O. POVO|last=Online|website=Opovo.com.br|date=30 July 2021}} Onyx Lorenzoni, the chief of staff, is suspected of receiving an undeclared amount of R$100,000 in campaign donations in 2012 and 2014, the latter of which he confessed to.{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/11/planilha-investigada-por-pgr-indica-mais-um-repasse-via-caixa-dois-para-onyx.shtml|title=Planilha investigada por PGR indica mais um repasse via caixa dois para Onyx|date=14 November 2018|website=Folha de S.Paulo}} Tereza Cristina, the Minister of Agriculture, is accused of having benefited JBS in a process of land leasing while she was Secretary of State for Agrarian Development and Production of Mato Grosso do Sul. Cristina has defended her actions as "acting in accordance with government policy".{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mercado/2018/11/tereza-cristina-diz-que-adotou-politicas-de-governo-ao-conceder-beneficios-fiscais-a-jbs.shtml|title=Tereza Cristina diz que adotou 'políticas de governo' ao conceder benefícios fiscais à JBS|date=19 November 2018|website=Folha de S.Paulo}} Economy Minister Paulo Guedes is under investigation by the Federal Police for allegations that he mismanaged public pension funds.{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2018/12/01/pf-abre-inquerito-para-investigar-elo-de-paulo-guedes-com-suspeitas-em-fundos-de-pensao.ghtml|title=PF abre inquérito para investigar elo de Paulo Guedes com suspeitas em fundos de pensão|website=G1.globo.com|date=December 2018 }} Science and Technology Minister Marcos Pontes was investigated by military prosecutors in 2007 for supposedly making commercial use of his public image before entering the military reserve, which is forbidden according to the Military Penal Code. Pontes denied wrongdoing, stating that "there is nothing irregular in my professional activities".{{cite web|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/sociedade/ciencia/investigado-marcos-pontes-nega-crime-comercial-4176728|title=Investigado, Marcos Pontes nega crime comercial|date=10 July 2007|website=O Globo}} Health Minister Mandetta is being probed for alleged procurement fraud, influence peddling and undeclared campaign donations.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-46282841|title=Quem é Luiz Henrique Mandetta, que será ministro da Saúde de Bolsonaro|first=André|last=Shalders* - @andreshalders|newspaper=BBC News Brasil|date=20 November 2018}}

After allegations of campaign-finance fraud, Bolsonaro fired Gustavo Bebianno, a top adviser and general secretary for the president. His party was accused of diverting public campaign funds to candidates that did not run for office.{{cite web |url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/brazils-bolsonaro-fires-top-adviser-amid-accusations-of-campaign-finance-fraud-11550534863|title= Brazil's Bolsonaro Fires Key Adviser Amid Accusations of Campaign-Finance Fraud|author1= Paulo Trevisani|author2= Jeffrey T. Lewis|date= 18 February 2019|publisher= Wall Street Journal|access-date=19 February 2019}} Bebianno claimed to have formal documentation for all the funds he requested at direction by the State.{{cite web |url= https://www.correio24horas.com.br/noticia/nid/bebianno-confirma-que-repasse-a-candidatas-laranjas-foi-feito-por-ministro-do-turismo/|title= Bebianno confirma que repasse a candidatas laranjas foi feito por ministro do Turismo|date= 6 May 2019|publisher= Correio|access-date=6 May 2019}} In July 2019, it was reported that Bolsonaro and other cabinet members were the targets of a cellphone hacking operation to expose corruption in high-profile trials.{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/25/world/americas/bolsonaro-brazil-phone-hack-corruption.html | title=Jair Bolsonaro, Brazil President, Says His Phones Were Hacked | work=The New York Times | date=25 July 2019 | access-date=1 August 2019 | author=Londoño, Ernesto}}

In March 2022, an exposé was published{{Cite web|url=https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,pastores-controlam-agenda-e-liberacao-de-dinheiro-no-ministerio-da-educacao,70004012011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220414072124/https://politica.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,pastores-controlam-agenda-e-liberacao-de-dinheiro-no-ministerio-da-educacao,70004012011|url-status=dead|archive-date=2022-04-14|title=Gabinete paralelo de pastores controla agenda e verba do Ministério d…|date=14 April 2022|website=Archive.ph|access-date=4 July 2022}} about a group of evangelical pastors who, despite not being government officials and having no qualifications in education, have been operating a scheme that funneled money from the Brazilian Ministry of Education into several cities, at the behest of associated mayors and business people, skirting formal processes for allocation of funds. The pastors allegedly bribed mayors — with cash, gold bullion and even Bible copies to be distributed to the pastors' churches — in exchange of access to authorities and earmarks directed to the cities governed by those mayors. Some mayors{{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2022/04/05/prefeito-diz-a-senadores-que-pastor-cobrou-1-kg-de-ouro-em-troca-de-conseguir-verba-no-mec.ghtml|title=Prefeitos reiteram que pastor pedia propina em dinheiro e até em ouro para obter verba no MEC|website=G1.globo.com|date=5 April 2022 |access-date=4 July 2022}} also reported that those who denounced the scheme were retaliated through central government's suspension of previously agreed funding to local education and child care programmes and initiatives in those cities. On 22 March, the then-Minister of Education Milton Ribeiro admitted, in a conversation with other pastors involved in the scheme, that he misused ministry's funds, diverting them to cities at Bolsonaro's request. Ribeiro stepped down from his office after those news broke out and opposition lawmakers in the Brazilian Senate have since been pushing for a Senate inquiry committee to investigate the allegations of corruption and other crimes by government officials and the pastors.{{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2022/03/22/ministro-diz-em-audio-que-a-pedido-de-bolsonaro-repassa-verba-a-municipios-indicados-por-pastores.ghtml|title=Ministro da Educação diz em áudio que, a pedido de Bolsonaro, repassa verba a municípios indicados por pastores|website=G1.globo.com|date=22 March 2022 |access-date=4 July 2022}}{{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2022/06/28/senador-protocola-pedido-de-abertura-de-cpi-do-mec-criacao-ainda-depende-de-pacheco.ghtml|title=Oposição protocola pedido de abertura de CPI do MEC; criação ainda depende de Pacheco|website=G1.globo.com|date=28 June 2022 |access-date=4 July 2022}}

As of June 2022, Federal Police of Brazil and Public Prosecutor's Office have been investigating Bolsonaro government officials and others. On 22 June 2022, as a result of their investigations, both former Education Minister Milton Ribeiro and the pastors were arrested on corruption charges in a pretrial detention.{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-police-probe-education-ministry-graft-allegations-source-says-2022-03-25/|title=Brazil police probe Education Ministry graft allegations, source says|date=26 March 2022|access-date=4 July 2022|website=Reuters.com}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazils-ex-education-minister-arrested-corruption-charges-2022-06-22/|title=Brazil's ex-education minister arrested on corruption charges|date=22 June 2022|access-date=4 July 2022|website=Reuters.com}} A day after they were arrested, a judge released the former minister and four suspects from jail.{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/brazil-judge-releases-former-bolsonaro-minister-from-jail/2022/06/23/96e156f6-f353-11ec-ac16-8fbf7194cd78_story.html |title=Brazil judge releases former Bolsonaro minister from jail |date=2022-06-24 |first=Mauricio |last=Savarese |agency=Associated Press |newspaper=The Washington Post |place=Washington, D.C. |issn=0190-8286 |oclc=1330888409}} Additionally, prosecutors and federal police officers suspect president Bolsonaro interfered with the investigations because of a telephone tapping authorized by a court in which the former minister says the president told him he "believed" police were going to search the former minister's house. The prosecutors asked the judge overseeing the investigations that they were sent to the Brazilian Supreme Court due to presidential immunity.{{Cite web|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/noticia/2022/06/mpf-cita-possivel-interferencia-ilicita-de-bolsonaro-na-investigacao-contra-milton-ribeiro-e-envia-caso-ao-stf.ghtml|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220703124459/https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/noticia/2022/06/mpf-cita-possivel-interferencia-ilicita-de-bolsonaro-na-investigacao-contra-milton-ribeiro-e-envia-caso-ao-stf.ghtml|url-status=dead|title=MPF cita 'possível interferência ilícita' de Bolsonaro na investigação contra Milton Ribeiro e envia caso ao STF|website=Oglobo.globo.com|archive-date=3 July 2022|access-date=4 July 2022}}{{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2022/06/22/pf-faz-operacao-de-busca-em-enderecos-ligados-a-milton-ribeiro-e-pastores-que-atuavam-no-mec.ghtml|title=PF prende ex-ministro Milton Ribeiro e pastores investigados por suposto esquema de desvio de verbas na Educação|website=G1.globo.com|date=22 June 2022 |access-date=4 July 2022}}

On 28 June 2022, as part of a journalistic investigation into broad reports of workplace harassment inside the federal government-owned bank Caixa Econômica Federal, several female employees accused Pedro Guimarães, an economist who had been the bank's CEO since he was appointed by Bolsonaro in 2019, of sexual harassment. Most of the reports but not all said Guimarães, among other things, flirted, groped and invited the women out while they were travelling on business. The investigation also revealed audio records from Guimarães, with strong offensive language and even violent attitude towards employees on other occasions,{{Cite web |date=2022-06-28 |title=Exclusivo: funcionárias denunciam presidente da Caixa por assédio sex… |url=https://www.metropoles.com/colunas/rodrigo-rangel/exclusivo-funcionarias-denunciam-presidente-da-caixa-por-assedio-sexual |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220628210133/https://www.metropoles.com/colunas/rodrigo-rangel/exclusivo-funcionarias-denunciam-presidente-da-caixa-por-assedio-sexual |url-status=dead |archive-date=2022-06-28 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=archive.ph}}{{Cite web |date=2022-06-30 |title=Exclusivo: gravações mostram assédio moral de Pedro Guimarães na Caixa |url=https://www.metropoles.com/colunas/rodrigo-rangel/exclusivo-gravacoes-mostram-assedio-moral-de-pedro-guimaraes-na-caixa |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Metrópoles |language=pt-BR}} and that at least one internal investigation related to the sexual harassment accusations was dropped by a Caixa committee tasked with probing staff wrongdoings.{{Cite web |date=2022-07-23 |title=Caixa engavetou denúncia de assédio contra Pedro Guimarães |url=https://www.metropoles.com/colunas/rodrigo-rangel/caixa-engavetou-denuncia-de-assedio-contra-pedro-guimaraes |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220723194130/https://www.metropoles.com/colunas/rodrigo-rangel/caixa-engavetou-denuncia-de-assedio-contra-pedro-guimaraes |url-status=dead |archive-date=2022-07-23 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=archive.ph}} On 29 June, he stepped down as the bank's CEO{{Cite web |date=2022-07-23 |title=Brazil's Caixa CEO, close Bolsonaro ally, resigns over sexual harassm… |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/brazils-caixa-ceo-close-bolsonaro-ally-depart-amid-harassment-probe-sources-say-2022-06-29/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220723203201/https://www.reuters.com/business/brazils-caixa-ceo-close-bolsonaro-ally-depart-amid-harassment-probe-sources-say-2022-06-29/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2022-07-23 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=archive.ph}} after Bolsonaro allies feared the accusations could undermine his re-election campaign, especially among female voters,{{Cite web |date=2022-07-23 |title=Downfall of Bolsonaro ally spotlights Brazilian leader's female voter… |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/downfall-bolsonaro-ally-spotlights-brazilian-leaders-female-voter-issue-2022-06-30/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220723203209/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/downfall-bolsonaro-ally-spotlights-brazilian-leaders-female-voter-issue-2022-06-30/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2022-07-23 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=archive.ph}} since Guimarães and Bolsonaro are close friends and used to make public appearances together.{{Cite web |title=Pedro Guimarães deixa presidência da Caixa após acusações de assédio sexual |url=https://br.noticias.yahoo.com/pedro-guimaraes-deixa-presidencia-da-caixa-apos-acusacoes-de-assedio-sexual-204650109.html |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=br.noticias.yahoo.com |language=pt-BR}} In addition, prosecutors opened multiple investigations against Guimarães, such as criminal, civil and labour procedures.{{Cite web |last=R7 |title=MPF investiga presidente da Caixa por assédio sexual |url=https://www.correiodopovo.com.br/not%C3%ADcias/pol%C3%ADtica/mpf-investiga-presidente-da-caixa-por-ass%C3%A9dio-sexual-1.847354 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Correio do Povo |date=29 June 2022 |language=pt-br}}{{Cite web |title=MP junto ao TCU pede investigação contra ex-presidente da Caixa |url=https://www.poder360.com.br/justica/mp-junto-ao-tcu-pede-investigacao-contra-ex-presidente-da-caixa/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Poder360 |date=July 2022 |language=pt-br}}{{Cite web |title=MPT abre apuração preliminar sobre acusação de assédio na Caixa |url=https://www.poder360.com.br/justica/mpt-abre-apuracao-preliminar-sobre-acusacao-de-assedio-na-caixa/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Poder360 |date=29 June 2022 |language=pt-br}} On 19 July, a director at Caixa's internal affairs committee charged with receiving complaints was found dead at the bank's headquarters in Brasilia, Brazil's federal capital, leading to a local police investigation which is currently underway.{{Cite web |title=Diretor da Caixa Econômica Federal é encontrado morto na sede do banco em Brasília |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/blog/andreia-sadi/post/2022/07/20/diretor-da-caixa-economica-federal-e-encontrado-morto-na-sede-do-banco-em-brasilia.ghtml |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=G1 |date=20 July 2022 |language=pt-br}}

{{See also|COVID-19 CPI}}

Bolsonaro dismissed the threat of COVID-19, calling it a "little flu". Soon after, his then-Justice Minister Sergio Moro resigned.{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/08/americas/brazil-coronavirus-bolsonaro-response-intl/index.html|title = Bolsonaro continues to dismiss Covid-19 threat as cases skyrocket in Brazil| date=8 May 2020 }} The leading medical journal The Lancet has dubbed Bolsonaro as the biggest threat to Brazil amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. It said that Bolsonaro's disregard for and flouting of lockdown measures were sowing confusion in Brazilian society.{{cite journal |last1=Lancet |first1=The |title=COVID-19 in Brazil: "So what?" |journal=The Lancet |date=9 May 2020 |volume=395 |issue=10235 |pages=1461 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31095-3 |pmid=32386576 |pmc=7251993 |doi-access=free }} Bolsonaro has attacked lockdown measures implemented by some of Brazil's governors. His Health Minister Nelson Teich resigned after serving only a month. Bolsonaro has also actively participated in anti-lockdown rallies.{{cite news |title=Brazil coronavirus death toll rises sharply |date=18 May 2020 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/brazil-coronavirus-death-toll-rises-sharply/a-53468405 |work=Deutsche Welle }} Bolsonaro also earned criticism for his actual methods to counter the pandemic, promoting the unproven usage of chloroquine as treatment,{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/scienceandhealth/2021/02/nobody-is-doing-anything-wrong-says-bolsonaro-about-brazils-chloroquine-production.shtml|date=2021-02-12|work=Folha de S. Paulo|title="Nobody Is Doing Anything Wrong", Says Bolsonaro about Brazil's Chloroquine Production}} advocating for herd immunity,{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-senator-says-bolsonaro-never-wanted-covid-19-vaccines-preferred-herd-2021-05-22/|date=2021-05-22|publisher=Reuters|title=Brazil senator says Bolsonaro never wanted COVID-19 vaccines, preferred herd immunity}} and rejecting various offerings of a COVID-19 vaccine which caused the country's vaccination effort to start late and with few resources.{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-28/brazil-let-70-million-shots-get-away-and-sealed-its-covid-fate|title=Brazil Let 70 Million Shots Get Away and Sealed Its Covid Fate|author=Julia Leite, Andrew Rosati, and Simone Preissler Iglesias|publisher=Bloomberg|date=2021-05-28}}

Brazil's Health Ministry hid months of data on COVID-19 from public view on 6 June 2020, and stopped giving total counts of confirmed cases (above 672,000, second only to the United States) and deaths (more than 35,000). "The cumulative data ... does not reflect the moment the country is in", Bolsonaro wrote on Twitter.{{Cite news|date=2020-06-07|title=Brazil takes down COVID-19 data, hiding soaring death toll|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-brazil-idUSKBN23D0PW|access-date=2020-06-07}}

On 7 July 2020, Bolsonaro announced that he had tested positive.{{Cite web|title=Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro tests positive for coronavirus|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/07/americas/brazil-bolsonaro-positive-coronavirus-intl/index.html|access-date=2020-07-07|website=CNN|date=7 July 2020 }}

In late November 2019, a group of Brazilian lawyers, a human rights group and six former government ministers denounced Bolsonaro before the International Criminal Court in The Hague for inciting the genocide of indigenous peoples of Brazil and perpetrating crime against humanity.{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Dom |date=28 November 2019 |title=Indict Jair Bolsonaro over indigenous rights, international court is urged |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/27/jair-bolsonaro-international-criminal-court-indigenous-rights |url-status=live |work=The Guardian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205004755/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/27/jair-bolsonaro-international-criminal-court-indigenous-rights |archive-date=5 February 2021 |access-date=16 July 2021}}{{cite news |author= |title=Jair Bolsonaro accused of inciting genocide before the International Criminal Court |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/jair-bolsonaro-accused-inciting-genocide-international-criminal-court/ |url-status=live |work=OpenDemocracy |date=29 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117135356/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/jair-bolsonaro-accused-inciting-genocide-international-criminal-court/ |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=16 July 2021}} A 60-page document was presented to chief prosecutor Fatou Bensouda listing official speeches by Bolsonaro as well as 33 of his actions linked with criminal character. Among his attacks on the indigenous peoples of Brazil were calling them "prehistoric men" and comparing them to "animals in zoos".

On 3 April 2020, the Brazilian Association of Jurists for Democracy forwarded to the ICC a complaint against Bolsonaro for crime against humanity.{{cite news |last=Oliveira |first=Caroline |date=3 April 2020 |title=Covid-19: Crimes against humanity charges pressed against Bolsonaro at ICC |url=https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2020/04/03/covid-19-crimes-against-humanity-charges-pressed-against-bolsonaro-at-icc |url-status=live |language=en |work=Brasil de Fato |others=translated by Italo Piva |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810124250/https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2020/04/03/covid-19-crimes-against-humanity-charges-pressed-against-bolsonaro-at-icc |archive-date=10 August 2020 |access-date=16 July 2021}} Procedures have been requested to investigate his evasive and contradictory recommendations to fight COVID-19.

In late July 2020, the Brazilian Union Network UNISaúde, a coalition of trade unions representing more than one million health workers in Brazil, filed a judicial complaint against Bolsonaro to the International Court of Justice, citing his "attitude of contempt, neglect, negativism" during the COVID-19 pandemic.{{cite news |last=Pedroso |first=Rodrigo |date=26 July 2020 |title=Brazilian healthcare union accuses President Bolsonaro of 'crimes against humanity' |url=https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/coronavirus-pandemic-07-26-20-intl/index.html |url-status=live |work=CNN |place=São Paulo |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210716191146/https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/coronavirus-pandemic-07-26-20-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 July 2021 |access-date=16 July 2021}}{{cite news |last=Reeves |first=Philip |date=27 July 2020 |title=Brazil's Bolsonaro Is Accused Of Crime Against Humanity Over Coronavirus 'Neglect' |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/07/27/895940087/brazils-bolsonaro-is-accused-of-crime-against-humanity-over-coronavirus-neglect?t=1626462569587 |url-status=live |work=NPR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716192018/https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/07/27/895940087/brazils-bolsonaro-is-accused-of-crime-against-humanity-over-coronavirus-neglect?t=1626462569587 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |access-date=16 July 2021}} The document was sent to the International Criminal Court on the grounds that this constituted a crime against humanity.

On 15 September 2020, the ICC rejected the Brazilian Association of Jurists' complaint against Bolsonaro, but it may be reconsidered based on new evidence.{{cite news |author= |title=International Criminal Court rejects action against Jair Bolsonaro |url=https://pendect.com/categories/regional/americas/brazil/international-criminal-court-rejects-action-against-jair-bolsonaro |url-status=live |work=Pendect |date=16 September 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210716202934/https://pendect.com/categories/regional/americas/brazil/international-criminal-court-rejects-action-against-jair-bolsonaro |archive-date=16 July 2021 |access-date=17 July 2021}} However, in December 2020 it placed the 2019 case under preliminary jurisdiction review.

On 23 January 2021, two top Brazilian indigenous leaders, Chief Raoni Metuktire of the Kayapo people, and Chief Almir Narayamoga Surui of the Paiter Surui tribe, sued Bolsonaro for crimes against humanity.{{cite news |author= |title=Brazil indigenous leaders sue Bolsonaro for 'crimes against humanity' |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210123-brazil-indigenous-leaders-sue-bolsonaro-for-crimes-against-humanity |url-status=live |language=en |work=France 24 |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225055126/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210123-brazil-indigenous-leaders-sue-bolsonaro-for-crimes-against-humanity |archive-date=25 February 2021 |access-date=16 July 2021}} Deforestation in the Amazon rainforest has increased by 50% since Bolsonaro took office in 2019, further threatening endangered traditional communities.{{cite news |last=Milhorance |first=Flávia |date=23 January 2021 |title=Jair Bolsonaro could face charges in The Hague over Amazon rainforest |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/23/jair-bolsonaro-could-face-charges-in-the-hague-over-amazon-rainforest |url-status=live |work=The Guardian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610000407/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/23/jair-bolsonaro-could-face-charges-in-the-hague-over-amazon-rainforest |archive-date=10 June 2021 |access-date=16 July 2021}} In 2019, invasions of indigenous territories increased by 135%, also indicating that their rights are violated and that people are regularly killed. Lawyer William Bourdon filed a request for preliminary examination to the ICC.

In June 2021, Brazil Lawyers Order continued their action to bring Bolsonaro to the International Criminal Court over his "irresponsible" management of the COVID-19 pandemic.{{cite news |author= |title=Lawyers in Brazil to bring Bolsonaro to international court |url=https://www.plenglish.com/index.php?o=rn&id=68270 |url-status=live |work=Prensa Latina |date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717115104/https://www.plenglish.com/index.php?o=rn&id=68270 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |access-date=17 July 2021}} A request by Brazil's prosecutor general office was sent to the country's jurisdiction to investigate Bolsonaro for negligence in the case of corruption allegations related to the purchase of Covaxin vaccines from India.{{cite news |last=Preissler Iglesias |first=Simone |date=2 July 2021 |title=Bolsonaro Faces Probe for Alleged Negligence in Vaccine Case |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-02/bolsonaro-to-face-probe-into-alleged-negligence-in-vaccine-case |url-status=live |work=Bloomberg News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703070555/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-02/bolsonaro-to-face-probe-into-alleged-negligence-in-vaccine-case |archive-date=3 July 2021 |access-date=17 July 2021}} Twenty million doses of the vaccine were purchased for $317 million through a contract signed by the Health Ministry that was plagued by irregularities. The police investigation would last 90 days.

In July 2021, the Articulation of Indigenous Peoples of Brazil filed an additional ICC complaint against Bolsonaro, on top of the one filed in 2019, for crimes against humanity, genocide, and ecocide, within the context of the devastation of the Amazon rainforest.{{cite news |author= |title=Bolsonaro under scrutiny in The Hague for crimes against humanity, genocide and possibly ecocide |url=https://www.fern.org/de/ressourcen/bolsonaro-under-scrutiny-in-the-hague-for-crimes-against-humanity-genocide-and-possibly-ecocide-2370/ |url-status=live |work=FERN |date=14 July 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210716235322/https://www.fern.org/de/ressourcen/bolsonaro-under-scrutiny-in-the-hague-for-crimes-against-humanity-genocide-and-possibly-ecocide-2370/ |archive-date=16 July 2021 |access-date=16 July 2021}}{{cite news |author= |title=Action against Bolsonaro takes an unprecedented step at the International Criminal Court... |url=https://morningexpress.in/action-against-bolsonaro-takes-an-unprecedented-step-at-the-international-criminal-court-as-indigenous-people-prepare-to-denounce-him-for-genocide-and-ecocide-in-court/ |url-status=live |work=Morning Express |date=15 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716235634/https://morningexpress.in/action-against-bolsonaro-takes-an-unprecedented-step-at-the-international-criminal-court-as-indigenous-people-prepare-to-denounce-him-for-genocide-and-ecocide-in-court/ |archive-date=16 July 2021 |access-date=16 July 2021}} In October, climate lawyers from the Austrian group AllRise filed yet another complaint about a "widespread attack on the Amazon, its dependents and its defenders that not only result in the persecution, murder and inhumane suffering in the region, but also upon the global population."{{cite news |last1=Davey-Attlee |first1=Florence |title=Brazil's Bolsonaro accused of crimes against humanity at ICC for his record on the Amazon |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/10/12/americas/brazil-bolsonaro-icc-crimes-against-humanity-intl/index.html |work=CNN |date=12 October 2021}}

Investigations continued in 2020. In April 2020 justice minister Sergio Moro resigned, alleging that Bolsonaro was improperly pressuring him to remove the federal police chief; Bolsonaro subsequently removed and replaced the chief with a family friend of Bolsonaro.{{cite news |title=Amid Pandemic, Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro Faces Political Crisis |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/04/29/847732065/amid-pandemic-brazils-jair-bolsonar-faces-political-crisis |access-date=9 June 2020 |work=NPR.org |date=April 2020 |language=en}} Police executed search warrants against key Bolsonaro supporters in May 2020 on charges of libel and intimidation, prompting Bolsonaro, while wearing a tie decorated with images of assault rifles, to exclaim "This is fucking over". Bolsonaro attended protests in 2020 that The Guardian characterized as "anti-democratic protests where demonstrators have called for congress and the supreme court to be closed or even torched". On 30 May 2020 prominent Bolsonaro opponents, across the political spectrum, expressed unity against Bolsonaro and launched the {{lang|pt|Movimento Estamos Juntos}} ("We Are Together Movement").{{cite news |title=Brazil's left and right unite to launch pro-democracy manifesto |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/31/brazils-left-and-right-unite-to-back-pro-democracy-manifesto-bolsonaro |access-date=9 June 2020 |work=the Guardian |date=31 May 2020 |language=en}} Lower-house speaker Rodrigo Maia publicly mulled a future impeachment of Bolsonaro "at the appropriate time", but stated that for now the priority was to fight the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.{{cite news |title=Brazil's political rivals unite to oppose Bolsonaro and 'defend life, freedom and democracy' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-coronavirus-protests-manifesto-court-estamos-juntos-a9542971.html |access-date=9 June 2020 |work=The Independent |date=2 June 2020 |language=en}}

{{Main|Opinion polling on the Jair Bolsonaro presidency}}

According to a survey by Ibope, released by the National Confederation of Industry on 13 December 2018, 75% of Brazilian population thought that Bolsonaro was "on the right path", while 14% thought Bolsonaro was "on the wrong path" and another 11% did not respond. On 23 December 2018, Folha de São Paulo published a survey of Datafolha in which 65% of respondents said that Brazil's economy would highly improve under Bolsonaro's governance, while 6% said that it would highly worsen and another 29% did not respond. This was the highest rate of optimism regarding the future of the economy since 1997, when Fernando Henrique Cardoso was re-elected president.{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mercado/2018/12/otimismo-com-economia-dispara-diz-datafolha.shtml |title=Otimismo com economia dispara, diz Datafolha, Folha |date=23 December 2018 |publisher=.folha.uol.com.br |access-date=2 January 2019}}

Another Datafolha survey, published on 1 January 2019, showed that 65% of respondents believe the Bolsonaro administration would be "great or good"; 17% believe it would be "regular", 12% believe it would be "bad or awful", while 6% did not respond. This rate of optimism regarding the administration is smaller than those for the first terms of presidents Collor, Cardoso, Lula and Dilma but higher than those of Franco and Temer.{{cite web|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2019/01/para-65-bolsonaro-fara-governo-otimo-ou-bom-mostra-datafolha.shtml |title=Para 65%, Bolsonaro fará governo ótimo ou bom, mostra Datafolha |date=January 2019 |publisher=.folha.uol.com.br |access-date=2 January 2019}}

In the few months following his election, Bolsonaro's popularity steadily declined. Another Datafolha survey, published on 21 May 2019, showed that 34% of respondents considered the Bolsonaro administration as "great or good"; 26% as "regular", 36% as "bad or awful", while 4% did not respond. This was the first time more Brazilians rejected the politics of Bolsonaro than affirmed it.{{Cite web|url=https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2019/05/21/politica/1558459667_020362.html|title=Desaprovação do Governo Bolsonaro supera aprovação pela primeira vez, mostra pesquisa Atlas Político|first=Flávia|last=Marreiro|date=23 May 2019|website=El País Brasil|access-date=4 July 2022}} Later in 2020, as the pandemic spread, his popularity bounced back up and was the highest since his inauguration.{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/oct/10/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-coronavirus-aid?CMP=fb_gu |title='He became a hero': Bolsonaro sees popularity surge as Covid-19 spreads |work=The Guardian |date=10 October 2020 |access-date=11 October 2020}}

As of 2021, in the midst of economic uncertainty and the COVID-19 virus still rampaging through the country, Bolsonaro's approval ratings fell sharply again to the lowest levels of his presidency.{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/bolsonaros-approval-falls-24-lowest-ever-says-datafolha-poll-2021-05-13/ |title=Bolsonaro's approval falls to 24%, the lowest ever, says Datafolha poll |date=13 May 2021 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=9 August 2021}}

On 13 January 2022, the Human Rights Watch criticised the Bolsonaro administration for promoting anti-human rights policies, including Indigenous rights, women's rights, disability rights, and free speech. The Washington-based group urged Brazil's democratic institutions to protect voting and speech rights leading to the October 2022 presidential elections from any attempt by Jair Bolsonaro to subvert the electoral system.{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/human-rights-watch-says-bolsonaro-threat-democracy-brazil-report-2022-01-13/?rpc=401&|title=Human Rights Watch says Bolsonaro a threat to democracy in Brazil – report|access-date=13 January 2022|website=Reuters.com|date=13 January 2022 }}

• Pension reform in Brazil
• Presidency of Michel Temer
• Controversies involving Jair Bolsonaro

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{{Presidents of Brazil}}

{{Bolsonaro cabinet}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Presidency of Bolsonaro, Jair}}

Category:2019 establishments in Brazil

Category:2022 disestablishments in Brazil

Category:2010s in Brazilian politics

Category:2020s in Brazilian politics

Category:Jair Bolsonaro

Category:Conservatism in Brazil

Category:Democratic backsliding in Brazil

Bolsonaro, Jair

Category:Far-right politics in Brazil

Category:Right-wing populism in South America