Red Sea crisis#2023

The Houthi movement is an Iran-backed Zaydi Shia Islamist militant organization that exercises de facto control over parts of Yemen, though it is not the country's internationally recognized government; the Houthi takeover in Yemen in 2014 resulted in the group's acquisition of the capital city of Sanaa, but the anti-Houthi Presidential Leadership Council remains recognized by the international community as Yemen's legitimate government.{{Cite news |last1=Bayoumy |first1=Yara |last2=Ghobari |first2=Mohammed |date=15 December 2014 |title=Iranian support seen crucial for Yemen's Houthis |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-houthis-iran-insight-idUSKBN0JT17A20141215 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220144207/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-houthis-iran-insight-idUSKBN0JT17A20141215 |archive-date=20 February 2023 |access-date=3 November 2023 |work=Reuters |language=en}} After this conflict grew into an ongoing civil war, millions of residents were internally displaced, and a Saudi-led coalition responded by imposing a blockade of Yemen. These combined to shrink the economy by half and contributed to famine in Yemen since 2016, one of the worst in the world.{{Cite web |title=Yemen crisis |url=https://www.unicef.org/emergencies/yemen-crisis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326170915/https://www.unicef.org/emergencies/yemen-crisis |archive-date=26 March 2019 |access-date=25 February 2024 |website=UNICEF |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=22 September 2022 |title=Torture in slow motion: The economic blockade of Yemen and its grave humanitarian consequences – Yemen |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/torture-slow-motion-economic-blockade-yemen-and-its-grave-humanitarian-consequences |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608195734/https://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/torture-slow-motion-economic-blockade-yemen-and-its-grave-humanitarian-consequences |archive-date=8 June 2023 |access-date=25 February 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Food crisis and famine |url=https://www.unicef.org/yemen/topics/food-crisis-and-famine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225234259/https://www.unicef.org/yemen/topics/food-crisis-and-famine |archive-date=25 February 2024 |access-date=25 February 2024 |website=UNICEF Yemen |language=en}}

The US military destroyed drones in Yemen's Houthi-held region and over the Red Sea due to perceived threats, exacerbating tensions in the conflict-ridden area. This comes amidst ongoing attacks by the Houthis and challenges to diplomatic efforts to end the Yemeni war.{{cite news|title=US military says it destroyed Houthi drones over the Red Sea and in Yemen |date=31 March 2024 |url=https://apnews.com/article/houthis-yemen-airstrikes-military-us-red-sea-de8430938b907a1cddc906e491dca96d |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402013529/https://apnews.com/article/houthis-yemen-airstrikes-military-us-red-sea-de8430938b907a1cddc906e491dca96d |archive-date=2 April 2024 |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=Associated Press}}

{{Main|Iran–Israel proxy conflict}}

File:Yemen2024.png in 2024, colored green]]

Following the Hamas-led attack on Israel on 7 October 2023, which triggered the Gaza war, numerous Iran-backed militant groups across the Middle East (including the Houthis) expressed support for the Palestinians and threatened to attack Israel. Houthi leader Abdul-Malik al-Houthi warned the United States against intervening in support of Israel, threatening that such an intervention would be met with retaliation by drone and missile strikes.{{cite news |last1=Copp |first1=Tara |last2=Baldor |first2=Lolita C. |name-list-style=and |date=19 October 2023 |title=US military shoots down missiles and drones as it faces growing threats in volatile Middle East |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-navy-warship-missiles-intercepted-2f5fc9c8a3737f762b29d5c53ec08a5b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019193345/https://apnews.com/article/yemen-navy-warship-missiles-intercepted-2f5fc9c8a3737f762b29d5c53ec08a5b |archive-date=19 October 2023 |access-date=2 November 2023 |work=Associated Press}} In order to end their attacks in the Red Sea, the Houthis demanded a ceasefire in the Gaza war and an end to the accompanying Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip.{{cite news |last=El Yaakoubi |first=Aziz |date=11 January 2024 |title=Yemen's Houthis say Red Sea attacks do not threaten peace with Riyadh |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/yemens-houthis-say-un-resolution-navigation-red-sea-is-political-game-2024-01-11/ |access-date=April 6, 2024 |work=Reuters}}{{cite news |title=By bombing Yemen, the west risks repeating its own mistakes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/jan/12/yemen-houthi-militia-israel-gaza-red-sea |work=The Guardian |date=12 January 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114171527/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/jan/12/yemen-houthi-militia-israel-gaza-red-sea |url-status=live}}

According to Armament Research Services, Houthi weapons are mostly of Russian, Chinese or Iranian origin.{{Cite web |last=Salhani |first=Justin |date=18 January 2024 |title=Beyond the Red Sea: Who are the Houthis up against inside Yemen? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/1/18/beyond-the-red-sea-who-are-the-houthis-up-against-inside-yemen |access-date=6 February 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |quote="The majority of their arms are of Russian, Chinese or Iranian origin, but North Korean weapons and those produced in former Warsaw Pact countries are also present in the arsenal," NR Jenzen-Jones, the director of the Australian-based Armament Research Services, told Voice of America. |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206144459/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/1/18/beyond-the-red-sea-who-are-the-houthis-up-against-inside-yemen |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Brar |first=Aadil |date=20 December 2023 |title=Houthi rebel missiles in the Red Sea have a link to China |url=https://www.newsweek.com/china-iran-houthis-anti-ship-ballistic-missile-attacks-red-sea-middle-east-1854008 |access-date=6 February 2024 |website=Newsweek |language=en |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206144459/https://www.newsweek.com/china-iran-houthis-anti-ship-ballistic-missile-attacks-red-sea-middle-east-1854008 |url-status=live }} They are known to use surface-to-surface missiles, artillery rockets, loitering munitions and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).{{Cite web|title=Yemen's Houthi rebels claim to launch major drone attack on Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/yemens-houthi-rebels-claim-to-launch-major-drone-attack-on-israel/|date=1 November 2023|access-date=2 November 2023|website=The Times of Israel|language=en-US|archive-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102000956/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/yemens-houthi-rebels-claim-to-launch-major-drone-attack-on-israel/|url-status=live}} They have several missiles and UAVs capable of reaching Israel from Yemen:

• Toufan – a surface-to-surface missile, with a range of {{cvt|1800|km}}.{{Cite web |date=1 November 2023 |title=Interview: Inside the Houthi arsenal that can reach Israel |url=https://amwaj.media/media-monitor/interview-inside-the-houthi-arsenal-that-can-reach-israel |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=Amwaj.media |language=en |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102172004/https://amwaj.media/media-monitor/interview-inside-the-houthi-arsenal-that-can-reach-israel |url-status=live}}
• Cruise missiles – from the Iranian Soumar family, with strike ranges of about {{cvt|2000|km}}.
• Quds-2 missile – supposedly with a range of {{cvt|1350|km}} but made to strike Israel.{{Cite web|title=The Houthis' Red Sea missile and drone attack: Drivers and implications|url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/houthis-red-sea-missile-and-drone-attack-drivers-and-implications|access-date=3 November 2023|website=Middle East Institute|language=en|date=20 October 2023|last=Jalal|first=Ibrahim|archive-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103043502/https://www.mei.edu/publications/houthis-red-sea-missile-and-drone-attack-drivers-and-implications|url-status=live}}
• Samad-3 and Samad-4 – UAVs/loitering munitions with ranges of {{cvt|1800|km}} and further.
• Wa'id drones – similar to Iran's Shahed 136, loitering munition with a range of {{cvt|2500|km}}.
• Naval drones – {{Convert|7|m|ft}} unmanned surface vessels (USVs) laden with explosives.{{Cite news |date=2024-06-20 |title=UK Announces Loss of Crew of Ship Recently Sunk by Houthis in the Red Sea |url=https://www.yemenmonitor.com/en/Details/ArtMID/908/ArticleID/115072 |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=Yemen Monitor |language=en-US |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009004332/https://www.yemenmonitor.com/en/Details/ArtMID/908/ArticleID/115072 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Epstein |first=Jake |date=2024-06-13 |title=The Houthis just scored their first drone boat hit on a Red Sea ship |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/houthis-score-first-hit-red-sea-ship-drone-boat-2024-6 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=27 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727152752/https://www.businessinsider.com/houthis-score-first-hit-red-sea-ship-drone-boat-2024-6 |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Timeline of the Red Sea crisis}}

{{main|Houthi attacks on commercial vessels}}

Houthi forces began attacking shipping vessels affiliated with Israel passing through the Red Sea on 19 November 2023. By February, 40 vessels had been attacked. Global shipping companies, which had typically sailed through the Red Sea, as well as the Suez Canal, instead moved to position their vessels around the Cape of Good Hope, off the Cape Peninsula, South Africa.{{cite news |date=2024 |title=Mapping the Red Sea attacks |url=https://interactive.aljazeera.com/aje/2024/mapping-red-sea-shipping-attacks/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}}{{cite web |date=15 January 2024 |title=More ships avoid Red Sea as Houthis hit ship carrying steel in Gulf of Aden |url=https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/shipping/011524-more-ships-avoid-red-sea-as-houthis-hit-ship-carrying-steel-in-gulf-of-aden |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=spglobal.com|publisher=S&P Global}}{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240119-red-sea-crisis-how-global-shipping-is-being-rerouted-out-of-danger|title=Red Sea crisis: What it takes to reroute the world's biggest cargo ships on a 4,000 mile detour|work=BBC|date=21 January 2024|access-date=22 January 2024|archive-date=21 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121234147/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20240119-red-sea-crisis-how-global-shipping-is-being-rerouted-out-of-danger|url-status=live}}{{cite news |date=27 April 2024 |title=Iran says crew of Israel-linked ship to be released |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-says-crew-israel-linked-ship-be-released-2024-04-27/ |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Reuters}}

Between November and December 2023, a 1.3 percent decrease in global trade resulted from Houthi attacks on commercial shipping in the Red Sea.{{cite news |date=1 May 2024 |title=Pirates, refugees & risk: The global economic consequences of Haiti's collapse |url=https://www.thomsonreuters.com/en-us/posts/global-economy/haiti-collapse/ |access-date=4 May 2024 |work=Thomas Reuters}} By March 2024, over 2,000 ships had diverted routes away from the Red Sea, making costlier voyages, since the first Houthi attack the previous November.{{cite news |date=13 March 2024 |title=Pirates, hijacks and hurricanes: The world's most dangerous shipping routes revealed |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/world/pirates-hijacks-and-hurricanes-worlds-most-dangerous-shipping-routes-revealed-808506 |access-date=5 May 2024 |work=TBS News}}

Initial Houthi pledges to target any ship with links to Israel were followed by attacks on ships connected to over a dozen nations, as well, stated, in January 2024, as avenging "American-British aggression against our country". US Central Command responded that the Houthis attacks "have nothing to do with the conflict in Gaza" and that Houthis had "fired indiscriminately into the Red Sea", targeting ships, and impacting more than 40 nations.{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-68110358 |title=Houthis attack British-linked tanker Marlin Luanda in Gulf of Aden |last=Gregory |first=James |work=BBC News |date=26 January 2024 |access-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127202900/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68110358 |archive-date=27 January 2024}}{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Gaya |last2=Bigg |first2=Matthew Mpoke |date=6 March 2024 |title=Middle East Crisis Houthis Claim Lethal Attack on Commercial Ship Near Yemen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/03/06/world/israel-hamas-war-gaza-news |access-date=7 May 2024 |work=The New York Times}} On 3 May 2024, the Houthi-aligned Yemeni Armed Forces SPC military spokesperson Yahya Saree announced, in a televised speech, that "We will target any ships heading to Israeli ports in the Mediterranean Sea in any area we are able to reach".{{cite news |date=3 May 2024 |title=Houthis say they will target Israel-bound ships anywhere within their range |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/3/yemens-houthis-say-they-will-target-ships-heading-for-israel-within-range |access-date=4 May 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}}

{{See also|Misinformation in the Gaza war|Misinformation#Online misinformation}}

The Houthis and their supporters have engaged in a disinformation campaign. According to the U.S. Navy, these false claims to undermine efforts to secure "freedom of navigation" in the Red Sea and surrounding waters by the United States and its allies and to gain recognition as a regional power.{{Cite web |last1=LaPorta |first1=James |last2=Delzer |first2=Erielle |date=2024-06-05 |title=Disinformation campaign uses fake footage to claim attack on USS Eisenhower |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/yemen-houthi-attack-disinformation-uss-eisenhower/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=CBS News |language=en-US}} On 1 February 2024, the Houthis claimed an attack on a US ship named KOI, but maritime sources told BBC that it was false.{{Cite web |date=2024-02-01 |title=Houthis claim hit on US container ship in Red Sea |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68162927 |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}} Hezbollah-affiliated news outlets such as Islam Times and Al Mayadeen have backed false claims by the Houthis. On 28 January, Islam Times released footage of the 2021 X-Press Pearl fire, purporting it displayed the aftermath of a Houthi attack on a British ship. Three days later, Al Mayadeen reported that the Houthis accurately struck USS Gravely, but the claim was rejected by US officials.{{Cite news |date=2 February 2024 |title=Hezbollah-Linked Media Spread Falsehoods to Undermine US Efforts to Secure Red Sea from Houthi Attacks |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/fact-check-hezbollah-linked-media-spread-falsehoods-to-undermine-us-efforts-to-secure-red-sea-from-houthi-attacks/7468600.html |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=Voice of America}}

Social media users on platforms such as X have published old or doctored images and videos falsely claiming them as Houthi attacks. In February 2024, users on X posted the 2018 sinking of the {{USS|Racine|LST-1191}} and the X-Press Pearl disaster, claiming they showed the Houthi attacks on the Star Nasia and Morning Tide.{{Cite news |date=9 February 2024 |title=X Users Salvage Old Reels of Sinking Ships to Push Houthi Propaganda |url=https://www.polygraph.info/a/fact-check-x-users-salvage-old-reels-of-sinking-ships-to-push-houthi-propaganda/7480887.html |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=Polygraph.info}} In June 2024, users posted satellite images of the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower with damage digitally edited onto it, claiming that it was the result of a Houthi attack. Other mislabeled or digitally edited photographs and videos were also published purporting damage to the aircraft carrier, though some were satire.{{Cite web |last=Suciu |first=Peter |date=2024-06-07 |title=Photos Purport To Show Damage To U.S. Aircraft Carrier After Houthi Missile Strike |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/petersuciu/2024/06/07/photos-purport-to-show-damage-to-us-aircraft-carrier-after-houthi-missile-strike/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=Forbes |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Norton |first=Tom |date=2024-06-04 |title=Fact Check: Do photos show USS Eisenhower damage after Houthi strike? |url=https://www.newsweek.com/fact-check-do-photos-show-uss-eisenhower-damage-after-houthi-strike-1908019 |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}

Footage from the Czech-based video game Arma 3 has also been used to spread disinformation about the conflict, with Russian websites such as The Intel Drop and Pravda publishing gameplay, falsely claiming it showed attacks on the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower. The video game's developers, Bohemia Interactive, said that action taken against the videos was ineffective, saying: "With every video flagged, debunked, or taken down, ten more can be uploaded each day." Footage from the video game has also been misrepresented as attacks on shipping{{Cite news |date=14 February 2024 |title=Fact Check: Video game clip shared as real footage of Red Sea attacks |url=https://www.reuters.com/fact-check/video-game-clip-shared-real-footage-red-sea-attacks-2024-02-14/ |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=Reuters}} and a US fighter jet being shot down by the Houthis over Sanaa.{{Cite news |date=17 January 2024 |title=Fact Check: Video game footage mislabeled as showing Houthis striking US fighter jet |url=https://www.reuters.com/fact-check/video-game-footage-mislabeled-showing-houthis-striking-us-fighter-jet-2024-01-17/ |access-date=8 June 2024 |work=Reuters}}

{{See also|Houthis#Alleged Iranian, North Korean, Russian and Chinese support}}

Reuters, citing unnamed Iranian sources and "a security official close to Iran", has claimed that Iranian personnel are in Yemen, working with Hezbollah militants. Their role involves directing and overseeing Houthi attacks on commercial shipping. The sources also stated that Iran has escalated its provision of advanced drones, anti-ship cruise missiles, precision-strike ballistic missiles, and medium-range missiles to the Houthis, since the outbreak of the Gaza war.{{cite news |last1=Nakhoul |first1=Samia |last2=Hafezi |first2=Parisa |title=Exclusive: Iranian and Hezbollah commanders help direct Houthi attacks in Yemen, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iranian-hezbollah-commanders-help-direct-houthi-attacks-yemen-sources-say-2024-01-20/ |access-date=20 January 2024 |publisher=Reuters |date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120162434/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iranian-hezbollah-commanders-help-direct-houthi-attacks-yemen-sources-say-2024-01-20/ |url-status=live}}

US officials told Semafor that commanders and advisors from Iran's Revolutionary Guards are currently stationed in Yemen, and are directly involved in the Houthi attacks on commercial traffic in the Red Sea. The IRGC has also stationed missile and drone trainers and operators in Yemen. The Qods Force, has overseen the transfer of the attack drones, cruise missiles, and medium-range ballistic missiles which have been used in the strikes on Red Sea and Israeli targets in recent weeks.{{cite news |last=Solomon |first=Jay |title=Iran's Revolutionary Guard deployed in Yemen|url=https://www.semafor.com/article/01/15/2024/irans-revolutionary-guard-deployed-in-yemen |access-date=15 January 2024 |publisher=Semafor |date=15 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126052016/https://www.semafor.com/article/01/15/2024/irans-revolutionary-guard-deployed-in-yemen |url-status=live}}

According to Western intelligence officials, the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps placed an intelligence gathering ship to guide Houthi attacks on ships that switch off radios and identifiers.{{cite news|title=Iranian Spy Ship Helps Houthis Direct Attacks on Red Sea Vessels|url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iranian-spy-ship-helps-houthis-direct-attacks-on-red-sea-vessels-d6f7fd40 |access-date=23 December 2023 |work=The Wall Street Journal|date=22 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222225339/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/iranian-spy-ship-helps-houthis-direct-attacks-on-red-sea-vessels-d6f7fd40 |url-status=live}} According to the Institute for the Study of War, this was likely MV Behshad, which had replaced {{MV|Saviz}} (which had been used to supply weapons and intelligence to the Houthis until it came under an Israeli limpet mine attack in April 2021).{{cite web|title=Iran Update, December 22, 2023|url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-december-22-2023 |website=Institute for the Study of War |access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223035415/https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-december-22-2023 |url-status=live}} The Iranian frigate {{ship|IRIS|Alborz|72|2}} later also entered the Red Sea.{{cite news |title=Iranian warship Alborz enters Red Sea amid tensions: State media |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2024/01/01/Iranian-warship-Alborz-enters-Red-Sea-amid-tensions-State-media |access-date=3 January 2024 |work=Al Arabiya English |date=1 January 2024 |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102002811/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2024/01/01/Iranian-warship-Alborz-enters-Red-Sea-amid-tensions-State-media |url-status=live}}

In July 2024, the Defense Intelligence Agency reported that the Houthis used an Iranian-made missile in their attack on the Norwegian-flagged Strinda on 11 December 2023. Features of Iran's Tolu-4 turbojet engine, used in their Noor missile, were found in the debris. An insurance group earlier stated that an Iranian-made missile was used after examining debris aboard the vessel.{{Cite web |date=2024-07-11 |title=Yemen Houthi rebels fired an Iranian missile at Norwegian-flagged ship, debris analyzed by US shows |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthi-rebels-iran-israel-hamas-war-red-sea-attacks-076e5e764b7bed548b15cff4175bb4d5 |access-date=2024-07-11 |first=Jon |last=Gambrell |website=The Associated Press |language=en}}{{Cite news |date=11 July 2024 |title=Yemen Houthi rebels fired an Iranian missile at Norwegian-flagged ship, debris analyzed by US shows |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/yemen-houthi-rebels-fired-an-iranian-missile-at-norwegian-flagged-ship-debris-analyzed-by-us-shows/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |work=The Times of Israel}}

NBC News, citing two US officials, reported in September 2024 that Iran was directly assisting the Houthis with targeting and attacking American MQ-9 Reaper drones, several of which were shot down or damaged during the Red Sea crisis. The officials did not elaborate on how Iran was helping the Houthis, but Michael Knights of the American think tank Washington Institute for Near East Policy said the Houthis received Iranian surface-to-air missiles, such as the 358 and SA-2, that allowed them to improve their air defenses and target US drones.{{Cite web |last1=Kube |first1=Courtney |last2=Luce |first2=Dan De |date=2024-09-19 |title=Iran is helping the Houthi rebels in Yemen target and down U.S. Reaper drones, U.S. officials say |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/investigations/iran-helping-houthi-rebels-yemen-target-us-reaper-drones-us-officials-rcna171834 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=NBC News |language=en}}

Voice of America reported that North Korea may have shipped weapons to the Houthis via Iran based on Hangul writing that was found on Houthi-launched missiles.{{Cite web|title=후티 반군 '북한 미사일' 사용 전적 주목...최근 '한글 표기' 발견되기도|url=https://www.voakorea.com/a/7446475.html|website=Voice of America|date=19 January 2024|language=ko|access-date=3 February 2024|url-status=live|archive-date=19 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119032126/https://www.voakorea.com/a/7446475.html}}

Two China-based companies were sanctioned by the US in 2024 for providing "dual-use materials and components needed to manufacture, maintain, and deploy an arsenal of advanced missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) against U.S. and allied interests."{{cite web | url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy2627#:~:text=PRC%2DBASED%20SUPPLIERS%20FOR%20HOUTHI,range%20of%20PRC%2Dbased%20companies | title=Treasury Sanctions Houthi Weapons Smuggling and Procurement Networks | date=8 February 2025 }}

A report by the Foundation for Defense of Democracies stated that the Houthis were using weapons made in China for their attacks on shipping in the Red Sea in exchange for Chinese ships having safe passage through the Sea.{{cite web |last1=FDD Flash Brief |title=China Arming Houthi Rebels in Yemen in Exchange For Unimpeded Red Sea Passage |url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2025/01/02/china-arming-houthi-rebels-in-yemen-in-exchange-for-unimpeded-red-sea-passage/ |website=FDD |date=2 January 2025 |access-date=8 March 2025}} Another report from Israel's i24 News stated that China provided the Houthis with "advanced components and guidance equipment" for their missiles.

According to the United States Department of State, Chinese state-owned Chang Guang Satellite Technology Corporation provides geospatial intelligence to the Houthis to target U.S. warships in the Red Sea.{{Cite news |last=Sevastopulo |first=Demetri |date=2025-04-18 |title=US says Chinese company is helping Houthis target American warships |url=https://www.ft.com/content/628b404b-2a24-4853-8f3c-9caad408ef8f |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-04-18 |work=Financial Times}}{{Cite news |date=April 18, 2025 |title=US says Chinese satellite firm is supporting Houthi attacks on US interests |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-says-chinese-satellite-firm-is-supporting-houthi-attacks-us-interests-2025-04-17/ |access-date=April 18, 2025 |work=Reuters}}

In July 2024, The Wall Street Journal reported that US officials saw increasing indications that Russia was considering arming the Houthis with advanced anti-ship missiles via Iranian smuggling routes in response to US support for Ukraine during Russia's invasion.{{Cite news |date=20 July 2024 |title=Report: Moscow may arm Yemen's Houthis over US support for Ukraine |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/report-moscow-may-arm-yemens-houthis-over-us-support-for-ukraine/ |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=The Times of Israel}} However it did not follow through due to pushback by the US and Saudi Arabia.{{Cite web |date=2024-08-02 |title=Russia pulled back weapons shipment to Houthis amid US and Saudi pressure |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/02/politics/russia-weapons-houthis-saudi-arabia/index.html |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=CNN |language=en}}

In August 2024, Middle East Eye, citing a US official, reported that personnel of Russia's GRU were stationed in Houthi-controlled parts of Yemen to assist the militia's attacks on merchant ships.{{Cite web |date=2024-08-02 |title=Exclusive: US intelligence suggests Russian military is advising Houthis inside Yemen |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/exclusive-russian-military-advising-houthis-inside-yemen-us-intelligence-suggests |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}

In October 2024, The Wall Street Journal reported that Russia had provided intelligence to the Houthis for targeting commercial ships.{{Cite web |title=Russia Provided Targeting Data for Houthi Assault on Global Shipping |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/russia-provided-targeting-data-for-houthi-assault-on-global-shipping-eabc2c2b |first1=Benoit |last1=Faucon |first2=Thomas |last2=Grove |date=2024-10-24 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=The Wall Street Journal}}

{{See also|War crimes in the Gaza war}}

The Houthis have claimed they would target ships that had no military function, which would be a war crime, according to Human Rights Watch (HRW) and others. The HRW also noted that the detention of captured crews could be considered hostage-taking if they are detained to compel a third party to do or abstain from any act as a condition for the hostage's release or safety. Hostage-taking is a violation of international humanitarian law and a war crime. A statement issued by the HRW called upon the militants to "end their attacks on civilians caught in the crosshairs of their declared war on Israel."{{cite web |title=Yemen: Houthis Attack Civilian Ships |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/13/yemen-houthis-attack-civilian-ships |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=1 January 2024 |date=13 December 2023 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101120755/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/13/yemen-houthis-attack-civilian-ships |url-status=live}}

The HRW called the Israeli strikes on Yemen in July 2024 a possible war crime since they were apparently an "indiscriminate or disproportionate attack on civilians". It also called the Houthi drone attack on Tel Aviv that occurred one day prior to the strikes a possible war crime since it deliberately or indiscriminately targeted civilians.{{Cite web |date=2024-08-19 |title=Yemen: Israeli Port Attack Possible War Crime |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/08/19/yemen-israeli-port-attack-possible-war-crime |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2024-08-19 |title=Israel's July strikes on Yemen's Hodeidah port a 'possible war crime', HR Watch says |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-815298 |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en}}

Houthi attacks have reduced shipping to Israel and local trade. Commercial shipping to Eilat has almost completely ceased. Commercial ships coming from Asia to Israel, as well as some commercial ships not destined for Israel, have started to go around Africa, which makes the journey three weeks longer and more expensive.{{cite web|url=https://www.axios.com/2023/12/14/us-warns-yemens-houthis-stop-red-sea-attacks|title=U.S. warns Houthis to stop attacks in Red Sea|last=Ravid|first=Barak|date=15 December 2023|website=Axios|access-date=15 December 2023|archive-date=15 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215104039/https://www.axios.com/2023/12/14/us-warns-yemens-houthis-stop-red-sea-attacks|url-status=live}} By 21 December 2023, over 100 container ships had been rerouted to go around Africa, each adding around 6,000 nautical miles to the trip distance.{{cite news |last=Jolly |first=Jasper |title=More than 100 container ships rerouted from Suez canal to avoid Houthi attacks|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/dec/20/more-than-100-container-ships-rerouted-suez-canal-red-sea-houthi-attacks-yemen |access-date=22 December 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=20 December 2023 |archive-date=21 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221235041/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/dec/20/more-than-100-container-ships-rerouted-suez-canal-red-sea-houthi-attacks-yemen |url-status=live}}

Insurance costs for commercial ships that go through the Red Sea have increased; some Israeli ships have seen an increase of 250%, and others were unable to get any insurance.{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-are-houthi-seizures-in-the-vital-red-sea-shipping-lane-impacting-global-trade/|title=How are Houthi seizures in the vital Red Sea shipping lane impacting global trade?|last1=Bonell|first1=Courtney|last2=McHugh|first2=David|date=14 December 2023|website=The Times of Israel|access-date=15 December 2023|archive-date=14 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214172124/https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-are-houthi-seizures-in-the-vital-red-sea-shipping-lane-impacting-global-trade/|url-status=live}}

While Israelis would face delays in the supply chain and price hikes, the effects on the Egyptian economy are more severe as shipping through the Suez Canal contributes nearly $9.4 billion to the Egyptian economy which is suffering from a debt crisis made worse by trade disruptions with Israel due to the war in Gaza.{{cite news |title=The $9.4 billion dilemma: Egypt will need to act against Houthis to protect Suez Canal|url=https://www.calcalistech.com/ctechnews/article/hkpbd00alp |access-date=19 December 2023|work=ctech |date=18 December 2023 |language=en |archive-date=19 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219031211/https://www.calcalistech.com/ctechnews/article/hkpbd00alp |url-status=live}}{{cite news |title=Egypt could be big casualty of Houthi attacks on Israel|url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-egypt-could-be-big-casualty-of-houthi-attacks-on-israel-1001464217 |access-date=19 December 2023 |work=Globes |date=12 May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=19 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219120828/https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-egypt-could-be-big-casualty-of-houthi-attacks-on-israel-1001464217 |url-status=live}}

In March, Israeli media reported that half of the workers at Eilat Port were at risk of losing their jobs after the port took a major financial hit due to the crisis in the Red Sea. The Histadrut Labor Federation, the umbrella organization for hundreds of thousands of public sector workers, said port management announced it intended to fire half of the 120 Eilat Port employees.{{Cite web |last=Agencies |date=20 March 2024 |title=Eilat Port to lay off half its staff due to Houthi attacks stymieing shipping trade |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/eilat-port-to-lay-off-half-its-staff-due-to-houthi-attacks-stymieing-shipping-trade/ |website=The Times of Israel |access-date=20 March 2024 |archive-date=20 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320151427/https://www.timesofisrael.com/eilat-port-to-lay-off-half-its-staff-due-to-houthi-attacks-stymieing-shipping-trade/ |url-status=live }}

In July, the port of Eilat declared bankruptcy and requested support from the Israeli government due to its activity decreasing by 85% due to the Yemeni blockade in the Red Sea.{{cite news |url=https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/ports/attacks-red-sea-shipping-bankrupt-israeli-port |title=Attacks on Red Sea shipping bankrupt Israeli port |last=Savvides |first=Nick |website=SeatradeMaritime |publisher=Informa Markets (UK) |date=10 July 2024 |access-date=20 August 2024}}{{cite news |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240716-israel-says-eilat-port-bankrupt-after-months-houthi-naval-blockade/ |title=Israel says Eilat Port 'bankrupt' after months of Houthi naval blockade |website=Middle East Monitor |location=London |date=16 July 2024 |access-date=20 August 2024 |archive-date=4 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904053958/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240716-israel-says-eilat-port-bankrupt-after-months-houthi-naval-blockade/ |url-status=live }} The annual revenue of the Suez Canal meanwhile declined to $7.2 billion for the 2023–24 financial year, down from about $9.4 billion the previous year.{{cite web |first=Yusri |last=Mohammed |date=18 July 2024 |title=Suez Canal revenue drops as some shippers shun Red Sea |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/suez-canal-revenue-drops-some-shippers-shun-red-sea-2024-07-18/ |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=www.reuters.com |publisher=Reuters}}

Major shipping companies suspended ship traffic through the Red Sea due to the attacks, including MSC,{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/15/shipping-giants-hapag-lloyd-and-maersk-pause-red-sea-travel.html|title=MSC, the world's largest shipping carrier, joins shipping giants Hapag-Lloyd and Maersk in Red Sea travel pause amid attacks|date=16 December 2023|access-date=16 December 2023|last=LaRocco|first=Lori Ann|work=CNBC|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216001933/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/15/shipping-giants-hapag-lloyd-and-maersk-pause-red-sea-travel.html|url-status=live}} Maersk,{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/maersk-pause-all-container-shipments-through-red-sea-2023-12-15/|title=Maersk to pause all container ship traffic through the Red Sea|work=Reuters|date=15 December 2023|access-date=16 December 2023}} CMA CGM,{{cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2023/12/more-shipping-giants-suspend-passage-red-sea-after-attacks-0|title=More shipping giants suspend passage via Red Sea after attacks|work=Al Monitor|date=16 December 2023|access-date=16 December 2023|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216220604/http://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2023/12/more-shipping-giants-suspend-passage-red-sea-after-attacks-0|url-status=live}} COSCO,{{cite news |title=Chinese Shipping Giant COSCO Halts Red Sea Transit Amid Attacks|url=https://www.caixinglobal.com/2023-12-19/chinese-shipping-giant-cosco-halts-red-sea-transit-amid-attacks-102147692.html |access-date=22 December 2023 |work=Caixin Global |date=19 December 2023 |language=en |archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222043609/https://www.caixinglobal.com/2023-12-19/chinese-shipping-giant-cosco-halts-red-sea-transit-amid-attacks-102147692.html |url-status=live}} Hapag-Lloyd,{{cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/12/16/world/shipping-red-sea-halt/|title=Shipping firms suspend Red Sea traffic after Yemen rebel strikes|work=The Japan Times|date=16 December 2023|access-date=16 December 2023|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216030530/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2023/12/16/world/shipping-red-sea-halt/|url-status=live}} and Evergreen Marine Corporation. On 18 December, the British multinational oil and gas company BP also suspended all shipments through the Red Sea.{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-67748605 |title=BP pauses all Red Sea shipments after rebel attacks |last= Jones |first=Lora |date=18 December 2023 |website=BBC |access-date=18 December 2023 |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218120734/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-67748605 |url-status=live}} Maersk, which holds about 14.8% of the market share in the global container shipping market,{{cite web |last=Wintour |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Wintour |date=17 December 2023 |title=US to announce expanded protection force for Red Sea shipping |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/17/us-to-announce-expanded-protection-force-for-red-sea-shipping |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109195316/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/17/us-to-announce-expanded-protection-force-for-red-sea-shipping |archive-date=9 January 2024 |access-date=9 January 2024 |work=The Guardian}} announced on 25 December 2023 that it would resume operations soon as a result of Operation Prosperity Guardian.{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/24/shipping-giant-maersk-prepares-to-resume-operations-in-red-sea.html|title=Shipping giant Maersk prepares to resume operations in Red Sea|website=CNBC |agency=Reuters|date=24 December 2023|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224213353/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/24/shipping-giant-maersk-prepares-to-resume-operations-in-red-sea.html|url-status=live}} By 30 December, Maersk had resumed Red Sea operations, but again paused them following the attacks on Maersk Guangzhou.{{cite news |last=Durbin |first=Adam |title=US Navy helicopters destroy Houthi boats in Red Sea after attempted hijack|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-67851897 |access-date=31 December 2023 |work=BBC News |date=31 December 2023 |archive-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231091935/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-67851897 |url-status=live}} The following May, based on the second quarter of its fiscal 2024 figures, Maersk estimated a capacity loss of 15–20 percent across the industry due to the Red Sea crisis.{{cite news |title=Capacity loss of 15-20% on Far East to North Europe and Mediterranean market due to Red Sea crisis: Maersk |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/maerks-suffers-capacity-loss-of-15-20-due-to-red-sea-crisis/article68154742.ece |access-date=9 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=9 May 2024}}

On 12 January, Tesla said it would suspend most production from its Grünheide factory, its only factory in Europe, for two weeks starting 29 January due to supply chain issues caused by Houthi attacks.{{Cite web |last=Cooban |first=Anna |date=12 January 2024 |title=Tesla to pause German production over Red Sea disruption |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/12/business/tesla-germany-production-halt-red-sea/index.html |access-date=12 January 2024 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112202011/https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/12/business/tesla-germany-production-halt-red-sea/index.html |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |last1=Capoot |first1=Ashley |last2=Kolodny |first2=Lora |date=12 January 2024 |title=Tesla stock down on Red Sea delays, rising labor costs and price cuts |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/12/tesla-stock-down-on-red-sea-delays-price-cuts.html |access-date=12 January 2024 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112144815/https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/12/tesla-stock-down-on-red-sea-delays-price-cuts.html |url-status=live}} Volvo Cars also said it would halt production from its plant in Ghent for three days starting the following week.{{Cite news |date=12 January 2024 |title=Volvo Cars pauses production in Belgium due to Red Sea attacks |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/volvo-cars-pauses-production-belgium-due-red-sea-situation-2024-01-12/ |access-date=12 January 2024 |work=Reuters}} Shell plc announced a hold on "transit" through the Red Sea.{{Cite news |date=16 January 2024 |title=Shell halts Red Sea shipments over attack fears: report |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/01/shell-halts-red-sea-shipments-over-attack-fears-report |access-date=16 January 2024 |work=Agence France-Press |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116163813/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/01/shell-halts-red-sea-shipments-over-attack-fears-report |url-status=live}}

On 18 December, Evergreen Marine Corporation announced it was suspending its import and export service to Israel because of risk and safety considerations.{{cite news |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/evergreen-suspends-israel-shipping-services-40e7f178 |title=Evergreen Suspends Israel Shipping Services |agency=AFP |publisher=Dow Jones |work=Barron's |date=18 December 2023 |access-date=29 January 2024 |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129005549/https://www.barrons.com/news/evergreen-suspends-israel-shipping-services-40e7f178 |url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/01/20/israel-economy-red-sea-houthis/ |title=How Houthi attacks on ships in the Red Sea threaten Israel's economy |last=Pietsch |first=Bryan |newspaper=Washington Post |date=20 January 2024 |access-date=29 January 2024 |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123035433/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/01/20/israel-economy-red-sea-houthis/ |url-status=live}} COSCO, the fourth-largest shipping company, and its container shipping subsidiary OOCL similarly stopping all services to Israel in early January 2024.{{cite news |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/report-cosco-quits-serving-israel-joining-its-subsidiary-oocl |title=Report: COSCO Quits Serving Israel |website=The Maritime Executive |date=7 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124141529/https://maritime-executive.com/article/report-cosco-quits-serving-israel-joining-its-subsidiary-oocl |url-status=live}}

On 21 December, the CEO of the port of Eilat said the port has seen an 85% drop in activity since the Yemeni attacks on shipping in the Red Sea.{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israels-eilat-port-sees-85-drop-activity-amid-red-sea-houthi-attacks-2023-12-21/ |title=Israel's Eilat Port sees 85% drop in activity amid Red Sea Houthi attacks |last=Rabinovitch |first=Ari |publisher=Reuters |url-access=limited |date=21 December 2023 |access-date=25 January 2024}} Many ships instead took a safer route, going around Africa and the Cape of Good Hope, although this route incurs an extra ten days, spends more fuel, and requires more crew time.{{cite web|last=Gronholt-Pedersen|first=Jacob|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/maersk-diverts-vessels-away-red-sea-for-foreseeable-future-2024-01-05/|title=Maersk warns of major disruption as it diverts ships away from Red Sea|work=Reuters|date=5 January 2024}} The suspension of a large volume of trade through the Red Sea led to a decrease in use of the Suez Canal, and was thus a blow to the Egyptian economy.

A considerable number of freighters have continued to transit, with mostly large container ships diverting away rather than other shipping, with the strait continuing to be heavily used by bulk carriers and tankers which are under different contract arrangements and often from countries supportive of Gaza's situation so perceiving a minimal risk from ongoing Houthi attacks.{{cite news|url=https://www.freightwaves.com/news/red-sea-fallout-much-greater-for-containers-than-tankers-bulkers |title=Red Sea fallout much greater for containers than tankers, bulkers |last=Miller |first=Greg |website=FreightWaves |date=20 December 2023 |access-date=13 January 2024 |archive-date=13 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113153829/https://www.freightwaves.com/news/red-sea-fallout-much-greater-for-containers-than-tankers-bulkers |url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=https://www.freightwaves.com/news/as-red-sea-risk-spooks-container-shipping-tankers-remain-unfazed |title=As Red Sea risk spooks container shipping, tankers remain unfazed |last=Miller |first=Greg |website=FreightWaves |date=8 January 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024 |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204151534/https://www.freightwaves.com/news/as-red-sea-risk-spooks-container-shipping-tankers-remain-unfazed |url-status=live }} In the first week of January 2024 the average number of freighters active each day in the Red Sea included 105 bulk carriers and 58 tankers, down from 115 bulk carriers and 70 tankers the week before. In contrast, six of the ten largest container shipping companies were largely avoiding the Red Sea,{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/01/10/economy/red-sea-attacks-economic-impact/index.html |title=How the Red Sea crisis could clobber the global economy |last=Ziady |first=Hanna |work=CNN|date=12 January 2024 |access-date=13 January 2024 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112225325/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/01/10/economy/red-sea-attacks-economic-impact/index.html |url-status=live}} with relatively few container ships transiting the Bab al-Mandeb strait from 18 December 2023.{{cite news |url=https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/shipping/011224-us-uk-launch-strikes-on-houthi-in-yemen-in-response-to-red-sea-attacks-white-house |title=Red Sea shipping slumps after US airstrikes in Yemen trigger retaliation fears |last1=Kumagai |first1=Takeo |last2=Gordon |first2=Meghan |last3=Mohindru |first3=Sameer |website=S&P Global Commodity Insights |date=12 January 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114221503/https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/shipping/011224-us-uk-launch-strikes-on-houthi-in-yemen-in-response-to-red-sea-attacks-white-house|url-status=live}}

Following China Ocean Shipping Company, the fourth-largest shipping company, and its container shipping subsidiary OOCL stopping all services to Israel, a senior Houthi official said in January 2024 that Chinese and Russian vessels not connected with Israel will have safe passage.{{cite news |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/houthis-won-t-target-chinese-russian-ships-in-red-sea/7446893.html |title=Houthis Won't Target Chinese, Russian Ships in Red Sea |publisher=Voice of America |date=19 January 2024 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125232429/https://www.voanews.com/a/houthis-won-t-target-chinese-russian-ships-in-red-sea/7446893.html |url-status=live }}

As of January 2024, most marine insurers require a warranty of no Israeli involvement to insure vessels for the Red Sea route, with some requiring warranties of no US or UK interest and no calls to Israeli ports in the last 12 months.{{cite news |url=https://www.lloydslist.com/LL1148069/War-risk-market-split-on-covering-US-and-UK-linked-vessels-for-Red-Sea-transits |title=War risk market split on covering US and UK-linked vessels for Red Sea transits |last=Osler |first=David |website=Lloyd's List Intelligence |date=26 January 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024 |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204151534/https://www.lloydslist.com/LL1148069/War-risk-market-split-on-covering-US-and-UK-linked-vessels-for-Red-Sea-transits |url-status=live }}

Qatar has halted tankers of liquefied natural gas through the Bab al-Mandeb Strait after US-led airstrikes on Houthi targets in Yemen increased risks in the strait. Considering that Qatar is Europe's second-largest supplier of LNG, the long-term suspension of exports has raised concerns as the winter season begins in Europe.{{cite web |last=Stapczynski |first=Stephen |title=Qatar Pauses Gas Shipments Via Red Sea After US Airstrikes |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-01-15/qatar-pauses-lng-shipments-via-red-sea-after-us-led-airstrikes |website=Bloomberg |date=15 January 2024 |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115063717/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-01-15/qatar-pauses-lng-shipments-via-red-sea-after-us-led-airstrikes |url-status=live}}

On 16 January, the British multinational oil and gas company Shell suspended all Red Sea shipments indefinitely due to attacks on commercial vessels.{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/economy/shell-suspends-all-red-sea-shipments-indefinitely-houthi-attacks-yemen-report|title=Shell suspends all Red Sea shipments indefinitely amid Houthi attacks from Yemen: report|first=Danielle|last=Wallace|date=16 January 2024|website=Fox Business|access-date=17 January 2024|archive-date=17 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117130651/https://www.foxbusiness.com/economy/shell-suspends-all-red-sea-shipments-indefinitely-houthi-attacks-yemen-report|url-status=live}} Some ships traveling through the Red Sea began broadcasting "No contact Israel" on their automatic identification system in response to a Houthi request to vessels without ties to Israel.{{cite web |title='No contact Israel': New way ships try to avoid Red Sea trouble |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-deadly-israeli-attacks-across-gaza?update=2636784 |website=Al Jazeera |date=21 January 2024 |access-date=22 January 2024 |archive-date=21 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121070525/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/21/israels-war-on-gaza-live-deadly-israeli-attacks-across-gaza?update=2636784 |url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=https://www.lloydslist.com/LL1147850/Houthi-leader-tells-ships-to-deny-Israel-links-on-AIS |title=Houthi leader tells ships to deny Israel links on AIS |website=Lloyd's List Intelligence |date=8 January 2024 |access-date=12 January 2024 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112163635/https://www.lloydslist.com/LL1147850/Houthi-leader-tells-ships-to-deny-Israel-links-on-AIS |url-status=live}}

By February 2024, more than half of the United Kingdom's export businesses were affected by disruption to shipping in the Red Sea, with companies surveyed reporting that the costs of hiring containers increased by 300%.{{cite web | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/business/red-sea-shipping-disruption-hits-more-than-half-of-uk-exporters-survey-finds-b2502289.html | title=Red Sea shipping disruption hits more than half of UK exporters, survey finds | website=Independent.co.uk | date=26 February 2024 | access-date=26 February 2024 | archive-date=26 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226185247/https://www.independent.co.uk/business/red-sea-shipping-disruption-hits-more-than-half-of-uk-exporters-survey-finds-b2502289.html | url-status=live }} Businesses then stated that the crisis had also caused cashflow difficulties and shortages of components on production lines.

A UNCTAD analysis found that, from December 2023 to February 2024, spot container rates from Shanghai to Europe rose by 256% on average, mostly due to Houthi attacks on Red Sea shipping. Compare to the same period a year earlier, there were also 42% fewer cargo ships transiting the Suez Canal.Dirk Kaufmann, [https://www.dw.com/en/red-sea-attacks-cause-global-trade-to-splutter/a-68414769 Red Sea attacks cause global trade to splutter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315175018/https://www.dw.com/en/red-sea-attacks-cause-global-trade-to-splutter/a-68414769 |date=15 March 2024 }}, DW News (15 March 2024).

In June 2024, the US Defense Intelligence Agency reported that the Houthi attacks caused a 90% decrease in container shipping through the Red Sea from December 2023 to February 2024. Additionally, the report said that 29 energy and shipping companies across 65 countries were affected and forced to change their shipping routes, most of them choosing to go around the Cape of Good Hope which adds an extra {{convert|11,000|nmi}}, ten days of travel, and US$1,000,000 in fuel costs to each voyage.{{Cite web |date=2024-06-13 |title=Houthi attacks take steady toll on international shipping |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/houthi-attacks-take-steady-toll-on-international-shipping/7654756.html |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Voice of America}}{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=Houthi attacks caused 90% drop in Red Sea shipping, Pentagon finds |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/06/houthi-attacks-caused-90-drop-red-sea-shipping-pentagon-finds |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Al-Monitor |language=en}} The Russell Group estimated that goods worth around $1 trillion were disrupted due to Houthi attacks from October 2023 to May 2024 in the Red Sea.{{Cite web |date=2024-09-13 |title=Houthi attacks cause $1 trillion of commodities to be disrupted |url=https://safety4sea.com/houthi-attacks-cause-1-trillion-of-commodities-to-be-disrupted/ |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Safety4Sea }}

The number of ship passing through the Suez Canal fell from 2,068 in November 2023 to about 877 in October 2024.{{cite web | url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/houthi-shipping-attacks-patterns-and-expectations-2025 | title=Houthi Shipping Attacks: Patterns and Expectations for 2025 | website=The Washington Institute }} Approximately 200 cargo ships transited the Bab el Mandeb Strait in the southern Red Sea near Yemen in February 2025 and global freight prices by March 2025 were still significantly higher than pre-Gaza War levels.{{cite web | url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-march-21-2025 | title=Iran Update, March 21, 2025 }}

Houthi attacks have held up shipments containing vital aid for Sudan and made it more expensive for humanitarian agencies to operate in the country, which has been the site of an ongoing armed conflict that put millions at risk of famine. Sudanese director of the International Rescue Committee Eatizaz Yousif said the attacks made shipments which normally take one or two weeks take months to reach the country, since shipping carrying aid en route to Port Sudan has been forced to navigate around Africa, traverse through the Mediterranean, and then enter the Red Sea via the Suez Canal to reach their destination.{{Cite news |last=Harter |first=Fred |date=16 February 2024 |title=Houthi attacks in Red Sea having a 'catastrophic' effect on aid to Sudan |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2024/feb/16/houthi-attacks-in-red-sea-having-a-catastrophic-effect-on-aid-to-sudan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226123659/https://amp.theguardian.com/global-development/2024/feb/16/houthi-attacks-in-red-sea-having-a-catastrophic-effect-on-aid-to-sudan |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=16 February 2024 |work=The Guardian}}

On 10 January 2024, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 2722. The resolution, sponsored by the US and Japan, condemned the Houthi attacks, affirmed freedom of navigation and the right of member states to defend their ships, and demanded that the Houthis immediately release the Galaxy Leader and its crew.

Edith M. Lederer, [https://apnews.com/article/un-yemen-houthis-shipping-red-sea-resolution-attacks-f26262fe055c8a1e39dee0c3c0d6f7f6 UN Security Council demands Houthi rebels stop Red Sea attacks in vote that implicitly condemns Iran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315174425/https://apnews.com/article/un-yemen-houthis-shipping-red-sea-resolution-attacks-f26262fe055c8a1e39dee0c3c0d6f7f6 |date=15 March 2024 }}, Associated Press (10 January 2024).

The vote was 11–0, with four abstentions.

[https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15561.doc.htm Adopting Resolution 2722 (2024) by Recorded Vote, Security Council Demands Houthis Immediately Stop Attacks on Merchant, Commercial Vessels in Red Sea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111232751/https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15561.doc.htm |date=11 January 2024 }}, UN Security Council (10 January 2024).

Among the permanent five members of the Security Council, the US, UK, and France supported the resolution, and Russia and China abstained.

In a speech at a manufacturing exposition following the incident of 27 October, President of Egypt Abdel Fattah al-Sisi urged all parties in the Gaza war to respect Egypt's sovereignty, and emphasized that the Egyptian Army was able to protect the country in case of any more attacks.{{cite news|title=Sisi Urges All to Respect Egypt's Sovereignty after Drone Incidents|url=https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/4633711-sisi-urges-all-respect-egypts-sovereignty-after-drone-incidents|access-date=10 December 2023|work=Asharq Al-Awsat|date=28 October 2023|archive-date=10 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210193817/https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/4633711-sisi-urges-all-respect-egypts-sovereignty-after-drone-incidents|url-status=live}}

In early December 2023, Israel called upon Western allies to respond to threats to maritime shipping from the Houthis; Israeli National Security Advisor Tzachi Hanegbi said that if threats continue, "we will act to remove this blockade."{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-ship-attack-houthi-rebels-red-sea-946b40e6393af6216c0b6ef734311be9|work=Associated Press News|title=A missile fired by Yemen's Houthi rebels strikes a Norwegian-flagged tanker in the Red Sea|date=12 December 2023|first=Jon|last=Gambrell|access-date=12 December 2023|archive-date=12 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212155307/https://apnews.com/article/yemen-ship-attack-houthi-rebels-red-sea-946b40e6393af6216c0b6ef734311be9|url-status=live}}

The Southern Transitional Council reportedly said in December 2023 that it was willing to cooperate with Israel to fight against the Houthis.{{Cite web |date=12 December 2023 |title=Yemen's STC 'ready to work with Israel' against Houthis|url=https://www.newarab.com/news/yemens-stc-ready-work-israel-against-houthis |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=New Arab |archive-date=14 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214113653/https://www.newarab.com/news/yemens-stc-ready-work-israel-against-houthis |url-status=live}} However, Al-Islah expressed support for the Houthi response to the Gaza war, despite its opposition to Houthi actions in the Yemeni Civil War.{{cite web|work=South24|title=Did the Gaza War Deepen the Houthi-Islahi Rapprochement or Bring it to the Surface?|date=10 January 2024|url=https://south24.net/news/newse.php?nid=3744|access-date=14 January 2024|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114123128/https://south24.net/news/newse.php?nid=3744|url-status=live}}

On 25 January 2024, Abdul-Malik al-Houthi stated, "Our battle aims to support the Palestinian people, and has no other goals," and said that the Houthi's operations would cease once food and medicine was reaching all of Gaza.{{cite web |title=Houthis to continue operations until food, medicine reach all of Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/25/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-kills-9-in-un-shelter-sparking-outrage?update=2648587 |website=Al Jazeera |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126051917/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/25/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israel-kills-9-in-un-shelter-sparking-outrage?update=2648587 |url-status=live}} On 30 January, Houthi Minister of Defence Mohamed al-Atifi stated, "We are prepared for a long-term confrontation with the forces of tyranny."{{cite web |title=Houthis ready for long-term conflict with US, UK: Commander |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/30/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-forces-detain-dozens-in-un-shelter-raid?update=2662162 |website=Al Jazeera |date=30 January 2024 |access-date=31 January 2024 |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131051557/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/30/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-forces-detain-dozens-in-un-shelter-raid?update=2662162 |url-status=live}} A Houthi spokesperson stated on 4 February 2024, "When the world became alarmed by the bloodiness of what was happening against the Palestinian people, Washington was not ashamed to deny the occurrence of genocide. Anyone who can do that can easily deny the connection between what is happening in the Red Sea and Gaza."{{cite web |title=Houthis reject US dismissal of link between Gaza war and Red Sea attacks |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/4/israels-war-on-gaza-live-us-says-yemen-strikes-send-message-to-houthis?update=2678386 |website=Al Jazeera |date=4 February 2024 |access-date=5 February 2024 |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204215849/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/4/israels-war-on-gaza-live-us-says-yemen-strikes-send-message-to-houthis?update=2678386 |url-status=live }}

While the US Navy has shot down Houthi rockets and missiles in the Red Sea, it has not retaliated against those firing them.{{cite web |last=Baldor |first=Lolita C. |date=7 December 2023 |title=Who are the Houthis and why hasn't the US retaliated for their attacks on ships in the Middle East? |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-attacks-iran-ships-retaliation-15d10ed74c7f3cc7fd36fa0f77f73e54 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212160410/https://apnews.com/article/yemen-attacks-iran-ships-retaliation-15d10ed74c7f3cc7fd36fa0f77f73e54 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |access-date=12 December 2023 |work=Associated Press}}{{cite web |last1=Lillis |first1=Katie Bo |last2=Bertrand |first2=Natasha |name-list-style=and |date=7 December 2023 |title=US military in talks to escort commercial ships in Red Sea amid attacks from Iranian-backed militants |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/07/politics/us-military-commercial-ships-red-sea-houthi-militants/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212160410/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/07/politics/us-military-commercial-ships-red-sea-houthi-militants/index.html |archive-date=12 December 2023 |access-date=12 December 2023 |work=CNN}} In December 2023, after discussions with allies, the US announced the creation of a multilateral naval task force of protective escorts for commercial vessels in the Bab-el-Mandeb strait and Gulf of Aden region. The operation, codenamed Operation Prosperity Guardian,{{Cite web |last=Altman |first=Howard |date=16 December 2023 |title=Newly Formed Operation Prosperity Guardian To Protect Red Sea Shipping|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/operation-prosperity-guardian-to-protect-red-sea-shipping |access-date=16 December 2023 |website=The Drive |language=en |archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216205019/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/operation-prosperity-guardian-to-protect-red-sea-shipping |url-status=live}} was formally launched on 23 December 2023. It is similar to past operations protecting commercial vessels from attack, including in the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz during the "Tanker War" of the 1980s, and the ongoing maritime security operations of Combined Task Force 153, the US Navy-led task force based in Bahrain. The operation has also been compared to the successful multilateral naval campaign a decade earlier to combat Somali pirates off the Horn of Africa, although the Houthis, unlike the Somali pirates, enjoy Iranian support, and better equipment and technology, such as helicopters, drones, missiles, and speedboats.{{cite web |last1=Van der Haegen |first1=Jeremy |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Antonia |name-list-style=and |date=4 January 2023 |title=Pirates ahoy: Why battling Houthis will be tougher than Somali raiders |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/pirates-west-new-battle-red-sea-houthi-somali-raiders-israel-hamas-war/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109200905/https://www.politico.eu/article/pirates-west-new-battle-red-sea-houthi-somali-raiders-israel-hamas-war/ |archive-date=9 January 2024 |access-date=9 January 2024 |work=Politico Europe}}

France, Italy and India have all independently sent naval assets to the region, with the {{ship|French frigate|Languedoc}} intercepting drones launched from a Houthi-controlled port while Italy has sent the frigate {{ship|Italian frigate|Virginio Fasan|F 591|2}} under the Secure Mediterranean operation. India has also sent two {{sclass|Kolkata|destroyer|1}}s to strengthen maritime security in the Red Sea.

{{Main|Gaza war protests}}

In mid-January 2024, reports indicated that pro-Palestinian demonstrators in London voiced support for Houthi militants. This occurred shortly after the UK and the US initiated strikes on Houthi targets in response to the group's assaults on ships. Some demonstrators were observed chanting slogans like, "Yemen, Yemen make us proud, turn another ship around," while others displayed signs with messages such as "Hands off Yemen", "Thanks Yemen", and "UK+US wants war. Yemen supports Palestine. Gaza wants to live".{{Cite news |last1=Bird |first1=Steve |last2=Parker |first2=Fiona |name-list-style=and |date=13 January 2024 |title=Watch: Pro-Palestinian demonstrators chant support for Houthi rebel attacks |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/01/13/pro-palestinian-demonstrator-blames-us-israel-hamas-attack/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115144305/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/01/13/pro-palestinian-demonstrator-blames-us-israel-hamas-attack/ |archive-date=15 January 2024 |access-date=21 January 2024 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}

• {{#invoke:flag||Bahrain}}: In January 2024, Bahraini King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa and Antony Blinken discussed the Houthi attacks and reaffirmed their shared commitment to ensure freedom of navigation.{{Cite news |date=10 January 2024 |title=Blinken tells king of Bahrain that Houthi attacks are 'reckless and dangerous' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/blinken-tells-king-of-bahrain-that-houthi-attacks-are-reckless-and-dangerous/ |access-date=28 April 2024 |work=The Times of Israel}} Bahrain was the sole Arab country to join Operation Prosperity Guardian.{{Cite web |date=2024-01-16 |title=Why Arab states didn't join the US-led Red Sea task force |url=https://www.newarab.com/analysis/why-arab-states-didnt-join-us-led-red-sea-task-force?amp=1 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=New Arab |language=en}}
• {{#invoke:flag||China}}: The Chinese Foreign Ministry said it was concerned about the Red Sea crisis and called for an end to the attacks.{{Cite news |date=23 February 2024 |title=China is mostly quiet on Houthi attacks in the Red Sea |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/02/23/1233255546/china-houthis-red-sea-ship-attacks-middle-east |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=NPR}} China abstained from UN Security Council Resolution 2722.{{Cite news |date=10 January 2024 |title=UN Security Council demands Houthis stop Red Sea attacks |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-security-council-demands-houthis-stop-red-sea-attacks-2024-01-10/ |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=Reuters}}
• {{#invoke:flag||Denmark}}: Denmark voiced its support for the US and UK strikes against the Houthis and warned them to halt their attacks on commercial shipping.{{Cite news |date=12 January 2024 |title=Denmark Supports Strikes Against Houthis in Yemen |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2024-01-12/denmark-supports-strikes-against-houthis-in-yemen |access-date=28 April 2024 |work=US News}}
• {{#invoke:flag||Djibouti}}: Djibouti intensified coast guard patrols along the Bab-el-Mandeb amidst the crisis.{{Cite news |date=6 February 2024 |title=Djibouti steps up coast guard patrols amidst the Red sea crisis |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/02/06/djibouti-steps-up-coast-guard-patrols-amidst-the-red-sea-crisis/ |access-date=28 April 2024 |work=Africa News}} Djibouti Minister of Foreign Affairs Mahamoud Ali Youssouf said that the attacks demonstrate "strong solidarity with the people of Palestine" and voiced support for the Houthis. Nevertheless, he called for the Houthis to end their attacks as they impacted the country's economy.{{Cite web |date=2024-04-16 |title=Djibouti's Foreign Policy Dilemma: A Controversial Stance On Houthi Attacks And The African Union Chairmanship |url=https://saxafimedia.com/controversial-houthi-attacks-african-union/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Saxafi Media |language=en-US}}
• {{#invoke:flag||France}}: France condemned Houthi attacks against commercial vessels and expressed its support for the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 2722.{{Cite web |date=24 January 2024 |title=Red Sea – France condemns the ongoing Houthi attacks against commercial ships |url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/yemen/events/article/red-sea-france-condemns-the-ongoing-houthi-attacks-against-commercial-ships-24 |access-date=28 April 2024 |website=France Diplomacy - Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs |language=en}}
• {{#invoke:flag||Germany}}: Germany condemned Houthi attacks, describing them as violent and against international law. It said that the attacks are irresponsible and put the lives of crew members aboard vessels at risk.{{Cite web |date=2024-03-07 |title=Statement by the Federal Foreign Office on the Houthi attacks on commercial vessels |url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/newsroom/news/huthi-true-confidence/2647822 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=German Federal Foreign Office |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2024-01-10 |title=Germany condemns Houthis' latest Red Sea attacks as 'clear escalation' |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-781570 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en}}
• {{#invoke:flag||India}}: India held diplomatic talks with Iran and took measures to protect Indian exporters from the attacks, including increasing surveillance and providing protective escorts to Indian vessels.{{Cite news |date=17 January 2024 |title=India holding talks with Iran over Houthis' Red Sea attacks - government source |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-holding-talks-with-iran-over-houthis-red-sea-attacks-government-source-2024-01-17/ |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=Reuters}}
• {{#invoke:flag||Iran}}: Iran voiced support for Houthi operations.{{Cite web |date=2024-03-01 |title=Iran's Support of the Houthis: What to Know |url=https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/irans-support-houthis-what-know |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}} It also condemned the strikes on Houthis in Yemen, calling them "arbitrary" and saying that they violated international law.{{Cite web |date=2024-01-12 |title=Iran Slams 'Arbitrary' US, UK Strikes on Yemen Rebels |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-slams-arbitrary-us-uk-strikes-on-yemen-rebels/7437900.html |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Voice of America}}
• {{#invoke:flag||Italy}}: Italy said that the Houthi attacks must cease without triggering an armed conflict.{{Cite news |date=10 January 2024 |title=Italy says Houthis must be stopped without triggering another war |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/italy-says-houthis-must-be-stopped-without-triggering-another-war/ |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=The Times of Israel}}
• {{#invoke:flag||Japan}}: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan condemned Houthi intervention in freedom of navigation, and voiced support for the United States and other nations for fulfilling their responsibility in securing free and safe navigation.{{Cite news |date=12 January 2024 |title=Joint Strikes against the Houthis by the United States and the United Kingdom |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/press/release/pressite_000001_00094.html |access-date=28 April 2024 |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan}} In November 2023, Japan said it was communicating with the Houthis and Israel to secure the release of the hijacked Galaxy Leader.{{Cite web |date=2023-11-20 |title=Japan seeking talks with Houthi hijackers of Red Sea Israeli-linked ship |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/20/japan-in-direct-contact-with-houthi-rebels-on-highjacked-ship |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}
• {{#invoke:flag||Russia}}: Russia abstained from UN Security Council Resolution 2722 and proposed amendments that would have stripped the endorsement of Operation Prosperity Guardian and recognize the Gaza war as the root cause of the attacks. It also condemned the US and UK strikes on the Houthis.{{Cite news |date=12 January 2024 |title=Russia condemns US and UK for 'irresponsible' strikes on Yemen |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-requests-un-security-council-meeting-after-us-britain-strike-yemen-2024-01-12/ |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=Reuters}}
• {{#invoke:flag||Saudi Arabia}}: Saudi Arabia called on Iran to work towards de-escalation in the region.{{Cite web |date=20 January 2024 |title=Saudi Arabia Urges Iran To Strive For Regional De-Escalation |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202401207946 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Iran International |language=en}} It also urged the US to show restraint in its response to the Houthis.{{Cite news |date=6 December 2023 |title=Saudi Arabia urges US restraint as Houthis attack ships in Red Sea |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/edge-over-red-sea-attacks-riyadh-seeks-contain-fall-out-2023-12-06/ |access-date=28 April 2024 |work=Reuters}}
• {{#invoke:flag||Somalia}}: Somali Ambassador to Kenya Jabril Ibrahim Abdulle said that the attacks could negatively affect Somalia's economy and voiced concern over the possibility of Al-Shabaab acquiring weapons from the Houthis via sea routes.{{Cite web |date=2020-06-30 |title=Houthi attacks against ships in Red Sea, dangerous to Somalia - diplomat |url=https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/houthi-attacks-against-ships-in-red-sea-dangerous-to-somalia-diplomat |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=Garowe Online |language=en}}
• {{#invoke:flag||United Arab Emirates}}: The UAE expressed deep concern over the consequences of the Houthi attacks and called them an "unacceptable threat".{{Cite web |date=2024-01-12 |title=UAE voices concern over consequences of attacks in Red Sea |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/uae-voices-concern-over-consequences-of-attacks-in-red-sea/3107500 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=Anadolu Agency}}

On 7 August 2024, the head of United States naval efforts in the Middle East, Vice Admiral George Wikoff stated that the American and British approach to combat the Houthis in the Red sea crisis had failed to dissuade the Houthis and stop attacks on shipping through the region, arguing that strikes and defensive efforts had done little to change the Houthis' behaviour.{{cite news |last=Seldin |first=Jeff |date=8 August 2024 |title=Houthis undeterred despite US action to protect Red Sea shipping |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/houthis-undeterred-despite-us-action-to-protect-red-sea-shipping/7734735.html? |work=Voice of America |access-date=11 August 2024}}

A senior fellow at the Hudson Institute and former Navy submariner, Bryan Clark, said that the Red Sea Crisis presented "the most sustained combat that the U.S. Navy has seen since World War II — easily, no question."

On 25 April 2024, CNN reported that the Houthis’ successful targeting of US Reaper drones significantly hampered the ability of America to gain intelligence over Yemen and eliminate Houthi militant leaders while failing to secure air superiority.{{Cite web |last1=Bertrand |first1=Natasha |last2=Britzky |first2=Haley |last3=Cohen |first3=Zachary |date=2025-04-25 |title=Houthis' successful targeting of US drones is hampering Trump's mission to kill group's senior leadership |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/04/25/politics/houthis-target-drones-hampering-trump-mission/index.html |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=CNN |language=en}}

{{Wikisource|Category:Red Sea crisis|U.S. government documents and press releases for the Red Sea crisis}}

• International reactions to the Gaza war
• United States support for Israel in the Gaza war
• Attacks on US bases during the Gaza war
• Operation Prosperity Guardian
• Closure of the Suez Canal (1967–1975)
• Tanker war
• Guanbi policy

{{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=fn1|Saudi Arabia and Egypt have not joined the coalition against the Houthis, but they have shot down Houthi missiles over their own territory.}}}}

{{reflist}}

{{Red Sea crisis}}

{{Gaza war}}

{{Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)}}

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