Syrian Army#Units reporting to the Chief of Staff

File:AWM 009747.jpg are escorted by Circassian cavalry of the Troupes spéciales (1941).]]

In 1919, the French formed the Troupes spéciales du Levant as part of the Army of the Levant in the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon. The former with 8,000 men later grew into both the Syrian and Lebanese armies. This force was used primarily as auxiliaries in support of French troops, and senior officer posts were held by Frenchmen, although Syrians were allowed to hold commissions below the rank of major.Bou-Nacklie, N. E. “Les Troupes Speciales: Religious and Ethnic Recruitment, 1916-46.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 25, no. 4, Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 645–60, http://www.jstor.org/stable/164539 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116072851/https://www.jstor.org/stable/164539 |date=2022-01-16 }}. The Syrian officer corps of the Troupes spéciales du Levant mainly consisted of former officers of the Ottoman Army and members of Syria's ethnic and religious minorities.{{Cite journal |last=Perlmutter |first=Amos |title=From Obscurity to Rule: The Syrian Army and the Ba'th Party |journal=The Western Political Quarterly |volume=22 |issue=4 |year=1969 |page=830 |doi=10.2307/447038|jstor=447038 }} By 1927, more than 35% of Syrian soldiers came from the auxiliary troops; they were traditionally Kurdish, Druze or Circassian. After the repression of the Great Syrian Revolt by General Maurice Gamelin, commander of the Troupes du Levant, they were strengthened and became the main forces of the French apparatus.Jean-David Mizrahi, « Armée, état et nation au moyen-orient. La naissance des troupes spéciales du Levant à l'époque du mandat français, Syrie, 1919-1930 », Guerres mondiales et conflits contemporains, 2002/3 (n° 207), p. 107-123. DOI : 10.3917/gmcc.207.0107. URL : https://www.cairn.info/revue-guerres-mondiales-et-conflits-contemporains-2002-3-page-107.htm

In 1927, the force was augmented by North African infantry (tirailleurs) and cavalry (spahis), French Foreign Legion, Troupes de marine infantry and artillery units (both French and Senegalese). The whole force constituted the Army of the Levant.

In August 1945, the Syrian Army was formed mainly from Army of the Levant. As Syria gained independence in 1946, its leaders envisioned a division-sized army. On June 19, 1947, the Syrian Army took the survivors of Pan Am Flight 121 to the Presbyterian mission hospital at Deir ez-Zor. The 1st Brigade was ready by the time of the Syrian war against Israel on May 15, 1948. It consisted of two infantry battalions and one armored battalion. The 2nd Brigade was organized during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and also included two infantry battalions and one armored battalion.Morris, Benny (2008), 1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War, p. 251. Yale University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-300-15112-1}}.

At the time of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the army was small, poorly armed, and poorly trained. "Paris had relied primarily on French regulars to keep the peace in Syria and had neglected indigenous forces. Consequently, training was lackadaisical, discipline lax, and staff work almost unheard of. ... there were about 12,000 men in the Syrian army. These troops were mostly grouped into three infantry brigades and an armored force of about battalion size," writes Pollack.{{sfn|Pollack|2002|p=448}}

Between 1949 and 1966, a series of military coups destroyed the stability of the government and any remaining professionalism within the army. In March 1949, the chief of staff, General Husni al-Za'im, installed himself as president. Two more military dictators followed by December 1949. General Adib Shishakli then held power until deposed in the 1954 Syrian coup d'etat. Further coups followed, each attended by a purge of the officer corps to remove supporters of the losers from the force.{{sfn|Pollack|2002|p=457–458}} 'Discipline in the army broke down across the board as units and their commanders pledged their allegiance to different groups and parties. Indeed, by the late 1950s, the situation had become so bad that Syrian officers regularly disobeyed the orders of superiors who belonged to different ethnic or political groups.{{sfn|Pollack|2002|p=458}}

The 1963 Syrian coup d'état had as one of its key objectives the seizure of the Al-Kiswah military camp, home to the 70th Armored Brigade. In June 1963, Syria took part in the Iraqi military campaign against the Kurds by providing aircraft, armoured vehicles and a force of 6,000 soldiers. Syrian troops crossed the Iraqi border and moved into the Kurdish town of Zakho in pursuit of Barzani's fighters.{{cite book |first=I. C. |last=Vanly |chapter=The Kurds in Syria and Lebanon |title=The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview |editor-first=P. G. |editor-last=Kreyenbroek |editor2-first=S. |editor2-last=Sperl |publisher=Routledge |year=1992 |isbn=0-415-07265-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/kurds00pkre/page/151 151–2] |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/kurds00pkre/page/151 }} There was another coup d'etat in 1966.

However, in 1967 the army did appear to have some strength. It had around 70,000 personnel, roughly 550 tanks and assault guns, 500 APCs, and nearly 300 artillery pieces.{{sfn|Pollack|2002|p=459–460}} The army had sixteen brigades: twelve infantry, two armored (probably including the 70th Armored), and two mechanized. The Syrian government deployed twelve of the sixteen brigades to the Golan, including both armored brigades and one mechanized brigade. Three 'brigade groups', each comprising four brigades, were deployed: the 12th in the north, holding the sector from the B'nat Ya'acov bridge to the slopes of Mount Hermon, the 35th in the south from the B'nat Ya'acov bridge to the Yarmuk River border with Jordan, and the 42nd in reserve, earmarked for a theater-level counterattack role. During the Six-Day War Israeli assault of the Golan heights, the Syrian army failed to counterattack the Israelis as the Israelis breached the Syrian positions. While Syrian units fought hard whenever the Israelis entered their fields of fire, no attempts appear to have been made to exploit Israeli disorientation and confusion during the initial assault.{{sfn|Pollack|2002|p=464}}

Judging from reports of 1967–1970, including the reporting of the 5th Infantry Division in 1970, the Army appears to have formed its first divisions during this period. The 1st and 3rd Armored Division, and 5th, 7th, and 9th Mechanized Infantry Divisions were all formed prior to 1973.{{cite book|author=Hanna Batatu|title=Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4_Cvhg3YHIoC&pg=PA228|access-date=27 March 2013|year=1999|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-00254-5|page=228|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231140754/http://books.google.com/books?id=4_Cvhg3YHIoC&pg=PA228|archive-date=31 December 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}} Samuel M. Katz wrote that after Hafez al-Assad gained power in November 1970, the army expanded to the five divisions listed above, plus ten independent brigades, an artillery rocket brigade (the 69th), and "a reinforced brigade variously termed the 70th Armored Brigade or the Assad Republican Guard. It is today known as the Armored Defense Force; as Assad's praetorian guard it is stationed in and around Damascus and subordinate to the Defense Companies under the command of Assad's brother Rifaat."Samuel M. Katz, Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars, Osprey Publishing Men-at-Arms 194, 1988, 13.

On 18 September 1970, the Syrian government became involved in Black September in Jordan when it sent a reinforced armored brigade to aid the Palestine Liberation Organization.{{sfn|Pollack|2002|p=476–478}} Syrian armored units crossed the border and overran Irbid with the help of local Palestinian forces. They encountered several Jordanian Army detachments, but rebuffed them without major difficulty. Two days later, the 5th Infantry Division, heavily reinforced, was also sent into Jordan. Two armored brigades were attached to the division, bringing its tank strength up to over 300 T-55s and its manpower to over 16,000. The division entered Jordan at ar-Ramtha, destroyed a company of Jordanian Centurion tanks there, and continued directly towards Amman.

Pollack says it is likely that they intended to overthrow the Jordanian monarchy itself. Despite defeating the Jordanian Army at al-Ramtha on 21 September, after fierce air attacks on 22 September, the Syrians stopped the attack and began to retreat. The retreat was caused by Jordan's appeal for international aid : "The report said that Hussein “not only appealed for the moral and diplomatic support of the United Kingdom and the United States, coupled with the threat of international action, but had also asked for an air strike by Israel against Syrian troops.” (New York Post)British documents, sealed for 30 years, now reveal that Hussein sent “a series of messages” to the British Embassy in Amman

File:Syrian team with Milan.jpg ATGMs during the war in Lebanon in 1982.]]

After 1970 further Syrian engagements included:

• October War against IsraelAn order of battle of the Syrian Army in October 1973 can be found in Colonel Trevor Dupuy, Elusive Victory: The Arab–Israeli Wars 1947–74, MacDonald and Jane's, London, 1978
• Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990), (against Lebanese militias, the PLO and Israel)

The Syrian armed forces have also been involved in suppressing dissident movements within Syria, for example the Islamist uprising in Syria in 1979–1982. In March 1980 the 3rd Armored Division and detachments from the Defense Companies arrived in Aleppo. The division was under the command of General Shafiq Fayadh, Hafez al-Assad's first cousin. The troops sealed "off whole quarters and carr[ied] out house-to-house searches, often preceded by tank fire."Patrick Seale, Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East (London: I.B. Tauris & Co, 1988), p.327, via Holliday 2013, 12. Hundreds of suspects were rounded up. Only two conventional Army brigades deployed to Hama in 1982, the 3rd Armored Division's 47th Armored and 21st Mechanized Brigades. Three quarters of the officers and one third of the soldiers in the two brigades were Alawites.Nikolaos van Dam, The Struggle for Power in Syria: Politics and Society under Asad and the Ba'th Party, (New York: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 2011), p.114, via Holliday 2013, 12. Most of the repression was carried out by the Defense Companies and the Special Forces. Meanwhile, the Special Forces were isolating and combing through Hama, killing and capturing suspected government opponents.van Dam, 2011, p.104, via Holliday 2013.

Syrian forces fought Israel during the 1982 Lebanon War.

In 1984, Major General Ali Haidar's Special Forces were instrumental in blocking an abortive attempt by Rifaat al-Assad and his Defense Companies to seize the capital.{{cite web|title=Syria's Praetorian Guards: A Primer|url=http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0008_s2.htm|work=Middle East Intelligence Bulletin|publisher=Vol. 2 No. 7 (5 August 2000)|access-date=20 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704135413/http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0008_s2.htm|archive-date=2012-07-04|url-status=live}} Fayadh's 3rd Armoured Division moved into the capital to join Haidar's forces in the confrontation with the Defense Companies. The 3rd Armoured Division, it seems, had historically been based at al-Qutayfah, near Damascus.{{cite web|url=http://www.matthewaid.com/post/17259349392/is-the-syrian-army-falling-apart|title=Is the Syrian Army Falling Apart?|publisher=matthewaid.com|access-date=2012-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116084954/http://www.matthewaid.com/post/17259349392/is-the-syrian-army-falling-apart|archive-date=2014-01-16|url-status=live}}

Bennett dates the establishment of corps in the Syrian Army to 1985. Writing forty years later, Tom Cooper says "..despite the establishment of.. corps.. most division commanders continued reporting directly to the President. Correspondingly, not only the Chief of Staff of the Syrian Armed Forces but also the Corps HQ exercised only a limited operational control over the Army's divisions."{{sfn|Cooper|2015|p=13}} Declassified CIA documents from February 1987 say that the 3rd Corps and 17th and 18th Armoured Divisions were established in 1986.[https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp05s02029r000300890001-6 Near East and South Asia Analysis], p27.

File:A Syrian army officer during the Gulf War.JPEG.]]

The 9th Armoured Division served in the 1991 Persian Gulf War as the Arab Joint Forces Command North reserve and saw little action.Norman Schwarzkopf, It Doesn't Take A Hero, Bantam Books, 1993, 467–69.

In 1994, Haidar expressed objections to the Syrian president's decision to bring Bashar home from his studies in Britain and groom him for the succession after the death of Basil, the eldest Assad son. Soon afterwards, on 3 September 1994, Jane's Defence Weekly reported that then-President Hafez al-Assad had dismissed at least 16 senior military commanders. Among them was Haidar, then commander of the Special Forces, and General Shafiq Fayadh, a first cousin of the President who had commanded the "crack" 3rd Armored Division for nearly two decades. The 3rd Armored Division was "deployed around Damascus." JDW commented that "the Special Forces and the 3rd Armored Division, along with the 1st Armored Division are key elements in the security structure that protects Assad's government. Any command changes involving those formations have considerable political significance." Post-uprising reporting indicated the 1st Armored Division had historically been at al-Kiswah.

On 29 September 2004, Jane's Defence Weekly reported that Syria had begun to redeploy elements of one or more Syrian Army special forces regiments based in the coastal hills a few kilometres south of Beirut in Lebanon. A senior Lebanese Army officer told JDW that the 3,000 troops involved would return to Syria.Nicholas Blandford, "Syria reduced troop strength in Lebanon," Jane's Defence Weekly, 29 September 2004, 31.

Cordesman wrote that in 2006 the Syrian Army had "organized two corps that reported to the Land Forces General Staff and the Commander of the Land Force."

As of 2010, the army's formations included three army corps (the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd), eight armored divisions (with one independent armored brigade), three mechanized divisions, one armored-special forces division and ten independent airborne-special forces brigades.{{sfn|IISS|2010|p=272–273}} The army had 11 divisional formations reported in 2011, with a fall in the number of armored divisions reported from the 2010 edition from eight to seven.{{sfn|IISS|2011|p=330}} The independent armored brigade had been replaced by an independent tank regiment.

In 2009 and 2010, according to the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, the Syrian army comprised 220,000 regular personnel, and the entire armed forces (including the navy, air force and Air Defence Force) had 325,000 regular troops.International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 2010, 272–273. Additionally, it had about 290,000 reservists.{{cite web |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/world/syria-defections-hurt-army-morale-1.1334774#.Ui_EOsaUT6c |title=Syrian defections hurt army morale |work=Independent Online (South Africa) |access-date=6 January 2014 |date=5 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209202201/http://www.iol.co.za/news/world/syria-defections-hurt-army-morale-1.1334774#.Ui_EOsaUT6c |archive-date=2013-12-09 |url-status=live }}

{{Main|List of equipment of the Syrian Army}}

The vast majority of Syrian military equipment was Soviet manufactured.{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+sy0119%29 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202002911/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+sy0119%29 |archive-date=2016-02-02 |url-status=live }}

• ≈ 9,300 armoured fighting vehicles (including in storage):
• ≈ 4,800 main battle tanks
• ≈ 4,500 infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers
• ≈ 6,400 towed artillery pieces:
• 1,900 guns/howitzers
• ≈ 1,500 anti-aircraft guns
• ≈ 850 self-propelled artillery pieces:
• ≈ 450 self-propelled howitzers
• ≈ 400 self-propelled anti-aircraft guns
• 2,190+ anti-tank guided weapon launchers
• 500 multiple launch rocket systems
• 84 tactical ballistic missile launchers
• 4,235+ surface-to-air missile launchers:
• 4,000+ MANPADS
• 235 self-propelled anti-aircraft weapons

At October 1, 2011, according to high-ranking defected Syrian Colonel Riad Assaad, 10,000 soldiers, including high-ranking officers, had deserted the Syrian Army.{{cite news|title=Over 10,000 soldiers have deserted Syria army, says high-ranking defector|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/over-10-000-soldiers-have-deserted-syria-army-says-high-ranking-defector-1.387494|work=Haaretz|date=1 October 2011|access-date=6 January 2014|agency=Reuters and Deutsche Presse-Agentur|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116060502/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/over-10-000-soldiers-have-deserted-syria-army-says-high-ranking-defector-1.387494|archive-date=2013-11-16|url-status=live}}

Some of these defectors had formed the Free Syrian Army, engaging in guerilla-style attacks and combat with security forces and soldiers in what would turn into the Syrian Civil War.

At 16 November 2011, Rami Abdel Rahman, the head of the UK-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, however estimated that less than 1,000 soldiers had deserted the Syrian Army; at the same moment, an FSA battalion commander claimed that the FSA embraced 25,000 army deserters.{{cite news|last=Atassi|first=Basma|title=Free Syrian Army grows in influence|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/11/20111116154829885782.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=16 November 2011|access-date=6 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117055138/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/11/20111116154829885782.html|archive-date=2014-01-17|url-status=live}} Also in November 2011, the Free Syrian Army or the website of France 24 estimated the Syrian Army at 200,000 troops.{{cite news|title=Free Syrian Army soldier: "We lack weapons"|url=http://observers.france24.com/content/20111118-free-syrian-army-soldier-lack-weapons-homs-army-defectors-bashar-al-assad-syrian-national-council|publisher=France 24|date=18 November 2011|access-date=7 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020001421/http://observers.france24.com/content/20111118-free-syrian-army-soldier-lack-weapons-homs-army-defectors-bashar-al-assad-syrian-national-council|archive-date=2013-10-20|url-status=live}} According to General Mustafa al-Sheikh, one of the most senior defectors, however, in January 2012 the Syrian forces were estimated at 280,000 including conscripts.{{cite news|title=Syria's army weakened by growing desertions|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-defections-idUSTRE80C2IV20120113|publisher=Reuters|date=1 January 2012|access-date=2017-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001210410/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/13/us-syria-defections-idUSTRE80C2IV20120113|archive-date=2015-10-01|url-status=live}}

By March 15, 2012, many more soldiers, unhappy with crackdowns on pro-democracy protesters, switched sides and a Turkish official said that 60,000 soldiers had deserted the Syrian army, including 20,000 since February 20. It was added that most of the deserters were junior officers and soldiers.{{cite news|last2=Abu-Nasr|first2=Donna|last1=Emre|first1=Peker|title=Syrian Armed Forces Desertion Said to Surge to 60,000|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-15/syria-loses-20-000-troops-as-deserters-flee-turkey-says-1-.html|publisher=Bloomberg|date=15 March 2012|access-date=7 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055615/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-15/syria-loses-20-000-troops-as-deserters-flee-turkey-says-1-.html|archive-date=2013-09-21|url-status=live}} By 5 July 2012, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights estimated "tens of thousands" of soldiers to have defected. By August 2012, 40 brigadier generals from the Army had defected to the opposition army, out of a total of 1,200 generals.{{cite news|title=Chief of protocol at the Syrian presidential palace denies defection|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/08/09/231222.html|publisher=Al Arabiya|date=9 August 2012|access-date=2012-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809084650/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/08/09/231222.html|archive-date=9 August 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}

On June 14, 2013, 73 Syrian Army officers and their families, some 202 people in total, sought refuge in Turkey. Amongst their number were seven generals and 20 colonels.{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/dozens-of-syrian-officers-defect-to-turkey-as-russia-warns-against-arming-rebels-1.529896|title=Dozens of Syrian officers defect to Turkey as Russia warns against arming rebels|date=14 June 2013|work=Haaretz|access-date=2013-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615162150/http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/dozens-of-syrian-officers-defect-to-turkey-as-russia-warns-against-arming-rebels-1.529896|archive-date=2013-06-15|url-status=live}} In 2013, Agence France Press wrote on 'Syria's diminished security forces.'{{cite news|title=Syria's diminished security forces|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Aug-28/228953-syrias-diminished-security-forces.ashx#axzz31ko8ddGF|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=27 August 2013|access-date=14 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714160112/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Aug-28/228953-syrias-diminished-security-forces.ashx#axzz31ko8ddGF|archive-date=2014-07-14|url-status=live}}

Up until July 2012, the scale of defections from the Syrian Army, though hard to quantify, was too small to make an impact on the strength of that army, according to Aram Nerguizian from the Washington-based Center for Strategic and International Studies. Strategically important units of the Syrian armed forces are always controlled by Alawite officers; defecting soldiers – by July 2012 "tens of thousands" according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights – are mainly Sunni without access to vital command and control, Nerguizian said, however the formed Syrian Minister of Defence General Dawoud Rajiha killed in the 18 July 2012 Damascus bombing was a Christian.

{{quote box|The army in Syria is the power structure. The armed forces would fight to an end. It would be a bloodbath, literally, because the army would fight to protect not only the institution of the army but the regime itself, because the army and the regime is one and the same.

| source = — Fawaz Gerges, Lebanese-American author{{Cite news |last=Wikstrom |first=Cajsa |date=9 February 2011 |title=Syria: 'A kingdom of silence' |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2011/2/9/syria-a-kingdom-of-silence |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529164126/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2011/2/9/syria-a-kingdom-of-silence |archive-date=29 May 2023}}

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Analyst Joseph Holliday wrote in 2013 that "the Assad government has from the beginning of the conflict been unable to mobilize all of its forces without risking large-scale defections. The single greatest liability that the Assad regime has faced in employing its forces has been the challenge of relying on units to carry out orders to brutalize the opposition."Holliday, 2013, 11, 12. This has resulted in Bashar following his father's precedent by attaching regular army units to more reliable forces (Special Forces, Republican Guard, or 4th Armored Division). When Hafez al-Assad directed the suppression of revolts in Hama in 1982, this technique was also used.

File:Breaking siege of Nubl and Al-Zahraa (7).jpg]]

In 2014, analyst Charles Lister wrote that "As of April 1, 2014, the SAA had incurred at least 35,601 fatalities, which when combined with a reasonable ratio of 3 wounded personnel for every soldier killed and approximately 50,000 defections, suggests the SAA presently commands roughly 125,000 personnel. This loss of manpower is exacerbated by Syria's long entrenched problem of having to selectively deploy forces based on their perceived trustworthiness."{{cite web |last1=Lister |first1=Charles |title=DYNAMIC STALEMATE: SURVEYING SYRIA'S MILITARY LANDSCAPE |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/syria-military-landscape-english.pdf |publisher=Brookings Doha Center |date=May 2014}}

The International Institute for Strategic Studies in London calculated that by August 2013 the strength of the Syrian army had, compared with 2010, roughly been cut in half, due to defections, desertions and casualties: it now counted 110,000 troops.

Prior to its collapse, the Syrian Arab Army suffered from serious recruitment issues as the Syrian Civil War dragged on, with military age men across sectarian lines no longer willing to join or serve their conscription terms. These issues were especially notable among the Druze population, who have clashed with regime security forces and broken Druze youths out of regime imprisonment to avoid them serving in the army.{{cite web |url=http://syriadirect.org/main/36-interviews/1946-defected-general-druze-do-not-represent-a-cog-in-the-regime-machine |title=DEFECTED GENERAL: 'DRUZE DO NOT REPRESENT A COG IN THE REGIME MACHINE' |publisher=Syria Direct |date=30 March 2015 |access-date=7 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402120510/http://syriadirect.org/main/36-interviews/1946-defected-general-druze-do-not-represent-a-cog-in-the-regime-machine |archive-date=2015-04-02 |url-status=live }} Increasingly, Assad's Alawite base of support refuse to send their sons to the military due to massive casualty rates among military age men in their community; according to pro oppositions sources a third of 250,000 Alawite men of fighting age have been killed in the Syrian Civil War, leading to major tensions between the sect and the Syrian government.{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11518232/In-Syrias-war-Alawites-pay-heavy-price-for-loyalty-to-Bashar-al-Assad.html |title=In Syria's war, Alawites pay heavy price for loyalty to Bashar al-Assad |work=The Daily Telegraph |last=Sherlock |first=Ruth |date=7 April 2015 |access-date=7 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407102223/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11518232/In-Syrias-war-Alawites-pay-heavy-price-for-loyalty-to-Bashar-al-Assad.html |archive-date=2015-04-07 |url-status=live }}

As of mid-2018, then-Israeli Defence Minister Avigdor Lieberman said that the Syrian Arab Army had regained its pre-2011 strength levels, recovering from manpower shortages earlier in the Syrian Civil War.{{cite news |title=Israel sees Syrian army growing beyond pre-civil war size |url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52694&catid=74&Itemid=30 |access-date=10 January 2019 |work=DefenceWeb |agency=Reuters |date=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111121418/http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52694&catid=74&Itemid=30 |archive-date=11 January 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}

File:Liberation of Palmyra by RSII coalition (4).jpg.]]

The 3rd Armored Division had deployed elements of three brigades from its bases around Qutayfah to Deraa, Zabadani, and Hama, while the 11th Armored Division had stayed close to its bases in Homs and Hama.Holliday 2013, 26, citing "By All Means Necessary: Individual and Command Responsibility for Crimes against Humanity in Syria," Human Rights Watch, December 2011, p. 36; [https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe Syrian Observatory for Human Rights Facebook page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313020443/https://www.facebook.com/syriahroe |date=2014-03-13 }}, January 24, 2012; [https://www.facebook.com/monasiqoon Syrian Revolution Coordinator's Union Facebook page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718200146/https://www.facebook.com/monasiqoon |date=2012-07-18 }}, February 7, 2012; [http://www.lccsyria.org/en/ Local Coordination Committees website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410100250/http://www.lccsyria.org/en/ |date=2013-04-10 }}, November 15, 2012.

The European Council named Major General Wajih Mahmud as commander of the 18th Armored Division in the Official Journal of the European Union on 15 November 2011, sanctioning him for violence committed in Homs.{{cite web|title=Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1151/2011 of 14 November 2011 implementing Regulation (EU) No 442/2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Syria|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:296:0003:0005:EN:PDF|work=Official Journal of the European Union|date=15 November 2011|format=PDF|access-date=2012-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522232716/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:296:0003:0005:EN:PDF|archive-date=2013-05-22|url-status=live}} Henry Boyd of the IISS noted that "in Homs, the 18th Armored Division was reinforced by Special Forces units and ... by elements of the 4th Division under Maher's de facto command."{{cite web|last=Boyd|first=Henry|title=Shades of Hama and Grozny in Homs and Idlib|url=http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-experts-commentary/shades-of-hama-and-grozny-in-homs-and-idlib/|publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies|date=12 March 2012|access-date=2012-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627152103/http://www.iiss.org/whats-new/iiss-experts-commentary/shades-of-hama-and-grozny-in-homs-and-idlib/|archive-date=2012-06-27|url-status=live}}

Information from Holliday 2013 suggests that the reserve armored division is the 17th (rather than any other designation), which was responsible for eastern Syria.Holliday, 2013, 42, 46, 47. Holliday's sources include "Skype Interview with exiled former Syrian Army General Officer in Washington, DC on April 19, 2012." The division's 93rd Brigade left Idlib to secure Raqqa Governorate in early 2012.Holliday, 2013, 33, citing "Clashes between Syrian troops and army defectors kill at least 13," Washington Post, October 13, 2011; Syrian Revolution Coordinator's Union Facebook Page , November 13, 2012. Following the reported capture of Raqqa on 3–6 March 2013, elements of the 17th Division remained under siege to the north of the city in October 2013.Alice Martins, [http://beta.syriadeeply.org/2013/10/watching-rebels-fight-city-raqqa/#.Um3LklNVXSc Watching Rebels Fight Among Themselves for the City of Raqqa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204048/http://beta.syriadeeply.org/2013/10/watching-rebels-fight-city-raqqa/#.Um3LklNVXSc |date=2013-10-29 }}, SyriaDeeply.org Beta, October 2, 2013.

The National Defence Force was under the control and supervision of the Syrian Armynews24.com and acted in an infantry role, directly fighting against rebels on the ground and running counter-insurgency operations in co-ordination with the army which provided them logistical and artillery support.

Struggling with reliability issues and defections, officers of the SAA increasingly preferred the part-time volunteers of the NDF, who they regarded as more motivated and loyal, over regular army conscripts to conduct infantry operations and act as support for advancing tanks.{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZI_88ChjQtU|title=Iran's Secret Army|date=22 November 2013|publisher=YouTube|access-date=2015-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102205927/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZI_88ChjQtU|archive-date=2016-01-02|url-status=live}}

An officer in Homs, who asked not to be identified, said the army was increasingly playing a logistical and directive role, while NDF fighters act as combatants on the ground.{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-paramilitary-insight-idUSBRE93K02R20130421|title=Insight: Battered by war, Syrian army creates its own replacement|publisher=Reuters|date=21 April 2013|access-date=2017-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601144630/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/21/us-syria-crisis-paramilitary-insight-idUSBRE93K02R20130421|archive-date=2013-06-01|url-status=live}}

The NDF continued to play a significant role in military operations across Syria despite the formation of other elite units, many of which received direct assistance from Russia.

The fall of the Assad regime led by Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham in December 2024 ended the existence of the Ba'athist Syrian state. A new unified Syrian Army began its process of reconstruction. At first, the leaders of the different Syrian rebel forces announced on 21 December 2024 that it would disband their forces and merge them under the defence ministry.{{cite news |publisher=Straits Times |title=Syrian ex-rebel factions agree to merge under defence ministry |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/syrian-ex-rebel-factions-agree-to-merge-under-defence-ministry |date=24 December 2024}} A number of reconcillation centres opened all across the country as several soldiers that previously served under the Assad regime turned over their weapons to the state in exchange for new civilian identity cards to disassociate themselves from the old regime.{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2n35j5340o | title=Post-Assad Syria: Former soldiers give up their weapons for papers | date=29 December 2024 }}

In 2011, the majority of the Syrian military were Sunni, but most of the military leadership were Alawites. Alawites made up 12% of the pre-war Syrian population, but 70% of the career soldiers in the Syrian Army.{{cite web|title=Background Note: Syria|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3580.htm|publisher=US State Department|access-date=14 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121022641/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3580.htm|archive-date=21 January 2017|url-status=live}} A similar imbalance is seen in the officer corps, where some 80% of the officers are Alawites. The military's most elite divisions, the Republican Guard and the 4th Armored Division, which are commanded by Bashar al-Assad's brother Maher, are exclusively Alawite. Most of Syria's 300,000 conscripts in 2011 were Sunni.{{cite news|title=Syria's military: what does Assad have?|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/libyaNews/idAFLDE72S19O20110406|work=Reuters|access-date=5 May 2011|date=6 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501081522/http://af.reuters.com/article/libyaNews/idAFLDE72S19O20110406|archive-date=1 May 2011|url-status=dead}}

In mid-2022, the Minister of Defence and also Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Army and the Armed Forces Lieutenant General Ali Mahmoud Abbas, and Major General Mufid Hassan, Deputy Chief of the General Staff, were some of the Sunni Muslims in the positions of power.{{Cite web |last=Lund |first=Aron |date=2022-05-23 |title=Can Assad's New Military Appointments Help Rebuild His Regime? |url=https://tcf.org/content/report/can-assads-new-military-appointments-help-rebuild-his-regime/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=The Century Foundation |language=en}} Some volunteer brigades, such as Arab Nationalist Guard, are made up of Sunni Syrians and other Sunnis from the Middle Eastern region that adhere to pan-Arab ideals.{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/03/syria-aleppo-sunni-quds-baath-brigades.html|title=Pro-regime Sunni fighters in Aleppo defy sectarian narrative - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East|work=Al-Monitor|date=14 March 2014}}

File:Syrian soldier with a machine gun.JPEG. The soldier is wearing a nuclear-biological-chemical warfare mask.]]

Before 2011, it was difficult to access reliable information about the SAA because of the Damascus government's sensitivity to potential espionage, particularly by Israel.{{cite book|title=Syrian army prepares for post-conflict challenges|last=Ripley|first=Tim|publisher=Janes´s|year=2017|page=4}}

Richard Bennett wrote in 2001 that "..corps [were] formed in 1985 to give the Army more flexibility and to improve combat efficiency by decentralizing the command structure, absorbing at least some of the lessons learned during the Israeli invasion of the Lebanon in 1982."Richard M. Bennett, [http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0108_s1.htm The Syrian Military: A Primer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629091613/http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0108_s1.htm |date=2012-06-29 }}, Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, August/September 2001. The organization and military doctrine of the army followed the Soviet model.Library of Congress Country Study Syria

Richard Bennett's estimate of the 2001 order of battle was:

• 1st Corps HQ Damascus, which covered from Golan Heights, the fortified zone and south to Der'a near the Jordanian border.
• 5th Armored Division, which included the 17th and 96th Armored Brigades and the 112th Mechanized Brigade
• 6th Armored Division, with the 12th and 98th Armored Brigades and the 11th Mechanized Brigades
• 7th Mechanized Division, with the 58th and 68th Armored Brigades and the 78th Mechanized Brigade
• 8th Armored Division, which included the 62nd and 65th Armored Brigades and the 32nd Mechanized Brigade
• 9th Armored Division, with the 43rd and 91st Armored Brigades and the 52nd Mechanized Brigade.

Bennett said the 1st Corps also [had] four independent special forces regiments, including two trained for heliborne commando operations against the Israeli signals intelligence & observation posts on Mount Hermon and elsewhere in the Golan Heights.

• 2nd Corps HQ Zabadani, covers north of Damascus, to Homs and includes Lebanon.
• Bennett said in 2001 that the corps' principal units were believed to include:
• 1st Armored Division, with the 44th and 46th Armored Brigades and the 42nd Mechanized Brigade
• 3rd Armored Division, with the 47th and 82nd Armored Brigades and the 132nd Mechanized Brigade
• 11th Armored Division, with the 60th and 67th Armored Brigades and the 87th Mechanized Brigade
• 4th Mechanized Division with the 1st Armored Brigade and the 61st and 89th Mechanized Brigades
• 10th Mechanized Division, headquartered in Shtoura, Lebanon. Its main units [were in 2001] deployed to control the strategic Beirut-Damascus highway with the 123rd Mechanized Brigade near Yanta, the 51st Armored Brigade near Zahle in the Beqaa Valley and the 85th Armored Brigade, deployed around the complex of positions at Dahr al-Baidar.
• three other heavy brigades from the 3rd and 11th Armored Divisions [were] known to be regularly deployed to eastern Lebanon.
• there [were] five special forces regiments in the Lebanon.
• 3rd Corps HQ Aleppo, based in the north and covered Hama, the Turkish and Iraqi borders, the Mediterranean coastline and was tasked with protecting the complex of chemical and biological warfare and missile production and launch facilities.
• The 2nd Reserve Armored Division, with the 14th and 15th Armored Brigades and the 19th Mechanized Brigade. The 2nd [was] also believed to operate as the main armored forces training formation. It seems likely that the "2nd" designation, reported in 2001, was incorrect, as it has not been reported during the Syrian Civil War.
• Other units under the control of this corps included four independent infantry brigades, one border guard brigade, one independent armored regiment, effectively a brigade group, and one special forces regiment.
• the Coastal Defence Brigade, which [operated] largely as an independent unit within the 3rd Corps area, [was] headquartered in the naval base of Latakia with four Coastal Defence Battalions in Latakia, Banias, Hamidieh and Tartus. Each Battalion has four batteries of both the short range SSC-3 Styx and long range SSC-1B Sepal missile systems.

The IISS listed smaller formations in 2006 as:International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 2006, p.208-9

• Four independent Infantry Brigades
• Ten independent Airborne Special Forces Regiments (Seven regiments attached to 2nd Corps)
• Two independent Artillery Brigades
• Two independent Anti-tank Brigades
• Surface-to-surface Missile Command with three SSM Brigades (each with three SSM battalions),
• One brigade with FROG-7,
• One brigade with Scud-B/C/D.
• One brigade with SS-21 Scarab,
• Three coastal defence missile brigades
• One brigade with 4 SS-C-1B Sepal launchers,
• One brigade with 6 P-15 Termit launchers, alternative designation SS-C-3 'Styx'
• One brigade with 6+ P-800 Oniks launchers,
• One Border Guard Brigade

Protecting Damascus:

• 4th Mechanized Division (The Defense companies were transformed into Unit 569, equivalent to an armored division, which in 1984 became the 4th Armoured Division.){{cite web |url=http://gradworks.umi.com/3330856.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308142330/http://gradworks.umi.com/3330856.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-08 |url-status=live }}
• The Republican Guard Armored Division, with three Armored brigades, one Mechanized brigade, and one artillery regiment.

Joseph Holliday of the Institute for the Study of War described the basic structure of the Syrian Arab Army as:{{cite web |title=The Syrian Army Doctrinal Order of Battle |url=http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/SyrianArmy-DocOOB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101161447/http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/SyrianArmy-DocOOB.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-01 |access-date=2013-12-30}}

• 3 Corps (Falaq): 50,000 men in 3–4 divisions each
• 14 Divisions (Firqa): 5,000–15,000 men in 5–6 brigades/regiments each
• More than 40 Brigades (Liwa): 2,500–3,500 men in 5–6 battalions (1–3 armored/mechanized + artillery/ADA/engineers) each
• Mechanized:
• 105 IFVs in 3 mechanized battalions
• 41 Tanks in 1 armored battalion
• 3,500 soldiers
• Armored:
• 105 Tanks in 3 armored battalions
• 31 IFVs in 1 mechanized battalion
• 2,500 soldiers
• More than 20 Regiments (Fawj): 1,500 men
• Light Infantry: 1,500 soldiers in 3 infantry battalions
• Artillery: 45 howitzers and 1,500 soldiers in 3 artillery battalions
• Battalion (Katiba): 300–500 men in 4–5 companies
• Company (Sariya): 60–80 men

Between 2015 and 2018, the Syrian Arab Army underwent many structural changes, with the cooperation of Russia and Iran.{{Cite web|url=https://www.inss.org.il/publication/syrian-army-2023/|title=Rebuilding the Syrian Military: The Threat to Israel|publisher=INSS Tel Aviv University|date=6 September 2023|access-date=25 November 2023|author=Eden Kaduri, Yehoshua Kalisky, Tal Avraham}} In addition, new units were created by 2021. As of August 2022, according to Gregory Waters, the structure as the order of battle (at full strength) was:{{Cite web|url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/lion-and-eagle-syrian-arab-armys-destruction-and-rebirth#pt9|title=The Lion and The Eagle: The Syrian Arab Army's Destruction and Rebirth|website=Middle East Institute|author=Gregory Waters|date=18 July 2019|access-date=20 September 2022}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/tiger-forces-16th-brigade-russias-evolving-syrian-proxies|title=From Tiger Forces to the 16th Brigade: Russia's evolving Syrian proxies|website=Middle East Institute|author=Gregory Waters|date=12 September 2022|access-date=16 November 2023}}

{{Col-begin}}

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• 17px Republican Guard
• 100th Artillery Regiment
• 101st Security Regiment{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/GregoryPWaters/status/1136725554156191747?t=OxouQP7NfDrPWsQJuGOGBQ&s=19|title=Unit of the #Republican_Guard's 101st Regiment holds a massive storage depot in #Kernaz (at an old SRG base for training purposes).|author=Gregory Waters|access-date=21 November 2023|date=6 June 2019|website=Twitter}}
• 102nd Security Regiment
• 103rd Commando Brigade
• 104th Airborne Brigade
• 105th Mechanized Brigade
• 107th Artillery Regiment
• 108th Armored Regiment
• 109th Armored Regiment
• 151th Mechanized Regiment
• 152nd Mechanized Regiment
• 800th Regiment{{cite web |author=Leith Fadel |url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/four-high-ranking-jihadist-commanders-killed-aleppo/ |title=Four high-ranking jihadist commanders killed in Aleppo |date=23 November 2016 |publisher=Al-Masdar News |access-date=2017-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216215801/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/four-high-ranking-jihadist-commanders-killed-aleppo/ |archive-date=2017-02-16 |url-status=dead }}
• Lionesses of Defence Armored Brigade{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/assad-s-lionesses-the-female-last-line-in-the-battle-for-syria-8462221.html|title=Assad's Lionesses: the female last line in the battle for Syria|work=The Independent|date=22 January 2013|access-date=21 September 2023|author=Loveday Morris}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20150402-syria-women-soldiers-assad-army-propaganda|title=Assad's female fighters: Progress or propaganda?|publisher=France 24|access-date=18 November 2023|date=2 April 2015|author=Sarah Leduc}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.newarab.com/features/arab-armies-turn-women-illusion-or-new-reality|title=Arab armies turn to women: An illusion or a new reality?|date=17 November 2021|access-date=26 November 2023|newspaper=The New Arab |last1=Erchoff |first1=Sami }}
• 17px 30th Division{{cite web |author=Paul Antonopoulos |url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/new-syrian-army-division-established-preparation-new-offensive/ |title=New Syrian Arab Army Division established in preparation of new offensive |date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Al-Masdar News |access-date=2017-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202012132/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/new-syrian-army-division-established-preparation-new-offensive/ |archive-date=2017-02-02 |url-status=dead }}
• 102nd Commando Brigade
• 106th Mechanized Brigade
• 123rd Special Forces Brigade
• 124th Special Forces Brigade{{Cite web|title=Current Syrian Army Deployments|url=https://international-review.org/current-syrian-army-deployments/|author=Gregory Waters|date=12 May 2020|access-date=17 October 2023|website=International Review}}
• 135th Mechanized Brigade
• 47th Special Forces Regiment{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/GregoryPWaters/status/1542239971020484608?t=Lc0WdfqquK6GkC6Pi9fxkw&s=19|title=Hellcannon of the 1st Company of the Republican Guard's 30th Division, 47th Regiment, 63rd Battalion.|publisher=Twitter|author=Gregory Waters|access-date=3 March 2024|date=29 June 2022}}
• 93rd Special Forces Regiment
• 147th Special Forces Regiment
• Artillery Regiment
• 25px 4th Armoured Division[https://us.dk/publikationer/2023/april/syria-the-special-forces-and-the-elite-units/ Syria - The Special Forces and the Elite Units]
• 38th Armored Brigade{{Cite web|url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/fourth-division-syrias-parallel-army|title=The Fourth Division: Syria's parallel army|author=Abdullah Alghadawi|publisher=Middle East Institute|access-date=29 February 2024|date=24 September 2021}}
• 40th Armored Brigade
• 41st Armored Brigade
• 42nd Armored Brigade
• 138th Mechanized Brigade
• 333rd Infantry Regiment
• 555th Special Forces (Airborne) Regiment
• 666th Infantry Regiment
• 154th Artillery Regiment
• Al-Imam Hussein Brigade{{Cite web|url=https://israel-alma.org/2023/07/27/the-al-imam-hussein-brigade-the-assimilation-of-a-shiite-militia-into-the-syrian-armys-4th-division-as-well-as-its-attacks-on-israeli-and-us-forces/|title=The "Al-Imam Hussein Brigade"- The Assimilation of a Shiite Militia into The Syrian Army's 4th Division, As Well as its Attacks on Israeli and US forces|author=Tal Beeri|work=Alma Research and Education Center |publisher=Israel Alma|date=27 July 2023|access-date=17 November 2023}}
• Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba Syrian-wing{{Cite web|url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/2018/09/harakat-al-nujaba-interview|title = Harakat al-Nujaba': Interview| date=5 September 2018 }}

Special Forces units formed during the Syrian Civil War:{{Efn|"Special Forces" in the Syrian Arab Army denotes specialized "light" infantry (airborne, air assault) and are "elite" only in relation to the conventional mechanized, armored units of the SAA. According to a declassified CIA report the stated Special Forces regiments were created to conduct counter-insurgency operations.{{cite web |title=Syria's Elite Military Units: Keys to Stability and Succession |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP06T00412R000606620001-0.pdf |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=1 July 2022}} Special Forces units included the: 41st, 45th, 46th, 47th, 53rd and 54th independent special forces regiments.{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=William |title=Quicksilver War: Syria, Iraq and the Spiral of Conflict |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |isbn=9780190874872 |location=New York|page=183 |chapter=Glossary}} Special Forces were heavily used from the early stage of the Syrian Civil War and as a result suffered heavy casualties, possibly up to three regiments (41st, 46th, 54th) may have been destroyed during the Syrian Civil War, the surviving three regiments were merged to other formations such as the Republican Guard, Tiger Forces and 4th Corps. Later reports state that two battalions from the 54th regiment serve within the 17th Division.{{cite web|url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/return-northeast-syrian-army-deployments-against-turkish-forces|title=Return to the northeast: Syrian Army deployments against Turkish forces|website=Middle East Institute}}}}

• 25px 25th Special Mission Forces Division{{Cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/tiger-forces-renamed-and-placed-under-command-of-syrian-army/|title=Tiger Forces renamed and placed under command of Syrian Army|publisher=Al-Masdar News|date=29 August 2019|access-date=29 August 2019|archive-date=29 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829154015/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/tiger-forces-renamed-and-placed-under-command-of-syrian-army/|url-status=dead}}
• 26th Infantry Brigade[https://twitter.com/SAMSyria0/status/1792833139758284953?t=T8XDyxmDdt8WnYay65519g&s=19 استشهاد العقيد شرف عبدو السلات من مرتبات اللواء 26 مشاة - فرقة 25 مهام خاصة من الجيش العربي السوري أثناء أداء واجبه الوطني في البادية السورية في المعارك ضد تنظيم "د.ا.عش" الإرهابي شرقي محافظة حمص، الشهيد من محافظة إدلب.]
• 1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th Special Forces (Airborne) Regiments
• 75th Armored Regiment{{Cite web|url=https://x.com/SAMSyria0/status/1845594726021447845?t=OUMHdg4k-f41s1PBbfHC4Q&s=19|title=وصول قوات من الفوج 75 - فرقة 25 🇸🇾 إلى جبهات ريف حلب لتعزيز مواقع الجيش العربي السوري ومواجهة أي تصعيد من التنظيمات-الإرها-بية.}}
• 78th Armored Regiment{{Cite web|url=https://x.com/SAMSyria0/status/1850178689041899846?t=UilQfsB3qYcBO5omUrjRSQ&s=19|title=ريف إدلب: الفوج 78 | فرقة 25 من الجيش العربي السوري يتصدى لمحاولة مجموعة-إرها-بية التسلل-والاعتداء على النقاط في الخطوط الأمامية وتمكنت الوحدة من-قتـ.ل 4 إرهابيين-وجرح آخرين وفرار من تبقى منهم كما تم التصدي لهجوم إرها-بي بالمسيرات على المناطق الآمنة وتدمير وإسقاط عدد من المسيرات.}}
• Independent Artillery Regiment
• 16th Storming Brigade{{Efn|(created in 2020)}}

• 5th Mechanized Division
• 15th Mechanized Brigade
• 112th Mechanized Brigade
• 132nd Mechanized Brigade
• 12th Armored Brigade
• 38th Infantry Brigade
• 59th Commando Battalion{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Bosni_94/status/1760387034147959161?t=AoBiayiHzVFOOXLONep4qA&s=19|title=SAA's 59th Battalion (Commandos)}}
• 175th Artillery Regiment
• 6th Armored Division (formed in 2015)
• 76th Armored Brigade
• 85th Armored Brigade
• 88th Armored Brigade
• 55th Mechanized Brigade
• 45th Special Forces Regiment
• {{flagicon image|SYR-inf-DIV-flag.svg}} 7th Mechanized Division
• 88th Mechanized Brigade
• 90th Mechanized Brigade
• 121st Mechanized Brigade
• 78th Armored Brigade
• 70th Artillery Brigade
• {{flagicon image|Syrian-9thDIV-TRF.svg}} 9th Armored Division
• 34th Armored Brigade
• 43rd Armored Brigade
• 701st Armored Brigade
• 52nd Mechanized Brigade{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/168052|title=Largest Syrian Brigade Nears Breaking Point|work=Arutz Sheva|date=16 May 2013 |access-date=2013-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607114227/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/168052|archive-date=2013-06-07|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-restores-lost-points-golan-heights/|title=Syrian Army restores all lost points in Golan Heights|first=Leith|last=Fadel|date=12 September 2016|access-date=2016-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913152249/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-restores-lost-points-golan-heights/|archive-date=2016-09-13|url-status=dead}}
• 467th Special Forces Regiment
• 89th Artillery Brigade{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/GregoryPWaters/status/1127483700252307456?t=GHgZcxKclJtLDGFZ_87pVA&s=19|title=Fighter from the 109th Battalion, 89th Brig of the #9th_Division KIA in #Idlib|access-date=22 March 2024|date=12 May 2019|author=Gregory Waters|website=Twitter}}
• {{flagicon image|Syrian-SF-TRF.svg}} 15th Special Forces Division{{Cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-kicks-off-new-operation-in-daraa/|title=Syrian Army kicks off new operation in Daraa|date=May 8, 2020|access-date=October 1, 2023|archive-date=January 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117194631/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-kicks-off-new-operation-in-daraa/|url-status=dead}}
• 35th Special Forces Regiment
• 44th Special Forces Regiment
• 127th Special Forces Regiment{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/GregoryPWaters/status/1644741255400763392?t=8sBl1RxNNucBs8dPSiEW-A&s=19|title=SAA's 531st Battalion/44th Regiment/15th Division downed an HTS drone in Idlib|publisher=Twitter|author=Gregory Waters|access-date=24 February 2024|date=8 April 2023}}
• 404th Armored Regiment
• 405th Armored Regiment[https://twitter.com/GregoryPWaters/status/1090661053166379008?t=YhsHqcHLNhaLAOXfuoewEw&s=19 Armor depot of the 404th Armored Reg, 15th Special Forces Div.]
• 176th Artillery Battalion

• 1st Armored Division
• 61st Armored Brigade
• 91st Armored Brigade
• 153rd Armored Brigade
• 57th Mechanized Brigade
• 58th Mechanized Brigade
• 68th Mechanized Brigade
• 171st Infantry Brigade
• 165th Artillery Brigade[https://x.com/GregoryPWaters/status/1801752211791229185?t=2LpW_ktJVwJWle4DgQMr4w&s=19 #Russia{{!}}n officers training SAA students on ATGM at the 165th Artillery Brigade base south of Kisweh]
• 141st Artillery Regiment
• 167th Anti-tank Regiment
• 2nd Armored Division (formed in 2015)
• 144th Armored Brigade
• 145th Armored Brigade
• 73rd Infantry Brigade[https://twitter.com/SAMSyria0/status/1768576644615176294?t=ftCVmYzAoBqYgtAJ_XDptw&s=19 شُيّع من المشفى العسكري في طرطوس منذ قليل الشهيد النقيب شرف جعفر عماد فاضل من مرتبات الفرقة الثانية (B73 - مشاة) في الجيش العربي]
• 48th Special Forces Regiment
• 53rd Special Forces Regiment{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/GregoryPWaters/status/1700213675766800754?t=EnmEJEDvSxa3s85mXCAqdw&s=19|title=Brigadier Gandhi Ibrahim has been appointed commander of its 48th Regiment|website=Twitter|author=Gregory Waters|date=8 September 2023|access-date=25 February 2024}}[https://twitter.com/GregoryPWaters/status/1656704335932211201?t=Aw6P7GaHLWZ-JfeKB5Wl4A&s=191 82nd Battalion of the 53rd SF Regiment (originally part of Special Forces Command now in 2nd Div)]
• 826th Coastal Regiment
• 10th Mechanized Division
• 18th Mechanized Brigade
• 62nd Mechanized Brigade[https://www.zamanalwsl.net/news/article/137433/ الحرس الجمهوري".. تشكيلات جديدة لتعزيز حماية الأسد منها "اقتحام نسائى" (صور وأسماء)]
• 51st Armored Brigade
• 58th Armored BrigadeJoseph Holliday, 'The Assad Regime: From Counterinsurgency to Civil War,' Institute for the Study of War, March 2013. Seemingly the best concise description and analysis of the Syrian Army and its involvement in the current Syrian Civil War.
• 122nd Artillery Regiment{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/GregoryPWaters/status/1155137981914603521?t=T8DDEod-CD7YYCzNvBD7BQ&s=19|title=122nd Artillery regiment belongs to the 10th Division|author=Gregory Waters|website=Twitter|date=27 July 2019|access-date=12 February 2024}}
• {{flagicon image|Syrian-SF-TRF.svg}} 14th Special Forces Division{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/confirmed-syrian-armys-full-order-battle-east-damascus-offensive/|title=Confirmed: Syrian Army's full order of battle for east Damascus offensive|date=18 February 2018|publisher=Al-Masdar News|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=13 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513115127/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/confirmed-syrian-armys-full-order-battle-east-damascus-offensive/|url-status=dead}}
• 36th Special Forces Regiment
• 554th Special Forces Regiment
• 556th Special Forces Regiment

{{Col-break}}

• {{flagicon image|SYR-Armour-DIV-flag.svg}} 3rd Armored Division
• 20th Armored Brigade
• 65th Armored Brigade
• 81st Armored Brigade{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/GregoryPWaters/status/1594351166481203201?t=ihuC46GnLrz0kM_jJYZSbg&s=19|title=Tel Rifaat #Aleppo - one 3rd Div soldier & 5 local militia-men Darbasiyah #Hasakah - 3 soldiers killed from 20th Brigade/3rd Div|author=Gregory Waters|website=Twitter|date=20 November 2022|access-date=23 March 2024}}
• 21st Mechanized Brigade
• 155th Missile Brigade{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/GregoryPWaters/status/1155137981914603521?t=T8DDEod-CD7YYCzNvBD7BQ&s=19|title=3rd Division's artillery regiment is the 14th (the 155th is an affiliated missile brigade).|author=Gregory Waters|website=Twitter|date=27 July 2019|access-date=12 February 2024}}
• 14th Artillery Regiment
• 67th Artillery Regiment{{sfn|Cooper|2015|p=18}}
• 8th Armored Division (formed in 2015){{Cite web|url=https://international-review.org/understanding-syrias-military-deployments-in-idlib/|title=Understanding Syria's Military Deployments in Idlib|date=12 March 2019|access-date=22 March 2023|author=Gregory Waters|website=International Review}}
• 33rd Armored Brigade
• 47th Armored Brigade{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-reinforcements-arrive-northern-hama-fend-off-jihadist-offensive/|title=Syrian Army reinforcements arrive to northern Hama to fend off jihadist offensive|work=al-Masdar News|author=Leith Fadel|date=22 March 2017|access-date=22 March 2017|archive-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221122236/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-reinforcements-arrive-northern-hama-fend-off-jihadist-offensive/|url-status=dead}}
• 45th Mechanized Brigade
• 45th Artillery Regiment
• {{flagicon image|Syrian-11thDIV-TRF.svg}} 11th Armored Division{{cite news|url= http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/syrias-nusra-seizes-tanks-apcs-assads-army-1969509709 | title= Syria's Nusra seizes tanks, APCs from Assad's army | publisher= Middle East Eye | date= December 20, 2014 |access-date=December 20, 2014}}
• 60th Armored Brigade
• 67th Armored Brigade
• 87th Mechanized Brigade{{cite news|url=http://en.abna24.com/service/middle-east-west-asia/archive/2016/02/20/735911/story.html|title=Syrian commandos begin long campaign to Jisr Al-Shughour|date=20 February 2016|access-date=24 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430201539/http://en.abna24.com/service/middle-east-west-asia/archive/2016/02/20/735911/story.html|archive-date=2016-04-30|url-status=live |publisher=Masdar News }}
• 89th Artillery Regiment
• 135th Artillery Regiment{{sfn|Cooper|2015|p=18}}
• {{flagicon image|Syrian-17thDIV-trf.svg}} 17th Reserve Division
• 137th Mechanized Brigade
• 93rd Armored Brigade
• 54th Special Forces Regiment{{cite web|url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/return-northeast-syrian-army-deployments-against-turkish-forces|title=Return to the northeast: Syrian Army deployments against Turkish forces|website=Middle East Institute|date=20 November 2019|access-date=20 November 2023|author=Gregory Waters}}
• 121st Artillery Regiment
• 123rd Artillery Regiment
• 18th Armored Division{{sfn|Cooper|2015|p=13, 18-19}}
• 131st Armored Brigade
• 134th Armored Brigade
• 167th Armored Brigade
• 120th Mechanized Brigade
• 64th Artillery Regiment
• 25px Border Guard Forces{{Cite web|url=https://international-review.org/syrias-border-guards-from-auxiliary-to-frontlines/|title=Syria's Border Guards: From Auxiliary to Frontlines|author=Gregory Waters|date=25 September 2019 |access-date=14 October 2023}}
• 5th Regiment (Hasakah pocket)
• 6th Regiment (Southern Homs)
• 8th Regiment (Jordan-Syria border)
• 10th Regiment (Iraq-Syria border)
• 11th Regiment (Latakia)
• 12th Regiment (Manbij and Ayn al-Arab)
• Unknown Regiment (likely Lebanon-Syria border)
• 87th Battalion (Talkalakh)

{{Distinguish|5th Corps (Syrian rebel group)}}

• 1st Assault Brigade{{Cite web|url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/return-northeast-syrian-army-deployments-against-turkish-forces|title=Return to the northeast: Syrian Army deployments against Turkish forces|author=Gregory Waters|access-date=18 October 2023|date=20 November 2019|publisher=Middle East Institute}}
• 13th Battalion
• 1579th Battalion{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/GregoryPWaters/status/1517562791497981954?t=Jif1NxDED-6m0ChYh-Wh0Q&s=19|title=1579th Battalion of the 5th Corps' 1st Brigade patrolling southeast #Hama this week.}}
• 2nd Assault Brigade{{Cite web|url=https://international-review.org/understanding-syrias-military-deployments-in-idlib/|title=Understanding Syria's Military Deployments in Idlib|date=12 March 2019|access-date=22 March 2023|author=Gregory Waters|website=International Review}}
• 3rd Assault Brigade
• 103rd Battalion
• 4th Assault Brigade
• Ba'ath Battalion
• 5th Assault Brigade
• 1st Infantry Regiment
• 2nd Infantry Regiment
• 6th Assault Brigade
• 79th Infantry Battalion
• 86th Infantry Battalion
• 7th Assault Brigade
• 3rd Infantry Battalion
• 8th Assault Brigade
• 25px al-Quds Brigade
• Lions of al-Quds Battalion{{Cite book|title=From Insurgents to Soldiers: The Fifth Assault Corps in Daraa, Southern Syria|series=Wartime and Post-Conflict in Syria|first=Abdullah|last=Al-Jabassini|publisher=European University Institute|isbn=978-92-9084-767-0|year=2019}}
• Defenders of Aleppo Battalion
• Deterrence Battalion
• Lions of al-Shahba Battalion{{cite web |url=http://www.aldorars.com/en/news/266 |title=The Palestinian al-Quds Brigade has a new Iran-backed militia for fighting in Aleppo |work=Al-Dorar al-Shamia |date=20 June 2017 |access-date=28 August 2017 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825133805/http://www.aldorars.com/en/news/266 |url-status=dead }}
• 103rd and 148th Artillery Brigades{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/GregoryPWaters/status/1355662082876837890?t=5Hc-FAdoNq6BlSW80L-bFg&s=19|title=Pictures from inside the #Russian base in Ain Issa, Raqqa. 5th Corps 148th Brig|publisher=Twitter|author=Gregory Waters|access-date=2 March 2024|date=31 January 2021}}{{cite news|author=Игорь Январёв, Никита Голобоков|title=Как Россия меняет Сирийскую армию|newspaper=News.ru |url=https://news.ru/near-east/kak-rossiya-menyaet-sirijskuyu-armiyu/|date=2019-04-20|accessdate=2020-02-28|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200228131818/https://news.ru/near-east/kak-rossiya-menyaet-sirijskuyu-armiyu/|archivedate=2020-02-28}}

{{Col-end}}

{{Main|List of equipment of the Syrian Army}}

File:Syrian Army tanks 1 (Operation Damascus Steel, March 2018).pngAV tank of the Syrian Army during Operation Damascus Steel.]]

File:SAA Soldiers Al-Kom.jpg.|230px]]

The majority of Syrian military equipment was manufactured by the Soviet Union, Russia, China and Iran.{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+sy0119%29 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202002911/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+sy0119%29 |archive-date=2016-02-02 |url-status=live }} Military equipment of the Syrian Army as of 2020:{{Cite web |date=2018-03-27 |title=Nine Years of War — Documenting Syrian Arab Army's Armored Vehicles Losses |url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2018/03/27/saa-vehicle-losses-2011-2017/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=bellingcat |language=en-GB}}[https://www.aa.com.tr/en/analysis-news/analysis-missile-landscape-of-the-syrian-war/852320 ANALYSIS - Missile landscape of the Syrian war]

• ≈ 5,900 armoured fighting vehicles (including in storage):
• ≈ 2,700 main battle tanks
• ≈ 2,400 infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers
• ≈ 800 reconnaissance vehicles
• ≈ 2,800 utility vehicles (including in storage):
• ≈ 300 military engineering
• ≈ 2500 logistics and all-terrain vehicles
• ≈ 1,600 mortars
• ≈ 5,130 towed artillery pieces:
• ≈ 2,330 field guns/anti-tank guns/howitzers
• ≈ 2,800 anti-aircraft guns
• ≈ 600 self-propelled artillery pieces:
• ≈ 350 self-propelled howitzers
• ≈ 250 self-propelled anti-aircraft guns
• ≈ 2,500 anti-tank guided weapon launchers
• ≈ 600 multiple launch rocket systems
• 5,460+ surface-to-air missile launchers:
• 5,000+ MANPADS
• 460+ self-propelled air-defense systems
• ≈ 100 tactical ballistic missile launchers
• ≈ N/A short and medium-range ballistic missiles
• ≈ N/A supersonic cruise missiles
• ≈ N/A unmanned aerial vehicles

{{See also|Syrian Armed Forces#Uniforms (1987)}}

Service uniforms for Syrian officers generally followed the British Army style, although army combat clothing followed the Soviet model.{{cite web|title=Uniforms and Rank Insignia|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+sy0126%29|publisher=Library of Congress|date=April 1987|access-date=2018-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002925/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+sy0126%29|archive-date=2017-02-02|url-status=live}} Each uniform had two coats: a long one for dress and a short jacket for informal wear. Army officer uniforms were khaki in summer, olive in winter. All Army (including paratroops and special forces) and Air Defense Force personnel wore camouflage uniforms. Among the camouflage were Red Lizard, Syrian Leaf patterns, and EMR Desert; a locally-made copy of the ERDL and M81 Woodland.

Officers had a variety of headgear, including a service cap, garrison cap, and beret (linen in summer and wool in winter).{{Cite web|title=A snapshot of camouflage patterns in Syria – Armament Research Services|date=15 August 2016|url=http://armamentresearch.com/a-snapshot-of-camouflage-patterns-in-syria/|access-date=2020-09-02|language=en-GB}} The color of the beret varied according to the officer's unit. The most common beret color was black, for Infantry, Engineering, Signals and supporting arms personnel, followed by green, for Armored, Mechanized and Artillery personnel, red for the Republican Guard and Military Police, and maroon (blue) for the Special Forces.{{cite web|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2015/02/19/from-russia-with-love-syrias-ak-74ms/|title=From Russia with Love, Syria's AK-74Ms|date=19 February 2015|website=bellingcat}}

Since 2009, the SAA had acquired large numbers of Chinese-produced combat gear, including helmets and bullet proof vests.{{cite news|url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2016/11/photo-report-syrian-arab-army.html|title=Photo Report: The Syrian Arab Army (1)|work=Oryx Blog|access-date=12 October 2023|date=6 November 2016|author=Stijn Mitzer and Joost Oliemans}} In 2011, the standard issue combat helmets were the olive Chinese QGF-02, and the Soviet SSh-68 for the reserve forces.{{cite web|url=http://brendonshelmets.weebly.com/syria-ssh68.html|title=Syria Ssh68|work=Brendon's Helmets|access-date=2013-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330005043/http://brendonshelmets.weebly.com/syria-ssh68.html|archive-date=2013-03-30|url-status=live}} Both of them could be equipped with the Syrian Leaf camouflage helmet covers. Since 2015, some regular units were equipped with 6B7 helmets from Russia. Standard protective gear for all Army units were (PASGT) TAT-BA-7 bullet-proof vests. The Republican Guard and Special Forces were the only units equipped with ACH, FAST, 6B47 helmets and 6B45, Ruyin-3 ballistic vests. The Syrian military also provided NBC uniforms to soldiers to remain effective in an environment affected by biological or chemical agents. This uniform consisted of a Russian-made Model GP-5, PMK and ShMS-41 masks.{{cite book|author=Gordon Rottman|title=Armies of the Gulf War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nfT5KsdYk4cC&pg=PA58|access-date=20 March 2013|date=27 May 1993|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-85532-277-6|page=58|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422075655/http://books.google.com/books?id=nfT5KsdYk4cC&pg=PA58|archive-date=22 April 2014|url-status=live}}

{{Main|List of equipment of the Syrian Army}}

Service weapons of the Syrian Arab Army consisted of stocks of Cold War-era arms. Main service pistols of the Syrian Army were Makarov PM and Stechkin-APS. Main service assault rifles were Soviet AKM/AKMS, AK-74, Chinese Type 56 and Sa vz. 58.{{cite news|language=fr|title=Syrie: les ISIS Hunters, ces soldats du régime de Damas formés par la Russie|url=http://www.francesoir.fr/politique-monde/syrie-les-isis-hunters-ces-soldats-du-regime-de-damas-formes-par-moscou-bachar-al-assad-forces-speciales-russie-syriens-etat-islamique-palmyre-daech-stephane-mantoux-5e-corps|date=30 May 2017|work=France-Soir|access-date=10 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910043934/http://www.francesoir.fr/politique-monde/syrie-les-isis-hunters-ces-soldats-du-regime-de-damas-formes-par-moscou-bachar-al-assad-forces-speciales-russie-syriens-etat-islamique-palmyre-daech-stephane-mantoux-5e-corps|archive-date=10 September 2017|url-status=live}} Main service carbines were AKS-74U and copies of Belgian FN FAL. The Syrian Army used the Dragunov SVD sniper rifle and derivatives like the Tabuk and PSL. The Army had also modern sniper weapons like the Steyr SSG 69,Jones, Richard D. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010. Jane's Information Group; 35 edition (January 27, 2009). {{ISBN|978-0-7106-2869-5}}. Heckler & Koch G3 and Syrian-made Golan S-01.{{cite news|title=La 104ème brigade de la Garde républicaine syrienne, troupe d'élite et étendard du régime de Damas|url=http://www.francesoir.fr/politique-monde/la-104eme-brigade-de-la-garde-republicaine-troupe-elite-regime-damas-combats-alep-ghouta-deir-ezzor-bachar-al-assad-issam-zahreddine-etat-islamique-arm%C3%A9e-syrienne-artillerie-druze-daech-forces-speciales|date=20 March 2017|language=fr|work=France-Soir|access-date=4 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019004114/http://www.francesoir.fr/politique-monde/la-104eme-brigade-de-la-garde-republicaine-troupe-elite-regime-damas-combats-alep-ghouta-deir-ezzor-bachar-al-assad-issam-zahreddine-etat-islamique-arm%C3%A9e-syrienne-artillerie-druze-daech-forces-speciales|archive-date=19 October 2017|url-status=live}} The most widely used machine guns were RPK, PKM, Type 73,{{cite web |url=http://armamentresearch.com/north-korean-type-73-gpmgs-in-iraq-syria-yemen/ |title=North Korean Type 73 GPMGs in Iraq, Syria & Yemen |website=armamentresearch.com |first=Ali |last=Richter |date=16 March 2016}} NSV and PKP Pecheneg.{{cite news|url=https://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/national/syrian-army-generals-weapons-request/187|title=Syrian army general's weapons request|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=8 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011071831/http://apps.washingtonpost.com/g/page/national/syrian-army-generals-weapons-request/187/|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}} Until 2011, the procurement of large numbers of AK-74Ms was planned to replace the AK(M) and other derivatives, the Civil War put a halt to this large scale re-equipment programme. Since 2015, Syrian forces had received significant equipment assistance from Russia.{{Cite web |url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2015/02/19/from-russia-with-love-syrias-ak-74ms/ |title=From Russia with Love, Syria's AK-74Ms |date=19 February 2015 |access-date=2017-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206004749/https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2015/02/19/from-russia-with-love-syrias-ak-74ms/ |archive-date=2019-02-06 |url-status=live }}

{{Main|List of equipment of the Syrian Army}}

File:Fateh-110 missiles and launchers.jpg|Fateh-110 (M-600 or Tishreen)

File:Fateh-F missile unveiling (2).jpg|Fateh-313

File:Firing Zelzal 3 missile.jpg|Zelzal-3

File:Naze'at Missile by Tasnimnews 01.jpg|Naze'at

File:Shahab-1 Missile by YPA.IR 02 (cropped).jpg|Shahab-1

At the beginning of the 1990s, Syria had one of the largest missile arsenals among the Third World countries, which until then had been replenished exclusively with the 9K52 Luna-M (70 km), OTR-21 Tochka (120 km) and Scud-B (300 km) systems supplied by the USSR.{{cite web | url=https://missiledefenseadvocacy.org/missile-threat-and-proliferation/todays-missile-threat/syria/ | title=Syria – Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance }} However, after the collapse of the USSR, a trend towards diversification of missile imports emerged. An agreement was concluded with China on the supply of M-9 (600 km) and M-600 missiles with a range of 250 to 300 kilometers to Syria.{{Cite web |url=http://news.mail.ru/politics/14602767/ |title=Declassified intelligence materials // News@Mail.Ru|accessdate=2013-09-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906015939/http://news.mail.ru/politics/14602767/ |archivedate=2013-09-06 |url-status=dead }} In 1991 and 1992, two batches of Scud-C or Hwasong-6 missiles (600 km) of North Korean missile program manufacture were delivered to Syria. There were plans to increase the range of Scud missiles by reducing the weight of the warhead and creating solid-fuel medium-range missiles from foreign components. According to some reports, financial support for the creation of the missile-building base was provided by Iran.{{Cite web |url=http://svr.gov.ru/material/2-13-13.htm |title=A New Challenge after the Cold War: the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (Open SVR Report for 1993) |accessdate=2013-09-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726065428/http://svr.gov.ru/material/2-13-13.htm |archivedate=2013-07-26 |url-status=dead }}

{{Main|Military ranks of Syria}}

The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

Although some twenty-five orders and medals were authorized, generally only senior officers and warrant officers wore medal ribbons. The following are some important Syrian awards: Order of Umayyad, Medal of Military Honor, the War Medal, Medal for Courage, Yarmuk Medal, Wounded in Action Medal, and Medal of 8 March 1963.

{{main|Chief of the General Staff (Syria)}}The Chief of the General Staff of the Army and Armed Forces ({{langx|ar|رئيس هيئة الأركان العامة للجيش والقوات المسلحة|Rayiys hayyat al'arkan aleamat liljaysh walquaat almusalaha}}) was the professional head of the Syrian Armed Forces and the Syrian Army. The Chief of the General Staff and his Deputy were appointed by the President of Syria, who was the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces.{{Cite journal|last=O. Peri and H. Varulkar|date=23 September 2019|title=Struggle Between Russia, Iran For Control Over Syria's Centers Of Power|url=https://www.memri.org/reports/struggle-between-russia-iran-control-over-syrias-centers-power|journal=Iran, Russia, Syria Inquiry & Analysis Series|volume=1475}} As of 2024, the Chief of the General Staff was Lt. Gen. Abdul Karim Mahmoud Ibrahim, who was appointed to the role by former Syrian president Bashar Al-Assad.{{Cite news|date=19 April 2019|title=Assad Appoints Pro-Russia General as Chief of Staff|work=The Syrian Observer|agency=Zaman Al Wasl|url=https://syrianobserver.com/news/49866/assad-appoints-pro-russia-general-as-chief-of-staff.html}} In April 2022, Maj. Gen. Mufid Hassan was also appointed as the Deputy Chief of the General Staff.{{Cite web |last=Lund |first=Aron |date=2022-05-23 |title=Can Assad's New Military Appointments Help Rebuild His Regime? |url=https://tcf.org/content/report/can-assads-new-military-appointments-help-rebuild-his-regime/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=The Century Foundation |language=en}} In October 2024, Maj. Gen. Osama Horia, former commander of the 5th Mechanized Division, was appointed as second Deputy Chief of the General Staff.{{Cite web|url=https://x.com/GregoryPWaters/status/1845149195373772848?t=LDMB9f3RVxyYx4iJsxjIrQ&s=19|title=Maj General Osama Horia has been appointed Deputy Chief of Staff of the SAA. Comes from a prominent family of senior officers, long served in southern Syria and was last appointed commander of the 5th Division in Jan 2023.|author=Gregory Waters|date=12 October 2024|access-date=14 October 2024}}

{{Country study}}

{{Reflist|2}}

{{notelist}}

• Richard M. Bennett, [http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0108_s1.htm The Syrian Military: A Primer], Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, August/September 2001.
• {{cite book|first=Tom|last=Cooper|title=Syrian Conflagration: The Civil War 2011-2013|series=Middle East@War Volume 1|publisher=Helion & Co.|isbn=978-1-910294-10-9|year=2015}}[https://www.amazon.com/Syrian-Conflagration-Civil-2011-2013-Middle/dp/1910294101]
• Joseph Holliday, 'The Assad Regime: From Counterinsurgency to Civil War,' Institute for the Study of War, March 2013. The best concise description and analysis of the Syrian Army and its involvement in the current Syrian Civil War until Cooper 2015.
• {{cite journal|ref={{harvid|IISS|2019}}|title=The Military Balance 2019|year=2019|publisher=Routledge|place=London|issn=1479-9022|author=International Institute for Strategic Studies|journal=Military Balance|doi=10.1080/04597222.2018.1561033|s2cid=219628874}}
• {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IISS|2011}} |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2011 |date=2011 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-85743-606-8 |pages=311–312 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pu-pcQAACAAJ |language=en |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies}}
• {{Cite book |ref={{harvid|IISS|2010}} |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2010 |year=2010 |publisher=Routledge / IISS |isbn=978-1857435573 |location=London, United Kingdom}}
• {{cite book|first=Kenneth M.|last=Pollack|title=Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness 1948–91|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|place=Lincoln and London|date=2002}} Reviewed in Brooks, Risa A. "Making Military Might: Why Do States Fail and Succeed? A Review Essay." International Security 28, no. 2 (Fall 2003): 149-191.
• Department of the Army, Area Handbook for Syria, Washington, For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1965, "Department of the Army pamphlet no. 550-47." Revision of the 1958 edition.
• Pesach Melovany, Out of the North an Evil shall break forth, Tel-Aviv: Contento de Semrik, 2014.
• Hicham Bou Nassif, 'Second Class: the Grievances of Sunni Officers in the Syrian Armed Forces'
• History of the Syrian Arab Army: Prussianization of the Arab Army, the Arab Revolt of 1916–1918, and the cult of nationalization of Arabs in the Levant after World War I, Infantry Magazine, Nov-Dec 2005.
• General Mustafa Tlas (ed.), History of the Syrian Arab Army/Al-Tareekh Al-Jaish Al-Arabi Al-Soori, Volume 1: 1901–1948, Center for Military Studies. Damascus, 2000. Volume 1 is 568 pages long and covers the Arab Revolt, the short-lived monarchy under King Feisal bin Hussein, the French Mandate, the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and finally Syrian independence in 1949.

{{Commons category|Syrian Army}}

• [http://en.abna24.com/service/video/archive/2016/05/10/753279/story.html Video: ISIS secret sniper precisely targeted with Syrian Army's missile]
• Gregory Waters [https://www.mei.edu/publications/lion-and-eagle-syrian-arab-armys-destruction-and-rebirth The Lion and The Eagle: The Syrian Arab Army's Destruction and Rebirth], July 18, 2019

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