Shanghai#Climate

{{Infobox Chinese

| pic = Shanghai_(Chinese_characters).svg

| piccap = "Shanghai" in regular Chinese characters

| picupright = 0.5

| c = {{linktext|lang=zh|上海}}

| l = "Upon the Sea"

| p = Shànghǎi

| psp = Shanghai

| w = Shang⁴-hai³

| bpmf = ㄕㄤˋ   ㄏㄞˇ

| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|AUD|Shanghai pron.ogg|sh|ang|4|.|h|ai|3}}

| gr = Shanqhae

| wuu = {{Audio|zh-wuu-2-上海.ogg|Zaon²² he⁴⁴|help=no}}

| lmz = Zånhae

| j = soeng6 hoi2

| y = Seuhnghói

| ci = {{IPAc-yue|s|oeng|6|-|h|oi|2}}

| poj = Siōng-hái

| buc = Siông-hāi

| h = Sông-hói

| showflag = pwuu

| tp = Shànghǎi

}} The two Chinese characters in the city's name are {{zh|c={{linktext|上}} |labels=no}} ({{transliteration|zh|shàng}}/zaon, "upon") and {{zh|c={{linktext|海}} |labels=no}} ({{transliteration|zh|hǎi}}/hé, "sea"), together meaning "On the Sea." The earliest occurrence of this name dates from the 11th-century Song dynasty, when there was already a river confluence and a town with this name in the area. Others contend that the city is referenced in historical records dating back 2150 years, and that its ancient name, "Hu", suggests it was previously a fishing village. In 1280 it was renamed "Shanghai", which translates to "Above the Sea".{{cite book|last=Choy Chong |first=Li|year=1998|title=Business Environment and Opportunities in China: Shanghai and its Surrounding Region|publisher=Deutscher Universitätsverlag|page=4|isbn=978-3824404131}} How the name should be understood has been disputed, but Chinese historians have concluded that during the Tang dynasty, the area of modern-day Shanghai was under sea level, so the land appeared to be literally "on the sea."Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta, 2004, pp. 8–9.

Shanghai is officially abbreviated {{zh|s={{linktext|沪}} |labels=no}}{{efn|Traditional Chinese: {{lang|zh-hant|滬}}{{Cite web|script-title=zh:教育部重編國語辭典修訂本|url=http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/cbdic/gsweb.cgi?ccd=jhLPR1&o=e0&sec=sec1&op=v&view=1-1|access-date=29 September 2019|author=National Academy for Educational Research|work=dict.revised.moe.edu.tw|language=zh|author-link=National Academy for Educational Research|archive-date=23 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323093159/http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/cbdic/gsweb.cgi?ccd=jhLPR1&o=e0&sec=sec1&op=v&view=1-1|url-status=live}}}} ({{transliteration|zh|Hù}}/wu) in Chinese, a contraction of {{zh|s={{linktext|沪渎}} |labels=no}}{{efn|Traditional Chinese: {{lang|zh-hant|滬瀆}}{{Cite web |script-title=zh:滬瀆詞語解釋 / 滬瀆是什麽意思|url=http://www.chinesewords.org/dict/178009-179.html|access-date=29 September 2019|website=chinesewords.org |language=zh-Hant |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929063643/http://www.chinesewords.org/dict/178009-179.html|archive-date=29 September 2019|url-status=live}}}} ({{transliteration|zh|Hù Dú}}/wu-doq, "Harpoon Ditch"), a 4th- or {{nowrap|5th-century}} Jin name for the mouth of Suzhou Creek when it was the main conduit into the ocean.{{cite web |title=Geography |script-title= |url=https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-Overview/20231209/705180b43f794c1ca43f4d1ddaa049a2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425133729/https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-Overview/20231209/705180b43f794c1ca43f4d1ddaa049a2.html |archive-date=25 April 2024 |access-date=9 December 2023 |publisher=International Services Shanghai |language=English}} This character appears on all motor vehicle license plates issued in the municipality today.{{cite web|url=http://cgs.gzjd.gov.cn/nsyycms/u/cms/www/201310/141301475hqv.pdf|script-title=zh:中华人民共和国机动车号牌|trans-title=License plate of motor vehicle of the People's Republic of China|date=28 September 2007|access-date=29 September 2019|publisher=Ministry of State Security of the People's Republic of China|language=zh-cn|page=14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503024552/http://www.gzjd.gov.cn/nsyycms/u/cms/www/201310/141301475hqv.pdf|archive-date=3 May 2018|url-status=live}}

{{zh|c={{linktext|申}} |labels=no}} (Shēn/sén) or {{zh|c={{linktext|申|城}} |labels=no}} (Shēnchéng/sén-zen, "Shen City") was an early name originating from Lord Chunshen, a 3rd-century BC nobleman and prime minister of the state of Chu, whose fief included modern Shanghai. Shanghai-based sports teams and newspapers often use Shen in their names, such as Shanghai Shenhua and Shen Bao.

{{zh|s={{linktext|华|亭}} |labels=no}}{{Efn|{{zh|t=華亭}}|name=|group=}} (Huátíng/gho-din) was another early name for Shanghai. In AD 751 during the mid-Tang dynasty, Huating County was established by Zhao Juzhen, the governor of Wu Commandery, at modern-day Songjiang, the first county-level administration within modern-day Shanghai. The first five-star hotel in the city was named after Huating.{{Cite web|script-title=zh:华亭宾馆和零的突破|url =http://xmwb.news365.com.cn/ygb/201309/t20130905_1517067.html|work=Xinmin Evening News|date =5 September 2013|access-date =12 January 2014|language=zh-cn|url-status=dead|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130905221558/http://xmwb.news365.com.cn/ygb/201309/t20130905_1517067.html|archive-date =5 September 2013}}

{{zh|s={{linktext|魔|都}} |labels=no}} (Módū/mó-tu, "monster/fiend/magical city"),{{efn|The first Chinese character "魔" has three meanings according to The Standard Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese: (1) Devil. (2) Metaphor for something that harms people or evil forces. (3) Magical; unpredictable.}} a contemporary nickname for Shanghai, is widely known among the youth.{{Cite web |title='Modu' Shanghai but why people call it 'Modu'?|url =https://shanghaifact.weebly.com/|website =shanghaifact.weebly.com |access-date =2 October 2019 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20191002030902/https://shanghaifact.weebly.com/ |archive-date =2 October 2019 |url-status =live }} The name was first mentioned in Japanese novelist Shōfu Muramatsu's 1924 novel Mato, which portrayed Shanghai as a dichotomous city where both light and darkness existed.{{cite book|last=Lippet|first=Seiji|year=2002|title=Topographies of Japanese Modernism|publisher=Columbia University Press|page=84|isbn=0231500688}}

The city has various nicknames in English, including the "New York of China", in reference to its status as a cosmopolitan megalopolis and financial hub,{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/219124.htm|title=Shanghai and New York—Similar, But Different|publisher=China.org|access-date=3 April 2024|archive-date=31 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131170537/http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/219124.htm|url-status=live}} the "Pearl of the Orient", and the "Paris of the East."{{cite news |last=Moraski |first=Brittney |date=20 July 2011 |access-date=29 July 2011 |url=http://www.dailypress.net/page/content.detail/id/531416/Shanghai-brings-a-touch-of-home.html?nav=5097 |title=Shanghai brings a touch of home |newspaper=Daily Press |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928204603/http://www.dailypress.net/page/content.detail/id/531416/Shanghai-brings-a-touch-of-home.html?nav=5097 |archive-date=28 September 2011 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.meetingsfocus.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/162/ArticleID/10276/Default.aspx |title=Shanghai: Pearl of the Orient |publisher=Meetingsfocus.com |date=7 April 2013 |access-date=4 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830214236/http://www.meetingsfocus.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/162/ArticleID/10276/Default.aspx |archive-date=30 August 2013 |url-status=dead }} This is similar to Ho Chi Minh City (also known as Saigon), in Vietnam, which has also been nicknamed as "Paris of the Orient," due to Vietnam's historical French status.{{Cite web|title=Lodi News-Sentinel – Google News Archive Search|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=19710407&id=hbAzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uTIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=960,545760&hl=en|access-date=13 March 2021|website=news.google.com|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200759/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=19710407&id=hbAzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uTIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=960,545760&hl=en|url-status=live}}

{{Main|History of Shanghai}}

{{For timeline}}

The western part of modern-day Shanghai was inhabited 6,000 years ago.{{cite web|url=http://museum.shqp.gov.cn/gb/content/2009-03/03/content_238558.htm|title=The Shanghainese of 6000 Years Ago – the Majiabang Culture|publisher=Shanghai Qingpu Museum|access-date=24 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104183445/http://museum.shqp.gov.cn/gb/content/2009-03/03/content_238558.htm|archive-date=4 January 2017|url-status=dead}} During the Spring and Autumn period (approximately 771 to 476 BC), it belonged to the Kingdom of Wu, which was conquered by the Kingdom of Yue, which in turn was conquered by the Kingdom of Chu.{{cite web |title=Ancient History |url = http://shanghai.cultural-china.com/html/History-of-Shanghai/History/Brief-History/200810/16-218.html |website=cultural-china.com |access-date=26 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130616022620/http://shanghai.cultural-china.com/html/History-of-Shanghai/History/Brief-History/200810/16-218.html |archive-date=16 June 2013}} During the Warring States period (475 BC), Shanghai was part of the fief of Lord Chunshen of Chu, one of the Four Lords of the Warring States. He ordered the excavation of the Huangpu River. Its former or poetic name, the Chunshen River, gave Shanghai its nickname of "Shēn." Fishermen living in the Shanghai area then created a fish tool called the hù, which lent its name to the outlet of Suzhou Creek north of the Old City and became a common nickname and abbreviation for the city.{{cite web |script-title=zh:"申"、"沪"的由来 |url=http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw3766/nw3767/nw3768/u1aw12.html |website=shanghai.gov.cn |access-date=1 October 2019 |language=zh-cn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001111540/http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw3766/nw3767/nw3768/u1aw12.html |archive-date=1 October 2019 |url-status=live }}

During the Tang and Song dynasties, Qinglong Town ({{lang|zh-Hans|青龙镇}}{{Efn|{{zh|t=青龍鎮}}|name=|group=}}) in modern Qingpu District was a major trading port. Established in 746 (the fifth year of the Tang Tianbao era), it developed into what was historically called a "giant town of the Southeast," with thirteen temples and seven pagodas. Mi Fu, a scholar and artist of the Song dynasty, served as its mayor. The port experienced thriving trade with provinces along the Yangtze and the Chinese coast, as well as with foreign countries such as Japan and Silla.{{cite web |url = http://www.kaogu.cn/zixun/zixun/shidafaxain/2017/0324/57570.html |script-title=zh:上海青浦青龙镇遗址 |trans-title=Ruins of Qinglong Town in Qingpu, Shanghai |publisher=Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences |date=24 March 2017 |access-date=16 July 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170831221826/http://www.kaogu.cn/zixun/zixun/shidafaxain/2017/0324/57570.html |archive-date=31 August 2017 |url-status=live}} By the end of the Song dynasty, the center of trading had moved downstream of the Wusong River to Shanghai.{{cite news |url = http://www.thepaper.cn/baidu.jsp?contid=1577571 |script-title=zh:青龙镇考古：上海首个贸易港，为何人称"小杭州" |publisher=Thepaper.cn |date=10 December 2016 |access-date=16 July 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170911071123/http://www.thepaper.cn/baidu.jsp?contid=1577571 |archive-date=11 September 2017 |url-status=live}} It was upgraded in status from a village to a market town in 1074, and in 1172, a second sea wall was built to stabilize the ocean coastline, supplementing an earlier dike.Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta, 2004, p.9. From the Yuan dynasty in 1292 until Shanghai officially became a municipality in 1927, central Shanghai was administered as a county under Songjiang Prefecture, which had its seat in the present-day Songjiang District.Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta, 2004, p.9, pp.11–12, p.34.

File:Map of the Old City of Shanghai.jpg

Two important events helped promote Shanghai's developments in the Ming dynasty. A city wall was built for the first time in 1554 to protect the town from raids by Japanese pirates. It measured {{convert|10|m|0|sp=us|abbr=on}} high and {{convert|5|km|0|sp=us|abbr=on}} in circumference.Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta, 2004, p.10. A City God Temple was built in 1602 during the Wanli reign. This honor was usually reserved for prefectural capitals and not normally given to a mere county seat such as Shanghai. Scholars have theorized that this likely reflected the town's economic importance, as opposed to its low political status.

During the Qing dynasty, Shanghai became one of the most important seaports in the Yangtze Delta region as a result of two important central government policy changes: in 1684, the Kangxi Emperor reversed the Ming dynasty prohibition on oceangoing vessels—a ban that had been in force since 1525; and in 1732, the Qianlong Emperor moved the customs office for Jiangsu province ({{linktext|lang=zh-Hans|江|海|关}};{{Efn|{{zh|t=江海關}}|name=|group=}} see Customs House, Shanghai) from the prefectural capital of Songjiang to Shanghai, and gave Shanghai exclusive control over customs collections for Jiangsu's foreign trade. As a result of these two critical decisions, Shanghai became the major trade port for all of the lower Yangtze region by 1735, despite still being at the lowest administrative level in the political hierarchy.Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the Yangtze Delta, 2004, pp.10–11.

File:%E6%96%B9%E5%A1%942.JPG|Songjiang Square Pagoda, built in the 11th century

File:Zhenrusi Dadian.JPG|The Mahavira Hall at Zhenru Temple, built in 1320

File:Old City of Shanghai will walls and seafront.jpg|The walled Old City of Shanghai in the 17th century

File:Shanghai 1884.jpg

In the 19th century, international attention to Shanghai grew due to Europe and recognition of its economic and trade potential at the Yangtze. During the First Opium War (1839–1842), British forces occupied the city.Rait, Robert S. (1903). [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924088002120#page/n307/mode/2up The Life and Campaigns of Hugh, First Viscount Gough, Field-Marshal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407043230/https://archive.org/stream/cu31924088002120#page/n307/mode/2up |date=7 April 2016 }}. Volume 1. p. 267–268 The war ended in 1842 with the Treaty of Nanking, which opened Shanghai as one of the five treaty ports for international trade.{{cite web|url=http://www.scmp.com/article/974360/opium-war-or-how-hong-kong-began|title=The Opium war (or how Hong Kong began)|work=South China Morning Post|date=24 July 2011 |access-date=2 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506094130/http://www.scmp.com/article/974360/opium-war-or-how-hong-kong-began|archive-date=6 May 2016|url-status=live}} The Treaty of the Bogue, the Treaty of Wanghia, and the Treaty of Whampoa (signed in 1843, 1844, and 1844, respectively) forced Chinese concession to European and American desires for visitation and trade on Chinese soil. Britain, France, and the United States all established a presence outside the walled city of Shanghai, which remained under the direct administration of the Chinese.{{cite web |script-title = zh:上海通志 总述 |trans-title = General History of Shanghai – Overview |publisher = Office of Shanghai Chronicles |url = http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/Info?idnode=4560&tableName=userobject1a&id=101941 |date = 1 July 2008 |access-date = 2 October 2019 |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181125124109/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/Info?idnode=4560&tableName=userobject1a&id=101941 |archive-date = 25 November 2018 |url-status = live }}

The Chinese-held Old City of Shanghai fell to rebels from the Small Swords Society in 1853, but control of the city was regained by the Qing government in February 1855.Scarne, John. [https://archive.org/stream/twelveyearsinchi00scarrich Twelve years in China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728114957/http://www.archive.org/stream/twelveyearsinchi00scarrich |date=28 July 2014}}. Edinburgh: Constable, 1860: 187–209. In 1854, the Shanghai Municipal Council was created to manage the foreign settlements. Between 1860 and 1862, the Taiping rebels twice attacked Shanghai and destroyed the city's eastern and southern suburbs, but failed to take the city.Williams, S. Wells. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/yale.39002013393773 The Middle Kingdom: A Survey of the Geography, Government, Literature, Social Life, Arts, and History of the Chinese Empire and its Inhabitants], Vol. 1, p. 107. Scribner (New York), 1904. In 1863, the British settlement to the south of Suzhou Creek (northern Huangpu District) and the American settlement to the north (southern Hongkou District) joined in order to form the Shanghai International Settlement. The French opted out of the Shanghai Municipal Council and maintained its own concession at the city's south and southwest.{{cite web |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/cn-sha.html |title=Shanghai International Settlement |publisher=Flag of the World |access-date=2 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514213116/https://www.fotw.info/flags/cn-sha.html |archive-date=14 May 2019 |url-status=live }}

File:Dismantlement of Old City walls.jpg

The First Sino-Japanese War concluded with the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki, which elevated Japan to become another foreign power in Shanghai. Japan built the first factories in Shanghai, which was soon copied by other foreign powers. All this international activity gave Shanghai the nickname "the Great Athens of China."Gordon Cumming, C. F. (Constance Frederica), "The inventor of the numeral-type for China by the use of which illiterate Chinese both blind and sighted can very quickly be taught to read and write fluently", London: Downey, 1899, [https://archive.org/stream/inventorofnumera00gordiala/inventorofnumera00gordiala_djvu.txt archive.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729170142/http://www.archive.org/stream/inventorofnumera00gordiala/inventorofnumera00gordiala_djvu.txt|date=29 July 2014}}

The Republic of China was established in 1912. The same year, the Old City walls were dismantled as they blocked the city's expansion.{{Cite web |last=洪智勤 |title=上海市区最后的古城墙在哪里？这些青砖堆砌的故事讲给你听 |url=https://sh.cctv.com/2021/10/25/ARTI453skr2sveNRhYx54j4u211025.shtml |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=sh.cctv.com |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907214638/https://sh.cctv.com/2021/10/25/ARTI453skr2sveNRhYx54j4u211025.shtml |url-status=live }} In July 1921, the Chinese Communist Party was founded in the Shanghai French Concession. On 30 May 1925, the May Thirtieth Movement broke out when a worker in a Japanese-owned cotton mill was shot and killed by a Japanese foreman.Ku, Hung-Ting [1979] (1979). Urban Mass Movement: The May Thirtieth Movement in Shanghai. Modern Asian Studies, Vol.13, No.2. pp.197–216 Workers in the city then launched general strikes against imperialism, which became nationwide protests that gave rise to Chinese nationalism.{{cite book|author=Cathal J. Nolan|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of International Relations: S-Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMJ8KP8i3v0C&pg=PA1509|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32383-6|page=1509}}

The golden age of Shanghai began with its elevation to municipality after it was separated from Jiangsu on 7 July 1927.{{cite web |script-title=zh:第一卷 建置沿革 |publisher = Office of Shanghai Chronicles |url = http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/PianInfo?idnode=4562&tableName=userobject1a&id=-1 |date = 2 July 2008 |access-date = 2 October 2019 |language = zh-cn |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181025041944/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/PianInfo?idnode=4562&tableName=userobject1a&id=-1 |archive-date = 25 October 2018 |url-status = live }} This new Chinese municipality covered an area of {{convert|494.69|km2|1|sp=us|abbr=on}}, including the modern-day districts of Baoshan, Yangpu, Zhabei, Nanshi, and Pudong, but excluded the foreign concessions territories. Headed by a Chinese mayor and municipal council, the new city government's first task—the Greater Shanghai Plan—was to create a new city center in Jiangwan town of Yangpu district, outside the boundaries of the foreign concessions. The plan included a public museum, library, sports stadium, and city hall, which were partially constructed before being interrupted by the Japanese invasion.Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta, 2004, p. 34. In the 1920s, shidaiqu became a new form of entertainment and was popularised in Shanghai.{{cite book |last=Liu |first=Siyuan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXAyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA225 |title=Transforming Tradition |date=2013 |isbn=9780472132478 |edition=2nd Revised |page=225 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |via=Google Books |access-date=25 August 2022 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813210929/https://books.google.com/books?id=mXAyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA225 |url-status=live }}

The city flourished, becoming a primary commercial and financial hub of the Asia-Pacific region in the 1930s.{{cite web|url=http://www.hkjournal.org/PDF/2009_winter/3.pdf|title=Shanghai: Global financial center? Aspirations and reality, and implications for Hong Kong|author=Scott Tong|date=October 2009|work=Hong Kong Journal|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624000600/http://www.hkjournal.org/PDF/2009_winter/3.pdf|archive-date=24 June 2011|access-date=17 October 2011}}

During the ensuing decades, citizens of many countries and all continents came to Shanghai to live and work; those who stayed for long periods⁠⁠—some for generations⁠—called themselves "Shanghailanders."{{Cite AV media |url=http://www.cbc.ca/documentaries/sincities/shanghai.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401164357/http://www.cbc.ca/documentaries/sincities/shanghai.html |title=Shanghai: Paradise for adventurers |date=1 April 2009 |type=Documentary |publisher=CBC - TV |archive-date=1 April 2009}} In the 1920s and 1930s, almost 20,000 White Russians fled the newly established Soviet Union to reside in Shanghai.{{cite web |title =Shanghai's White Russians (1937) |publisher =SHANGHAI SOJOURNS |url =http://shanghaisojourns.net/shanghais-dancing-world/2018/8/21/shanghais-white-russians-1937 |date =21 August 2018 |access-date =2 October 2019 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190324112736/http://shanghaisojourns.net/shanghais-dancing-world/2018/8/21/shanghais-white-russians-1937 |archive-date =24 March 2019 |url-status =live }} These Shanghai Russians constituted the second-largest foreign community. By 1932, Shanghai had become the world's fifth-largest city and home to 70,000 foreigners.{{cite web |url=http://www.talesofoldchina.com/library/allaboutshanghai/t-all04.htm |title=All About Shanghai. Chapter 4 – Population |website=Tales of Old Shanghai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520024207/https://www.talesofoldchina.com/library/allaboutshanghai/t-all04.htm |archive-date=20 May 2010}} In the 1930s, some 30,000 Jewish refugees from Europe arrived in the city.{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1828102,00.html |title=Shanghai Sanctuary |magazine=Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814051154/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1828102,00.html |archive-date=14 August 2009 |date=31 July 2008}}

File:1937 Shanghai, China VP8.webm|Shanghai, filmed in 1937

File:Shanghai Bund seen from the French Concession.jpg|The Bund in the late 1920s seen from the French Concession

File:Shanghai tram, British section, 1920s, John Rossman's collection.jpg|Nanking Road (modern-day East Nanjing Road) in the 1930s

File:Shanghai Park Hotel 2007.jpg|alt=Shanghai Park Hotel was the tallest building in Asia for decades|Shanghai Park Hotel was the tallest building in Asia for decades.

File:Former Shanghai Library.jpg|Former Shanghai Library

File:The Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, built in 1923 and The Customs House built in 1927.jpg|The HSBC Building, built in 1923, and the Customs House, built-in 1927

{{Main article|Battle of Shanghai}}

File:Shanghai1937city zhabei fire.jpg on fire, 1937|alt=]]

On 28 January 1932, Japanese military forces invaded Shanghai while the Chinese resisted. More than 10,000 shops and hundreds of factories and public buildings{{cite book |title=A Description of the Oriental Library Before and After the Destruction by Japanese on February 1, 1932 |author=Board of Directors of the Oriental Library |publisher=Mercury Press |date=1932| page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qf3EAAAAIAAJ|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907214638/https://books.google.com/books?id=qf3EAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=7 September 2024 }} were destroyed, leaving Zhabei district ruined. About 18,000 civilians were either killed, injured, or declared missing. A ceasefire was brokered on 5 May.{{cite web |script-title=zh:图说上海一二八事变----战争罪行 |website = archives.sh.cn |url = http://www.archives.sh.cn/shjy/tssh/201303/t20130313_38117.html |access-date = 3 October 2019 |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180204225310/http://www.archives.sh.cn/shjy/tssh/201303/t20130313_38117.html |archive-date = 4 February 2018 |url-status = live }} In 1937, the Battle of Shanghai resulted in the occupation of the Chinese-administered parts of Shanghai outside of the International Settlement and the French Concession. People who stayed in the occupied city suffered on a daily basis, experiencing hunger, oppression, or death.Nicole Huang, "Introduction," in Eileen Chang, Written on Water, translated by Andrew F. Jones (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), XI The foreign concessions were ultimately occupied by the Japanese on 8 December 1941 and remained occupied until Japan's surrender in 1945; multiple war crimes were committed during that time.{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-06/16/content_3094613.htm |title=149 comfort women houses discovered in Shanghai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201080455/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-06/16/content_3094613.htm |archive-date=1 December 2008 |publisher=Xinhua News Agency |date=16 June 2005}}

A side-effect of the Japanese invasion of Shanghai was the Shanghai Ghetto. Japanese consul to Kaunas, Lithuania, Chiune Sugihara issued thousands of visas to Jewish refugees who were escaping the Nazi's Final Solution to the Jewish Question. They traveled from Keidan, Lithuania across Russia by railroad to Vladivostok from where they traveled by ship to Kobe, Japan. Their stay in Kobe was short as the Japanese government transferred them to Shanghai by November 1941. Other Jewish refugees found haven in Shanghai, not through Sugihara, but came on ships from Italy. The refugees from Europe were interned into a cramped ghetto in the Hongkou District and after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, even the Iraqi Jews who had been living in Shanghai from before the outbreak of WWII were interned. Among the refugees in the Shanghai Ghetto was the Mirrer Yeshiva, including its students and faculty. On 3 September 1945, the Chinese Army liberated the Ghetto and most of the Jews left over the next few years.{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/11/shanghais-forgotten-jewish-past/281713/ |title=Shanghai's Forgotten Jewish Past |last=Griffiths |first=James |work=The Atlantic |date=21 December 2013 |access-date=30 June 2021 |archive-date=20 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620014031/https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/11/shanghais-forgotten-jewish-past/281713/ |url-status=live }}

On 27 May 1949, the People's Liberation Army took control of Shanghai through the Shanghai Campaign. Under the new People's Republic of China (PRC), Shanghai was one of only three municipalities not merged into neighboring provinces (the others being Beijing and Tianjin).{{cite web |url=http://www.earnshaw.com/shanghai-ed-india/tales/t-monde2.htm |title=Changhai est tombé sans combat |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928152915/https://www.earnshaw.com/shanghai-ed-india/tales/t-monde2.htm |archive-date=28 September 2011 |work=Le Monde |date=27 May 1949}} Most foreign firms moved their offices from Shanghai to Hong Kong, as part of a foreign divestment due to the PRC's victory.{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Thompson |year=1979 |title=China's Nationalization of Foreign Firms: The Politics of Hostage Capitalism, 1949–1957 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56353790.pdf |publisher=University of Maryland School of Law |page=16 |isbn=0-942182-26-X |access-date=27 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223100622/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/56353790.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2019 |url-status=dead }}File:1967-12 1967年 上海市南京路夜景.jpg, 1967, during the Cultural Revolution]]

After the war, Shanghai's economy was restored—from 1949 to 1952, the city's agricultural and industrial output increased by 51.5% and 94.2%, respectively. There were 20 urban districts and 10 suburbs at the time.{{cite web |script-title = zh:上海地名志 总述 |publisher = Office of Shanghai Chronicles |url = http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/Info?idnode=70865&tableName=userobject1a&id=73521 |date = 3 August 2004 |access-date = 3 October 2019 |language = zh-cn |archive-date = 24 March 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200324142023/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/Info?idnode=70865&tableName=userobject1a&id=73521 |url-status = dead }} On 17 January 1958, Jiading, Baoshan, and Shanghai County in Jiangsu became part of Shanghai Municipality, which expanded to {{convert|863|km2|1|sp=us|abbr=on}}. The following December, the land area of Shanghai was further expanded to {{convert|5910|km2|1|sp=us|abbr=on}} after more surrounding suburban areas in Jiangsu were added: Chongming, Jinshan, Qingpu, Fengxian, Chuansha, and Nanhui.{{cite book |last=Pacione |first=Michael |date=4 December 2014 |title=Problems and Planning in Third World Cities |publisher=Routledge Revivals |isbn=9780415705936 }} In 1964, the city's administrative divisions were rearranged to 10 urban districts and 10 counties.

As the industrial center of China with the most skilled industrial workers, Shanghai became a center for radical leftism during the 1950s and 1960s. The radical leftist Jiang Qing and her three allies, together the Gang of Four, were based in the city.[https://books.google.com/books?id=b3MX4eQrl50C&pg=PA66 Shanghai: transformation and modernization under China's open policy. By Yue-man Yeung, Sung Yun-wing, page 66] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907214639/https://books.google.com/books?id=b3MX4eQrl50C&pg=PA66#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=7 September 2024 }}, Chinese University Press, 1996 During the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), Shanghai's society was severely damaged. The majority of the workers in the Shanghai branch of the People's Bank of China were Red Guards and they formed a group called the Anti-Economy Liaison Headquarters within the branch.{{Cite book |last=Liu |first=Zongyuan Zoe |title=Sovereign Funds: How the Communist Party of China Finances its Global Ambitions |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9780674271913 |pages=}}{{Rp|page=38}} The Anti-Economy Liaison Headquarters dismantled economic organizations in Shanghai, investigated bank withdrawals, and disrupted regular bank service in the city.{{Rp|page=38}}The Shanghai People's Commune was established in the city during the January Storm of 1967. Despite the disruptions of the Cultural Revolution, Shanghai maintained economic production with a positive annual growth rate.

During the Third Front campaign to develop basic industry and heavy industry in China's hinterlands in case of invasion by the Soviet Union or the United States, 354,900 Shanghainese were sent to work on Third Front projects.{{Cite book |last1=Xu |first1=Youwei |title=Everyday Lives in China's Cold War Military Industrial Complex: Voices from the Shanghai Small Third Front, 1964–1988 |last2=Wang |first2=Y. Yvon |publisher=Palgrave MacMillan |year=2022 |isbn=9783030996871}}{{Rp|page=xvi}} The centrepiece of Shanghai's Small Third Front project was the "rear base" in Anhui rear base which served as "a multi-function manufacturing base for anti-aircraft and anti-tank weaponry.{{Rp|page=xvi}}

Since 1949, Shanghai has been a comparatively heavy contributor of tax revenue to the central government; in 1983, the city's contribution in tax revenue was greater than the investment received in the past 33 years combined.{{cite book |last=McGregor |first=Richard |date=31 July 2012 |title=The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers |publisher=Harper Perennial; Reprint |isbn=9780061708763 |author-link=Richard McGregor }} Its importance to the fiscal well-being of the central government also denied it from economic liberalizations begun in 1978.

In 1990, Deng Xiaoping permitted Shanghai to initiate economic reforms, which reintroduced foreign capital to the city and developed the Pudong district, resulting in the birth of Lujiazui.{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2018-09/17/c_1123438650.htm|script-title=zh:浦东，改革开放尽显"上海风度"|work=Xinhua News|date=17 September 2018|access-date=29 September 2019|language=zh-cn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929114521/http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2018-09/17/c_1123438650.htm|archive-date=29 September 2019|url-status=dead}} That year, the China's central government designated Shanghai as the "Dragon Head" of economic reform.{{Cite book |last=Hou |first=Li |title=Building for Oil: Daqing and the Formation of the Chinese Socialist State |date=2021 |publisher=Harvard University Asia Center |isbn=978-0-674-26022-1 |edition= |series=Harvard-Yenching Institute monograph series |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=xviii}} As of 2020, Shanghai is classified as an Alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, making it one of the world's Top 10 major cities.{{Cite web|title=GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2020|url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html|access-date=27 September 2020|website=www.lboro.ac.uk|archive-date=24 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html|url-status=live}}

In early 2022, Shanghai experienced a large outbreak of COVID-19 cases. After localized lockdowns failed to stem the rise in cases, the Chinese government locked down the entire city on 5 April. This resulted in widespread food shortages across the city emerged as food-supply chains were severely disrupted by the government's lockdown measures, which were not lifted until 1 June.{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/shanghai-in-lockdown-struggles-to-feed-itself-11649353336|title=Shanghai, in Lockdown, Struggles to Feed Itself|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=7 April 2022|access-date=3 September 2022|archive-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112120154/https://www.wsj.com/articles/shanghai-in-lockdown-struggles-to-feed-itself-11649353336|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Geography of Shanghai}}

File:Sprawling Shanghai 2016-07-20.jpg. From northwest to southeast: Chongming, Changxing, Hengsha, and the Jiuduansha shoals off Pudong. The Yangtze's natural sediment discharge can be seen.]]

Shanghai is located on the Yangtze Estuary of China's east coast, with the Yangtze River to the north and Hangzhou Bay to the south, with the East China Sea to the east. The land is formed by the Yangtze's natural deposition and modern land reclamation projects. As such, it has sandy soil, and skyscrapers have to be built with deep concrete piles to avoid sinking into the soft ground.{{cite web |script-title = zh:上海通志 第二卷 自然环境 |trans-title = General History of Shanghai – Volume 2. Natural environment |publisher = Office of Shanghai Chronicles |url = http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/PianInfo?idnode=4563&tableName=userobject1a&id=-1 |date = 4 July 2008 |access-date = 5 October 2019 |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181025041948/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/PianInfo?idnode=4563&tableName=userobject1a&id=-1 |archive-date = 25 October 2018 |url-status = live }} The provincial-level Municipality of Shanghai administers both the estuary and many of its surrounding islands. It borders the provinces of Zhejiang to the south and Jiangsu to the west and north.

{{cite web |title=Geography |url=https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-Overview/20231209/705180b43f794c1ca43f4d1ddaa049a2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425133729/https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-Overview/20231209/705180b43f794c1ca43f4d1ddaa049a2.html |archive-date=25 April 2024 |access-date=9 December 2023 |work=english.shanghai.gov.cn |publisher=Shanghai Municipal People's Government}}

The municipality's northernmost point is on Chongming Island, which is the second-largest island in mainland China after its expansion during the 20th century.[http://zhuanti.shanghai.gov.cn/encyclopedia/en/Default2.aspx#52 "Chongming Island" in the Encyclopedia of Shanghai, p. 52.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302131933/http://zhuanti.shanghai.gov.cn/encyclopedia/en/Default2.aspx |date=2 March 2013}} Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers (Shanghai), 2010. Hosted by the Municipality of Shanghai. It does not administratively include an exclave of Jiangsu on northern Chongming or the two islands forming Shanghai's Yangshan Port, which are parts of Zhejiang's Shengsi County.

Shanghai is located on an alluvial plain. As such, the vast majority of its {{convert|6340.5|km2|abbr=on}} land area is flat, with an average elevation of {{convert|4|m|abbr=on}}.{{cite web |title= |script-title=zh:地域 (in Chinese). |url=https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344806&nodeId=641940&type=-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505092811/https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344806&nodeId=641940&type=-1%2A |archive-date=5 May 2024 |access-date=5 May 2024 |publisher=Government of Shanghai}}

Tidal flat ecosystems exist around the estuary, however, they have long been reclaimed for agricultural purposes.{{cite journal |last1=Murray |first1=N.J. |last2=Clemens |first2=R.S. |last3=Phinn |first3=S.R. |last4=Possingham |first4=H.P. |last5=Fuller |first5=R.A. |title=Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment |date=2014 |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=267–272 |doi=10.1890/130260 |bibcode=2014FrEE...12..267M |url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/130260 |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215055309/https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/130260 |url-status=dead | issn = 1540-9295}} The city's few hills, such as She Shan, lie to the southwest, and its highest point is the peak of Dajinshan Island ({{convert|103|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}) in Hangzhou Bay. Shanghai has many rivers, canals, streams, and lakes, and it is known for its rich water resources as part of the Lake Tai drainage basin.

{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node23919/node24059/node24061/userobject22ai36486.html|title=Water Resources|work=Basic Facts|publisher=Shanghai Municipal People's Government|access-date=19 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003033713/http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node23919/node24059/node24061/userobject22ai36486.html|archive-date=3 October 2011|url-status=live}}

{{climate chart

| Shanghai

|3|9|72

|4|11|65

|8|15|97

|13|21|84

|18|26|91

|22|29|225

|26|33|163

|26|33|226

|23|29|132

|17|24|70

|11|18|61

|5|11|50

|float=right

|source=[https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/search/data-search/global-summary-of-the-month/ The National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)]

}}

Downtown Shanghai is bisected by the Huangpu River, a man-made tributary of the Yangtze created by order of Lord Chunshen during the Warring States period. The historic center of the city was located on the west bank of the Huangpu (Puxi), near the mouth of Suzhou Creek, connecting it with Lake Tai and the Grand Canal. The central financial district, Lujiazui, has been established on the east bank of the Huangpu (Pudong). Along Shanghai's eastern shore, the destruction of local wetlands due to the construction of Pudong International Airport has been partially offset by the protection and expansion of a nearby shoal, Jiuduansha, as a nature preserve.[http://www.china.org.cn/environment/2009-12/08/content_19028666_2.htm "Fourth Island Wetland Emerging", pp. 1–2.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042546/http://www.china.org.cn/environment/2009-12/08/content_19028666_2.htm |date=24 September 2015}} Shanghai Daily. 8 December 2009. Hosted at China.org.

File:上海01-24每日均温.png

Shanghai has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa), with an average annual temperature of {{convert|17.5|°C}} for downtown areas and {{convert|16.2–17.2|°C}} for suburbs. The city experiences four distinct seasons. Winters are temperate to cold and damp—northwesterly winds from Siberia can cause nighttime temperatures to drop below freezing. Each year, there are an average of 4.7 days with snowfall and 1.6 days with snow cover. Summers are hot and humid, and occasional downpours or thunderstorms can be expected. On average, 14.5 days exceed {{convert|35|°C}} annually. In summer and the beginning of autumn, the city is susceptible to typhoons.

{{cite news|title = 1.6m flee Shanghai typhoon|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/09/19/wtyphoon119.xml|work = The Daily Telegraph|location = UK|date = 19 September 2008|access-date = 20 March 2008|first = Richard|last = Spencer|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013183032/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F09%2F19%2Fwtyphoon119.xml|archive-date = 13 October 2007|url-status = dead}}

The most pleasant seasons are generally spring, although changeable and often rainy, and autumn, which is usually sunny and dry. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 28% in June to 46% in August, the city receives 1,754 hours of bright sunshine annually. (All the mean values mentioned in this paragraph are data observed in Baoshan District） According to China's seasonal division standard, from 2001 to 2024, Shanghai enters spring on 9 March, summer on 16 May, autumn on 5 October, and winter on 4 December. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from {{convert|−10.1|°C|0}} on 31 January 1977 (unofficial record of {{convert|−12.1|°C|0}} was set on 19 January 1893) to {{convert|40.9|°C|0}} on 21 July 2017{{Cite web |title=Hottest day ever in Shanghai as heat wave bakes China |url=https://phys.org/news/2017-07-hottest-day-shanghai-china.html |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=phys.org |language=en |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902055903/https://phys.org/news/2017-07-hottest-day-shanghai-china.html |url-status=live }} and 13 July 2022{{Cite web |title=Temperature in Shanghai hits record high - People's Daily Online |url=http://en.people.cn/n3/2022/0714/c90000-10122935.html |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=en.people.cn |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902061414/http://en.people.cn/n3/2022/0714/c90000-10122935.html |url-status=live }} at a weather station in Xujiahui and 2 August 2024 in Minhang District following a record hot night set at {{convert|32.1|°C|0}} as the highest ever daily minimum temperature at Xujiahui.{{Cite web |title=Extreme Temperatures Around the World |url=https://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=www.mherrera.org |archive-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115040834/https://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2 August 2024 |title=HISTORIC HEAT WAVE IN CHINA Shanghai just had its hottest night in history with a brutal minimum of 32.1C. All time high in Minhang with 40.9C and Zhuji with 41.5C. In SOUTH KOREA all time high at Donghae with 37.2C Next tweet: Hundreds of records allover Middle East. (By Extreme Temperatures Around The World) |url=https://x.com/extremetemps/status/1819377134688784856 |access-date=24 October 2024 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}} On 8 August 2013, the weather station at Shanghai Pudong International Airport also observed a high temperature of {{convert|41.0|°C|0}}.

{{Weather box

| width = auto

| metric first = y

| single line = y

| collapsed = Y

| location = Shanghai (Xujiahui), elevation {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)

| Jan record high C = 21.6

| Feb record high C = 27.0

| Mar record high C = 31.1

| Apr record high C = 33.9

| May record high C = 36.7

| Jun record high C = 38.4

| Jul record high C = 40.9

| Aug record high C = 40.8

| Sep record high C = 38.2

| Oct record high C = 36.0

| Nov record high C = 28.5

| Dec record high C = 23.4

| Jan record low C = -10.1

| Feb record low C = -7.9

| Mar record low C = -5.4

| Apr record low C = -0.5

| May record low C = 6.9

| Jun record low C = 12.3

| Jul record low C = 16.3

| Aug record low C = 18.8

| Sep record low C = 10.8

| Oct record low C = 1.7

| Nov record low C = -4.2

| Dec record low C = -8.5

| Jan high C = 8.7

| Feb high C = 10.7

| Mar high C = 14.9

| Apr high C = 20.9

| May high C = 25.8

| Jun high C = 28.6

| Jul high C = 33.2

| Aug high C = 32.6

| Sep high C = 28.7

| Oct high C = 23.5

| Nov high C = 17.8

| Dec high C = 11.3

| Jan mean C = 5.4

| Feb mean C = 7.0

| Mar mean C = 10.7

| Apr mean C = 16.1

| May mean C = 21.3

| Jun mean C = 24.7

| Jul mean C = 29.1

| Aug mean C = 28.8

| Sep mean C = 25.1

| Oct mean C = 19.9

| Nov mean C = 14.3

| Dec mean C = 7.9

| Jan low C = 2.9

| Feb low C = 4.1

| Mar low C = 7.6

| Apr low C = 12.6

| May low C = 17.9

| Jun low C = 22.0

| Jul low C = 26.2

| Aug low C = 26.2

| Sep low C = 22.5

| Oct low C = 17.1

| Nov low C = 11.4

| Dec low C = 5.3

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan precipitation mm = 72.2

| Feb precipitation mm = 65.0

| Mar precipitation mm = 97.3

| Apr precipitation mm = 84.2

| May precipitation mm = 91.0

| Jun precipitation mm = 224.9

| Jul precipitation mm = 163.2

| Aug precipitation mm = 225.9

| Sep precipitation mm = 131.5

| Oct precipitation mm = 69.6

| Nov precipitation mm = 61.4

| Dec precipitation mm = 50.4

| Jan humidity = 71

| Feb humidity = 71

| Mar humidity = 70

| Apr humidity = 69

| May humidity = 70

| Jun humidity = 79

| Jul humidity = 76

| Aug humidity = 76

| Sep humidity = 74

| Oct humidity = 70

| Nov humidity = 71

| Dec humidity = 69

| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm

| Jan precipitation days = 10.6

| Feb precipitation days = 10.4

| Mar precipitation days = 12.7

| Apr precipitation days = 11.3

| May precipitation days = 11.2

| Jun precipitation days = 14.3

| Jul precipitation days = 12.2

| Aug precipitation days = 12.7

| Sep precipitation days = 10.1

| Oct precipitation days = 7.5

| Nov precipitation days = 9.2

| Dec precipitation days = 8.5

| year precipitation days = 130.7

| Jan sun = 114.3

| Feb sun = 119.9

| Mar sun = 128.5

| Apr sun = 148.5

| May sun = 169.8

| Jun sun = 130.9

| Jul sun = 190.8

| Aug sun = 185.7

| Sep sun = 167.5

| Oct sun = 161.4

| Nov sun = 131.1

| Dec sun = 127.4

| year sun = 1775.8

| Jan snow days = 2.1

| Feb snow days = 1.8

| Mar snow days = 0.5

| Apr snow days = 0.0

| May snow days = 0

| Jun snow days = 0

| Jul snow days = 0

| Aug snow days = 0

| Sep snow days = 0

| Oct snow days = 0

| Nov snow days = 0.1

| Dec snow days = 0.9

| year snow days = 5.4

| source 1 = China Meteorological Administration (sun 1981–2010){{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans |access-date=10 October 2023}}

{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans | access-date =10 October 2023}}

{{cite web|url = http://cdc.cma.gov.cn/dataSetLogger.do?changeFlag=dataLogger |title = 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集|publisher = China Meteorological Administration

|language = Chinese| accessdate = 2014-06-11}} all-time extreme temperature{{cite web|url= http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm|title= Extreme Temperatures Around the World|access-date= 2024-09-22}}

| source =

}}

{{Weather box|width=auto

|location = Minhang District, elevation {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–present)

|single line = Y

|metric first = Y

|collapsed = Y

|Jan record high C = 22.2

|Feb record high C = 27.1

|Mar record high C = 31.5

|Apr record high C = 33.1

|May record high C = 34.4

|Jun record high C = 37.3

|Jul record high C = 39.5

|Aug record high C = 40.9

|Sep record high C = 36.2

|Oct record high C = 34.1

|Nov record high C = 28.3

|Dec record high C = 23.0

|Jan record low C = -7.9

|Feb record low C = -6.3

|Mar record low C = -3.3

|Apr record low C = 0.0

|May record low C = 7.2

|Jun record low C = 12.8

|Jul record low C = 18.4

|Aug record low C = 19.3

|Sep record low C = 11.4

|Oct record low C = 3.2

|Nov record low C = -2.0

|Dec record low C = -8.5

|Jan high C = 8.7

|Feb high C = 10.7

|Mar high C = 14.8

|Apr high C = 20.6

|May high C = 25.5

|Jun high C = 28.3

|Jul high C = 32.8

|Aug high C = 32.3

|Sep high C = 28.5

|Oct high C = 23.6

|Nov high C = 17.9

|Dec high C = 11.5

|Jan mean C = 4.9

|Feb mean C = 6.6

|Mar mean C = 10.4

|Apr mean C = 15.8

|May mean C = 20.9

|Jun mean C = 24.4

|Jul mean C = 28.8

|Aug mean C = 28.5

|Sep mean C = 24.7

|Oct mean C = 19.5

|Nov mean C = 13.7

|Dec mean C = 7.3

|Jan low C = 1.9

|Feb low C = 3.3

|Mar low C = 6.8

|Apr low C = 11.9

|May low C = 17.2

|Jun low C = 21.5

|Jul low C = 25.8

|Aug low C = 25.7

|Sep low C = 21.6

|Oct low C = 15.9

|Nov low C = 10.1

|Dec low C = 3.9

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 70.4

|Feb precipitation mm = 65.4

|Mar precipitation mm = 95.4

|Apr precipitation mm = 82.5

|May precipitation mm = 93.2

|Jun precipitation mm = 207.3

|Jul precipitation mm = 148.0

|Aug precipitation mm = 187.1

|Sep precipitation mm = 118.1

|Oct precipitation mm = 68.4

|Nov precipitation mm = 59.4

|Dec precipitation mm = 50.3

|Jan humidity = 74

|Feb humidity = 73

|Mar humidity = 72

|Apr humidity = 71

|May humidity = 73

|Jun humidity = 80

|Jul humidity = 78

|Aug humidity = 78

|Sep humidity = 76

|Oct humidity = 73

|Nov humidity = 74

|Dec humidity = 72

|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 10.9

|Feb precipitation days = 10.2

|Mar precipitation days = 12.9

|Apr precipitation days = 11.3

|May precipitation days = 11.2

|Jun precipitation days = 14.5

|Jul precipitation days = 11.7

|Aug precipitation days = 12.4

|Sep precipitation days = 9.8

|Oct precipitation days = 7.4

|Nov precipitation days = 9.1

|Dec precipitation days = 8.3

|year precipitation days =

|Jan sun = 114.8

|Feb sun = 117.9

|Mar sun = 143.8

|Apr sun = 168.1

|May sun = 176.8

|Jun sun = 131.2

|Jul sun = 209.4

|Aug sun = 202.3

|Sep sun = 163.7

|Oct sun = 162.1

|Nov sun = 131.1

|Dec sun = 129.7

|year sun =

| Jan percentsun = 36

| Feb percentsun = 37

| Mar percentsun = 39

| Apr percentsun = 43

| May percentsun = 41

| Jun percentsun = 31

| Jul percentsun = 49

| Aug percentsun = 50

| Sep percentsun = 45

| Oct percentsun = 46

| Nov percentsun = 42

| Dec percentsun = 41

| year percentsun =

|Jan snow days = 1.8

|Feb snow days = 1.4

|Mar snow days = 0.4

|Apr snow days = 0

|May snow days = 0

|Jun snow days = 0

|Jul snow days = 0

|Aug snow days = 0

|Sep snow days = 0

|Oct snow days = 0

|Nov snow days = 0.1

|Dec snow days = 0.7

|year snow days =

|source 1 = China Meteorological Administration

{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans | access-date =26 August 2023}}

}}{{Weather box

| width = auto

| metric first = y

| single line = y

| collapsed = Y

| location = Baoshan District, elevation {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)

| Jan record high C = 23.0

| Feb record high C = 27.0

| Mar record high C = 33.1

| Apr record high C = 34.3

| May record high C = 36.4

| Jun record high C = 37.5

| Jul record high C = 39.7

| Aug record high C = 40.0

| Sep record high C = 38.2

| Oct record high C = 36.7

| Nov record high C = 29.2

| Dec record high C = 24.4

| Jan record low C = -10.1

| Feb record low C = -7.9

| Mar record low C = -5.4

| Apr record low C = -0.5

| May record low C = 6.9

| Jun record low C = 12.3

| Jul record low C = 16.3

| Aug record low C = 18.3

| Sep record low C = 10.8

| Oct record low C = 1.7

| Nov record low C = -4.2

| Dec record low C = -8.5

| Jan high C = 8.2

| Feb high C = 10.1

| Mar high C = 14.3

| Apr high C = 20.1

| May high C = 25.1

| Jun high C = 27.8

| Jul high C = 32.4

| Aug high C = 31.9

| Sep high C = 27.9

| Oct high C = 22.9

| Nov high C = 17.5

| Dec high C = 11.0

| Jan mean C = 4.9

| Feb mean C = 6.5

| Mar mean C = 10.3

| Apr mean C = 15.7

| May mean C = 20.9

| Jun mean C = 24.4

| Jul mean C = 28.8

| Aug mean C = 28.5

| Sep mean C = 24.7

| Oct mean C = 19.7

| Nov mean C = 13.9

| Dec mean C = 7.5

| Jan low C = 2.2

| Feb low C = 3.6

| Mar low C = 6.9

| Apr low C = 12.0

| May low C = 17.5

| Jun low C = 21.7

| Jul low C = 25.9

| Aug low C = 25.9

| Sep low C = 22.2

| Oct low C = 16.7

| Nov low C = 10.7

| Dec low C = 4.4

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan precipitation mm = 69.8

| Feb precipitation mm = 64.0

| Mar precipitation mm = 86.5

| Apr precipitation mm = 77.1

| May precipitation mm = 90.2

| Jun precipitation mm = 196.7

| Jul precipitation mm = 146.9

| Aug precipitation mm = 210.1

| Sep precipitation mm = 116.5

| Oct precipitation mm = 71.4

| Nov precipitation mm = 57.5

| Dec precipitation mm = 49.3

| Jan humidity = 73

| Feb humidity = 73

| Mar humidity = 72

| Apr humidity = 70

| May humidity = 71

| Jun humidity = 79

| Jul humidity = 76

| Aug humidity = 77

| Sep humidity = 75

| Oct humidity = 71

| Nov humidity = 72

| Dec humidity = 71

| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm

| Jan precipitation days = 10.0

| Feb precipitation days = 9.7

| Mar precipitation days = 12.2

| Apr precipitation days = 10.6

| May precipitation days = 10.8

| Jun precipitation days = 13.7

| Jul precipitation days = 11.9

| Aug precipitation days = 12.5

| Sep precipitation days = 9.9

| Oct precipitation days = 7.0

| Nov precipitation days = 8.6

| Dec precipitation days = 8.1

| year precipitation days =

| Jan sun = 110.4

| Feb sun = 115.4

| Mar sun = 136.6

| Apr sun = 157.0

| May sun = 169.7

| Jun sun = 120.7

| Jul sun = 184.7

| Aug sun = 186.5

| Sep sun = 161.2

| Oct sun = 157.6

| Nov sun = 127.1

| Dec sun = 127.1

| year sun =

| Jan percentsun = 34

| Feb percentsun = 37

| Mar percentsun = 37

| Apr percentsun = 40

| May percentsun = 40

| Jun percentsun = 28

| Jul percentsun = 43

| Aug percentsun = 46

| Sep percentsun = 44

| Oct percentsun = 45

| Nov percentsun = 40

| Dec percentsun = 41

| year percentsun =

| Jan snow days = 1.9

| Feb snow days = 1.4

| Mar snow days = 0.4

| Apr snow days = 0.1

| May snow days = 0

| Jun snow days = 0

| Jul snow days = 0

| Aug snow days = 0

| Sep snow days = 0

| Oct snow days = 0

| Nov snow days = 0.1

| Dec snow days = 0.7

| year snow days =

| source 1 = China Meteorological Administration{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans |access-date=10 October 2023}}

{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans | access-date =10 October 2023}}

}}{{Weather box|width=auto

|location = Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport (2015–2024 normals, extremes 2013–present)

|metric first=y

|single line=y

|collapsed = Y

|Jan record high C = 24.0

|Feb record high C = 27.0

|Mar record high C = 32.0

|Apr record high C = 33.0

|May record high C = 37.0

|Jun record high C = 38.0

|Jul record high C = 42.0

|Aug record high C = 41.0

|Sep record high C = 38.0

|Oct record high C = 36.0

|Nov record high C = 30.0

|Dec record high C = 24.0

|Jan record low C = -7.0

|Feb record low C = -5.0

|Mar record low C = 0.0

|Apr record low C = 5.0

|May record low C = 11.0

|Jun record low C = 17.0

|Jul record low C = 18.0

|Aug record low C = 20.0

|Sep record low C = 17.0

|Oct record low C = 9.0

|Nov record low C = -2.0

|Dec record low C = -6.0

|Jan high C = 9.8

|Feb high C = 11.2

|Mar high C = 16.6

|Apr high C = 21.9

|May high C = 26.3

|Jun high C = 28.8

|Jul high C = 33.4

|Aug high C = 33.8

|Sep high C = 29.2

|Oct high C = 23.8

|Nov high C = 18.5

|Dec high C = 11.9

|Jan mean C = 6.5

|Feb mean C = 7.6

|Mar mean C = 12.4

|Apr mean C = 17.4

|May mean C = 22.1

|Jun mean C = 25.3

|Jul mean C = 29.8

|Aug mean C = 30.2

|Sep mean C = 25.9

|Oct mean C = 20.2

|Nov mean C = 15.0

|Dec mean C = 8.2

|Jan low C = 3.8

|Feb low C = 4.6

|Mar low C = 9.0

|Apr low C = 13.5

|May low C = 18.3

|Jun low C = 22.4

|Jul low C = 26.7

|Aug low C = 27.0

|Sep low C = 23.1

|Oct low C = 18.4

|Nov low C = 12.1

|Dec low C = 5.2

|Jan humidity = 70

|Feb humidity = 69

|Mar humidity = 69

|Apr humidity = 67

|May humidity = 68

|Jun humidity = 77

|Jul humidity = 75

|Aug humidity = 73

|Sep humidity = 75

|Oct humidity = 70

|Nov humidity = 71

|Dec humidity = 67

|source 1 = {{cite web |title=上海虹桥(机场)历史天气 |url=https://rp5.ru/METAR%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%99%B9%E6%A1%A5(%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA)%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%94_ |publisher=rp5.ru |access-date=17 April 2025}}

}}

20045-Shanghai-Pano.jpg|View of Lujiazui from The Bund during the day

Shanghai (41106376245).jpg|View of Pudong from Hongkou District

Pudong Shanghai November 2017 HDR panorama.jpg|Night view of Lujiazui in Pudong

The Bund, located by the bank of the Huangpu River, is home to a row of early 20th-century architecture, ranging in style from the neoclassical HSBC Building to the Art Deco Sassoon House (now part of the Peace Hotel). Many areas in the former foreign concessions are also well-preserved, the most notable being the French Concession.{{cite web |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/an-art-deco-journey-through-shanghais-belle-epoque |title=An art deco journey through Shanghai's belle époque |last1=Loh |first1=Juliana |date=16 February 2016 |publisher=Lonely Planet |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007082034/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/an-art-deco-journey-through-shanghais-belle-epoque |archive-date=7 October 2019 |url-status=live }} Shanghai is also home to many architecturally distinctive and even eccentric buildings, including the Shanghai Museum, the Shanghai Grand Theatre, the Oriental Art Center, and the Oriental Pearl Tower. Despite rampant redevelopment, the Old City still retains some traditional architecture and designs, such as the Yu Garden, an elaborate Jiangnan style garden.{{cite web |url=http://www.shanghaiguide.org/Shanghai-Architectural-History-1958.html |title=Shanghai Architectural History |website=shanghaiguide.org |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023003942/http://www.shanghaiguide.org/Shanghai-Architectural-History-1958.html |archive-date=23 October 2018 |url-status=live }}

As a result of its construction boom during the 1920s and 1930s, Shanghai has among the most Art Deco buildings in the world. One of the most famous architects working in Shanghai was László Hudec, a Hungarian-Slovak who lived in the city between 1918 and 1947.{{cite web |url=http://www.ladislavhudec.eu/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=67 |title=The man who changed Shanghai |at=Who is L.E.Hudec |last1=Kabos |first1=Ladislav |access-date=17 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504041550/http://www.ladislavhudec.eu/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=67 |archive-date=4 May 2011 |url-status=live }} His most notable Art Deco buildings include the Park Hotel, the Grand Cinema, and the Paramount.{{cite web |url=http://www.archives.sh.cn/shjy/hsrw/201203/t20120313_6271.html |script-title=zh:一个外国建筑设计师的上海传奇----邬达克和他设计的经典老房子 |publisher=Shanghai Archives Bureau |last=Jin |first=Zhihao |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=7 October 2019 |language=zh-cn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007120214/http://www.archives.sh.cn/shjy/hsrw/201203/t20120313_6271.html |archive-date=7 October 2019 |url-status=live }} Other prominent architects who contributed to the Art Deco style are Clement Palmer and Arthur Turner, who together designed the Peace Hotel, the Metropole Hotel, and the Broadway Mansions;{{cite web |url=https://www.fairmont.com/peace-hotel-shanghai/hotel-history/ |title=FAIRMONT PEACE HOTEL – A HISTORY |work=Accor |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007115202/https://www.fairmont.com/peace-hotel-shanghai/hotel-history/ |archive-date=7 October 2019 |url-status=live }} and Austrian architect C.H. Gonda, who designed the Capitol Theatre. The Bund has been revitalized several times. The first was in 1986, with a new promenade by the Dutch architect Paulus Snoeren.{{cite web|url=https://www.everettpotter.com/2018/08/strolling-shanghais-bund-part-2/|title=Strolling Shanghai's Bund (Part 2)|work=EVERETT POTTER'S TRAVEL REPORT|date=13 August 2018|access-date=7 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007115204/https://www.everettpotter.com/2018/08/strolling-shanghais-bund-part-2/|archive-date=7 October 2019|url-status=live}} The second was before the 2010 Expo, which includes restoration of the century-old Waibaidu Bridge and reconfiguration of traffic flow.{{cite web|url=http://www.cnngo.com/shanghai/none/bund-back-182534|title=Bigger and better: The Shanghai Bund is back – CNN Travel|website=cnngo.com|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101093739/http://www.cnngo.com/shanghai/none/bund-back-182534|archive-date=1 November 2012}}

File:The Bund 1.jpg]]

One distinctive cultural element is the shikumen ({{lang|zh|石库门}}, "stone storage door") residence, typically two- or three-story gray brick houses with the front yard protected by a heavy wooden door in a stylistic stone arch.{{cite magazine|last= Goldberger|first= Paul|url= http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/12/26/051226crsk_skyline|title= Shanghai Surprise: The radical quaintness of the Xintiandi district.|magazine= The New Yorker|date= 26 December 2005|access-date= 7 October 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121102000836/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/12/26/051226crsk_skyline|archive-date= 2 November 2012|url-status= live}} Each residence is connected and arranged in straight alleys, known as longtang{{efn|Shanghainese romanization: longdhang; {{IPA|wuu|lòŋdɑ̃́|pronunciation:}}{{cite book | last1 = Qian | first1 = Nairong | year = 2007 |script-title=zh:上海话大词典 | publisher =Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House |author-link1=Qian Nairong | isbn = 9787532622481}}}} ({{lang|zh|弄堂}}). The house is similar to western-style terrace houses or townhouses, but distinguished by the tall, heavy brick wall and archway in front of each house.{{cite web|url=https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/shanghai/shikumen.htm|title=Shikumen Residence|website=travelchinaguide.com|access-date=7 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007115204/https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/shanghai/shikumen.htm|archive-date=7 October 2019|url-status=live}}

The shikumen is a cultural blend of elements found in Western architecture with traditional Jiangnan Chinese architecture and social behavior. Like almost all traditional Chinese dwellings, it has a courtyard, which reduces outside noise. Vegetation can be grown in the courtyard, and it can also allow for sunlight and ventilation in the rooms.{{cite web|url=http://pinglun.eastday.com/p/20100118/u1a4959441.html|script-title=zh:文汇报:从石库门走入上海城市文化|newspaper=Wenhui Bao|last=Mo|first=Yan|date=18 January 2010|access-date=7 October 2019|language=zh-cn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727215836/http://pinglun.eastday.com/p/20100118/u1a4959441.html|archive-date=27 July 2014|url-status=live}}

File:Tower pudong shanghai jinmao tower and swfc.jpg (left) and Jin Mao Tower (right)]]

Some of Shanghai's buildings feature Soviet neoclassical architecture or Stalinist architecture, though the city has fewer such structures than Beijing. These buildings were mostly erected between the founding of the People's Republic in 1949 and the Sino-Soviet Split in the late 1960s. During this time period, large numbers of Soviet experts, including architects, poured into China to aid the country in the construction of a communist state. An example of Soviet neoclassical architecture in Shanghai is the modern-day Shanghai Exhibition Center.{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/shanghai/sights/building/shanghai-exhibition-centre|title=Lonely Planet review for Shanghai Exhibition Centre|work=Lonely Planet|access-date=14 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113175246/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/shanghai/sights/building/shanghai-exhibition-centre|archive-date=13 November 2010|url-status=live}}

Shanghai—Lujiazui in particular—has numerous skyscrapers, making it the fifth city in the world with the most skyscrapers.{{cite web|url=http://skyscrapercenter.com/cities?list=buildings-150|title=Number of 150m+ Completed Buildings – The Skyscraper Center|website=Skyscrapercenter.com|access-date=5 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202102726/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/cities?list=buildings-150|archive-date=2 December 2017|url-status=live}} Among the most prominent examples are the {{convert|421|m|abbr=on}} high Jin Mao Tower, the {{convert|492|m|abbr=on}} high Shanghai World Financial Center, and the {{convert|632|m|abbr=on}} high Shanghai Tower, which is the tallest building in China and the third tallest in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/shanghai-tower-asias-new-tallest-skyscraper-presents-future-vision-vertical-cities-1507710|title=Shanghai Tower: Asia's new tallest skyscraper presents a future vision of 'vertical cities'|author=Alfred Joyner|work=International Business Times UK|date=24 June 2015 |access-date=26 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140923/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/shanghai-tower-asias-new-tallest-skyscraper-presents-future-vision-vertical-cities-1507710|archive-date=26 June 2015|url-status=live}} Completed in 2015, the tower takes the form of nine twisted sections stacked atop each other, totaling 128 floors.{{cite web|title=Shanghai Tower News Release|url=http://www.gensler.com/uploads/documents/pr_081128_Shanghai_Tower_11_24_2008.pdf|publisher=Gensler|date=28 November 2008|access-date=28 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315053529/http://www.gensler.com/uploads/documents/pr_081128_Shanghai_Tower_11_24_2008.pdf|archive-date=15 March 2009|url-status=dead}} It is featured in its double-skin facade design, which eliminates the need for either layer to be opaqued for reflectivity as the double-layer structure has already reduced the heat absorption.{{cite web|url=http://www.matternetwork.com/2010/3/shanghai-tower-beginnings-green-revolution.cfm|date=25 March 2010|author=CleanTechies|title=The Shanghai Tower: The Beginnings of a Green Revolution in China|access-date=19 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703152505/http://www.matternetwork.com/2010/3/shanghai-tower-beginnings-green-revolution.cfm|archive-date=3 July 2011|url-status=dead}} The futuristic-looking Oriental Pearl Tower, at {{convert|468|m|abbr=on}}, is located nearby at the northern tip of Lujiazui.{{skyscraperpage|25}} Skyscrapers outside of Lujiazui include the White Magnolia Plaza in Hongkou, the Shimao International Plaza in Huangpu, and the Shanghai Wheelock Square in Jing'an.

File:·˙·ChinaUli2010·.· Shanghai - panoramio (231).jpg|The Shanghai Museum

File:Shanghaigrandtheatre.jpg|The Shanghai Grand Theater

File:The Sino-Soviet Friendship Mansion.JPG|The Shanghai Exhibition Center, an example of Stalinist architecture

File:The Oriental Pearl Radio & Television Tower at night.jpg|The Oriental Pearl Tower at night

File:Shanghai - Shanghai Tower - 0003.jpg|Shanghai Tower

File:Skyscrapers in Shanghai.jpg|Glass facades of two skyscrapers

{{Main|Politics of Shanghai|Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Shanghai Municipal People's Government}}

File:Shanghai Government Building.jpg

Like all governing institutions in mainland China, Shanghai has a parallel party-government system,{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41007.pdf|title=Understanding China's Political System|last1=Lawrence|first1=Susan|last2=Martin|first2=Michael|date=20 March 2013|website=Federation of American Scientists|publisher=Congressional Research Service|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108131300/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41007.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2012|access-date=28 September 2019}} in which the CCP Committee Secretary, officially termed the Chinese Communist Party Shanghai Municipal Committee Secretary, outranks the Mayor.{{cite news|url=http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/30178/5316277.html |script-title=zh:党委书记权力究竟有多大？|trans-title=How much power does a Party Secretary really have?|date=23 January 2007|script-work=zh:人民论坛|publisher=People's Daily Press|language=zh-cn|access-date=29 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702211524/http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/30178/5316277.html|archive-date=2 July 2018|url-status=live}} The CCP committee acts as the top policy-formulation body, and is typically composed of 12 members (including the secretary), and has control over the Shanghai Municipal People's Government.{{cite web |title= |script-title=zh:中国共产党上海市委员会 |url=https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344809&nodeId=641948&type=-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425132615/https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344809&nodeId=641948&type=-1 |archive-date=25 April 2024 |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=shtong.gov.cn |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Government |language=zh}}{{cite web|url=http://district.ce.cn/zt/rwk/sf/sh/sw/201303/15/t20130315_767698.shtml |script-title=zh:上海市委常委名单+简历|publisher=经济日报-中国经济网|date=4 September 2019|access-date=14 October 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501050811/http://district.ce.cn/zt/rwk/sf/sh/sw/201303/15/t20130315_767698.shtml|archive-date=1 May 2019|url-status=live}}

Political power in Shanghai has frequently been a stepping stone to higher positions in the central government. Since Jiang Zemin became the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in June 1989, all former Shanghai party secretaries but one were elevated to the Politburo Standing Committee, the de facto highest decision-making body in China, including Jiang himself (Party General Secretary),{{cite news |title=Profile: Jiang Zemin |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1832448.stm |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=13 September 2011 |date=19 September 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119135557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1832448.stm |archive-date=19 November 2011 |url-status=live}} Zhu Rongji (Premier),{{cite news |title=The Former Premier Who Ended China's 'Splendid Isolation' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/19/world/the-former-premier-who-ended-china-s-splendid-isolation.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=19 March 2003 |access-date=13 September 2011 |first=Joseph |last=Kahn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126122757/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/19/world/the-former-premier-who-ended-china-s-splendid-isolation.html |archive-date=26 November 2010 |url-status=live}} Wu Bangguo (NPC Chairman),{{cite web |title=Biography of Wu Bangguo |url=http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/20 |publisher=China Vitae |access-date=14 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122041621/http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/20 |archive-date=22 November 2011 |url-status=live}} Huang Ju (Vice Premier),{{cite news |title=Huang Ju, Powerful Chinese Official, Dies at 68 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/02/world/asia/02huang.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2 June 2007 |access-date=13 September 2011 |first=Jim |last=Yardley |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717152632/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/02/world/asia/02huang.html |archive-date=17 July 2014 |url-status=live}} Xi Jinping (current General Secretary),{{cite web |title=Biography of Xi Jinping |url=http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Xi_Jinping |publisher=China Vitae |access-date=14 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014020753/http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Xi_Jinping |archive-date=14 October 2019 |url-status=live }} Yu Zhengsheng (CPPCC Chairman),{{cite web |title=Biography of Yu Zhengsheng |url=http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Yu_Zhengsheng |publisher=China Vitae |access-date=14 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014020754/http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Yu_Zhengsheng |archive-date=14 October 2019 |url-status=live }} Han Zheng (Vice Premier and Vice President),{{cite web |title=Biography of Han Zheng |url=http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Han_Zheng |publisher=China Vitae |access-date=14 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014020755/http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Han_Zheng |archive-date=14 October 2019 |url-status=live }} and Li Qiang (Premier). Zeng Qinghong, a former deputy party secretary of Shanghai, also rose to the Politburo Standing Committee and became the Vice President and an influential power broker.{{cite news |title=In Graft Inquiry, Chinese See a Shake-Up Coming |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/04/world/asia/04corrupt.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=4 October 2006 |access-date=13 September 2011 |first=Joseph |last=Kahn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218084726/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/04/world/asia/04corrupt.html |archive-date=18 December 2014 |url-status=live}} Li Xi, another former deputy party secretary of Shanghai, has become the Politburo Standing Committee and Secretary of CCDI member in 2022. The only exception is Chen Liangyu, who was fired in 2006 and later convicted of corruption.{{cite news |title = Former Shanghai Party chief gets 18-year term for bribery |url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/11/content_7959627.htm |work = Xinhua News |date = 11 April 2008 |access-date = 13 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091206061210/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-04/11/content_7959627.htm |archive-date = 6 December 2009}}

Officials with ties to the Shanghai administration collectively form a powerful faction in the central government known as the Shanghai Clique, which has often been viewed as competing against the rival Youth League Faction over personnel appointments and policy decisions.{{cite news |title=Factions Help Drive Modern China History |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/25/business/global/25iht-rshanpol.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=25 February 2010 |access-date=13 September 2011 |first=Ted |last=Plafker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012200255/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/25/business/global/25iht-rshanpol.html |archive-date=12 October 2011 |url-status=live}} However, Xi Jinping, successor to Hu Jintao as General Secretary and President, was largely an independent leader and took anti-corruption campaigns on both factions.{{cite news |title=Why Xi Jinping has no need of factions in the Communist Party |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/opinion/article/1999155/why-xi-jinping-has-no-need-factions-communist-party |newspaper=This Week in Asia |last=Wang |first=Xiangwei |date=8 August 2016 |access-date=14 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014020753/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/opinion/article/1999155/why-xi-jinping-has-no-need-factions-communist-party |archive-date=14 October 2019 |url-status=live }}

{{Main|List of administrative divisions of Shanghai|List of township-level divisions of Shanghai}}

Shanghai is one of the four municipalities under the direct administration of the Central People's Government,{{cite web

|url = http://www.gov.cn/test/2009-04/17/content_1288035.htm

|trans-title = Administrative divisions in China – Provincial-level administrative divisions

|script-title = zh:中国的行政区划——省级行政单位

|publisher = The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China

|language = zh-Hans

|date = 17 April 2009

|access-date = 31 August 2019

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150715231343/http://www.gov.cn/test/2009-04/17/content_1288035.htm

|archive-date = 15 July 2015

|url-status = live

}} and is divided into 16 county-level districts.

Although every district has its own urban core, the city hall and major administrative units are located in Huangpu District, which also serves as a commercial area, including the famous Nanjing Road. Other major commercial areas include Xintiandi and Huaihai Road{{efn|historically "Avenue Joffre"{{cite web |url=http://www.shsmi.cn/dmb/dmkw/8-4-3-1.htm |script-title=zh:纪念型 |script-work=zh:上海地名志 |trans-work=Shanghai Place Names |publisher=Shanghai Surveying and Mapping Institute |access-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425132556/http://www.shsmi.cn/dmb/dmkw/8-4-3-1.htm |archive-date=25 April 2012}}}} in Huangpu District, and Xujiahui{{efn|Shanghainese romanization: Xhigawhe, Zikawei, or Siccawei; {{IPA|wuu|ʑìkᴀ̋ɦuᴇ᷆|pronunciation:}}}} in Xuhui District. Many universities in Shanghai are located in residential areas in Yangpu District and Putuo District.

File:Openstreetmap central Shanghai.svg

Seven of the districts govern Puxi ({{abbr|lit.|Literally}} "The West Bank," or "West of the River Pu"), the older part of urban Shanghai on the west bank of the Huangpu River. These seven districts are collectively referred to as Shanghai Proper ({{lang|zh-hans|上海市区}}) or the core city ({{lang|zh|市中心}}), which comprise Huangpu, Xuhui, Changning, Jing'an, Putuo, Hongkou, and Yangpu.

Pudong ({{abbr|lit.|Literally}} "The East Bank," or "East of the River Pu"), the newer part of urban and suburban Shanghai on the east bank of the Huangpu River, is governed by Pudong New Area ({{lang|zh|浦东新区}}).{{efn|Chuansha County until 1992; merged with Nanhui District in 2009 with oversight of the Jiuduansha shoals{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2009-05/06/content_1306185.htm |script-title=zh:国务院同意撤销上海市南汇区 将其并入浦东新区 |work=Xinhua News |date=6 May 2009 |access-date=15 October 2019 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015041348/http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2009-05/06/content_1306185.htm |archive-date=15 October 2019 |url-status=live }}}}

Seven of the districts govern suburbs, satellite towns, and rural areas farther away from the urban core: Baoshan,{{efn|Baoshan County and Wusong District until 1988}} Minhang,{{efn|Original Minhang District and Shanghai County until 1992}} Jiading,{{efn|Jiading County until 1992}} Jinshan,{{efn|Jinshan County until 1997}} Songjiang,{{efn|Songjiang County until 1998}} Qingpu,{{efn|Qingpu County until 1999}} and Fengxian.{{efn|Fengxian County until 2001}}

Chongming District comprises the islands of Changxing and Hengsha and most—but not all{{efn|The absorption of the separate island of Yonglongsha by Chongming in the 1970s has produced a narrow pene-enclave of Jiangsu along about {{convert|20|km|sp=us}} of the northern shore of the island, separately administered as Nantong's Haiyong and Qilong townships.{{cite web |author=Office of Shanghai Chronicles |url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/node2/node2245/node70862/node70867/node70902/node70906/userobject1ai73640.html |script-title=zh:岛、沙 |trans-title=Islands and Shoals |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Government |year=2015 |access-date=12 January 2015 |language=zh-cn |archive-date=6 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106052548/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/node2/node2245/node70862/node70867/node70902/node70906/userobject1ai73640.html |url-status=dead }}}}—of Chongming Island.

The former district of Nanhui was absorbed into Pudong District in 2009. In 2011, Luwan District merged with Huangpu District. {{As of|2015}}, these county-level divisions are further divided into the following 210 township-level divisions: 109 towns, 2 townships, and 99 subdistricts. Those are in turn divided into the following village-level divisions: 3,661 neighborhood committees and 1,704 village committees.[http://www.shtong.gov.cn/node2/node19828/node82611/node82617/node82625/userobject1ai115500.html Shanghai Statistical Yearbook 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929144240/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/node2/node19828/node82611/node82617/node82625/userobject1ai115500.html |date=29 September 2011}}. Retrieved 18 July 2011

There is a sizable Korean community and Japanese community in Shanghai, largely in the Minhang District.

{{hatnote|Main article on Chinese Wikipedia: {{lang|zh|上海经济}}}}

File:大上海都市圈.jpg

Shanghai has been described as the "showpiece" of the booming economy of China.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7373394.stm|title=Shanghai: China's capitalist showpiece|last=Hunt|first=Katie|date=21 May 2008|work=BBC News|access-date=7 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080806011156/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7373394.stm|archive-date=6 August 2008}}{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2003/01/27/stories/2003012700170300.htm|title=Of Shanghai... and Suzhou|date=27 January 2003|newspaper=Business Line|access-date=20 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050819054503/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2003/01/27/stories/2003012700170300.htm|archive-date=19 August 2005}} The city is a global center for finance and innovation,{{Cite web|url=https://www.zyen.com/media/documents/GFCI_26_Report_v1.0.pdf|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 26|date=September 2019|website=Z/Yen|pages=17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003083940/https://www.zyen.com/media/documents/GFCI_26_Report_v1.0.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2019|access-date=20 October 2019}}{{cite news|url=https://technode.com/2017/03/07/shanghai-tops-next-global-innovation-hub-ranking|title=Shanghai tops next global innovation hub ranking|last=Yu|first=Sheila|date=7 March 2017|access-date=31 August 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831070105/https://technode.com/2017/03/07/shanghai-tops-next-global-innovation-hub-ranking/|archive-date=31 August 2019|website=TechNode}} and a national center for commerce, trade, and transportation,{{cite web|url=http://www.scio.gov.cn/ztk/dtzt/07/03/Document/485318/485318.htm|script-title=zh:上海简介|date=4 December 2009|access-date=4 September 2019|publisher=国务院新闻办公室|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904090216/http://www.scio.gov.cn/ztk/dtzt/07/03/Document/485318/485318.htm|archive-date=4 September 2019|url-status=live}} with the world's busiest container port—the Port of Shanghai.{{cite web|url=http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade/top-50-world-container-ports/|title=Top 50 World Container Ports|website=World Shipping Council|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704184751/http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade/top-50-world-container-ports|archive-date=4 July 2012|access-date=15 October 2019}} As of 2018, the Greater Shanghai metropolitan area, which includes Suzhou, Wuxi, Nantong, Ningbo, Jiaxing, Zhoushan, and Huzhou, was estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product of nearly 9.1 trillion RMB ($1.33 trillion in nominal or $2.08 trillion in PPP), exceeding that of Mexico with GDP (nominal) of $1.22 trillion, the 15th largest in the world.{{Cite web |title=2018 GDP (current US$): Mexico, Indonesia and Spain |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2021&locations=MX-ID-ES&most_recent_value_desc=true&start=2018&view=bar&year_high_desc=true |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=data.worldbank.org |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828100501/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2021&locations=MX-ID-ES&most_recent_value_desc=true&start=2018&view=bar&year_high_desc=true |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=于小明 |title=Shanghai metro area most promising region in China |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201906/20/WS5d0b3dc8a3103dbf14329593.html |access-date=11 March 2022 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn |archive-date=19 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119125525/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201906/20/WS5d0b3dc8a3103dbf14329593.html |url-status=live }} As of 2020, the economy of Shanghai was estimated to be $1 trillion (PPP), ranking the most productive metro area of China and among the top ten largest metropolitan economies in the world.{{Cite web|title=Global Wealth PPP Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? – Full Size|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Global-Wealth-PPP-Distribution.html|access-date=22 January 2022|website=www.visualcapitalist.com|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020135357/https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Global-Wealth-PPP-Distribution.html|url-status=live}} Shanghai's six largest industries—retail, finance, IT, real estate, machine manufacturing, and automotive manufacturing—comprise about half the city's GDP.{{cite web|url =http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/sjfb/201103/84307.html |script-title=zh:主要年份六大支柱产业增加值|publisher =Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau|language =zh|access-date =20 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140304223405/http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/sjfb/201103/84307.html|archive-date =4 March 2014}}

{{As of|2024||df=US}}, Shanghai had a GDP of {{CNY|5.39 trillion|link=yes}} ($757 billion in nominal; $1.52 trillion in PPP) that makes up 4% of China's GDP, and a GDP per capita of {{CNY|216,791}} ({{US$|30,448}} in nominal; {{US$|61,068}} in PPP).{{Cite web |date=2025-01-31 |title=四大直辖市GDP数据出炉！上海总量第一，北京人均领先！ |url=https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1822726190325995337&wfr=spider&for=pc |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=}}{{Cite web |title=Implied PPP conversion rate 2024 |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPEX@WEO//CHN |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=World Economic Outlook (IMF)}} In 2022, the average annual disposable income of Shanghai's residents was {{CNY|79,610}} ({{US$|11,836}}) per capita, while the average annual salary of people employed in urban units in Shanghai was {{CNY|212,476}} ({{US$|31,589}}), making it one of the wealthiest cities in China,{{Cite web|title=Zhejiang eclipsed only by Shanghai, Beijing in per capita disposable income|url=https://subsites.chinadaily.com.cn/ezhejiang/2022-01/21/c_700519.htm|access-date=13 February 2022|website=subsites.chinadaily.com.cn|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406035300/https://subsites.chinadaily.com.cn/ezhejiang/2022-01/21/c_700519.htm|url-status=live}} but also the most expensive city in mainland China to live in according to a 2023 study by the Economist Intelligence Unit.{{Cite news |date=29 November 2023 |title=These are the world's most expensive cities |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2023/11/29/these-are-the-worlds-most-expensive-cities |access-date=2023-12-19 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902010115/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2023/11/29/these-are-the-worlds-most-expensive-cities |url-status=live }} Since 2018, Shanghai has been hosting the China International Import Expo (CIIE) annually, the world's first import-themed national-level expo.

In 2023, the city's imports and exports reached CN¥7.73 trillion (US$1.07 trillion), accounting for 18.5% of the national total.{{Cite web|title=上海国际服务门户英文网International Economic Center|url=https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-ThisisShanghai/20231207/b95bf84b575b48999583d3513e997985.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231223210/https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-ThisisShanghai/20231207/b95bf84b575b48999583d3513e997985.html|url-status=live|archive-date=31 December 2023|access-date=3 June 2024|website=International Service Shanghai}}

According to Julius Baer's Global Wealth and Lifestyle Report, Shanghai was the most expensive city in the world for living a luxurious lifestyle in 2021.{{Cite news|title=For the Rich, Living in Asia Is Costlier Than Anywhere Else|author-first1=Yoojung|author-last1=Lee|author-first2=Denise|author-last2=Wee|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-09/for-the-rich-living-in-asia-is-costlier-than-anywhere-else|access-date=13 February 2022|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=9 April 2021|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413222837/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-09/for-the-rich-living-in-asia-is-costlier-than-anywhere-else|url-status=live}} Shanghai was the 5th wealthiest city in the world, with a total wealth amounts to $1.8 trillion,{{Cite web|last=Wealth|first=New World|title=The Wealthiest Cities in the World 2021|url=https://newworldwealth.com/reports/f/the-wealthiest-cities-in-the-world-2021|access-date=22 January 2022|website=New World Wealth|language=en-ZA|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122050955/https://newworldwealth.com/reports/f/the-wealthiest-cities-in-the-world-2021|url-status=dead}} and Shanghai was ranked fifth-highest in the number of billionaires by Forbes.{{Cite web |last=McEvoy |first=Jemima |title=Where The Richest Live: The Cities With The Most Billionaires 2022 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2022/04/05/where-the-richest-live-the-cities-with-the-most-billionaires-2022/ |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909022520/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2022/04/05/where-the-richest-live-the-cities-with-the-most-billionaires-2022/ |url-status=live }} Shanghai's nominal GDP was projected to reach US$1.3 trillion in 2035 (ranking first in China), making it one of the world's Top 5 major cities in terms of GRP according to a study by Oxford Economics.{{Cite web|title=These will be the most important cities by 2035|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/10/cities-in-2035/|access-date=3 November 2020|website=World Economic Forum|date=31 October 2019|language=en|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103162218/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/10/cities-in-2035/|url-status=live}} As of August 2024, Shanghai ranked 4th in the world and 2nd in China (after Beijing) by the largest number of the Fortune Global 500 companies in the world.{{Cite web |title=Fortune Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/2024/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Fortune |language=en |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822093815/https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/2024/ |url-status=live }}

Shanghai was the largest and most prosperous city in East Asia during the 1930s, and its rapid redevelopment began in the 1990s. In the last two decades, Shanghai has been one of the fastest-developing cities in the world; it has recorded double-digit GDP growth in almost every year between 1992 and 2008, before the 2008 financial crisis.{{cite web |url=http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje11.htm?d1=2011tjnje/E0109.htm |title=Growth rate of major national economic indicators over preceding year (1978～2010) |publisher=Stats-sh.gov.cn |access-date=11 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111042716/http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje11.htm?d1=2011tjnje%2FE0109.htm |archive-date=11 January 2012}}

File:Shanghai Stock Exchange 2.jpg is one of the largest stock exchanges in the world by market capitalization.]]

Shanghai is a global financial center, ranking first in the whole of Asia & Oceania region and third globally (after New York and London) in the 28th edition of the Global Financial Centres Index,{{Cite web|title=GFCI 28 Rank|url=https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-28-explore-data/gfci-28-rank/|access-date=27 September 2020|website=Long Finance|archive-date=4 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104141441/https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-28-explore-data/gfci-28-rank/|url-status=live}} published in September 2020 by Z/Yen and China Development Institute.{{Cite web|date=September 2020|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 28|url=https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_28_Full_Report_2020.09.25_v1.1.pdf|access-date=27 September 2020|website=Z/Yen|pages=1, 2|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118104905/https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_28_Full_Report_2020.09.25_v1.1.pdf|url-status=live}} Shanghai is also a large hub of the Chinese and global technology industry and home to a large startup ecosystem. As of 2021, the city was ranked as the 2nd Fintech powerhouse in the world after New York City.{{Cite web|date=March 2021|title=Global Financial Centres Index 29|url=https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_29_Full_Report_2021.03.17_v1.2.pdf|access-date=4 October 2021|website=Z/Yen Group|page=3|quote=New York continues to lead the FinTech ranking, followed by Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen, and London|archive-date=18 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718204719/https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_29_Full_Report_2021.03.17_v1.2.pdf|url-status=live}}

{{As of|2019||df=}}, the Shanghai Stock Exchange had a market capitalization of {{US$|4.02 trillion}}, making it the largest stock exchange in China and the fourth-largest stock exchange in the world.{{Cite web|url=https://www.valuewalk.com/2019/02/top-10-largest-stock-exchanges/|title=Top 10 Largest Stock Exchanges In The World By Market Capitalization|last=Shukla|first=Vikas|date=19 February 2019|website=ValueWalk|language=en-US|access-date=20 October 2019}}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} In 2009, the trading volume of six key commodities—including rubber, copper, and zinc—on the Shanghai Futures Exchange all ranked first globally.{{cite web |url = http://english.cntv.cn/english/special/news/20110119/109180.shtml |title = The rise of Lujiazui Financial City in Shanghai |publisher = CCTV News – CNTV English |date=19 January 2011 |access-date=17 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118232503/http://english.cntv.cn/english/special/news/20110119/109180.shtml |archive-date=18 January 2012 |url-status=dead}} By the end of 2017, Shanghai had 1,491 financial institutions, of which 251 were foreign-invested.{{cite web|url=http://china-trade-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/Fast-Facts/SHANGHAI-MUNICIPALITY/ff/en/1/1X000000/1X06BVOR.htm|title=Shanghai: Market Profile|date=29 March 2019|website=HKTDC Research|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020060040/http://china-trade-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/Fast-Facts/SHANGHAI-MUNICIPALITY/ff/en/1/1X000000/1X06BVOR.htm|archive-date=20 October 2019|access-date=20 October 2019}}

In September 2013, with the backing of Chinese Premier Li Keqiang, the city launched the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone—the first free-trade zone in mainland China. The zone introduced a number of pilot reforms designed to incentivize foreign investment. In April 2014, The Banker reported that Shanghai "has attracted the highest volumes of financial sector foreign direct investment in the Asia-Pacific region in the 12 months to the end of January 2014."{{cite web |url=http://www.thebanker.com/Banker-Data/International-Financial-Centres/Shanghai-top-for-FDI-into-Asia-Pacific |title=Shanghai top for FDI into Asia-Pacific |publisher=The Banker |date=1 April 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709152447/http://www.thebanker.com/Banker-Data/International-Financial-Centres/Shanghai-top-for-FDI-into-Asia-Pacific |archive-date=9 July 2014 |url-status=live}} In August 2014, fDi magazine named Shanghai the "Chinese Province of the Future 2014/15" due to "particularly impressive performances in the Business Friendliness and Connectivity categories, as well as placing second in the Economic Potential and Human Capital and Lifestyle categories."{{cite web |url=http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Asia-Pacific/China/Chinese-Provinces-of-the-Future-2014-15 |title=Chinese Provinces of the Future 2014/15 |publisher=FDi magazine |date=11 August 2014 |access-date=17 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206080117/http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Asia-Pacific/China/Chinese-Provinces-of-the-Future-2014-15 |archive-date=6 February 2015 |url-status=live}}

File:F-22P PNS Zulfiquar.JPG frigate built by Hudong-Zhonghua for the Pakistan Navy]]

As one of the main industrial centers of China, Shanghai plays a key role in domestic manufacturing and heavy industry. Several industrial zones—including Shanghai Hongqiao Economic and Technological Development Zone, Jinqiao Export Economic Processing Zone, Minhang Economic and Technological Development Zone, and Shanghai Caohejing High-Tech Development Zone—are backbones of Shanghai's secondary sector. Shanghai is home to China's largest steelmaker Baosteel Group, China's largest shipbuilding base Hudong–Zhonghua Shipbuilding Group, and one of China's oldest shipbuilders, the Jiangnan Shipyard.{{cite web |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bw/2009-11/30/content_9074353.htm |title=Shipping industry woes |work=China Daily |date=30 November 2009 |access-date=17 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606062813/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bw/2009-11/30/content_9074353.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200104/10/eng20010410_67333.html |title=China's Largest Shipbuilding Industry Based in Shanghai |work=People's Daily |date=10 April 2001 |access-date=15 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116115328/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200104/10/eng20010410_67333.html |archive-date=16 January 2014 |url-status=live}} Auto manufacturing is another important industry. The Shanghai-based SAIC Motor is one of the three largest automotive corporations in China, and has strategic partnerships with Volkswagen and General Motors.{{cite web |url=http://www.saicgroup.com/English/sqjt/gsjs/index.shtml |script-title=zh:上海汽车工业（集团）总公司|上汽集团 |publisher=Saicgroup |date=18 August 2009 |access-date=17 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529020940/https://www.saicgroup.com/English/sqjt/gsjs/index.shtml |archive-date=29 May 2011}} The company ranked 84 on the Fortune Global 500 list in 2023.{{Cite web|title=SAIC Motor ranks 84th on Fortune Global 500 list|url=https://www.saicmotor.com/english/latest_news/saic_motor/58869.shtml|date=7 August 2023|access-date=3 June 2024|website=SAIC Motor|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603144409/https://www.saicmotor.com/english/latest_news/saic_motor/58869.shtml|url-status=live}}

During the Mao era, Shanghai's economy primarily focused on light industry.{{Cite book |last=Hirata |first=Koji |title=Making Mao's Steelworks: Industrial Manchuria and the Transnational Origins of Chinese Socialism |date=2024 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-38227-4 |series=Cambridge Studies in the History of the People's Republic of China series |location=New York, NY}}{{Rp|pages=1-2}}

{{Main list|List of tourist attractions in Shanghai}}

File:East Nanjing Road at night, Shanghai.jpg near The Bund at night. This is a popular commercial center in Shanghai.]]

Tourism is a major industry of Shanghai. In 2017, the number of domestic tourists increased by 7.5% to 318 million, while the number of overseas tourists increased by 2.2% to 8.73 million. In 2017, Shanghai was the highest earning tourist city in the world.{{Cite web |last=Töre |first=Özgür |title=WTTC reveals the world's best performing tourism cities |url=https://ftnnews.com/other-news/35281-wttc-reveals-the-world-s-best-performing-tourism-cities |access-date=7 August 2021 |website=ftnnews.com |date=22 October 2018 |language=en-gb |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807052628/https://ftnnews.com/other-news/35281-wttc-reveals-the-world-s-best-performing-tourism-cities |url-status=live }} {{As of|2023}}, Shanghai had 57 five-star hotels, 52 four star hotels, 1,942 travel agencies, 144 rated tourist attractions, and 34 red tourist attractions.

In 2023, Shanghai's tourism industry generated an added value of CN¥177.12 billion (US$24.53 billion), marking a remarkable 98.5% increase compared to the previous year. The city welcomed a total of 3.64 million tourists, a 4.8-fold growth compared to 2022. The number of foreign tourists reached 2.41 million with a 5.2-fold increase.

The conference and meeting sector is also growing. According to the International Congress and Convention Association, Shanghai hosted 82 international meetings in 2018, a 34% increase from 61 in 2017.{{cite web|title=2018 ICCA Statistics Report Country & City Rankings Public Abstract|url=http://www.iccaworld.org/dcps/doc.cfm?docid=2321|publisher=International Congress and Convention Association|page=28|date=June 2019|access-date=21 October 2019|archive-date=21 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021015554/https://www.iccaworld.org/dcps/doc.cfm?docid=2321|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|title=2017 ICCA Statistics Report Country & City Rankings Public Abstract|url=https://www.iccaworld.org/dcps/doc.cfm?docid=2241|publisher=International Congress and Convention Association|page=25|date=June 2018|access-date=21 October 2019|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329021310/https://www.iccaworld.org/dcps/doc.cfm?docid=2241|url-status=dead}}

{{main|Shanghai Free-Trade Zone}}

Shanghai is home to China (Shanghai) Pilot Free-Trade Zone, the first free-trade zone in mainland China.{{cite news|url=http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2019-08/26/content_5424636.htm |script-title=zh:再添6个！18个自贸试验区构筑开放新版图|date=26 August 2019|access-date=26 September 2019|work=Xinhua News|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827050831/http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2019-08/26/content_5424636.htm|archive-date=27 August 2019|url-status=live}} {{as of|October 2019}}, it is also the second largest free-trade zone in mainland China in terms of land area (behind {{ill|Hainan Free Trade Zone|lt=|zh|中国（海南）自由贸易试验区}}, which covers the whole Hainan province{{cite web |url = http://www.shtong.gov.cn/node2/node70393/node70403/node83902/node83904/userobject1ai121430.html |publisher = Office of Shanghai Chronicles |script-title = zh:中国最大自贸区 奏响奋进序曲 |date = 8 December 2018 |access-date = 20 October 2019 |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305192548/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/node2/node70393/node70403/node83902/node83904/userobject1ai121430.html |archive-date = 5 March 2016 |url-status = live }}) by covering an area of {{convert|240.22|km2|abbr=on}} and integrating four existing bonded zones—Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Logistics Park, Yangshan Free Trade Port Area, and Pudong Airport Comprehensive Free Trade Zone.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24322313|title=Shanghai free-trade zone launched|date=29 September 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=30 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929235642/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24322313|archive-date=29 September 2013|url-status=live}}{{cite web |author1=State Council |script-title=zh:国务院关于同意设立中国（上海）自由贸易试验区临港新片区的批复（国函〔2019〕68号） |url=http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2019-08/06/content_5419153.htm |website=gov.cn |access-date=6 August 2019 |date=27 July 2019 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806104150/http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2019-08/06/content_5419153.htm |archive-date=6 August 2019 |url-status=live }} The industrial chain of port logistics has shaped the future development direction of the free-trade zone in Shanghai. Currently, two port chain centers have been approved for construction in Waigaoqiao and Yangshan.{{Cite journal |last1=Yu |first1=Wence |last2=Chen |first2=Hao |last3=Yang |first3=Liqiang |date=2019-01-01 |title=Planning and Layout of Shanghai Yangshan Bonded Port Area Based on the Perspective of a Free Trade Zone |url=https://doi.org/10.1108/OHI-03-2019-B0002 |journal=Open House International |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=5–8 |doi=10.1108/OHI-03-2019-B0002 |bibcode=2019OHIng..44....5Y |s2cid=240723511 |issn=0168-2601 |access-date=11 November 2023 |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907214643/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/OHI-03-2019-B0002/full/html |url-status=live }} Several preferential policies have been implemented to attract foreign investment in various industries to the zone. Because the zone is not technically considered Chinese territory for tax purposes, commodities entering the zone are exempt from duty and customs clearance.{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-the-shanghai-free-trade-zone-2013-9?r=US&IR=T|title=China Is About To Open A New 'Free Trade Zone' And People Are Excited That It Could Lift The Economy|date=14 September 2013|work=Business Insider|access-date=20 October 2019|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328033143/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/what-is-the-shanghai-free-trade-zone-2013-9?r=US&IR=T|url-status=live|author-first1=Mamta|author-last1=Badkar}}

{{main|Demographics of Shanghai}}

{{Historical population

| source = Census in China{{cite journal |title=China County Map with 2000-201o Population Census Data |url=https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/VKGEBX |website=dataverse.harvard.edu |date=2020 |doi=10.7910/DVN/VKGEBX |access-date=6 January 2024 |author1=China Data Lab |archive-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106191117/https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/VKGEBX |url-status=live }}

|1953 | 5258210

|1964 | 6423017

|1982 | 6320829

|1990 | 8348299

|2000 | 14489919

|2010 | 20555098

|2020 | 22209380

|align = right

}}

{{As of|2023||df=US}}, Shanghai had a total population of 24,874,500, including 14,801,700 (59.5%) hukou holders (registered locally). {{As of|2022||df=US}}, 89.3% of Shanghai's population live in urban areas, and 10.7% live in rural areas.{{cite web|url=https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103|title=National Data|publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of China|date=1 March 2022|access-date=23 March 2022|archive-date=9 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109073448/http://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103|url-status=live}} Based on the population of its total administrative area, Shanghai is the second largest of the four municipalities of China, behind Chongqing, but is generally considered the largest Chinese city because the urban population of Chongqing is much smaller.{{cite journal |last = Chan |first = Kam Wing |title=Misconceptions and Complexities in the Study of China's Cities: Definitions, Statistics, and Implications |journal=Eurasian Geography and Economics |year=2007 |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=383–412 |url = http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf |access-date=13 September 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130115173048/http://courses.washington.edu/chinageo/ChanCityDefinitionsEGE2007.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2013 |doi=10.2747/1538-7216.48.4.383|s2cid = 153676671 }} p. 395 According to the OECD, Shanghai's metropolitan area has an estimated population of 34 million.{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/biggest-megacities-in-china.html|title=A tale of megacities: China's largest metropolises|last1=Justina|first1=Crabtree|date=20 September 2016|publisher=CNBC|access-date=8 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209044105/https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/20/biggest-megacities-in-china.html|archive-date=9 December 2017}}

According to the Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau, about 157,900 residents in Shanghai are foreigners, including 28,900 Japanese, 21,900 Americans and 20,800 Koreans.{{cite web|url = http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje%2FE0211.htm|title = 2.11 RESIDENT FOREIGNERS IN SHANGHAI IN MAIN YEARS|website = stats-sh.gov.cn|publisher = Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau|access-date = 1 September 2019|archive-date = 22 March 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200322185612/http://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjnj/nje18.htm?d1=2018tjnje%2FE0211.htm|url-status = dead}} The actual number of foreign citizens in the city is probably much higher.{{cite web |title = Shanghai Population 2015 – World Population Review |url = http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/shanghai-population/ |website = worldpopulationreview.com |access-date = 23 November 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151124061733/http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/shanghai-population/ |archive-date = 24 November 2015 |url-status=live}} Shanghai is also a domestic immigration city—40.3% (9.8 million) of the city's residents are from other regions of China.

Shanghai has a life expectancy of 83.18 years for the city's registered population,{{Cite news|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/2019-02/14/c_1124113873.htm|script-title=zh:上海户籍人口人均期望寿命83.63岁，女性超86岁|work=Xinhua News|language=zh-cn|date=14 February 2019|access-date=22 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822020543/http://www.xinhuanet.com/2019-02/14/c_1124113873.htm|archive-date=22 August 2019|url-status=dead}} the highest life expectancy of all cities in mainland China. This has also caused the city to experience population aging—in 2021, 17.4% (4.3 million) of the city's registered population was aged 65 or above. In 2017, the Chinese government implemented population controls for Shanghai, resulting in a population decline of 10,000 people by the end of the year.{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/mar/19/plan-big-city-disease-populations-fall-beijing-shanghai|title=China's radical plan to limit the populations of Beijing and Shanghai|last=Roxburgh|first=Helen|date=19 March 2018|work=The Guardian|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409171520/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/mar/19/plan-big-city-disease-populations-fall-beijing-shanghai|archive-date=9 April 2018|access-date=8 April 2018}}

{{hatnote|Main article on Chinese Wikipedia: {{lang|zh|上海宗教}}}}

{{see also|Religion in China}}

File:Shanghai, China (Unsplash 8T9p4FDu590).jpg of Jing'an Temple]]

Due to its cosmopolitan history, Shanghai has a blend of religious heritage; religious buildings and institutions are scattered around the city. According to a 2012 survey, only 13.1% of the city's population belongs to organized religions, including Buddhists with 10.4%, Protestants with 1.9%, Catholics with 0.7%, and other faiths with 0.1% while the remaining 86.9% of the population could be either atheists or involved in worship of nature deities and ancestors or folk religious sects.{{cite web |url=http://iwr.cass.cn/zjwh/201403/W020140303370398758556.pdf |trans-title=China Family Panel Studies 2012 |script-title=zh:当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS（2012）调查数据 |publisher=Chinese Academy of Social Sciences |page=13 |date=3 March 2014 |access-date=7 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809051625/http://iwr.cass.cn/zjwh/201403/W020140303370398758556.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}

{{Pie chart

|thumb = right

|caption = Religion in Shanghai (2012):

|label1 = Chinese folk religion, or atheist

|value1 = 87.46

|color1 = #C00000

|label2 = Buddhism

|value2 = 10.30

|color2 = Yellow

|label3 = Christianity

|value3 = 1.88

|color3 = DodgerBlue

|label4 = Islam

|value4 = 0.36

|color4 = Green

}}

Buddhism, in its Chinese varieties, has had a presence in Shanghai since the Three Kingdoms period, during which the Longhua Temple—the largest temple in Shanghai—and the Jing'an Temple were founded.{{cite web|url=http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-fojiao/|script-title=zh:上海市佛教概况|trans-title=An overview of Buddhism in Shanghai|date=29 September 2003|access-date=23 October 2019|work=Shanghai Ethnic and Religions|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023041825/http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-fojiao/|archive-date=23 October 2019|url-status=dead}} Another significant temple is the Jade Buddha Temple, which was named after a large statue of Buddha carved out of jade in the temple.{{cite web|url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2245/node75195/node75200/node75234/node75246/userobject1ai90985.html|script-title=zh:第一节 玉佛寺|trans-title=Chapter One: Jade Buddha Temple|date=21 March 2007|access-date=23 October 2019|work=Office of Shanghai Chronicles|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023041827/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2245/node75195/node75200/node75234/node75246/userobject1ai90985.html|archive-date=23 October 2019|url-status=live}} {{as of|2014}}, Buddhism in Shanghai had 114 temples, 1,182 clergical staff, and 453,300 registered followers. The religion also has its own college, the {{ill|Shanghai Buddhist College|lt=|zh|上海佛学院}}, and its own press, {{ill|Shanghai Buddhological Press|lt=|zh|上海佛学书局}}.{{cite web|url=http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/sh-zongjiao/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023041826/http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/sh-zongjiao/|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2019|script-title=zh:上海宗教简介|trans-title=Brief introduction to the religions in Shanghai|date=25 December 2014|access-date=23 October 2019|work=Shanghai Ethnic and Religions|language=zh}}

File:Photo of St. Ignatius Cathedral, Shanghai 圣依纳爵主教座堂.jpg]]

Catholicism was brought into Shanghai in 1608 by Italian missionary Lazzaro Cattaneo.{{cite web|url=http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-tianzhu/|script-title=zh:上海天主教概况|trans-title=An overview of Catholicism in Shanghai|date=19 September 2003|access-date=24 October 2019|work=Shanghai Ethnic and Religions|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023041853/http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-tianzhu/|archive-date=23 October 2019|url-status=dead}} The Apostolic Vicariate of Shanghai was erected in 1933, and was further elevated to the Diocese of Shanghai in 1946.{{cite web|url=http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zjtz-jiaoqu/|script-title=zh:天主教上海教区|trans-title=Roman Catholic Diocese of Shanghai|date=19 September 2003|access-date=24 October 2019|work=Shanghai Ethnic and Religions|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024001012/http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zjtz-jiaoqu/|archive-date=24 October 2019|url-status=dead}} Notable Catholic sites include the St. Ignatius Cathedral in Xujiahui—the largest Catholic church in the city,{{cite web|url=http://www.xuhui.gov.cn/xhbm/bmyu/20180605/014_34a48e8b-6c0a-4ee5-9146-0987d47e7486.htm|script-title=zh:徐家汇天主教堂|trans-title=Xujiahui Catholic Church|date=6 May 2018|access-date=24 October 2019|publisher=Xuhui District People's Government|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024001015/http://www.xuhui.gov.cn/xhbm/bmyu/20180605/014_34a48e8b-6c0a-4ee5-9146-0987d47e7486.htm|archive-date=24 October 2019|url-status=dead}} the St. Francis Xavier Church, and the She Shan Basilica.{{cite web|url=https://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/shanghai/churches.htm|title=Famous Churches in Shanghai|access-date=24 October 2019|work=Travel China Guide|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024001012/https://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/shanghai/churches.htm|archive-date=24 October 2019|url-status=live}} Other forms of Christianity in Shanghai include Eastern Orthodox minorities and, since 1996, registered Christian Protestant churches. The Protestant All Saints Church in Huangpu was built in 1925 and features a Neo-Romanesque tower. Shanghai has long had the highest concentration of urban Catholics in China.{{Cite journal |last=Mariani |first=Paul P. |date=2016 |title=The Four Catholic Bishops of Shanghai: "Underground" and "Patriotic" Church Competition and Sino–Vatican Relations in Reform-Era China |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24708489 |journal=Journal of Church and State |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=38–56 |doi=10.1093/jcs/csu078 |jstor=24708489 |issn=0021-969X}}{{Rp|page=38}}

Although currently making up a fraction of the religious population in Shanghai, Jewish people have played an influential role in the city's history. After the Treaty of Nanking ended the First Opium War in 1842, the city was opened up to western populations and merchants traveled to Shanghai for its rich business potential, including many prominent Jewish families. The Sassoons amassed great wealth in the opium and textile trades, cementing their status by funding many of the buildings that have become iconic in Shanghai's skyline, such as the Cathay Hotel in 1929.{{cite web |url=https://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/travel/holidays/the-jews-of-shanghai-china-1.494295 |title=The Jews of Shanghai |work=The JC |last=Parker |first=Rupert |date=15 December 2019 |access-date=30 June 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506125801/https://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/travel/holidays/the-jews-of-shanghai-china-1.494295}} The Hardoons were another prominent Baghdadi Jewish family that used their business success to define Shanghai in the 20th century. The head of the family, Silas Hardoon, one of the richest people in the world during the 1800s, financed Nanjing Road, which then housed departmental stores in the International Settlement, that is now one of the busiest shopping centers in the world.

During World War II, thousands of Jews emigrated to Shanghai in an effort to flee Nazi Germany. They lived in a designated area called the Shanghai Ghetto and formed a community centered on the Ohel Moishe Synagogue, which is now the Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum.{{cite web|url=http://www.filination.com/blog/2011/03/20/shanghai-jewish-refugees-museum-ohel-moishe-synagogue/|title=Jewish Refugees Museum : Ohel Moishe Synagogue Shanghai|work=Visions of Travel|access-date=13 February 2013|archive-date=10 April 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410195934/http://www.filination.com/blog/2011/03/20/shanghai-jewish-refugees-museum-ohel-moishe-synagogue/|url-status=live}} In 1939, Horace Kadoorie, the head of the powerful philanthropic Sephardic Jewish family in Shanghai, founded the Shanghai Jewish Youth Association to support Jewish refugees through English education so they would be prepared to emigrate from Shanghai when the time came.{{cite web |url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1071705 |title=Harry Fiedler and other students wave Zionist flags during a celebration at the Kadoorie School. |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |access-date=30 June 2021 |archive-date=28 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728070458/https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1071705 |url-status=live }}

Islam came into Shanghai during the Yuan dynasty. The city's first mosque, Songjiang Mosque, was built during the Zhizheng ({{lang|zh|至正}}) era under Emperor Huizong (reigned 1333 – 1368). Shanghai's Muslim population increased in the 19th and early 20th centuries (when the city was a treaty port), during which time many mosques—including the Xiaotaoyuan Mosque, the Huxi Mosque, and the Pudong Mosque—were built. The Shanghai Islamic Association is located in the Xiaotaoyuan Mosque in Huangpu.{{cite web|url=http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-yisilan/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023041825/http://mzzj.sh.gov.cn/mzw/zj-yisilan/|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2019|script-title=zh:上海市伊斯兰教概|trans-title=An overview of Islam in Shanghai|date=19 September 2003|access-date=23 October 2019|work=Shanghai Ethnic and Religions|language=zh}} According to the sixth census of China in 2010, there are an estimated 85,000 Muslims in Shanghai, compared from 20,000 in 1949 and 7,000 in 1936.{{Cite web |title=Muslim in Shanghai: Muslim Population, Market, Restaurant, Mosques |url=https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-muslim/muslim-in-shanghai.htm |access-date=2024-07-08 |website=www.topchinatravel.com |archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103010301/https://www.topchinatravel.com/china-muslim/muslim-in-shanghai.htm |url-status=live }}

Shanghai has several folk religious temples, including the City God Temple at the heart of the Old City, the Dajing Ge Pavilion dedicated to the Three Kingdoms general Guan Yu, the Confucian Temple of Shanghai, and a major Taoist center {{ill|Shanghai White Cloud Temple|lt=|zh|海上白云观}} where the Shanghai Taoist Association locates.{{cite web|url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node71994/node81772/node81777/node81790/userobject1ai109134.html|script-title=zh:海上道教名观：白云观|trans-title=Shanghai's famous taoism temple: Shanghai White Cloud Temple|date=27 October 2009|access-date=24 October 2019|work=Office of Shanghai Chronicles|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616204742/http://shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node71994/node81772/node81777/node81790/userobject1ai109134.html|archive-date=16 June 2018|url-status=live}}

{{main|Shanghainese}}

{{bar box

| float = right

| title = Ability to speak the following dialects/languages in Shanghai (2013){{cite web|url=https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjfx/20140207/0014-266714.html|script-title=zh:上海市民语言应用能力调查. |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Statistics|date=7 February 2014|access-date=5 May 2024|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505100756/https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjfx/20140207/0014-266714.html|archive-date=5 May 2024|url-status=live}}

| left1 = Languages

| right1 = %

| right2 = Can Speak

| bars =

{{bar percent|Mandarin|#CC2222|97.0}}

{{bar percent|Shanghainese|Gold|81.4}}

{{bar percent|English|Yellow|47.5}}

{{bar percent|Other Chinese|YellowGreen|29.7}}

{{bar percent|Other foreign languages|CadetBlue|7.8}}

| caption = Sampled among residents ≥ 13 years old.

}}

The vernacular language spoken in the city is Shanghainese, part of the Taihu Wu subgroup of the Wu Chinese language family. This is different from the national language, Mandarin, which is mutually unintelligible with Wu Chinese.{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chinese-languages|title=Chinese languages|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220025100/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chinese-languages|archive-date=20 February 2018}} Modern Shanghainese derives from the indigenous Wu spoken in the former Songjiang prefecture but has been influenced by other dialects of Taihu Wu, most notably Suzhounese, and Ningbonese{{cite web|url=http://wu-chinese.com/wu-chinese/SH100years.doc|script-title=zh:上海市区话语音一百多年来的演变|trans-title=Changes in the downtown Shanghainese pronunciations in the past one hundred years|page=1|last=Chen|first=Zhongmin|access-date=24 October 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820235310/http://wu-chinese.com/wu-chinese/SH100years.doc|archive-date=20 August 2011|url-status=live}}

Prior to its expansion, the language spoken in Shanghai was not as prominent as those spoken around Jiaxing and later Suzhou, and was known as "the local tongue" ({{lang|zh-Hans|本地閑話}}), a name which is now used in suburbs only.{{cite web|url=https://www.shobserver.com/news/detail?id=110722|script-title=zh:“上海闲话”和“本地闲话”为何差别这么大?|work=Shanghai Observer|last=You|first=Rujie|date=16 October 2018|access-date=25 October 2019|archive-date=11 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411210922/https://www.shobserver.com/news/detail?id=110722|url-status=live}} In the late 19th century, downtown Shanghainese ({{lang|zh-Hans|市區閑話}} or simply {{lang|zh-Hans|上海閑話}}) appeared, undergoing rapid changes and quickly replacing Suzhounese as the prestige dialect of the Yangtze River Delta region. At the time, most of the immigration into the city came from the two adjacent provinces, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, the local dialects of which had the greatest influence on Shanghainese. After 1949, Putonghua (Standard Mandarin) has also had a great impact on Shanghainese as a result of being rigorously promoted by the government. Since the 1990s, many migrants outside of the Wu-speaking region have come to Shanghai for education and jobs. They often cannot speak the local language and therefore use Putonghua (Mandarin) as a lingua franca. Because Putonghua and English were more favored, Shanghainese began to decline, and fluency among young speakers weakened. In recent years, there have been movements within the city to promote the local language and protect it from fading out.{{cite news|title=Is Shanghai's local dialect, and culture, in crisis?|author=Zat Liu|url=http://www.cnngo.com/shanghai/life/shanghaihua-crisis-680262|newspaper=CNN GO|date=20 August 2010|access-date=5 June 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903072555/http://www.cnngo.com/shanghai/life/shanghaihua-crisis-680262|archive-date=3 September 2011}}{{cite news|title=Stopping the local dialect becoming derelict|author=Jia Feishang|url=http://www.shanghaidaily.com/feature/art-and-culture/Stopping-the-local-dialect-becoming-derelict/shdaily.shtml|newspaper=Shanghai Daily|date=13 May 2011|access-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212091106/http://www.shanghaidaily.com/feature/art-and-culture/Stopping-the-local-dialect-becoming-derelict/shdaily.shtml|archive-date=12 February 2017|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Education in Shanghai|Education in China|Higher education in China}}

{{Main list|List of universities and colleges in Shanghai}}{{See also|Rankings of universities in China|List of universities in China|Double First-Class Construction|label 1=}}File:Xuhui Liberary Scene 01.jpg Library|upright]]

Shanghai is an international center of research and development and as of 2024, it was ranked second globally (after Beijing) by scientific research outputs, as tracked by the Nature Index.{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities 2024 {{!}} {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2024-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.nature.com}} It is also a major center of higher education in China. As of 2023, Shanghai had 68 universities and colleges, ranking first in East China region as a city with most higher education institutions.{{Cite web |title=全国普通高等学校名单 – 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=https://hudong.moe.gov.cn/qggxmd/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=hudong.moe.gov.cn |archive-date=21 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621120742/https://hudong.moe.gov.cn/qggxmd/ |url-status=live }}

Shanghai has many highly ranked educational institutions,{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=All 30 Universities in Shanghai {{!}} Rankings 2022 |url=https://www.universityguru.com/universities-shanghai |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=UniversityGuru |language=en |archive-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411205632/https://www.universityguru.com/universities-shanghai |url-status=live }} with 15 universities listed in 147 Double First-Class Universities ranking second nationwide among all cities in China (after Beijing). A number of China's most prestigious universities appearing in the global university rankings are based in Shanghai, including Fudan University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Tongji University, East China Normal University, Shanghai University, East China University of Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai International Studies University, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai Maritime University, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai Conservatory of Music, and Shanghai University of Sport.{{cite web |date=25 June 2024 |title=US News Best Global Universities in Shanghai |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/china?city=shanghai |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907214651/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/china?city=shanghai |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title = Top 10 institutions in Shanghai_Nature Index 2020 Science Cities |url = https://www.natureindex.com/supplements/nature-index-2020-science-cities/tables/shanghai |access-date = 8 October 2020 |website = natureindex.com |archive-date = 7 September 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240907214644/https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2020-science-cities/tables/shanghai |url-status = live }}{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023 |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=www.shanghairanking.com |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929224804/https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023 |url-status=live }} Some of these universities were selected as "985 universities" or "211 universities" since the 90s by the Chinese government in order to build world-class universities.{{cite web |url = https://www.cucas.cn/studyinchina/province/Shanghai_42/Shanghai_60/985_Project_3_4.html |title = Shanghai 985 Project Universities list |website = China's University and College Admission System |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191028062423/https://www.cucas.cn/studyinchina/province/Shanghai_42/Shanghai_60/985_Project_3_4.html|archive-date=28 October 2019 |access-date=28 October 2019}}{{cite web |title = Shanghai 211 Project Universities {{!}} Study in China {{!}} CUCAS |url = https://www.cucas.cn/studyinchina/province/Shanghai_42/Shanghai_60/211_Project_3_5.html |access-date = 8 December 2020 |website = cucas.cn |archive-date = 10 March 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210310193701/https://www.cucas.cn/studyinchina/province/Shanghai_42/Shanghai_60/211_Project_3_5.html |url-status = live }}

File:Fudan-guanghualou2.jpg]]

Shanghai is a seat of two members (Fudan University and Shanghai Jiao Tong University) of the C9 League, an alliance of elite Chinese universities offering comprehensive and leading education,{{cite web |date=17 February 2011 |title=Eastern stars: Universities of China's C9 League excel in select fields |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/eastern-stars-universities-of-chinas-c9-league-excel-in-select-fields/415193.article |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225152504/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/eastern-stars-universities-of-chinas-c9-league-excel-in-select-fields/415193.article |url-status=live }} and these two universities are ranked consistently in the Asia top 10,{{Cite web |date=13 June 2023 |title=Asia University Rankings |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/regional-ranking |access-date=23 June 2023 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014042657/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2023/regional-ranking |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=QS Asia University Rankings 2023 – Overall |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asia-university-rankings/2023 |access-date=23 June 2023 |website=Top Universities |language=en |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322173427/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asia-university-rankings/2023 |url-status=live }} and in the global top 100 research comprehensive universities according to the most influential university rankings in the world such as QS Rankings, Shanghai Rankings, Times Higher Education Rankings and U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking.{{cite web |date=30 November 2015 |title=Shanghai |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings-articles/qs-best-student-cities/shanghai |access-date=8 October 2020 |website=Top Universities |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812081546/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings-articles/qs-best-student-cities/shanghai |url-status=live }}{{cite web |date=29 October 2020 |title=Best universities in Shanghai |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/best-universities-shanghai |access-date=26 February 2021 |website=Student |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203001007/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/best-universities/best-universities-shanghai |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title = World University Rankings – 2020 {{!}} China Universities in Top 1000 universities {{!}} Academic Ranking of World Universities – 2020 {{!}} Shanghai Ranking – 2020 |url = http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings-2020/China.html |access-date = 26 February 2021 |website = Shanghairanking.com |archive-date = 15 April 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210415020645/http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings-2020/China.html |url-status = dead }} Fudan University established a joint EMBA program with Washington University in St. Louis in 2002 which has since consistently been ranked as one of the best in the world.{{cite web |title=Business school rankings from the Financial Times |url=http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/executive-mba-ranking-2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318014233/http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/executive-mba-ranking-2019 |archive-date=18 March 2020 |access-date=28 February 2020 |website=Financial Times}}{{cite web |title=Executive MBA in Shanghai {{!}} WashU Olin Business School |url=https://olin.wustl.edu/EN-US/executive-programs/executive-mba-shanghai/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=28 February 2020 |website=olin.wustl.edu |archive-date=18 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318005044/https://olin.wustl.edu/EN-US/executive-programs/executive-mba-shanghai/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=live }}

The other two members of the "Project 985," Tongji University and East China Normal University, are also based in Shanghai and internationally; they are regarded as one of the most reputable Chinese universities by the Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings where they ranked 150–175th globally.{{cite web |date = 25 October 2021 |title = World Reputation Rankings |url = https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/reputation-ranking |access-date = 29 October 2021 |website = Times Higher Education (THE) |language = en |archive-date = 28 October 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028135916/https://lax1-ib.adnxs.com/vevent?an_audit=0&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fworld-university-rankings%2F2021%2Freputation-ranking%23%21%2Fpage%2F0%2Flength%2F25%2Fsort_by%2Frank%2Fsort_order%2Fasc%2Fcols%2Fstats&e=wqT_3QKADfBVgAYAAAMA1gAFAQip2eqLBhCbronj6pzyw1wYqPze65mVyu0aKjYJHgnVb6xV9z8Rr-sXHY-Z9D8ZAAAAgOtREkAhq8_VVuwv9T8pAAAAAAAA-D8xAAABG7joPzCJg_cJOEpAnAVIAlCKg_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_EQGwAaoFJDJDOTIyOEFELTA2QzEtNDdCRS05RjdCLTIzRjc4NTkzM0ZEMcAFAMkFAU8YAADwP9IFCQVbAQFw2AUB4AUB8AXbkEH6BQQIABAAkAYAmAYAuAYAwQYBIQExINAG1gHaBhYKEAkRGQFcEAAYAOAGAfIGAggAgAcBiAcAoAcBugcLAUg4GAA40h5AAcgH1M4F0gcNFXIBNAjaBwYJIzDgBwDqBwIIAPAHAPoHCfEBAQHxBQEEgghKFQA.&s=d4c207765a527a56423179720763c81ed7546d6f&type=nv&nvt=5&jm=1003&px=691&py=1825&bw=300&bh=600&sid=4266722271880150286&vd=ct~0%7Crr~0&sv=220&tv=view7-1js&ua=chrome52&pl=linux&x=v&tag_id=20824457&cid=3&cr=nv&sw=1600&sh=1000&pw=1025&ph=11392&ww=1025&wh=11392&ft=2 |url-status = live }} The city is also home to the Shanghai University of Sport, which consistently ranks the best in China among universities specialized in sports.{{Cite web |title=Ranking of Chinese Sport Science Universities |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/bcur/202326 |access-date=18 July 2023 |website=www.shanghairanking.com |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718023021/https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/bcur/202326 |url-status=dead }} As of 2024, Shanghai University of Sport ranks #1 in Asia and #29 globally according to the "Global Ranking of Sport Science Schools and Departments" released by Shanghai Ranking.{{Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Sport Science Schools and Departments |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/grsssd/2024 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=www.shanghairanking.com}}

The city has many {{ill|Chinese–foreign joint education institutes|zh|中外合作办学}}, such as the Shanghai University–University of Technology Sydney Business School since 1994, the University of Michigan–Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute since 2006, and New York University Shanghai—the first China–U.S. joint venture university—since 2012.{{cite web |url = http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201806/13/WS5b20522ca31001b825720035.html |title=Program offers global degrees – Chinadaily.com.cn |last=He|first=Qi|date=13 June 2018|website=China Daily|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024074949/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201806/13/WS5b20522ca31001b825720035.html|archive-date=24 October 2019|access-date=24 October 2019}}{{Cite news|url=http://www.chisa.edu.cn/rmtnews1/guandian/201810/t20181030_118361.html|script-title=zh:上海中外合作办学走过25年 已在各区遍地开花 |work=Xinmin Evening News |last1=Wang|first1=Wei|last2=Lu|first2=Zihua|date=30 October 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024115730/http://www.chisa.edu.cn/rmtnews1/guandian/201810/t20181030_118361.html|archive-date=24 October 2019|access-date=24 October 2019|language=zh}} In 2013, the Shanghai Municipality and the Chinese Academy of Sciences founded the ShanghaiTech University in the Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park in Pudong.Rouhi, Maureen (19 January 2015). [http://cen.acs.org/articles/93/i3/ShanghaiTech-Aims-Raise-Bar-Higher.html "ShanghaiTech Aims To Raise The Bar For Higher Education In China"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119203749/http://cen.acs.org/articles/93/i3/ShanghaiTech-Aims-Raise-Bar-Higher.html |date=19 November 2015}}. Chemical & Engineering News. Retrieved 19 November 2015. Shanghai is also home to the cadre school China Executive Leadership Academy in Pudong and the China Europe International Business School. The city government's education agency is the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission.

The city is also a seat of the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, China's oldest think tank for the humanities and social sciences. It is the largest one outside the capital of Beijing after the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS).{{Cite web |date=10 September 2019 |title=上海社会科学院 |url=http://english.sass.org.cn:8001/introductionOoverview/index.jhtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910071056/http://english.sass.org.cn:8001/introductionOoverview/index.jhtml |archive-date=10 September 2019 |access-date=9 September 2022 }}

By the end of 2023, the city also had a total of 49 institutions for postgraduate education, 68 institutions for higher education, 900 secondary schools, 70 vocational schools, 664 primary schools, and 31 special education schools. In Shanghai, the nine years of compulsory education—including five years of primary education and four years of junior secondary education—are free, with a gross enrollment ratio of over 99.9%. The city's compulsory education system is among the best in the world: in 2009 and 2012, 15-year-old students from Shanghai ranked first in every subject (math, reading, and science) in the Program for International Student Assessment, a worldwide study of academic performance conducted by the OECD.{{cite news |last=Dillon |first=Sam |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/07/education/07education.html |title=In PISA Test, Top Scores From Shanghai Stun Experts |newspaper=The New York Times |date=7 December 2010 |access-date=17 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110512225939/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/07/education/07education.html |archive-date=12 May 2011 |url-status=live }}{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-14812822 |title=How China is winning the school race |publisher=BBC |date=11 October 2011 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181102134543/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-14812822 |archive-date=2 November 2018 |url-status=live }} The consecutive three-year senior secondary education is priced and uses the Senior High School Entrance Examination (Zhongkao) as a selection process, with a gross enrollment ratio of 98%.{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/download/gongkai/hff1661.pdf|script-title=zh:上海市教育改革和发展“十三五暠规划|page=7|date=16 August 2016|publisher=Shanghai Municipal Government|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918070130/http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/download/gongkai/hff1661.pdf|archive-date=18 September 2017|access-date=2019-10-26|language=zh}} Among all senior high schools, the four with the best teaching quality—Shanghai High School, No. 2 High School Attached to East China Normal University, High School Affiliated to Fudan University, and High School Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University—are termed "The Four Schools" ({{lang|zh|"四校"}}) of Shanghai.{{cite web |url = http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw2315/nw17239/nw17245/u21aw1304192.html |script-title=zh:新中考名额分配补充说明发布 “四校”65%招生计划数参与名额分配 |date=19 April 2018 |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Government|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191026022539/http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw2315/nw17239/nw17245/u21aw1304192.html |archive-date = 26 October 2019 |access-date = 26 October 2019 |language=zh-CN }} {{as of|October 2019}}, the city's National College Entrance Examination (Gaokao) is structured under the "3+3" system, in which all general senior high school students study three compulsory subjects (Chinese, English, and math) and three subjects chosen from six options (physics, chemistry, biology, history, geography, and politics).{{cite news |url = http://news.cnr.cn/native/city/201409/t20140919_516469262.shtml |script-title=zh:上海市公布深化高校考试招生制度综合改革试点方案 |website = CNR.cn |date=19 September 2014 |access-date=26 October 2019 |language=zh-CN |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191026022541/http://news.cnr.cn/native/city/201409/t20140919_516469262.shtml |archive-date=26 October 2019|url-status=live }}

{{Main|Transport in Shanghai}}

File:Shanghai Metro 09A04.jpg train on the Shanghai Metro, the longest metro system in the world.]]

File:Shanghai Metro Network en.png

Shanghai has an extensive public transportation system comprising metros, buses, ferries, and taxis, all of which can be accessed using a Shanghai Public Transport Card.{{cite web | url=http://www.sptcc.com/Load_yongkafanwei.html |script-title=zh:上海公共交通卡 用卡范围 | publisher=Shanghai Public Transport Card | language=zh | access-date=21 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407121818/http://www.sptcc.com/Load_yongkafanwei.html | archive-date=7 April 2019 | url-status=live }}

Shanghai's rapid transit system, the Shanghai Metro, incorporates both subway and light metro lines and extends to every core urban district as well as neighboring suburban districts. {{As of|2021}}, there are 19 metro lines (excluding the Shanghai maglev train and Jinshan railway), 515 stations, and {{convert|803|km|0|abbr=on}} of lines in operation, making it the longest network in the world. On 8 March 2019, it set the city's daily metro ridership record with 13.3 million.{{cite web | url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/KOD05sMk2b_fe_qXZb7KpQ | script-title=zh:3月8日上海地铁客流创历史新高 | website=WeChat | publisher=Shanghai Metro | date=9 March 2019 | language=zh | access-date=9 September 2019 | archive-date=19 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219060732/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/KOD05sMk2b_fe_qXZb7KpQ | url-status=live }} The average fare ranges from {{CNY|3}} ({{US$|0.48}}) to {{CNY|9}} ({{US$|1.28}}), depending on the travel distance.{{Cite web|url=http://www.meet-in-shanghai.net/travel-city/transportation/metro.php|title=Metro & Maglev Train|website=The Official Shanghai China Travel Website|access-date=1 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614073835/http://www.meet-in-shanghai.net/travel-city/transportation/metro.php|archive-date=14 June 2019|url-status=live}}

File:A maglev train coming out, Pudong International Airport, Shanghai.jpg]]

Opened in 2004, the Shanghai maglev train is the first and the fastest commercial high-speed maglev in the world, with a maximum operation speed of {{Convert|430|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite news|last1=Hunt|first1=Hugh|title=How we can make super-fast hyperloop travel a reality|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/student-life/technology-gaming/how-we-can-make-super-fast-hyperloop-travel-a-reality-a7529316.html|access-date=19 January 2017|publisher=Independent|date=19 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202005348/http://www.independent.co.uk/student/student-life/technology-gaming/how-we-can-make-super-fast-hyperloop-travel-a-reality-a7529316.html|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live}} The train can complete the {{Convert|30|km|mi|adj=on|sp=us}} journey between Longyang Road station and Pudong International Airport in 7 minutes 20 seconds,{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.cn/2006-04/26/content_266848.htm|script-title=zh:上海磁悬浮列车示范运营线通过验收|website=gov.cn|date=26 April 2006|access-date=2 September 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902035358/http://www.gov.cn/2006-04/26/content_266848.htm|archive-date=2 September 2019|url-status=live}} comparing to 32 minutes by Metro Line 2{{cite news|script-title=zh:沪地铁2号线19日起末班车时间延后 部分列车直通浦东机场|url=http://sh.xinhuanet.com/2019-04/17/c_137983412.htm|access-date=2 September 2019|work=Xinhua News|date=17 April 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902035358/http://sh.xinhuanet.com/2019-04/17/c_137983412.htm|archive-date=2 September 2019|url-status=dead}} and 30 minutes by car.{{Cite web|url=https://google.com/maps/dir/%E6%B5%A6%E4%B8%9C%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%82%E6%B5%A6%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%BA/%E9%BE%99%E9%98%B3%E8%B7%AF%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%81%E7%AB%99+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%82%E6%B5%A6%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%BA%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD|title=Google Maps|access-date=2 September 2019|archive-date=23 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323113302/https://www.google.com/maps/dir/%E6%B5%A6%E4%B8%9C%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%82%E6%B5%A6%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%BA/%E9%BE%99%E9%98%B3%E8%B7%AF%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%81%E7%AB%99+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%82%E6%B5%A6%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%BA%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD|url-status=live}} A one-way ticket costs {{CNY|50}} ({{US$|8}}), or {{CNY|40}} ({{US$|6.40}}) for those with airline tickets or public transportation cards. A round-trip ticket costs {{CNY|80}} ({{US$|12.80}}), and VIP tickets cost double the standard fare.{{Cite web|url=https://rainieis.tw/maglev-train|script-title=zh:上海磁浮列車 Shanghai Maglev Train 票價、時刻表、班距、轉乘資訊分享|website=rainieis.tw|date=13 December 2018|access-date=2 September 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902083521/https://rainieis.tw/maglev-train|archive-date=2 September 2019|url-status=live}}

With the first tram line been in service in 1908, trams were once popular in Shanghai in the early 20th century. By 1925, there were 328 tramcars and 14 routes operated by Chinese, French, and British companies collaboratively,{{cite book|last=Warr|first=Anne|year=2007|title=Shanghai Architecture|publisher=The Watermark Press|isbn=978-0-949284-76-1}} all of which were nationalized after the PRC's victory in 1949. Since the 1960s, many tram lines were either dismantled or replaced by trolleybus or motorbus lines;{{cite web |script-title = zh:第三节 公共交通 |publisher = Office of Shanghai Chronicles |url = http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2245/node64620/node64630/node64705/node64711/userobject1ai58515.html |date = 5 September 2003 |access-date = 7 November 2019 |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160627182759/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2245/node64620/node64630/node64705/node64711/userobject1ai58515.html |archive-date = 27 June 2016 |url-status = live }} the last tram line was demolished in 1975.{{cite web |script-title = zh:第三节 轨线 |publisher = Office of Shanghai Chronicles |url = http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2245/node4516/node55031/node55112/node55128/userobject1ai42410.html |date = 30 December 2002 |access-date = 7 November 2019 |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160427214528/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2245/node4516/node55031/node55112/node55128/userobject1ai42410.html |archive-date = 27 April 2016 |url-status = live }} Shanghai reintroduced trams in 2010, as a modern rubber-tire Translohr system in Zhangjiang area of East Shanghai as Zhangjiang Tram.{{cite news|date=1 January 2010|script-title=zh:上海首条现代化有轨电车新年正式载客运营|url=http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-01/01/content_1501507.htm|work=Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China|access-date=12 August 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812081051/http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-01/01/content_1501507.htm|archive-date=12 August 2019|url-status=live}} In 2018, the steel wheeled Songjiang Tram started operating in Songjiang District.{{cite magazine |last=Barrow |first=Keith |date=26 December 2018 |title=Shanghai Songjiang Tramway opens |url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/light-rail/shanghai-songjiang-tramway-opens/ |magazine=International Railway Journal |publisher=Simmons-Boardman Publishing Co. |access-date=11 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011917/https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/light-rail/shanghai-songjiang-tramway-opens/ |archive-date=12 February 2019 |url-status=live}} Additional tram lines are under planning in Hongqiao Subdistrict and Jiading District {{as of|2019|lc=y}}.{{cite news|script-title = zh:西虹桥要建有轨电车 “8”字形南北两条环线 |script-work=zh:东方网 |url = http://wap.eastday.com/node2/node3/n5/u1ai352745_t22.html |date = 29 August 2014 |access-date = 17 November 2019 |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191117002957/http://wap.eastday.com/node2/node3/n5/u1ai352745_t22.html |archive-date = 17 November 2019 |url-status = live }}

File:沪A57050D 20.jpg

Shanghai also has the world's most extensive bus network, including the world's oldest continuously operating trolleybus system, with 1,575 lines covering a total length of {{convert|8,997|km|0|abbr=on}} by 2019. The system is operated by multiple companies.{{cite web|url=http://jtw.sh.gov.cn/zsk/20181205/27281.html|script-title=zh:公交行业概况|publisher=Shanghai Municipal Transportation Commission|date=18 July 2018|access-date=3 November 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103020721/http://jtw.sh.gov.cn/zsk/20181205/27281.html|archive-date=3 November 2019|url-status=dead}} Bus fares generally cost {{CNY|2}} ({{US$|0.32}}).{{cite web|script-title=zh:公交票价|publisher=Shanghai Municipal Transportation Commission|date=3 June 2016|url=http://jtw.sh.gov.cn/gjpj/20180605/7535.html|access-date=29 October 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029034232/http://jtw.sh.gov.cn/gjpj/20180605/7535.html|archive-date=29 October 2019|url-status=dead}} Shanghai also has three bus rapid transit systems, namely the Yan'an Road Medium Capacity Bus Transit System, Fengpu Express and Nantuan Express.

{{As of|2019}}, a total of 40,000 taxis were in operation in Shanghai. The base fare for taxis is {{CNY|14}} ({{US$|2.24}}), which covers the first {{convert|3|km|0|abbr=on}} and includes a {{CNY|1}} ({{US$|0.14}}) fuel surcharge. The base fare is {{CNY|18}} ({{US$|2.55}}) between 11:00 pm and 5:00 am. Each additional kilometer costs {{CNY|2.7}} ({{US$|0.45}}), or {{CNY|4.05}} ({{US$|0.67}}) between 11:00 pm and 5:00 am.{{cite web |url=http://jtw.sh.gov.cn/czqcyj/20180605/10460.html |script-title=zh:本市出租汽车运价结构和收费标准 |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Transportation Commission |date=3 March 2016 |access-date=29 October 2019 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029034234/http://jtw.sh.gov.cn/czqcyj/20180605/10460.html |archive-date=29 October 2019 |url-status=dead }} Taxicabs and DiDi play major roles in urban transportation and DiDi is often cheaper than taxis.{{cite web|url=https://m.sohu.com/n/443244619|script-title=zh:打车软件大比拼——上海篇|access-date=2 September 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902080909/http://m.sohu.com/n/443244619/|archive-date=2 September 2019|url-status=live|website=Sohu}}

As of January 2021, Shanghai Metro has 459 stations and 772 km. The scale of operation is the first in the world. in 2017, the average daily passenger traffic of the Shanghai metro was 9.693 million, and the total passenger traffic reached 3.538 billion. It is one of the busiest metro cities in the world. The metro lines cover the central city densely and connect most districts and counties.{{cite web|url=http://www.shmetro.com/node49/201512/con114518.htm|title=上海地铁|access-date=1 May 2022|archive-date=21 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221104743/http://www.shmetro.com/node49/201512/con114518.htm|url-status=dead}}

{{See also|Expressways of Shanghai}}

File:Yan'an East Road Interchange, Shanghai, China (Unsplash).jpg between Yan'an Elevated Road and North–South Elevated Road]]

Shanghai is a major hub of China's expressway network. Many national expressways (prefixed with the letter G) pass through or end in Shanghai, including Jinghu Expressway (overlaps with Hurong Expressway), Shenhai Expressway, Hushaan Expressway, Huyu Expressway, Hukun Expressway (overlaps with Hangzhou Bay Ring Expressway), and Shanghai Ring Expressway.{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw3766/nw3826/nw23313/u1aw478.html|script-title=zh:高速公路网|website=shanghai.gov.cn|access-date=28 August 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828085045/http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw3766/nw3826/nw23313/u1aw478.html|archive-date=28 August 2019|url-status=live}} There are also numerous municipal expressways prefixed with the letter S. As of 2019, Shanghai has a total of 12 bridges and 14 tunnels crossing the Huangpu River.{{cite news|url=http://sh.sina.com.cn/news/m/2017-12-07/detail-ifyppemf5760887.shtml|date=7 December 2017|script-title=zh:上海人飞跃黄浦江历史:建14条隧道12座大桥8条轨交|access-date=28 August 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828051031/http://sh.sina.com.cn/news/m/2017-12-07/detail-ifyppemf5760887.shtml|archive-date=28 August 2019|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.jfdaily.com/news/detail?id=96784|date=18 July 2018|script-title=zh:黄浦江上第13座大桥开始主塔施工，除了可以"走"，还有哪里与众不同？|access-date=28 August 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718033241/https://www.jfdaily.com/news/detail?id=96784|archive-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live}} The Shanghai Yangtze River Bridge is the city's only bridge–tunnel complex across Yangtze River.

The expressway network within the city center consists of North–South Elevated Road, Yan'an Elevated Road, and Inner Ring Road. Other ring roads in Shanghai include Middle Ring Road, Outer Ring Expressway, and Shanghai Ring Expressway.

File:Shared bikes on Hongqiao Road.jpg

Bicycle lanes are common in Shanghai, separating non-motorized traffic from car traffic on most surface streets. However, on some main roads, including all expressways, bicycles and motorcycles are banned. In recent years, cycling has seen a resurgence in popularity due to the emergence of a large number of dockless app-based bicycle-sharing systems, such as Mobike, Hello, and {{ill|DiDi Bike|zh|滴滴青桔}} .{{cite web|url=http://www.whatsonweibo.com/ofo-mobike-bluegogo-chinas-messy-bikeshare-market/ |title=Ofo, Mobike, BlueGogo: China's Messy Bikeshare Market |website=What's on Weibo |date=28 April 2017 |access-date=13 August 2017 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806025220/http://www.whatsonweibo.com/ofo-mobike-bluegogo-chinas-messy-bikeshare-market/ |archive-date = 6 August 2017 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=[Hai Guide] Everything you need to know about those shared bikes |url=https://www.citynewsservice.cn/service/%5BHai-Guide%5D-Everything-you-need-to-know-about-those-shared-bikes-qyjar4kb0vmxp63w |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.citynewsservice.cn |language=en}} {{as of|2018|12}}, bicycle-sharing systems had an average of 1.15 million daily riders within the city.{{cite news |url=https://www.jfdaily.com/wx/detail.do?id=128912 |title = zh:共享单车最新调查 上海共享单车一年时间缩水一大半，"共享经济"是伪命题吗？ |work=Shanghai Observer |date=23 January 2019 |language=zh | trans-title=The latest survey of shared bicycles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117003939/https://www.jfdaily.com/wx/detail.do%3Fid%3D128912 |archive-date=17 November 2019 |url-status=live }}

Private car ownership in Shanghai is rapidly increasing: in 2019, there were 3.40 million private cars in the city, a 12.5% increase from 2018. New private cars cannot be driven without a license plate, which are sold in monthly license plate auctions. Around 9,500 license plates are auctioned each month, and the average price is about {{CNY|89,600}} ({{US$|12,739}}) in 2019.{{cite news|url = https://www.jfdaily.com/news/detail?id=184394 |script-title=zh:10月沪牌拍卖结果出炉：中标率6.1%，最低成交价8.93万元 |work = Shanghai Observer |date = 26 October 2019 |access-date = 27 November 2019 |language = zh}} According to the city's vehicle regulations introduced in June 2016, only locally registered residents and those who have paid social insurance or individual income taxes for over three years are eligible to be in the auction. The purpose of this policy is to limit the growth of automobile traffic and alleviate congestion.{{cite web |url=http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw32419/nw32422/nw32426/nw32487/u21aw1139737.html |script-title=zh:沪牌拍卖规定修订完善调整申请人资格条件 名下已有沪牌额度的不可再参拍 |publisher=Shanghai Municipal Government |date=19 June 2016 |access-date=27 November 2019 |language=zh |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807171929/http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/nw2/nw2314/nw32419/nw32422/nw32426/nw32487/u21aw1139737.html |url-status=dead }} Public transport, biking infrastructure, walkability, generally permits to live in the city without a car.{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Mike |title=China's public transit system continues to set world records — here's what the U.S. could learn |url=https://news.yahoo.com/china-public-transit-system-continues-093000914.html |access-date=5 May 2024 |agency=Yahoo |date=17 August 2023 |archive-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505092853/https://news.yahoo.com/china-public-transit-system-continues-093000914.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Living in Shanghai Guide |url=https://www.maxviewrealty.com/Car_and_Driving.html |website=Maxview realty |access-date=5 May 2024 |archive-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505133019/https://www.maxviewrealty.com/Car_and_Driving.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Getting around in Shanghai |url=https://www.expatarrivals.com/asia-pacific/china/shanghai/getting-around-shanghai |website=Expat Arrivals |access-date=5 May 2024}}

License plates for fully electric cars or plug-in hybrid vehicles are free.{{Cite book |last=Li |first=David Daokui |title=China's World View: Demystifying China to Prevent Global Conflict |date=2024 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0393292398 |location=New York, NY |author-link=David Daokui Li}}{{Rp|page=168}}

File:Shanghai Railway Station 4.jpg]]

Shanghai has four major railway stations: Shanghai railway station, Shanghai South railway station, Shanghai West railway station, and Shanghai Hongqiao railway station.{{Cite web|url=http://www.mafengwo.cn/travel-news/220572.html|script-title=zh:上海有哪几个火车站，上海站是哪个站，上海有几个火车站|access-date=1 September 2019|date=2 April 2019|website=mafengwo.cn|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901053008/http://www.mafengwo.cn/travel-news/220572.html|archive-date=1 September 2019|url-status=live}} All are connected to the metro network and serve as hubs in the railway network of China. And now Shanghai has around twenty railway lines running under this city, which largely facilitate people's life in Shanghai.

Built in 1876, the Woosung railway was the first railway in Shanghai and the first railway in operation in China{{Cite web|url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/node2/node82288/node82292/node82361/userobject1ai111346.html|title=Songhu Railway|access-date=1 September 2019|publisher=Office of Shanghai Chronicles|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919022647/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/node2/node82288/node82292/node82361/userobject1ai111346.html|archive-date=19 September 2011|url-status=live}} By 1909, Shanghai–Nanjing railway and Shanghai–Hangzhou railway were in service.{{Cite web|url=http://jssdfz.jiangsu.gov.cn/szbook/slsz/tlp/default.htm|script-title=zh:第一节 沪宁线|access-date=19 January 2019|script-work=zh:江苏交通志·铁路篇 |publisher=Jiangsu People's Government |language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232421/http://jssdfz.jiangsu.gov.cn/szbook/slsz/tlp/default.htm|archive-date=13 January 2019|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/newsite/node2/node2245/node68716/node68721/node68756/node68828/userobject1ai66529.html|date=25 December 2003|script-title=zh:第一节 修建|access-date=1 September 2019|publisher=Office of Shanghai Chronicles|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427144741/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2245/node68716/node68721/node68756/node68828/userobject1ai66529.html|archive-date=27 April 2016|url-status=live}} {{As of|2019|10}}, the two railways have been integrated into two main railways in China: Beijing–Shanghai railway and Shanghai–Kunming railway, respectively.{{cite book |script-title=zh:《辞海》（1989年版） |page=2353|publisher=Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House |year=1989 |editor=辞海编辑委员会}}

Shanghai has four high-speed railways (HSRs): Beijing–Shanghai HSR (overlaps with Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu passenger railway), Shanghai–Nanjing intercity railway, Shanghai–Kunming HSR, and Shanghai–Nantong railway. One HSR is under construction: Shanghai–Suzhou–Huzhou HSR.{{cite web| url=http://news.huochepiao.com/2012-12/2012122419242969.htm |script-title=zh:沪通铁路2013年正式开建 南通到上海仅需一小时| trans-title=Construction work on the Hu-Tong Railway will officially start in 2013. It will take just an hour to travel from Nantong to Shanghai| date=24 December 2012| language=zh| access-date=12 August 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515191925/http://news.huochepiao.com/2012-12/2012122419242969.htm| archive-date=15 May 2013| url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=http://hz.fccs.com/news/5531232.html|date=15 July 2019 |script-title=zh:最新进展！沪苏湖高铁今年10月底前开工建设|trans-title=Latest progress! Construction of the Shanghai–Suzhou–Huzhou high-speed railway will begin before the end of October this year.|access-date=12 August 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812082854/http://hz.fccs.com/news/5531232.html|archive-date=12 August 2019|url-status=live}}

Shanghai also has four commuter railways: Pudong railway (passenger service is currently suspended) and Jinshan railway operated by China Railway, and Line 16 and Line 17 operated by Shanghai Metro.{{cite news |script-title=zh:上海市轨道交通近期建设规划(2017-2025)环境影响评价公示|script-work=zh:上海环境热线| date = 18 February 2016| url = http://www.envir.gov.cn/docs/2016/20160218458.htm| language = zh| access-date = 28 August 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305055306/http://www.envir.gov.cn/docs/2016/20160218458.htm| archive-date = 5 March 2016| url-status = live}}{{cite news |script-title=zh:上海市轨道交通近期建设规划(2017-2025)环境影响评价第二次公示|script-work=zh:上海环境热线| date = 18 April 2016| url = http://www.envir.gov.cn/docs/2016/20160418709.htm| language = zh| access-date = 28 August 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160506185941/http://www.envir.gov.cn/docs/2016/20160418709.htm| archive-date = 6 May 2016| url-status = live}} {{As of|2022|01}}, four additional lines—Chongming line, Jiamin line, Airport link line and Lianggang Express line—are under construction.{{cite news |script-title=zh:上海规土局：机场联络线和嘉闵线已明确采用市郊铁路制式 |work=The Paper | date = 10 August 2016| url = http://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1511321| language = zh| access-date = 28 August 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160810070018/http://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1511321| archive-date = 10 August 2016| url-status = live}}

{{See also|Port of Shanghai}}

File:Shanghai_Pudong_International_Airport_Interior.jpg

Shanghai is one of the largest air transportation hubs in Asia.{{Cite web|url=https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/08/article/new-satellite-terminals-to-propel-shanghais-ascent-hold-fri-morn/|title=New satellite terminals to propel Shanghai's ascent|last=Chan|first=KG|date=15 August 2019|website=Asia Times Online|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821174057/https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/08/article/new-satellite-terminals-to-propel-shanghais-ascent-hold-fri-morn/|archive-date=21 August 2019|access-date=17 November 2019}} The city has two commercial airports: Shanghai Pudong International Airport and Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport.{{cite web|url = http://www.shanghaifocus.com/guide/Shanghai/transportation-index.html|title=Transportation|publisher=Shanghai Focus|access-date=5 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101230072918/http://www.shanghaifocus.com/guide/Shanghai/transportation-index.html|archive-date=30 December 2010}} Pudong International Airport is the primary international airport, while Hongqiao International Airport mainly operates domestic flights with limited short-haul international flights. In 2018, Pudong International Airport served 74.0 million passengers and handled 3.8 million tons of cargo, making it the ninth-busiest airport by passenger volume and third-busiest airport by cargo volume.{{cite web|url=https://aci.aero/news/2019/03/13/preliminary-world-airport-traffic-rankings-released|title=Preliminary world airport traffic rankings released|date=13 March 2019|website=Airports Council International|access-date=12 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910062136/https://aci.aero/news/2019/03/13/preliminary-world-airport-traffic-rankings-released/|archive-date=10 September 2019|url-status=live}}{{Cite book |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR2019.pdf |title=2019 Annual Airport Traffic Report |publisher=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. |year=2020 |location=United States |access-date=17 March 2022 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127110141/https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR2019.pdf |url-status=live }} The same year, Hongqiao International Airport served 43.6 million passengers, making it the 19th-busiest airport by passenger volume.

File:Yangshan-Port-Balanced.jpg, Shanghai has become the world's busiest container port.]]

Since its opening, the Port of Shanghai has rapidly grown to become the largest port in China.{{cite web|script-title=zh:上海：一个城市的传奇和梦想|work=Sina News |date=12 September 2006|url=http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2006-09-12/164610990261.shtml|access-date=11 March 2011|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112053622/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2006-09-12/164610990261.shtml|archive-date=12 November 2011|url-status=live}} Yangshan Port was built in 2005 because the river was unsuitable for docking large container ships. The port is connected with the mainland through the {{Convert|32|km|mi|adj=on|sp=us}} long Donghai Bridge. Although the port is run by the Shanghai International Port Group under the government of Shanghai, it administratively belongs to Shengsi County, Zhejiang.{{cite web|script-title=zh:2017年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：嵊泗县|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2017/33/09/330922.html|work=National Bureau of Statistics of China|access-date=7 October 2019|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610191432/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2017/33/09/330922.html|archive-date=10 June 2019|url-status=live}}

Overtaking the Port of Singapore in 2010,{{cite news|title=Shanghai overtakes S'pore as world's busiest port|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_621944.html|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=8 January 2011|access-date=14 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815030034/http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_621944.html|archive-date=15 August 2011|url-status=live}} the Port of Shanghai has become world's busiest container port with an annual TEU transportation of 42 million in 2018.[https://lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com/one-hundred-container-ports-2019#comment One Hundred Ports 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826231536/https://lloydslist.maritimeintelligence.informa.com/one-hundred-container-ports-2019#comment|date=26 August 2019}} Lloyd's List，2019 Besides cargo, the Port of Shanghai handled 259 cruises and 1.89 million passengers in 2019.

Shanghai is part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast to the south via the southern tip of India to Mombasa, from there to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its rail connections to Central and the Eastern Europe.{{Cite web|url=https://besacenter.org/perspectives-papers/china-mediterranean-silk-road/|title=China's Maritime Silk Road Initiative|date=22 July 2018|access-date=21 January 2021|archive-date=29 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129233212/https://besacenter.org/perspectives-papers/china-mediterranean-silk-road/|url-status=live}}Wolf D. Hartmann, Wolfgang Maennig, Run Wang: Chinas neue Seidenstraße. (2017).Jean-Marc F. Blanchard "China's Maritime Silk Road Initiative and South Asia" (2019).{{Cite journal|title=Maritime Shipping and Export Trade on "Maritime Silk Road"|first1=Bao|last1=Jiang|first2=Jian|last2=Li|first3=Chunxia|last3=Gong|date=1 June 2018|journal=The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics|volume=34|issue=2|pages=83–90|doi=10.1016/j.ajsl.2018.06.005|s2cid=169732441|doi-access=free}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.merkur.de/politik/neue-seidenstrasse-china-beteiligte-laender-verlauf-deutschland-kritik-90466338.html|title=Neue Seidenstraße: Das Mega-Projekt aus China|website=www.merkur.de|date=12 December 2022|access-date=7 January 2022|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629064839/https://www.merkur.de/politik/neue-seidenstrasse-china-beteiligte-laender-verlauf-deutschland-kritik-90466338.html|url-status=live}}

Urban Plan and infrastructure

After the opening of the port, Shanghai carried out a large number of municipal constructions by the Public Concession Municipal Council, including power plants and water plants. The "Greater Shanghai Plan" formulated in 1927 was the earliest urban master plan for Shanghai. Now, Shanghai's urban planning is carried out in accordance with the "Shanghai Urban Master Plan" (1999–2020) approved by the State Council in May 2001, with the construction of an international economic, financial, trade and shipping center as the core. In the Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Hall, you can see the corresponding urban planning model within the scope of more than 100 square kilometers of the inner ring road made at a scale of 1:500.

Yangshupu Water Plant

In the decades after 1949, municipal construction remained at the stage of building new workers' housing and replacing electricity and water pipes. Since the 1990s, Shanghai has started large-scale municipal construction, widely promoting flat-to-slope projects (converting the flat roofs of old houses into sloped roofs) and roof water tank renovation projects. Illegal buildings and dirty roads are also rectified every year. Taking the opportunity of hosting the 2010 Shanghai World Expo, the Shanghai municipal government has carried out large-scale renovations on the city landscape, roads, and residential buildings. Shanghai has a large area of shantytowns in history. In the 1990s, 3.65 million square meters of dilapidated shanties were renovated, but the shantytowns in Caojia Village and Guangfu Road have never been started due to cost issues. The urban village landscape, which is in sharp contrast with the surrounding high-rise buildings, remains to this day.

Before Shanghai opened its port, all gardens were private gardens, the most famous of which were Yuyuan, Luxiang Garden, Guyi Garden, Qiuxia Garden, Zuibaichi, etc. After the opening of the port, public gardens began to appear, and the public garden born in 1868 was the first park. But before 1928, Chinese people were not allowed to enter the parks built by the Municipal Council and the Municipal Council. At present, except for individual parks such as Shanghai Zoo and Shanghai Wild Animal Park, park tickets have been cancelled in Shanghai. Since 2000, in order to purify the city's air and beautify the environment, Shanghai has begun to build a number of open green spaces in the city center and suburbs. By 2008, the total green area of Shanghai was 34,256 hectares, the public green area was 14,777 hectares, and the urban green coverage rate was 38%. The total forest area of the city reached nearly 100,000 hectares, and the forest coverage rate was 11.6%.

In order to solve the huge demand for funds for large-scale municipal construction since the 1990s, some officials of the Shanghai Municipal Government led a major reform of Shanghai's investment and financing system, first using the land resources in the hands of the government and introducing the financing method of land lease. During this period, Shanghai raised more than 100 billion yuan through land lease. In 1997, affected by the Asian financial crisis, Shanghai's land lease was greatly reduced, but the scale of the domestic securities market expanded rapidly, residents' savings deposits continued to grow, and social surplus funds increased. Faced with this situation, the Shanghai Municipal Government formulated policies to push profitable infrastructure projects to the market and implement social financing, and at the same time formulated a number of measures to reduce the risk of enterprises participating in financing. In the 1990s, Shanghai raised more than 200 billion yuan through social channels. At the same time, Shanghai actively draws on international experience, and through further improving development mechanisms; expanding the participation of capital markets and social insurance funds in financing; exploring the use of internationally accepted financing methods such as BOT and BOO; and increasing public financial support, further expanding the scope and capacity of financing to meet the needs of municipal construction.

{{main|Culture of Shanghai}}

File:Shanghai Nights.jpg Building operates a light show, shining the phrase "I love Shanghai."]]

The culture of Shanghai was formed by a combination of the nearby Wuyue culture and the "East Meets West" Haipai culture. Wuyue culture's influence is manifested in Shanghainese language—which comprises dialectal elements from nearby Jiaxing, Suzhou, and Ningbo—and Shanghai cuisine, which was influenced by Jiangsu cuisine and Zhejiang cuisine.{{cite web|url=https://archive.shine.cn/feature/art-and-culture/The-key-ingredients-of-Shanghai-culture/shdaily.shtml|title=The key ingredients of Shanghai culture|work=Shanghai Daily|date=2 June 2018|access-date=16 February 2020|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216112246/https://archive.shine.cn/feature/art-and-culture/The-key-ingredients-of-Shanghai-culture/shdaily.shtml|url-status=live}} Haipai culture emerged after Shanghai became a prosperous port in the early 20th century, with numerous foreigners from Europe, America, Japan, and India moving into the city.{{cite web|url=https://www.topchinatravel.com/shanghai/shanghai-style-culture.htm|title=Shanghai-style Culture|publisher=Top China Travel|access-date=22 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022084025/https://www.topchinatravel.com/shanghai/shanghai-style-culture.htm|archive-date=22 October 2019|url-status=live}} The culture fuses elements of Western cultures with the local Wuyue culture, and its influence extends to the city's literature, fashion, architecture, music, and cuisine.{{cite web|last1=Xu|first1=S.L|title=The Culture of Shanghai. Beijing|url=http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en/2006-08/28/content_85051_2.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216011720/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en/2006-08/28/content_85051_2.htm|archive-date=16 December 2012}} The term Haipai—originally referring to a painting school in Shanghai—was coined by a group of Beijing writers in 1920 to criticize some Shanghai scholars for admiring capitalism and Western culture.{{cite book|last1=Yu |first1=Jianhua (俞剑华) |script-title=zh:中国绘画史（下册）|date=1937|publisher=The Commercial Press |location=Shanghai |page=196}} In the early 21st century, Shanghai has been recognized as a new influence and inspiration for cyberpunk culture.Sahr Johnny, "Cybercity – Sahr Johnny's Shanghai Dream" That's Shanghai, October 2005; quoted online by [http://www.xyberia.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081636/http://www.xyberia.com/|date=14 January 2012}}

{{see also|List of museums in China#Shanghai}}

File:China Art Museum 1.jpg]]

Cultural curation in Shanghai has seen significant growth since 2013, with several new museums having been opened in the city.{{cite web|url=http://www.smartshanghai.com/articles/arts/3-new-museums-to-look-out-for-in-2018|title=3 New Museums to Look Out for in 2018|access-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116004339/http://www.smartshanghai.com/articles/arts/3-new-museums-to-look-out-for-in-2018|archive-date=16 January 2018|url-status=live}} This is in part due to the city's 2018 development plans, which aim to make Shanghai "an excellent global city."{{cite news |date=5 January 2018 |title=Shanghai releases blueprint for becoming global cosmopolis by 2035 |newspaper=The Straits Times |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/shanghai-releases-blueprint-for-becoming-global-cosmopolis-by-2035 |url-status=live |access-date=15 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115191835/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/shanghai-releases-blueprint-for-becoming-global-cosmopolis-by-2035 |archive-date=15 January 2018}} As such, Shanghai has several museums of regional and national importance.{{cite web |title = Museums in Shanghai |url = http://www.shanghaitourmap.com/museums.html |website = shanghaitourmap.com |access-date = 19 October 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160101133821/http://www.shanghaitourmap.com/museums.html |archive-date = 1 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.smartshanghai.com/listings/arts/museums/|title=Museums in Shanghai – SmartShanghai|website=smartshanghai.com|access-date=15 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120173248/http://www.smartshanghai.com/listings/arts/museums/|archive-date=20 January 2018|url-status=live}} The Shanghai Museum has one of the largest collections of Chinese artifacts in the world, including a large collection of ancient Chinese bronzes and ceramics.{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20111214-free-art-in-shanghai|title=Free Art in Shanghai|work=BBC|date=18 December 2011|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=7 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907214702/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20111214-free-art-in-shanghai|url-status=live}} The China Art Museum, located in the former China pavilion at Expo 2010, is one of the largest museums in Asia and displays an animated replica of the 12th century painting Along the River During the Qingming Festival.{{cite web|url=https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/shanghai/art-museum.htm|title=China Art Museum|work=Travel China Guide|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310193907/https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/shanghai/art-museum.htm|url-status=live}} The Shanghai Natural History Museum and the Shanghai Science and Technology Museum are notable natural history and science museums. In addition, there are numerous smaller, specialist museums housed in important archeological and historical sites, such as the Songze Museum,{{cite web|url=https://www.sohu.com/a/242613645_205643|script-title=zh:【文化】小编带你走进上海崧泽遗址博物馆|work=绿色青浦|date=22 July 2018|access-date=6 August 2020|language=zh|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310195502/https://www.sohu.com/a/242613645_205643|url-status=live}} the Site of the First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, the site of the former Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea,{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com//world/2015-09/04/c_1116460870.htm|script-title=zh:朴槿惠在沪为"大韩民国临时政府旧址"展馆更新启用剪彩|work=Xinhua News|date=22 July 2018|access-date=6 August 2020|language=zh|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310194102/http://www.xinhuanet.com//world/2015-09/04/c_1116460870.htm|url-status=dead}} the Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum, and the Shanghai Post Office Museum (located in the General Post Office Building).{{cite web|url=https://www.mytravels.asia/shanghai-post-office-museum/|title=The Shanghai Post Office Museum|website=www.mytravels.asia|date=23 August 2017|access-date=6 August 2020|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310194141/https://mytravels.asia/shanghai-post-office-museum/|url-status=live}}

{{main|Shanghainese cuisine}}

File:Xiao Long Bao at Nanxiang Mantou Dian 1.jpg in Shanghai]]

Benbang cuisine ({{zh|labels=no|s=本帮菜}}){{cite web|url=http://shanghai.kankanews.com/c/2014-05-04/0014691475.shtml|script-title=zh:看懂上海：上海本帮菜|script-work=zh:看看新闻 |language=zh-cn |date=4 May 2014 |access-date=31 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704135853/http://shanghai.kankanews.com/c/2014-05-04/0014691475.shtml|archive-date=4 July 2014|url-status=dead}} is cooking style that originated in the 1600s, with influences from surrounding provinces. It emphasizes the use of condiments while retaining the original flavors of the raw ingredients. Sugar is an important ingredient in Benbang cuisine, especially when used in combination with soy sauce. Signature dishes of Benbang cuisine include Xiaolongbao, Red braised pork belly, and Shanghai hairy crab.{{cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/china/articles/a-brief-intro-to-shanghai-hu-cuisine|title=A Brief Intro to Shanghai "Hu" Cuisine|website=theculturetrip.com|date=21 December 2017|access-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828111530/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/china/articles/a-brief-intro-to-shanghai-hu-cuisine/|archive-date=28 August 2019|url-status=live}} Haipai cuisine, on the other hand, is a Western-influenced cooking style that originated in Shanghai. It absorbed elements from French, British, Russian, German, and Italian cuisines and adapted them to suit the local taste according to the features of local ingredients.{{cite book |last1=Pan |first1=Junxiang |last2=Duan |first2=Lian |script-title=zh:话说沪商 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ocpibm_gSMYC |year=2007 |publisher=中华工商联合出版社|isbn=9787801934925 |page=136 |script-chapter=zh:顺应上海人口味的海派西餐}} Famous dishes of Haipai cuisine include Shanghai-style borscht ({{lang|zh|罗宋汤}}, "Russian soup"), crispy pork cutlets, and Shanghai salad derived from Olivier salad.{{cite web |script-title = zh:上海故事“吃西菜到红房子”：海派西餐那些事 |url = https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2647089 |work = The Paper |date = 19 November 2018 |access-date = 18 February 2020 |language = zh |archive-date = 18 February 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200218061602/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2647089 |url-status = live }} Both Benbang and Haipai cuisine make use of a variety of seafood, including freshwater fish, shrimps, and crabs.{{cite web |title = Shanghai Food |url = https://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/shanghai/dining/more.htm |work = Travel China Guide |access-date = 6 August 2020 |language = zh |archive-date = 30 June 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080630165029/https://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/shanghai/dining/more.htm |url-status = live }}

• Nanxiang xiaolongbao（南翔小笼包）: Xiaolongbao refers to Chinese soup dumplings. Nanxiang xiaolongbao is a traditional specialty of Nanxiang town in Jiading district, renowned for its thin skin, tender meat, abundant soup, and fresh flavor. The dumplings are usually served piping hot in xiaolong, or bamboo baskets. The craft of making xiaolongbao was designated as a municipal intangible cultural heritage in April 2007.{{Cite web |title=Steamed Meat Bun |url=https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-SpecialtyFood/20231214/5e949cf6f7cd4109a903ff1e37e3b7ec.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=english.shanghai.gov.cn |archive-date=10 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710105726/https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-SpecialtyFood/20231214/5e949cf6f7cd4109a903ff1e37e3b7ec.html |url-status=live }}
• Shanghai shengjian （上海生煎）: Shanghai shengjian, or Shanghai pan-fried buns, a renowned Shanghai delicacy, involves pan-frying the buns without prior steaming. The filling consists of savory pork and green onions, creating a soupy texture. After frying, water is added to the pan before covering it. The buns are then cooked for approximately 8–10 minutes until the bottoms turn golden brown and crispy.{{Cite web |title=Pan-fried Buns |url=https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-SpecialtyFood/20231205/1b1c394feda144c283df2abd3e8b2cec.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=english.shanghai.gov.cn |archive-date=10 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710121022/https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-SpecialtyFood/20231205/1b1c394feda144c283df2abd3e8b2cec.html |url-status=dead }}
• Congyou banmian（葱油拌面）: Congyou banmian, or scallion oil noodles, is a popular noodle dish in Shanghai and can be found in many local restaurants and food stalls. The scallion oil is made by crisping and browning chopped scallions in hot oil. The dish is then coated in scallion oil, soy sauce, and spices, offering a blend of savory, sweet, and mildly spicy flavors.{{Cite web |title=Scallion Oil Noodles |url=https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-SpecialtyFood/20231205/0e8ff0805e0a47cea153f3907a6fc744.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=english.shanghai.gov.cn |archive-date=10 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710122714/https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-SpecialtyFood/20231205/0e8ff0805e0a47cea153f3907a6fc744.html |url-status=dead }}
• Paigu niangao（排骨年糕）: Paigu niangao, or stir-fried pork ribs and rice cakes, is a traditional dish in Shanghai. This dish uses fresh pork ribs paired with small and thin rice cakes, which are cooked through oil blanching and simmering. The pork ribs have a golden color, a crispy surface, and tender meat while the rice cakes are soft and chewy.{{Cite web |title=Pork Chops and Rice Cakes |url=https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-SpecialtyFood/20240111/e8d99f859eb64285adaebee1a7139aa2.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=english.shanghai.gov.cn |archive-date=10 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710122715/https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-SpecialtyFood/20240111/e8d99f859eb64285adaebee1a7139aa2.html |url-status=dead }}
• Shuijing xiaren（水晶虾仁）: Shuijing xiaren, or crystal shrimp, is a favorite among Shanghai locals. This dish features shrimp and eggs, with no additional ingredients to distract from its simplicity. The shrimp is cooked until just translucent, earning its "crystal" name. Well-prepared crystal shrimp is tender yet crispy, with a robust shrimp flavor and a reddish hue tinged with milky white.{{Cite web |title=Crystal Shrimp |url=https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-SpecialtyFood/20231205/d4da0aa86da24fee90f85a957ea78f3a.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231203201/https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-SpecialtyFood/20231205/d4da0aa86da24fee90f85a957ea78f3a.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 December 2023 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=english.shanghai.gov.cn }}

File:Renxiong wan04s.jpg, a pioneer of the Shanghai School of Chinese art, {{Circa|1850}}]]

The Songjiang School ({{lang|zh|淞江派}}), containing the Huating School ({{lang|zh-hans|华亭派}}) founded by Gu Zhengyi,{{cite news |script-title=zh:松江画派：价格与地位不符 |author = 崔庆国 |url = https://news.artron.net/20090409/n74083.html |date = 9 April 2009 |access-date = 5 September 2019 |script-newspaper=zh:《鉴宝》 |language = zh-Hans |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190904234817/https://news.artron.net/20090409/n74083.html |archive-date = 4 September 2019 |url-status = live }} was a small painting school in Shanghai during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.{{cite web |script-title=zh:上海通志>>第三十八卷文化艺术（上）>>第六章美术、书法、摄影>>节 |publisher = Office of Shanghai Chronicles |url = http://www.shtong.gov.cn/newsite/node2/node2247/node4596/node79720/node79730/userobject1ai102937.html |access-date = 20 April 2012 |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150927072850/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/Newsite/node2/node2247/node4596/node79720/node79730/userobject1ai102937.html |archive-date = 27 September 2015 |url-status = live }} It was represented by Dong Qichang.{{cite web |script-title = zh:《上海地方志》>>1989年第五期>>"松江画派"源流 |publisher = Office of Shanghai Chronicles |url = http://www.shtong.gov.cn/newsite/node2/node70393/node70403/node72565/node72684/userobject1ai82593.html |access-date = 20 April 2012 |language = zh }}{{dead link|date=June 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} The school was considered an expansion of the Wu School in Suzhou, the cultural center of the Jiangnan region at the time.{{cite web |script-title = zh:董其昌與松江畫派 |author = 單國霖 |url = http://www.mam.gov.mo/MAM_WS/ShowFile.ashx?p=mam2013/pdf_theses/635645338411647.pdf |date = May 2005 |access-date = 5 September 2019 |website = mam.gov.mo |language = zh |archive-date = 4 September 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190904234819/http://www.mam.gov.mo/MAM_WS/ShowFile.ashx?p=mam2013/pdf_theses/635645338411647.pdf |url-status = dead }} In the mid 19th century, the Shanghai School movement commenced, focusing less on the symbolism emphasized by the Literati style but more on the visual content of painting through the use of bright colors. Secular objects like flowers and birds were often selected as themes.{{cite web |script-title=zh:海上画派的艺术特点及对后世的影响 |url = http://www.sohu.com/a/302172277_741281 |date = 18 March 2019 |access-date = 5 September 2019 |website = sohu.com |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190905042208/http://www.sohu.com/a/302172277_741281 |archive-date = 5 September 2019 |url-status = live }} Western art was introduced to Shanghai in 1847 by Spanish missionary Joannes Ferrer ({{lang|zh-hans|范廷佐}}), and the city's first Western atelier was established in 1864 inside the Tushanwan orphanage (土山湾孤儿院).{{cite web |script-title=zh:171年前一个西班牙人来到上海，西洋绘画由此传播开来 |url = http://www.sohu.com/a/242151956_786067 |date = 17 July 2018 |access-date = 5 September 2019 |website = sohu.com |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190905042207/http://www.sohu.com/a/242151956_786067 |archive-date = 5 September 2019 |url-status = live }} During the Republic of China, many famous artists including Zhang Daqian, Liu Haisu, Xu Beihong, Feng Zikai, and Yan Wenliang settled in Shanghai, allowing it to gradually become the art center of China. Various art forms—including photography, wood carving, sculpture, comics (Manhua), and Lianhuanhua—thrived. Sanmao was created to dramatize the chaos created by the Second Sino-Japanese War.{{cite web |script-title=zh:"三毛"最早诞生于1935年7月28日《晨报》副刊 |work = Jiefang Daily |date = 29 July 2010 |url = http://news.163.com/10/0729/10/6COKP6R8000146BD.html |access-date = 20 April 2012 |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170823161639/http://news.163.com/10/0729/10/6COKP6R8000146BD.html |archive-date = 23 August 2017 |url-status = dead}} Today, the most comprehensive art and cultural facility in Shanghai is the China Art Museum. In addition, the Chinese Painting Academy features traditional Chinese painting,{{cite web|script-title=zh:上海中国画院 |script-work=zh:今日艺术|url =http://www.artnow.com.cn/CommonPage/ArtOrgDetail.aspx?ChannelID=480&OrganizationId=827|access-date =12 March 2011|language =zh|url-status=dead|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20101127203633/http://artnow.com.cn/CommonPage/ArtOrgDetail.aspx?ChannelID=480&OrganizationId=827|archive-date =27 November 2010}} while the Power Station of Art displays contemporary art.{{cite news |script-title=zh:特稿｜11月的上海，何以成为全球最热的当代艺术地标 |author = 钱雪儿 |url = https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2649287 |work = The Paper |date = 22 November 2018 |access-date = 5 September 2019 |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190905043259/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2649287 |archive-date = 5 September 2019 |url-status = live }} The city also has many art galleries, many of which are located in the M50 Art District and Tianzifang. First held in 1996, the Shanghai Biennale has become an important place for Chinese and foreign arts to interact.{{cite news |script-title=zh:现场｜第12届上海双年展开幕：进退之间，无序或矛盾 |author = 钱雪儿 |url = https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2619003 |work = The Paper |date = 10 November 2018 |access-date = 5 September 2019 |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190905042204/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2619003 |archive-date = 5 September 2019 |url-status = live }}File:Mei Lanfang performing at Tianchan Theatre.jpg performing the Peking opera "Resisting the Jin Army" at Tianchan Theatre]]

Traditional Chinese opera (Xiqu) became a popular source of public entertainment in the late 19th century. In the early 20th century, monologue and burlesque in Shanghainese appeared, absorbing elements from traditional dramas. The Great World opened in 1912 and was a significant stage at the time.{{cite web|script-title=zh:王无能 |script-work=zh:易文网|date=30 November 2006|url=http://www.ewen.cc/earbook/bkview.asp?bkid=124380&cid=366136|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112080014/http://www.ewen.cc/earbook/bkview.asp?bkid=124380&cid=366136|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 January 2012|access-date =20 April 2012}} In the 1920s, Pingtan expanded from Suzhou to Shanghai.{{cite web|script-title=zh:历史上的今天 3月2日|script-work=zh:中国网|url=http://www.china.com.cn/aboutchina/data/lssdjt/2009-02/25/content_17334020.htm|access-date=20 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422114201/http://www.china.com.cn/aboutchina/data/lssdjt/2009-02/25/content_17334020.htm|archive-date=22 April 2012|url-status=live}} Pingtan art developed rapidly to 103 programs every day by the 1930s because of the abundant commercial radio stations in the city. Around the same time, a Shanghai-style Beijing Opera was formed. Led by Zhou Xinfang and {{interlanguage link|Gai Jiaotian|lt=|zh|盖叫天}}, it attracted many Xiqu masters, like Mei Lanfang, to the city.{{cite web|script-title=zh:梅兰芳的几次出国演出(附图) |publisher=上海档案信息网 |date=27 February 2008|url=http://www.archives.sh.cn/docs/200802/d_158621.html |access-date=20 April 2012|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109120331/http://www.archives.sh.cn/docs/200802/d_158621.html |archive-date=9 November 2011}} A small troupe from Shengxian (now Shengzhou) also began to promote Yue opera on the Shanghainese stage.{{cite web |script-title=zh:怀想当年"越剧十姐妹"绍兴将共演《山河恋》 |work = Sohu Entertainment |date = 1 February 2007 |url = http://yule.sohu.com/20070201/n247975025.shtml |access-date = 20 April 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140305025651/http://yule.sohu.com/20070201/n247975025.shtml |archive-date = 5 March 2014 |url-status = live }} A unique style of opera, Shanghai opera, was formed when local folksongs were fused with modern operas.{{Cite book|title=Huju: Traditional Opera in modern Shanghai|last=Stock|first=Jonathan|publisher=Oxford; New York : Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press|year=2003|isbn=0197262732}} As of 2012, prominent troupes in Shanghai include Shanghai Jingju Theatre Company, {{interlanguage link|Shanghai Kunqu Opera Troupe|lt=|zh|上海昆剧团}}, Shanghai Yue Opera House, and Shanghai Huju Opera House.{{cite web|script-title=zh:所属院团|publisher=Shanghai Center of Chinese Operas |url=http://www.shchineseoperas.org/Troupe.aspx?pagetype=xsty|access-date=30 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203170823/http://www.shchineseoperas.org/Troupe.aspx?pagetype=xsty|archive-date=3 December 2017|url-status=live}}

Drama appeared in missionary schools in Shanghai in the late 19th century. At the time, it was mainly performed in English. Scandals in Officialdom ({{zh|labels=no|s=官场丑史}}), staged in 1899, was one of the earliest-recorded plays.{{cite web|script-title=zh:剧变沧桑：第1集 舞台西洋风 |script-website=zh:文明网 |date=21 February 2009 |url=http://www.godpp.gov.cn/wmzh/2008-02/21/content_12509540_2.htm |access-date=20 April 2012|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211044131/http://www.godpp.gov.cn/wmzh/2008-02/21/content_12509540_2.htm |archive-date=11 February 2017}} In 1907, Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly ({{zh|labels=no|s=黑奴吁天录}}) was performed at the {{interlanguage link|Lyceum Theatre, Shanghai|lt=Lyceum Theatre|zh|兰心大戏院}}.{{cite web |script-title=zh:话剧百年 "兰心"之韵 |script-work=zh:城市经济导报 | date = 11 March 2001| url = http://www.ceeh.com.cn/html/news/2007/07/02/200707020235280_0.html | access-date = 17 October 2011 | language = zh | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134944/http://www.ceeh.com.cn/html/news/2007/07/02/200707020235280_0.html | archive-date = 4 March 2016}} After the New Culture Movement, drama became a popular way for students and intellectuals to express their views. The city has several major institutes of theater training, including the Shanghai Conservatory of Music, the Shanghai Dramatic Arts Centre, the Shanghai Opera House, and the Shanghai Theatre Academy. Notable theaters in Shanghai include the Shanghai Grand Theatre, the Oriental Art Center, and the People's Theatre.

File:Qipao1.jpg while playing golf.]]

Shanghai is considered to be the birthplace of Chinese cinema.{{cite web|url=http://www.timeoutshanghai.com/venue/Around_Town-Museums-_Books__Films-Cinemas/12827/Shanghai-Film-Museum.html|title=Shanghai Film Museum|work=timeoutshanghai.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602191309/https://www.timeoutshanghai.com/venue/Around_Town-Museums-_Books__Films-Cinemas/12827/Shanghai-Film-Museum.html|archive-date=2 June 2016}} China's first short film, The Difficult Couple (1913), and the country's first fictional feature film, An Orphan Rescues His Grandfather ({{lang|zh-Hans|孤儿救祖记}}, 1923){{cite web|date=4 April 2020|script-title=zh:中國電影史｜孤兒救祖記|url=https://vitomag.com/history/fw7zt9|script-work=zh:繪琳美育|access-date=19 April 2020|language=zh|archive-date=16 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516170423/https://vitomag.com/history/fw7zt9.html|url-status=dead}} were both produced in Shanghai. Shanghai's film industry grew during the early 1930s, generating stars such as Hu Die, Ruan Lingyu, Zhou Xuan, Jin Yan, and Zhao Dan. Another film star, Jiang Qing, went on to become Madame Mao Zedong. The exile of Shanghainese filmmakers and actors as a result of the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Communist revolution contributed enormously to the development of the Hong Kong film industry.{{cite web |script-title = zh:上海电影对香港电影的影响 |trans-title = The influence of Shanghai film on Hong Kong film |script-work=zh:香港电影论文 |url = https://www.baywatch.cn/a/lunwenziliao/wentilunwen/xianggangdianyinglunwen/2013/0831/25193.html |date = 31 August 2013 |access-date = 3 October 2019 |language = zh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191003035140/https://www.baywatch.cn/a/lunwenziliao/wentilunwen/xianggangdianyinglunwen/2013/0831/25193.html |archive-date = 3 October 2019 |url-status = live }} The movie In the Mood for Love directed by Wong Kar-wai, a Shanghai native, depicts a slice of the displaced Shanghainese community in Hong Kong and the nostalgia for that era, featuring 1940s music by Zhou Xuan.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/28/movies/film-setting-his-tale-of-love-found-in-a-city-long-lost.html|title=Setting His Tale Of Love Found In a City Long Lost|date=28 January 2001|work=The New York Times|access-date=20 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215074041/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/28/movies/film-setting-his-tale-of-love-found-in-a-city-long-lost.html|archive-date=15 February 2017|url-status=live}}

Shanghai's cultural festivals include Shanghai International Television Festival, Shanghai International Film Festival, Shanghai International Art Festival, Shanghai International Tourism Festival, Shanghai Spring International Music Festival, etc. Shanghai TV Festival is the earliest international TV festival founded in China. It was founded in 1986. The Shanghai International Film Festival was founded in 1993 and is one of the nine major international film festivals in the A category. The highest award is the "Golden Goblet Award"{{Cite web|title=Top 10 Festivals in Shanghai|url=https://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/shanghai/when-to-go.htm|access-date=29 November 2021|website=www.travelchinaguide.com}}

Since 2001, Shanghai has held its own fashion week called Shanghai Fashion Week twice every year in April and October. The main venue is in Fuxing Park, and the opening and closing ceremonies are held in the Shanghai Fashion Center. The April session is also part of the one-month Shanghai International Fashion Culture Festival.{{cite web|script-title=zh:历届回顾 COLLECTION|url=http://www.shanghaifashionweek.com/?page_id=68293|access-date=30 August 2019}} Shanghai Fashion Week is considered to be an event of national significance featuring both international and Chinese designers. The international presence has included many promising young British fashion designers.{{cite web |author=Leisa Barnett |url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/081027-aminaka-wilmont-show-in-shanghai.aspx |title=Aminaka Wilmont to show in Shanghai (Vogue.com UK) |work=Vogue|location=UK |date=27 October 2008 |access-date=11 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018173530/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/081027-aminaka-wilmont-show-in-shanghai.aspx |archive-date=18 October 2010}} The event is hosted by the Shanghai Municipal Government and supported by the People's Republic Ministry of Commerce.{{cite news |url = https://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2010/10/21/shanghai-fashion-week-kicks-off/ |title = Photos of Shanghai Fashion Week – Scene Asia – Scene Asia – WSJ |work = The Wall Street Journal |date = 21 October 2010 |access-date = 11 December 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111216144231/http://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2010/10/21/shanghai-fashion-week-kicks-off/ |archive-date = 16 December 2011 |url-status=live}}

File:Shanghai F1 Circui 01.jpg

Shanghai is home to several football teams, including two in the Chinese Super League: Shanghai Shenhua{{cite web|url=http://sports.163.com/14/0131/15/9JU8EDUS00051C89.html |title=绿地宣布接手申花 朱骏时代宣告终结 |publisher=sports.163.com |date=1 February 2014 |access-date=2 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202220527/http://sports.163.com/14/0131/15/9JU8EDUS00051C89.html|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live|language=zh}} and Shanghai Port.{{cite web|url=http://sports.sina.com.cn/china/j/2018-11-07/doc-ihmutuea7981747.shtml|script-title=zh:新王登基！上港终夺中超冠军 再也不是"千年老二"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111071905/http://sports.sina.com.cn/china/j/2018-11-07/doc-ihmutuea7981747.shtml|archive-date=11 November 2018|work=Sina Sports|date=7 November 2018|access-date=12 November 2018|language=zh|url-status=live}} Shanghai's top-tier basketball team, the Shanghai Sharks of the Chinese Basketball Association, developed Yao Ming before he entered the NBA.{{cite web |url=http://www.shanghaisharks.cn/ |script-title=zh:上海哔哩哔哩篮球俱乐部官方网站 |publisher=Shanghai Sharks |access-date=31 July 2020 |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504202947/http://www.shanghaisharks.cn/ |url-status=dead }}{{Cite news|last=Passa |first=Dennis |url=https://news.yahoo.com/chinese-great-yao-ming-retires-basketball-060633532.html |title=Chinese great Yao Ming retires from basketball |agency=Associated Press |publisher=Yahoo! Sports |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130114954/http://news.yahoo.com/chinese-great-yao-ming-retires-basketball-060633532.html |archive-date=30 November 2011 |url-status=dead }} Shanghai's baseball team, the Shanghai Golden Eagles, plays in the China Baseball League.{{cite book

|title=Baseball America 2007 Almanac: A Comprehensive Review of the 2006 Season

|year=2007

|author= Will Lingo

|isbn=978-1932391138

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ik7CkgZIitEC&pg=PA361

|page=361|publisher=Simon and Schuster

}}

The Shanghai Cricket Club dates back to 1858 when the first recorded cricket match was played between a team of British Naval officers and a Shanghai 11. Following a 45-year dormancy after the founding of the PRC in 1949, the club was re-established in 1994 by expatriates living in the city and has since grown to over 300 members. The Shanghai cricket team played various international matches between 1866 and 1948. With cricket in the rest of China almost non-existent, for that period they were the de facto China national cricket team.{{cite web|url=http://shanghaicricket.com/about-us/|title=About the Shanghai Cricket Club|publisher=Shanghai Cricket Club|access-date=23 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411205407/http://shanghaicricket.com/about-us/|archive-date=11 April 2019|url-status=live}}

File:YaoMingoffense.jpg

Shanghai is home to many prominent Chinese professional athletes, such as basketball player Yao Ming, 110 metres hurdles Liu Xiang,{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/athletics/5156040.stm|title=Liu sets new world hurdles record|department=BBC Sport|work=BBC News|date=11 July 2006|access-date=12 October 2019}} table tennis player Wang Liqin,{{cite web|url=http://tabletennista.com/2013/12/wang-liqin-others-also-retire-from-the-nat/|publisher=Table Tennis Master|title=Wang Liqin others also retire from the nat|date=December 2013|access-date=21 July 2020|archive-date=14 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114145120/http://tabletennista.com/2013/12/wang-liqin-others-also-retire-from-the-nat/|url-status=dead}} and badminton player Wang Yihan.{{cite news|url=http://www.chinanews.com.cn/ty/jdpl/news/2008/09-26/1395184.shtml|script-title=zh:南方都市报：王仪涵是下一站天后?|date=26 September 2008|publisher=China News|language=zh|access-date=19 March 2009}}

In 2023, athletes from Shanghai collectively won 19 gold medals at world championships and 38 gold medals at the highest-level national competitions.{{Cite web |title=2023年上海市国民经济和社会发展统计公报_统计公报_上海市统计局 |url=https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjgb/20240321/f66c5b25ce604a1f9af755941d5f454a.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=tjj.sh.gov.cn}}

File:Tsonga Potro 2008 Tennis Masters.jpg]]

Shanghai is the host of several international sports events. Since 2004, it has hosted the Chinese Grand Prix, a round of the Formula One World Championship. The race is staged annually at the Shanghai International Circuit.{{cite web |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Oct/46457.htm |title=Grand Prix Shanghai Set to Go |publisher=China.org.cn |date=22 October 2002 |access-date=4 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513234108/http://www.china.org.cn/english/2002/Oct/46457.htm |archive-date=13 May 2011 |url-status=live }} It hosted the 1000th Formula One race on 14 April 2019. In 2010, Shanghai became the host city of Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, which raced in a street circuit in Pudong. In 2012, Shanghai began hosting 4 Hours of Shanghai as one round from the inaugural season of the FIA World Endurance Championship. The city also hosts the Shanghai Masters tennis tournament, which is part of ATP World Tour Masters 1000, as well as golf tournaments including the BMW Masters and WGC-HSBC Champions.{{cite web |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2012-04/25/content_15132467.htm |title=European Tour, CGA unveil BMW Masters |date=25 April 2012 |work=China Daily |access-date=26 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426061851/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2012-04/25/content_15132467.htm |archive-date=26 April 2012 |url-status=live}}

On 21 September 2017, Shanghai hosted a National Hockey League (NHL) ice hockey exhibition game in an effort to increase fan interest for the 2017–18 NHL season.{{cite news|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/los-angeles-kings-vancouver-canucks-china-games-recap/c-291286826|title=Kings defeat Canucks in shootout to sweep China Games|publisher=National Hockey League|date=23 September 2017|access-date=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901053005/https://www.nhl.com/news/los-angeles-kings-vancouver-canucks-china-games-recap/c-291286826|archive-date=1 September 2019|url-status=live}}

Shanghai is solidifying its status as a global hub for premier professional sports events. In 2023, Shanghai hosted a total of 118 sports events, with 190,000 participants and 1.29 million spectators, driving a consumption of CN¥3.713 billion (US$510.83 million).{{Cite web |title=《2023年上海市体育赛事影响力评估报告》发布-新华网 |url=http://sh.news.cn/20240302/df9a5552b08d41b9aaafdd5184e2a216/c.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=sh.news.cn}}

In 2024, the city is set to host nearly 175 domestic and international tournaments.{{Cite web |title=Shanghai is full speed ahead |url=https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-SportsEvents/20240403/0e8fbfca77664045a8f8d8d5b26f0768.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=english.shanghai.gov.cn}} Notable events on the calendar include the Olympic Qualifier Series, the Formula 1 Chinese Grand Prix, the 2024 FIA Formula E World Championship (Shanghai), the 2024 Archery World Cup, the WDSF Grand Slam Final, and the ISU Four Continents Figure Skating Championships 2024, among others.{{Cite web |title=Sports Events |url=https://english.shanghai.gov.cn/en-SportsEvents/index.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=english.shanghai.gov.cn}}

Shanghai has an extensive public park system; by 2022, the city had 670 parks, of which 281 had free admission, and the per capita park area was {{convert|9|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}.{{cite web |year=2023 |title= |script-title=zh:上海市绿化和市容管理局关于报送《上海市 生态空间建设和市容环境优化“十四五” 规划》中期评估报告的函 |trans-title=Letter from Shanghai Landscaping & City Appearance Administrative Bureau on the Mid-term Evaluation Report of the “14th Five-Year Plan for Ecological Space Construction and Amenity Optimization in Shanghai” |url=https://www.shanghai.gov.cn/cmsres/d1/d1597f1c33b24a3d82e4198e5afb3a1c/ce4274ae0477e9ab050eaeac12ec9fed.pdf |access-date=11 October 2023 |publisher=Shanghai Landscaping & City Appearance Administrative Bureau |page=1 |language=zh}} Some of the parks also have become popular tourist attractions due to their unique location, history, or architecture.

File:Shanghai - People's Park - 0005.jpg]]

The People's Square park, located in the heart of downtown Shanghai, is especially well known for its proximity to other major landmarks in the city. Fuxing Park, located in the former French Concession, features formal French-style gardens and is surrounded by high-end bars and cafes.{{cite web|url=https://www.shine.cn/feature/taste/2009176255/|title=Stroll into history along a street full of delights|date=17 September 2020|first=Jing|last=Zhu|access-date=15 November 2020|work=Shanghai Daily}}

Zhongshan Park, in western central Shanghai, is famous for its monument of Chopin, the tallest statue dedicated to the composer in the world.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/06/arts/06iht-chopin.html|title=A Polish 'Nationalist' Whose Music Also Resonates Across China|last=Melvin|first=Sheila|date=5 July 2010|work=The New York Times|access-date=27 December 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}} Built in 1914 as Jessfield Park, it once contained the campus of St. John's University, Shanghai's first international college; today, the park features sakura and peony gardens and a 150-year-old platanus,{{Cite web|url=http://www.shcn.gov.cn/art/2019/8/20/art_7008_429598.html|script-title=zh:中山公园|trans-title=Zhongshan Park|date=20 August 2019|website=Shanghai Changning Government|language=zh|access-date=1 February 2020|archive-date=1 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201015300/http://www.shcn.gov.cn/art/2019/8/20/art_7008_429598.html|url-status=dead}} and it also serves as an interchange hub in the metro system.{{Cite web |url=http://www.shcn.gov.cn/art/2019/8/27/art_3991_529275.html |script-title=zh:从外商私家花园到24小时向市民开放，这座公园见证上海百年变迁 |date=27 August 2019 |website=Shanghai Changning Government |language=zh |access-date=1 February 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201015301/http://www.shcn.gov.cn/art/2019/8/27/art_3991_529275.html |url-status=dead }}

One of Shanghai's newer parks is the Xujiahui Park, which was built in 1999, on the former grounds of the Great Chinese Rubber Works Factory and the EMI Recording Studio (now La Villa Rouge restaurant). The park has an artificial lake with a sky bridge running across the park.{{Cite web|url=http://sh.xinhuanet.com/2019-05/27/c_138092683.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930181757/http://sh.xinhuanet.com/2019-05/27/c_138092683.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 September 2019 |script-title=zh:徐家汇公园新添一群黑天鹅宝宝！-新华网|date=27 May 2019|work=Xinhua News|language=zh-cn |access-date=24 January 2020}} Shanghai Botanical Garden is located {{convert|12|km|0|abbr=on}} southwest of the city center and was established in 1978. In 2011, the largest botanical garden in Shanghai—Shanghai Chen Shan Botanical Garden—opened in Songjiang District.{{cite news|script-title=zh:2011-01-23:亚洲最大温室建成九千种植物齐聚 辰山植物园全面开放|url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/newsite/node2/node70344/userobject1ai114559.html|access-date=28 August 2019|agency=Office of Shanghai Chronicles|date=24 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306040518/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/newsite/node2/node70344/userobject1ai114559.html|archive-date=6 March 2016|url-status=live}}

File:Shanghai_disneyland_castle.jpg]]

Other notable parks in Shanghai include Lu Xun Park, Century Park, Gucun Park, Gongqing Forest Park, and Jing'an Park.

The Shanghai Disney Resort Project was approved by the government on 4 November 2009

{{cite web

|url = http://corporate.disney.go.com/news/corporate/2009/2009_1103_shanghai.html

|title = The Walt Disney Company Reaches Another Major Milestone on Shanghai Theme Park Project

|publisher = Walt Disney Company

|date = 3 November 2009

|access-date = 28 January 2011

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101127064421/http://corporate.disney.go.com/news/corporate/2009/2009_1103_shanghai.html

|archive-date = 27 November 2010

|url-status=live

}}

and opened in 2016.{{cite news |title = Disneyland Shanghai to open 2016 |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/disneyland-shanghai-to-open-2016-2265050.html |access-date = 16 December 2011 |newspaper = The Independent |date = 8 April 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141119155711/http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/disneyland-shanghai-to-open-2016-2265050.html |archive-date = 19 November 2014 |url-status=live}}

The $4.4 billion theme park and resort in Pudong features a castle that is the biggest among Disney's resorts.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/08/business/media/08disney.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss |work=The New York Times |first1=David |last1=Barboza |first2=Brooks |last2=Barnes |title=Disney to Open Park in Shanghai |date=7 April 2011 |access-date=20 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701090014/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/08/business/media/08disney.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss |archive-date=1 July 2017 |url-status=live}} More than 11 million people visited the resort in its first year of operation.{{Cite web|url=https://www.thewaltdisneycompany.com/shanghai-disney-resort-hosts-spectacular-first-anniversary-celebration/|title=Shanghai Disney Resort Hosts a Spectacular First Anniversary Celebration|date=16 June 2017|publisher=The Walt Disney Company|language=en-US|access-date=1 January 2020}}

{{See also|Pollution in China#Air pollution}}

File:Shanghai haze in Huangpu Distract 20131206.jpg during the 2013 Eastern China smog]]

Air pollution in Shanghai is not as severe as in many other Chinese cities, but is still considered substantial by world standards.{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-26/shanghai-issues-air-pollution-warning-as-pm2-5-surges-overnight.html |title=Shanghai Warns Children to Stay Indoors on Haze, PM2.5 Surge |date=25 December 2013 |work=Bloomberg News |access-date=25 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226233031/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-26/shanghai-issues-air-pollution-warning-as-pm2-5-surges-overnight.html |archive-date=26 December 2013 |url-status=live}} During the December 2013 Eastern China smog, air pollution rates reached between 23 and 31 times the international standard.{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-pollution-idUSBRE9B508X20131206|title=Flights delayed as air pollution hits record in Shanghai|website=Reuters|agency=Reuters Editorial|date=6 December 2013|access-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016034759/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/06/us-china-pollution-idUSBRE9B508X20131206|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=live}}{{cite web |url = http://www.chinanews.com/tp/hd2011/2013/12-04/272975.shtml |script-title = zh:中国出现入冬以来最大范围雾霾 局地严重污染 |trans-title = Smog levels in China reach record levels since the end of 2013; surrounding areas severely polluted |publisher = China news agency |author = Liu Chenyao |language = zh-hans |access-date = 3 March 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131212001427/http://www.chinanews.com/tp/hd2011/2013/12-04/272975.shtml |archive-date = 12 December 2013 |url-status=live}} On 6 December 2013, levels of PM_2.5 particulate matter in Shanghai rose above 600 micrograms per cubic meter and in the surrounding area, above 700 micrograms per cubic meter. Levels of PM_2.5 in Putuo District reached 726 micrograms per cubic meter.{{cite news |url=http://www.farmer.com.cn/xwpd/dfny/201312/t20131206_920714.htm |script-title=zh:上海今日PM_2.5均值超600 高楼在雾霾中若隐若现 |newspaper=People's Daily |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212111750/http://www.farmer.com.cn/xwpd/dfny/201312/t20131206_920714.htm |archive-date=12 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}{{cite web |url=http://www.kankanews.com/a/2013-12-06/0013905638.shtml |script-title=zh:新闻晨报：释疑——重度污染为何不发霾红色预警 |script-work=zh:上视新闻频道-上海早晨栏目 |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210232250/http://www.kankanews.com/a/2013-12-06/0013905638.shtml |archive-date=10 December 2013 |url-status=dead }} As a result, the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission received orders to suspend students' outdoor activities. Authorities pulled nearly one-third of government vehicles from the roads, while much construction work was halted. Most inbound flights were canceled, and more than 50 flights at Pudong International Airport were diverted.{{cite web |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1374386/children-and-elderly-told-stay-home-severe-smog-continues-envelop?_ga=1.70899472.1277584320.1394050026 |title=Shanghai grinds to a halt as smog nears top of air pollution scale |work=South China Morning Post |date=7 December 2013 |access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324174056/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1374386/children-and-elderly-told-stay-home-severe-smog-continues-envelop?_ga=1.70899472.1277584320.1394050026 |archive-date=24 March 2014 |url-status=live}}

On 23 January 2014, Yang Xiong, the mayor of Shanghai, announced that three main measures would be taken to manage the air pollution in Shanghai, along with surrounding Anhui, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang provinces.{{cite web |url=http://stock.cnstock.com/stock/smk_gszbs/201401/2893760.htm |script-title=zh:上海将采取三大措施治理空气污染 |trans-title=Three main measures will be taken against Shanghai's air pollution |website=cnstock.com |language=zh-hans |date=24 January 2014 |access-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817112414/http://stock.cnstock.com/stock/smk_gszbs/201401/2893760.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |url-status=live}} The measures involved implementing the 2013 air-cleaning program, establishing a linkage mechanism with the three surrounding provinces, and improving the city's early-warning systems. On 12 February 2014, China's cabinet announced that a {{CNY|10 billion}} ({{US$|1.7 billion}}) fund will be set up to help companies meet the new environmental standards.Qiu, Jane. Fight against smog ramps up ([http://www.nature.com/news/fight-against-smog-ramps-up-1.14730 Nature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508205301/http://www.nature.com/news/fight-against-smog-ramps-up-1.14730 |date=8 May 2014}}, 18 February 2014). The effect of the policy was significant. From 2013 to 2018, more than 3,000 treatment facilities for industrial waste gases were installed, and the city's annual smoke, nitrogen oxide, and sulfur dioxide emission decreased by 65%, 54%, and 95%, respectively.{{cite web|url=http://sthj.sh.gov.cn/shhj2133/shhj2135/2014/11/87966.htm|script-title=zh:2013年大气环境保护情况统计数据|trans-title=Atmospheric environmental protection data 2013|publisher=Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment|language=zh|date=15 October 2014|access-date=2 February 2020|archive-date=2 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202065049/http://sthj.sh.gov.cn/shhj2133/shhj2135/2014/11/87966.htm|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://sthj.sh.gov.cn/shhj2133/shhj2135/2019/11/113338.htm|script-title=zh:2018年上海市大气环境保护情况统计数据|trans-title=Atmospheric environmental protection data of Shanghai 2018|publisher=Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment|language=zh|date=21 November 2019|access-date=2 February 2020|archive-date=2 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202065028/http://sthj.sh.gov.cn/shhj2133/shhj2135/2019/11/113338.htm|url-status=dead}}

In 2023, the Air Quality Index (AQI) of Shanghai reached a rate of 87.7%, a 0.6% increase compared to the previous year. The annual average concentration of inhalable particulate matter (PM10) was 48 microgrammes per cubic meter, while the annual average concentration of fine particulate matter was 28 microgrammes per cubic meter.{{Cite web |title=2023年上海市国民经济和社会发展统计公报_统计公报_上海市统计局 |url=https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjgb/20240321/f66c5b25ce604a1f9af755941d5f454a.html |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Statistics}}

File:A residual waste truck and a household food waste truck on Zhonghua Road, Shanghai.jpg

Public awareness of the environment is growing, and the city is investing in a number of environmental protection projects. A 16-year rehabilitation of Suzhou Creek, which runs through the city, was finished in 2012, clearing the creek of barges and factories and removing 1.3 million cubic meters of sludge.{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2016/nov/26/shanghai-suzhou-creek-clean-up-redevelopment|title=Shanghai's Suzhou Creek cleans up its act|first=Taras|last=Grescoe|work=The Guardian|date=26 November 2016|access-date=15 November 2020}}{{cite news|url=http://www.chinawater.com.cn/newscenter/df/sh/201203/t20120328_217472.html|script-title=zh:沉睡百年的苏州河黑臭底泥首次大规模疏浚完工|trans-title=The first large-scale dredging of the Suzhou River's black, odorous sediment, which has been dormant for a hundred years, has been completed|first=Tianjun|last=Ouyang|work=China Water|date=28 March 2012|access-date=15 November 2020|language=zh}} Additionally, the government has moved almost all the factories within the city center to either the outskirts or other provinces,

{{cite web

|title=Environmental Protection in China's Wealthiest City

|url=http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/sandt/Shanghai4web.htm

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030165307/http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/sandt/Shanghai4web.htm

|archive-date=30 October 2007

|publisher=The American Embassy in China

|date=July 2001

|access-date=11 May 2008}} and provided incentives for transportation companies to invest in LPG buses and taxis.

On 1 July 2019, Shanghai adopted a new garbage-classification system that sorts out waste into residual waste, kitchen waste, recyclable waste, and hazardous waste.{{cite web

|title=Shanghai Businesses to Comply with New Waste Management Norms from July 1

|url=https://www.china-briefing.com/news/shanghai-waste-management-china-july-1/

|archive-date=30 June 2019

|publisher=China-briefing

|date=25 June 2019

|access-date=2 February 2020

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630050942/https://www.china-briefing.com/news/shanghai-waste-management-china-july-1/

|url-status=live

}} The wastes are collected by separate vehicles and sent to incineration plants, landfills, recycling centers, and hazardous-waste-disposal facilities, respectively.{{cite news|script-title=zh:垃圾分类新风｜上海分类后的垃圾到底去哪儿了？ |url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2432317 |work=The Paper |date=12 September 2018 |access-date=2 February 2020 |language=zh-cn}}

{{ill|Media in Shanghai|zh|上海传媒业}} covers newspapers, publisher, broadcast, television, and Internet, with some media having influence over the country. In regard to foreign publications in Shanghai, Hartmut Walravens of the IFLA Newspapers Section said that when the Japanese controlled Shanghai in the 1940s "it was very difficult to publish good papers – one either had to concentrate on emigration problems, or cooperate like the Chronicle."{{cite book |last=Walravens |first=Hartmut |title=Newspapers in International Librarianship: Papers presented by the Newspapers at IFLA General Conferences |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0F6U82kZXjsC&pg=PA95 |year=2003 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-096279-6 |page=95 |chapter=German Influence on the Press in China}}

{{as of|2020|3}}, newspapers publishing in Shanghai include:

{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}

• Jiefang Daily
• Oriental Sports Daily
• Shanghai Review of Books
• Shanghai Daily
• Shanghai Star
• Xinmin Evening News
• Wen Hui Bao
• Wenhui Book Review

{{Div col end}}

Newspapers formerly published in Shanghai include:

{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}

• Der Ostasiatische Lloyd
• Deutsche Shanghai Zeitung
• Gelbe Post{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/gelbepost|title=Gelbe Post : ostasiatische Halbmonatsschrift. (Shanghai, China : 1939–1940.)|work=Internet Archive|access-date=7 March 2020}}
• North China Daily News
• Shanghai Evening Post & Mercury
• The Shanghai Gazette{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/sn89049318/|title=The Shanghai gazette|work=Library of Congress|access-date=7 March 2020}}
• Shanghai Jewish Chronicle
• Shanghai Herald
• The Shanghai Mercury{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/sn89049387/|title=The Shanghai Mercury|work=Library of Congress|access-date=7 March 2020}}
• The Shanghai Post{{cite book|title=Newspapers in International Librarianship|first1=Hartmut|last1=Walravens|first2=Edmund|last2=King|publisher=IFLA Publications|year=2003|isbn=3-598-21837-0|page=94}}
• {{ill|Shanghai Times|zh|上海泰晤士报}}
• Shen Bao
• Israel's Messenger

{{Div col end}}

The city's main broadcaster is Shanghai Media Group.

The city is the seat of the New Development Bank, a multilateral development bank established by the BRICS states.

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in China}}

Shanghai is twinned with 68 cities from the following 57 countries:{{cite web|title=市级友好城市|url=http://wsb.sh.gov.cn/node550/index.html|website=sh.gov.cn|publisher=Shanghai|language=zh|access-date=29 June 2022|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919163609/http://wsb.sh.gov.cn/node550/index.html|url-status=dead}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|

• {{flagicon|JPN}} Yokohama, Japan (1973)
• {{flagicon|JPN}} Osaka, Japan (1974)
• {{flagicon|ITA}} Milan, Italy (1979)
• {{flagicon|NLD}} Rotterdam, Netherlands (1979)
• {{flagicon|USA}} San Francisco, United States (1979)
• {{flagicon|CRO}} Zagreb, Croatia (1980)
• {{flagicon|JPN}} Osaka Prefecture, Japan (1980)
• {{flagicon|PRK}} Hamhung, North Korea (1982)
• {{flagicon|PHL}} Metro Manila, Philippines (1983)
• {{flagicon|PAK}} Karachi, Pakistan (1984)
• {{flagicon|BEL}} Antwerp, Belgium (1984)
• {{flagicon|CAN}} Toronto, Canada (1985)
• {{flagicon|GRC}} Piraeus, Greece (1985)
• {{flagicon|POL}} Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland (1985)
• {{flagicon|USA}} Chicago, United States (1985)
• {{flagicon|DEU}} Hamburg, Germany (1986)
• {{flagicon|MAR}} Casablanca, Morocco (1986)
• {{flagicon|FRA}} Marseille, France (1987)
• {{flagicon|BRA}} São Paulo, Brazil (1988)
• {{flagicon|RUS}} Saint Petersburg, Russia (1988)
• {{flagicon|AUS}} Queensland, Australia (1989)
• {{flagicon|TUR}} Istanbul, Turkey (1989)
• {{flagicon|EGY}} Alexandria, Egypt (1992)
• {{flagicon|ISR}} Haifa, Israel (1993)
• {{flagicon|ROK}} Busan, South Korea (1993)
• {{flagicon|VNM}} Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (1994)
• {{flagicon|VUT}} Port Vila, Vanuatu (1994)
• {{flagicon|NZL}} Dunedin, New Zealand (1994)
• {{flagicon|UZB}} Tashkent, Uzbekistan (1994)
• {{flagicon|PRT}} Porto, Portugal (1995)
• {{flagicon|YEM}} Aden, Yemen (1995)
• {{flagicon|NAM}} Windhoek, Namibia (1995)
• {{flagicon|CUB}} Santiago de Cuba, Cuba (1996)
• {{flagicon|ARG}} Rosario, Argentina (1997)
• {{flagicon|FIN}} Espoo, Finland (1998)
• {{flagicon|MEX}} Jalisco, Mexico (1998)
• {{flagicon|GBR}} Liverpool, United Kingdom (1999)
• {{flagicon|MOZ}} Maputo, Mozambique (1999)
• {{flagicon|THA}} Chiang Mai, Thailand (2000)
• {{flagicon|UAE}} Dubai, United Arab Emirates (2000)
• {{flagicon|ZAF}} KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (2001)
• {{flagicon|ECU}} Guayaquil, Ecuador (2001)
• {{flagicon|CHL}} Valparaíso, Chile (2001)
• {{flagicon|ESP}} Barcelona, Spain (2001)
• {{flagicon|NOR}} Oslo, Norway (2001)
• {{flagicon|ROM}} Constanța, Romania (2002)
• {{flagicon|LKA}} Colombo, Sri Lanka (2003)
• {{flagicon|SVK}} Bratislava Region, Slovakia (2003)
• {{flagicon|DNK}} Central Denmark Region, Denmark (2003)
• {{flagicon|IRL}} Cork, Ireland (2005)
• {{flagicon|IDN}} East Java, Indonesia (2006)
• {{flagicon|SUI}} Basel-Stadt, Switzerland (2007)
• {{flagicon|KHM}} Phnom Penh, Cambodia (2008)
• {{flagicon|FRA}} Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France (2008)
• {{flagicon|GBR}} London, United Kingdom (2009)
• {{flagicon|AUT}} Salzburg, Austria (2009)
• {{flagicon|CAN}} Montreal, Canada (2011)
• {{flagicon|HUN}} Budapest, Hungary (2013)
• {{flagicon|IND}} Mumbai, India (2014)
• {{flagicon|USA}} Houston, United States (2015)
• {{flagicon|THA}} Bangkok, Thailand (2016)
• {{flagicon|BUL}} Sofia, Bulgaria (2016)
• {{flagicon|SRB}} Belgrade, Serbia (2018)
• {{flagicon|PER}} Lima, Peru (2018)
• {{flagicon|BLR}} Minsk, Belarus (2019)
• {{flagicon|IRN}} Tabriz, Iran (2019){{cite web|title=Tabriz and Shanghai agree to be sister cities|url=https://en.tabriz.ir/News/281/Tabriz-and-Shanghai-agree-to-be-sister-cities-.html|website=tabriz.ir|publisher=Tabriz|date=6 May 2019|access-date=19 December 2021|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128020427/https://en.tabriz.ir/News/281/Tabriz-and-Shanghai-agree-to-be-sister-cities-.html|url-status=dead}}
• {{flagicon|IDN}} Jakarta, Indonesia (2020)
• {{flagicon|AUS}} Melbourne, Australia

}}

{{See also|List of diplomatic missions in China}}As of September 2020, Shanghai hosts 71 consulates general and 5 consulates, excluding Hong Kong and Macao trade office.{{Cite web|title=Consulates in Shanghai, China|url=https://www.embassypages.com/city/shanghai|access-date=13 October 2020|website=www.embassypages.com|language=en}}

File:Russian Consulate General in Shanghai.jpg, located on the banks of the Suzhou River]]

{{Portal|China|Asia}}

• List of economic and technological development zones in Shanghai
• List of administrative divisions of Shanghai
• List of fiction set in Shanghai
• List of films set in Shanghai
• List of people from Shanghai
• Shanghai Detention Center
• Shanghai International Football Tournament
• Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers
• Shuping Scholarship
• Urban planning in Shanghai

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |author=Danielson, Eric N. |title=Discover Shanghai |location=Singapore |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=2010}}
• {{cite book |author=Danielson, Eric N. |title=Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta |location=Singapore |publisher=Marshall Cavendish/Times Editions |year=2004 |isbn=978-981-232-597-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/shanghaiyangzide0001unse }}
• {{cite book |author=Elvin, Mark |chapter=Market Towns and Waterways: The County of Shang-hai from 1480 to 1910 |title=The City in Late Imperial China |editor1-first=G. William |editor1-last=Skinner |location=Stanford, Cal. |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-8047-0892-0 |oclc=2883862 |pages=441–474 |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cZuaAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA441 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cZuaAAAAIAAJ}}
• {{cite book |author1=Erh, Deke |author2=Johnston, Tess |title=Shanghai Art Deco |location=Hong Kong |publisher=Old China Hand Press |year=2007}}
• Haarmann, Anke. Shanghai (Urban Public) Space (Berlin: Jovis, 2009). 192 pp. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020630/https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=39796 online review]
• {{cite book |author=Horesh, Niv |title=Shanghai's Bund and Beyond |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2009}}
• {{cite book |author=Johnson, Linda Cooke |title=Shanghai: From Market Town to Treaty Port |location=Stanford |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1995}}
• {{cite book |author=Johnson, Linda Cooke |title=Cities of Jiangnan in Late Imperial China |location=Albany, NY |publisher=State University of New York (SUNY) |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-7914-1424-8}}
• {{cite book |author=Scheen, Lena |title = Shanghai Literary Imaginings: A City in Transformation |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-90-8964-587-6}}
• Scheen, Lena (2022). "History of Shanghai." Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History 18 [https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.689 online]
• Yan Jin. "Shanghai Studies: An evolving academic field" History Compass (October 2018) e12496 Historiography of recent scholarship. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190606020020/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hic3.12496 online]

{{Sister project links

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|n = Category:Shanghai

|q = Shanghai

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• {{Commons category-inline|Shanghai}}
• [http://www.shanghai.gov.cn Official website] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625064719/http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/ |date=25 June 2008 }})
• [http://www.ICShanghai.com ShanghaiEye] – English news website of SMG
• [http://wikimapia.org/#lang=en&lat=31.224252&lon=121.472397&z=11&m=b WikiSatellite view of Shanghai] at WikiMapia
• {{OSM relation|913067|Shanghai}}

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