Timeline of historic inventions#Prehistoric

{{further|Outline of prehistoric technology}}

The dates listed in this section refer to the earliest evidence of an invention found and dated by archaeologists (or in a few cases, suggested by indirect evidence). Dates are often approximate and change as more research is done, reported and seen. Older examples of any given technology are often found. The locations listed are for the site where the earliest solid evidence has been found, but especially for the earlier inventions, there is little certainty how close that may be to where the invention took place.

The Lower Paleolithic period lasted over 3 million years, during which there many human-like species evolved including toward the end of this period, Homo sapiens. The original divergence between humans and chimpanzees occurred 13 (Mya), however interbreeding continued until as recently as 4 Ma, with the first species clearly belonging to the human (and not chimpanzee) lineage being Australopithecus anamensis. Some species are controversial among paleoanthropologists, who disagree whether they are species on their own or not. Here Homo ergaster is included under Homo erectus, while Homo rhodesiensis is included under Homo heidelbergensis.

During this period the Quaternary glaciation began (about 2.58 million years ago), and continues to today. It has been an ice age, with cycles of 40–100,000 years alternating between long, cold, more glaciated periods, and shorter warmer periods – interglacial episodes.

• 3.3 Mya – 2.6 Mya: Stone tools - found in modern-day Kenya are older and only found on the archetype road. Ancient stone tools from Ethiopia (Oldowan) were hand-crafted by Australopithecus or related people.{{cite journal | last1 = De Heinzelin | first1 = J | last2 = Clark | first2 = JD | last3 = White | first3 = T | last4 = Hart | first4 = W | last5 = Renne | first5 = P | last6 = Woldegabriel | first6 = G | last7 = Beyene | first7 = Y | last8 = Vrba | first8 = E | title = Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids | journal = Science | volume = 284 | issue = 5414 | pages = 625–9 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10213682 | doi=10.1126/science.284.5414.625| bibcode = 1999Sci...284..625D}}{{Citation | last1=Toth | first1=Nicholas | last2=Schick | first2=Kathy |year=2009 | contribution=African Origins | title=The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies | edition=2nd | editor-first=Chris | editor-last=Scarre | location=London |publisher=Thames and Hudson | pages=67–68}}{{explain|date=October 2023}}
• 2.3 Mya: Earliest likely control of fire and cooking, by Homo habilis{{cite web|url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/06/invention-of-cooking-drove-evolution-of-the-human-species-new-book-argues/|title=Invention of cooking drove evolution of the human species, new book argues|date=1 June 2009|website=harvard.edu|access-date=26 March 2018}}{{Cite web|url=http://discovermagazine.com/2013/may/09-archaeologists-find-earliest-evidence-of-humans-cooking-with-fire|title=Until the Wonderwerk Cave find, Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, a lakeside site in , was considered to have the oldest generally accepted evidence of human-controlled fire.}}{{cite journal|last=James|first=Steven R.|date=February 1989|title=Hominid Use of Fire in the Lower and Middle Pleistocene: A Review of the Evidence|journal=Current Anthropology|url=http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/Publications/Hearths/Hominid%20Use%20of%20Fire%20in%20the%20Lower%20and%20Middle%20Pleistocene.pdf|volume=30|issue=1|pages=1–26|publisher=University of Chicago Press|doi=10.1086/203705|s2cid=146473957|access-date=4 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212084645/http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/Publications/Hearths/Hominid%20Use%20of%20Fire%20in%20the%20Lower%20and%20Middle%20Pleistocene.pdf|archive-date=12 December 2015}}
• 1.76 Mya: Advanced (Acheulean) stone tools in Kenya by Homo erectus[http://www.earth.columbia.edu/articles/view/2839 "Anthropologists have yet to find an Acheulian hand axe gripped in a Homo erectus fist but most credit Homo erectus with developing the technology."]{{cite journal|title=An earlier origin for the Acheulian|first1=Christopher J.|last1=Lepre|first2=Hélène|last2=Roche|first3=Dennis V.|last3=Kent|first4=Sonia|last4=Harmand|first5=Rhonda L.|last5=Quinn|first6=Jean-Philippe|last6=Brugal|first7=Pierre-Jean|last7=Texier|first8=Arnaud|last8=Lenoble|first9=Craig S.|last9=Feibel|journal=Nature|volume=477|issue=7362|pages=82–85|doi=10.1038/nature10372|pmid=21886161|bibcode=2011Natur.477...82L|year=2011|s2cid=4419567}}
• 1.75 Mya – 150 kya: Varying estimates for the origin of language{{Cite journal |last1=Uomini |first1=Natalie Thaïs |last2=Meyer |first2=Georg Friedrich |date=2013-08-30 |editor-last=Petraglia |editor-first=Michael D. |title=Shared Brain Lateralization Patterns in Language and Acheulean Stone Tool Production: A Functional Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Study |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=e72693 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0072693 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3758346 |pmid=24023634|bibcode=2013PLoSO...872693U |doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1 = Perreault | first1 = C. | last2 = Mathew | first2 = S. | title = Dating the origin of language using phonemic diversity | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 4 | pages = e35289 | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0035289 | pmid = 22558135 | pmc = 3338724| bibcode = 2012PLoSO...735289P| doi-access = free }}
• 1.5 Mya: Bone tools in Africa by Homo erectus and/or Paranthropus boiseihttps://www.sciencenews.org/article/human-ancestors-oldest-bone-toolshttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08652-5{{cite web|url= http://humanorigins.si.edu/early-humans-make-bone-tools|title= Early humans make bone tools|author= |website= Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program|date= 17 February 2010|access-date= 3 March 2020|archive-date= 26 November 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201126123811/https://humanorigins.si.edu/early-humans-make-bone-tools|url-status= dead}}
• 900 kya – 40 kya: Boats{{cite web

| title = Plakias Survey Finds Mesolithic and Palaeolithic Artifacts on Crete

| publisher = www.ascsa.edu.gr

| url = http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/index.php/news/newsDetails/plakias-survey-finds-stone-age-tools-on-crete/

| access-date = 28 October 2011

}}{{Cite web |last=Rose |first=Mark |date=1998 |title=First Mariners - Archaeology Magazine Archive |url=https://archive.archaeology.org/9805/newsbriefs/mariners.html |access-date=2013-11-16 |website=archive.archaeology.org}}

• 500 kya: Hafting in South Africa by Homo heidelbergensis{{cite journal|last=Wilkins|first=J.|author2=Schoville, B. J. |author3=Brown, K. S. |author4= Chazan, M. |title=Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology|journal=Science|date=15 November 2012|volume=338|series=6109|issue=6109|pages=942–946|doi=10.1126/science.1227608|pmid=23161998 |bibcode=2012Sci...338..942W|s2cid=206544031}}
• 500 kya – 450 kya: Woodworking construction in Zambia by Homo heidelbergensis{{cite journal | last1 = Barham | first1 = L. | last2 = Duller | first2 = G.A.T. | last3 = Candy | first3 = I. | display-authors=etal | year = 2023 | title = Evidence for the earliest structural use of wood at least 476,000 years ago | journal = Nature | volume = 622 | issue = 7981 | pages = 107–111 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-023-06557-9| doi-access = free | pmid = 37730994 | pmc = 10550827 | bibcode = 2023Natur.622..107B | hdl = 10400.1/20204 | hdl-access = free }} (The oldest known surviving buildings are made from stone and date back no more than 9,500 years.{{Cite journal |last=Clare |first=Lee |year=2020 |title=Göbekli Tepe, Turkey. A brief summary of research at a new World Heritage Site (2015–2019) |journal=E-Forschungsberichte |publisher=Deutsches Archäologisches Institut |volume=2020 |issue=2 |pages=81–88 |doi=10.34780/efb.v0i2.1012}})
• 420 – 200 kya: Food storage in the form of uncracked bones saved for their marrow in Qesem cave, Palestine.{{cite journal | doi=10.1126/sciadv.aav9822 | title=Bone marrow storage and delayed consumption at Middle Pleistocene Qesem Cave, Palestine (420 to 200 ka) | date=2019 | last1=Blasco | first1=R. | last2=Rosell | first2=J. | last3=Arilla | first3=M. | last4=Margalida | first4=A. | last5=Villalba | first5=D. | last6=Gopher | first6=A. | last7=Barkai | first7=R. | journal=Science Advances | volume=5 | issue=10 | pages=eaav9822 | pmid=31633015 | pmc=6785254 | bibcode=2019SciA....5.9822B }}
• 400 kya: Pigments in Zambia by Homo heidelbergensis{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/733747.stm|title=BBC News – SCI/TECH – Earliest evidence of art found|website=BBC News|access-date=26 March 2018}}
• 337 kya – 300 kya: Schöningen Spears in GermanyKouwenhoven, Arlette P., [http://www.archaeology.org/9705/newsbriefs/spears.html World's Oldest Spears]{{cite journal | last1 = Richter | first1 = D. | last2 = Krbetschek | first2 = M. | year = 2015 | title = The age of the Lower Paleolithic occupation at Schöningen | journal = Journal of Human Evolution | volume = 89 | pages = 46–56 | doi = 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.06.003 | pmid = 26212768 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2015JHumE..89...46R }}Richter, D. and M. Krbetschek. 2015: The age of the Lower Paleolithic occupation at Schöningen. Journal of Human Evolution 89, 46-56.{{cite web |url=https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/homo-heidelbergensis-neue-wurfwaffe-aus-der-steinzeit-entdeckt-a-8c0454ed-2c82-448c-b0fa-c38e60eea69c |title= Vogelkiller aus der Steinzeit | publisher= SPIEGEL Akademie | date= April 20, 2020 | author=Guido Kleinhubbert}}{{Cite journal |last1=Hutson |first1=Jarod M. |last2=Villaluenga |first2=Aritza |last3=García-Moreno |first3=Alejandro |last4=Turner |first4=Elaine |last5=Gaudzinski-Windheuser |first5=Sabine |date=November 2024 |title=Persistent predators: Zooarchaeological evidence for specialized horse hunting at Schöningen 13II-4 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |language=en |volume=196 |pages=103590 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2024.103590|doi-access=free |pmid=39357283 |bibcode=2024JHumE.19603590H }} likely by Homo heidelbergensis or early Neandarthals.{{Cite journal|last1=Roebroeks|first1=Wil|last2=Soressi|first2=Marie|date=2016-06-07|title=Neandertals revised|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=113|issue=23|pages=6372–6379|doi=10.1073/pnas.1521269113|pmc=4988603|pmid=27274044|bibcode=2016PNAS..113.6372R |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last1=Conard|first1=Nicholas J.|last2=Serangeli|first2=Jordi|last3=Böhner|first3=Utz|last4=Starkovich|first4=Britt M.|last5=Miller|first5=Christopher E.|last6=Urban|first6=Brigitte|last7=Van Kolfschoten|first7=Thijs|date=December 2015|title=Excavations at Schöningen and paradigm shifts in human evolution|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047248415002432|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|language=en|volume=89|pages=1–17|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.10.003|pmid=26653207|bibcode=2015JHumE..89....1C }}
• 320 kya: The trade and long-distance (up to 50 miles) transportation of resources (e.g. obsidian), use of pigments, and possible making of projectile points in Kenya{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Rhitu |author-link=Rhitu Chatterjee |title=Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/03/15/593591796/scientists-are-amazed-by-stone-age-tools-they-dug-up-in-kenya |date=15 March 2018 |work=NPR |access-date=15 March 2018}}{{cite news |last=Yong |first=Ed |author-link=Ed Yong |title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity - New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species. |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/a-deeper-origin-of-complex-human-cultures/555674/ |date=15 March 2018 |work=The Atlantic |access-date=15 March 2018}}{{Cite journal|title=Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age|journal=Science|volume=360|issue=6384|pages=90–94|year=2018|doi = 10.1126/science.aao2646|pmid=29545508|vauthors=Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB|bibcode=2018Sci...360...90B|doi-access=free}}

The evolution of early modern humans around 300 kya coincides with the start of the Middle Paleolithic period. During this 250,000-year period, our related archaic humans such as Neanderthals and Denisovans began to spread out of Africa, joined later by Homo sapiens. Over the course of the period we see evidence of increasingly long-distance trade, religious rites, and other behavior associated with Behavioral modernity.

• 279 kya: Hafting and early stone-tipped projectile weapons in Ethiopia{{Cite journal |last1=Sahle |first1=Y. |last2=Hutchings |first2=W. K. |last3=Braun |first3=D. R. |last4=Sealy |first4=J. C. |last5=Morgan |first5=L. E. |last6=Negash |first6=A. |last7=Atnafu |first7=B. |editor1-last=Petraglia |editor1-first=Michael D |title=Earliest Stone-Tipped Projectiles from the Ethiopian Rift Date to >279,000 Years Ago |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0078092 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=e78092 |year=2013 |pmid=24236011 |pmc=3827237 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...878092S|doi-access=free }}
• 200 kya: Simple glue (adhesive) made of one kind of material, birch tar, in Central Italy by Neanderthals.{{Cite journal |author=Schmidt, P. |author2=Blessing, M. |author3=Rageot, M. |author4=Iovita, R. |author5=Pfleging, J. |author6=Nickel, K. G. |author7=Righetti, L. |author8=Tennie, C.|title=Birch tar extraction does not prove Neanderthal behavioral complexity|journal=PNAS|doi=10.1073/pnas.1911137116|pmid=31427508|volume=116|pmc=6731756|year=2019|issue=36|pages=17707–17711|bibcode=2019PNAS..11617707S |doi-access=free}}
• 200 kya: Beds in South Africa.{{cite news |title=200,000 years ago, humans preferred to sleep in beds |language=en |work=phys.org |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-08-years-humans-beds.html |access-date=6 September 2020}}{{cite news |date=13 August 2020 |title=The oldest known grass beds from 200,000 years ago included insect repellents |work=Science News |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/oldest-grass-beds-insect-repellent |access-date=6 September 2020}}{{cite journal |last1=Wadley |first1=Lyn |last2=Esteban |first2=Irene |last3=Peña |first3=Paloma de la |last4=Wojcieszak |first4=Marine |last5=Stratford |first5=Dominic |last6=Lennox |first6=Sandra |last7=d'Errico |first7=Francesco |last8=Rosso |first8=Daniela Eugenia |last9=Orange |first9=François |last10=Backwell |first10=Lucinda |last11=Sievers |first11=Christine |date=14 August 2020 |title=Fire and grass-bedding construction 200 thousand years ago at Border Cave, South Africa |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abc7239 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=369 |issue=6505 |pages=863–866 |bibcode=2020Sci...369..863W |doi=10.1126/science.abc7239 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=32792402 |s2cid=221113832 |access-date=6 September 2020}}
• 170 kya – 90 kya: Clothing, among anatomically modern humans in Africa. Genetic evidence from body lice suggests a range of dates centering over 100 thousand years ago.{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/molbev/msq234 | pmid=20823373 | title=Origin of Clothing Lice Indicates Early Clothing Use by Anatomically Modern Humans in Africa |year=2011 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume=28 | pages=29–32 |pmc=3002236 | last1=Toups | first1=M. A. | last2=Kitchen | first2=A. | last3=Light | first3=J. E. | last4=Reed | first4=D. L.}} The first bone scrapers appropriate for scraping hides to make supple leather were found in Morocco dating to 90–120,000 years ago.{{cite journal |author=Hallett, Emily Y. |display-authors=et al. |date=16 September 2021 |title=A worked bone assemblage from 120,000–90,000 year old deposits at Contrebandiers Cave, Atlantic Coast, Morocco |journal=iScience |volume=24 |issue=9 |page=102988 |bibcode=2021iSci...24j2988H |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2021.102988 |pmc=8478944 |pmid=34622180 |doi-access=free}}{{cite news |last=Davis |first=Nicola |date=16 September 2021 |title=Scientists find evidence of humans making clothes 120,000 years ago - Tools and bones in Moroccan cave could be some of earliest evidence of the hallmark human behaviour |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/sep/16/scientists-find-evidence-of-humans-making-clothes-120000-years-ago |url-status=live |accessdate=16 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228095707/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/sep/16/scientists-find-evidence-of-humans-making-clothes-120000-years-ago |archive-date=28 December 2021}}
• 164 kya – 47 kya: Heat treating of stone blades in South Africa.{{cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.1175028 |pmid=19679810|title=Fire As an Engineering Tool of Early Modern Humans|journal=Science|volume=325|issue=5942|pages=859–862|year=2009|last1=Brown|first1=K. S.|last2=Marean|first2=C. W.|last3=Herries|first3=A. I. R.|last4=Jacobs|first4=Z.|last5=Tribolo|first5=C.|last6=Braun|first6=D.|last7=Roberts|first7=D. L.|last8=Meyer|first8=M. C.|last9=Bernatchez|first9=J.|bibcode=2009Sci...325..859B|hdl=11422/11102|s2cid=43916405|hdl-access=free}}
• 135 kya – 100 kya: Beads in Palestine and Algeria{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1128139 |pmid=16794076 |title=Middle Paleolithic Shell Beads in Palestine and Algeria |year=2006 |journal=Science |volume=312 |issue=5781 |pages=1785–1788 |bibcode=2006Sci...312.1785V |last1=Vanhaereny |first1=M. |last2=d'Errico |first2=Francesco |last3=Stringer |first3=Chris |last4=James |first4=Sarah L. |last5=Todd |first5=Jonathan A. |last6=Mienis |first6=Henk K.|s2cid=31098527 }} — implying string or thread
• 100 kya: Compound paints made in South Africa{{cite news |last=Amos |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Amos |title=A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity - Ancient 'paint factory' unearthed |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-15257259 |date=13 October 2011 |work=BBC News |access-date=13 October 2011}}{{cite news |last=Vastag |first=Brian |author-link=Brian Vastag |title=South African cave yields paint from dawn of humanity |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/african-cave-yields-paint-from-dawn-of-humanity/2011/10/12/gIQApyHrhL_story.html |date=13 October 2011 |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=13 October 2011}}{{cite journal | last1 = Henshilwood | first1 = Christopher S. | display-authors = etal | year = 2011 | title = A 100,000-Year-Old Ochre-Processing Workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa | journal = Science | volume = 334 | issue = 6053| pages = 219–222 | doi = 10.1126/science.1211535 | pmid = 21998386 | bibcode = 2011Sci...334..219H| s2cid = 40455940 }}
• 100 kya: Funerals (in the form of burial) in Palestine{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3tS2MULo5rYC&pg=PA163 |title=Uniquely Human page 163 |access-date=25 March 2011|isbn=9780674921832 |last1=Lieberman |first1=Philip |year=1993|publisher=Harvard University Press }}
• 90 kya: Harpoons in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.{{cite journal |title=A middle stone age worked bone industry from Katanda, Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire |date=28 April 1995 |last=Yellen |first=JE |author2=AS Brooks |author3=E Cornelissen |author4=MJ Mehlman |author5=K Stewart |journal=Science |volume=268 |pages=553–556 |issue=5210 |doi=10.1126/science.7725100 |pmid=7725100|bibcode=1995Sci...268..553Y}}
• 70 kya – 60 kya in Sibudu Cave in South Africa by Homo sapiens:
• Compound adhesives{{cite journal |pmid=19433786 |date=Jun 2009|author1=Wadley, L |author2=Hodgskiss, T |author3=Grant, M |title=Implications for complex cognition from the hafting of tools with compound adhesives in the Middle Stone Age, South Africa |volume=106 |issue=24 |pages=9590–4 |issn=0027-8424 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0900957106 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |pmc=2700998|bibcode = 2009PNAS..106.9590W|doi-access=free}}{{cite journal|last=Wadley|first=Lyn|title=Compound-Adhesive Manufacture as a Behavioral Proxy for Complex Cognition in the Middle Stone Age|journal=Current Anthropology|date=1 June 2010|volume=51|issue=s1|pages=S111–S119|doi=10.1086/649836|s2cid=56253913}}
• Arrows and other evidence of bow-and-arrow technology{{Cite journal|title=Indications of bow and stone-tipped arrow use 64,000 years ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa |journal=Antiquity |volume=84 |issue=325 |pages=635–648 |year=2010 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00100134 |vauthors=Lombard M, Phillips L|s2cid=162438490 }}{{Cite journal|title=Quartz-tipped arrows older than 60 kya: further use-trace evidence from Sibudu, Kwa-Zulu-Natal, South Africa |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |year=2011 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2011.04.001 |vauthors=Lombard M |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=1918–1930|bibcode=2011JArSc..38.1918L }}{{cite journal | last1 = Backwell | first1 = L | last2 = Bradfield | first2 = J | last3 = Carlson | first3 = KJ | last4 = Jashashvili | first4 = T | last5 = Wadley | first5 = L | last6 = d'Errico | first6 = F | year = 2018 | title = The antiquity of bow-and-arrow technology: evidence from Middle Stone Age layers at Sibudu Cave | journal = Journal of Archaeological Science | volume = 92 | issue = 362| pages = 289–303 | doi = 10.15184/aqy.2018.11 |doi-access=free| hdl = 11336/81248 | hdl-access = free }}
• Sewing needle{{cite journal | last1 = Backwell | first1 = L | last2 = d'Errico | first2 = F | last3 = Wadley | first3 = L | year = 2008 | title = Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa | journal = Journal of Archaeological Science | volume = 35 | issue = 6| pages = 1566–1580 | doi = 10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006| bibcode = 2008JArSc..35.1566B }}{{cite journal |last1=Wadley |first1=Lyn |year=2008 |title=The Howieson's Poort industry of Sibudu Cave |journal=South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series |volume=10}} (implying thread of some kind)
• 61 kya – 62 kya: Cave painting in Spain by Neanderthal

{{cite journal |author1=D. L. Hoffmann |author2=C. D. Standish |author3=M. García-Diez |author4=P. B. Pettitt |author5=J. A. Milton |author6=J. Zilhão |author7=J. J. Alcolea-González |author8=P. Cantalejo-Duarte |author9=H. Collado |author10=R. de Balbín |author11=M. Lorblanchet |author12=J. Ramos-Muñoz |author13=G.-Ch. Weniger |author14=A. W. G. Pike |year=2018 |title=U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art |journal=Science |volume=359 |issue=6378 |pages=912–915 |doi=10.1126/science.aap7778|doi-access=free |pmid=29472483 |bibcode=2018Sci...359..912H |hdl=10498/21578 |hdl-access=free }}

"we present dating results for three sites in Spain that show that cave art emerged in Iberia substantially earlier than previously thought. Uranium-thorium (U-Th) dates on carbonate crusts overlying paintings provide minimum

ages for a red linear motif in La Pasiega (Cantabria), a hand stencil in Maltravieso (Extremadura), and red-painted speleothems in Ardales (Andalucía). Collectively, these results show that cave art in Iberia is older than 64.8 thousand years (ka). This cave art is the earliest dated so far and predates, by at least 20 ka, the arrival of modern humans in Europe, which implies Neandertal authorship."

• 55.8–51.2 kya: Representational and Narrative art in Indonesia by Homo sapiens{{Cite journal |last1=Oktaviana |first1=Adhi Agus |last2=Joannes-Boyau |first2=Renaud |last3=Hakim |first3=Budianto |last4=Burhan |first4=Basran |last5=Sardi |first5=Ratno |last6=Adhityatama |first6=Shinatria |last7=Hamrullah |last8=Sumantri |first8=Iwan |last9=Tang |first9=M. |last10=Lebe |first10=Rustan |last11=Ilyas |first11=Imran |last12=Abbas |first12=Abdullah |last13=Jusdi |first13=Andi |last14=Mahardian |first14=Dewangga Eka |last15=Noerwidi |first15=Sofwan |date=2024-07-03 |title=Narrative cave art in Indonesia by 51,200 years ago |journal=Nature |volume=631 |issue=8022 |language=en |pages=814–818 |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07541-7 |pmid=38961284 |issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free |pmc=11269172 |bibcode=2024Natur.631..814O }}

50 kya was long regarded as the beginning of behavioral modernity, which defined the Upper Paleolithic period. The Upper Paleolithic lasted nearly 40,000 years, while research continues to push the beginnings of behavioral modernity earlier into the Middle Paleolithic. Behavioral modernity is characterized by the widespread observation of religious rites, artistic expression and the appearance of tools made for purely intellectual or artistic pursuits.

• 49 kya – 30 kya: Ground stone tools – fragments of an axe in Australia date to 49–45 ka, more appear in Japan closer to 30 ka, and elsewhere closer to the Neolithic.{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2016-05-11/worlds-oldest-known-ground-edge-stone-axe-fragments-found/7401728|title=World's oldest known ground-edge stone axe fragments found in WA|date=11 May 2016|newspaper=ABC News|access-date=3 April 2018}}"Prehistoric Japan, New perspectives on insular East Asia", Keiji Imamura, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, {{ISBN|0-8248-1853-9}}
• 47 kya: The oldest-known mines in the world are from Eswatini, and extracted hematite for the production of the red pigment ochre.Swaziland Natural Trust Commission, "Cultural Resources – Malolotja Archaeology, Lion Cavern", Retrieved 27 August 2007, {{cite web|url=http://www.sntc.org.sz/cultural/malarch.asp |title=Swaziland National Trust Commission – Cultural Resources – Malolotja Archaeology, Lion Cavern |access-date=5 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221001/http://www.sntc.org.sz/cultural/malarch.asp |archive-date=3 March 2016}}.{{Cite web | publisher=Peace Parks Foundation | title=Major Features: Cultural Importance | url=http://www.peaceparks.org/story.php?mid=168&pid=148 | access-date=2024-08-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207102130/http://www.peaceparks.org/story.php?mid=168&pid=148 | archive-date=2008-12-07}}
• 45 kya – 9 kya: Earliest evidence of shoes, suggested by changes in foot bone morphology in China by Tianyuan man.{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2007.12.002 |title=Anatomical evidence for the antiquity of human footwear: Tianyuan and Sunghir |year=2008 |last1=Trinkaus |first1=Erik |last2=Shang |first2=Hong |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=1928–1933 |bibcode=2008JArSc..35.1928T }} The earliest physical shoes found so far are bark sandals dated to 10 to 9 kya in Fort Rock Cave, United States.{{cite web|last=Connolly|first=Tom|title=The World's Oldest Shoes|url=http://pages.uoregon.edu/connolly/FRsandals.htm|publisher=University of Oregon|access-date=22 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722013744/http://pages.uoregon.edu/connolly/FRsandals.htm|archive-date=22 July 2012}} The oldest known leather shoe dated to 5.5 kya was found in excellent condition in the Areni-1 cave located in the Vayots Dzor province of Armenia.{{cite news |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/06/09/worlds-oldest-leather-shoe-found-in-armenia-2/ |title=World's Oldest Leather Shoe Found—Stunningly Preserved |last=Dindar |first=Shereen |work=National Post |location=Canada |date=June 9, 2010 |access-date=June 11, 2010}}
• 44 kya – 42 kya: Tally sticks (see Lebombo bone) in EswatiniIt is called a notched bone, illustrated in Fig. 1, 12 {{cite journal| title=Early evidence of San material culture represented by organic artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa | doi=10.1073/pnas.1204213109 | pmid=22847420 | volume=109| issue=33 | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences| pages=13214–13219| bibcode=2012PNAS..10913214D| pmc=3421171| year=2012 | last1=d'Errico | first1=F. | last2=Backwell | first2=L. | last3=Villa | first3=P. | last4=Degano | first4=I. | last5=Lucejko | first5=J. J. | last6=Bamford | first6=M. K. | last7=Higham | first7=T. F. G. | last8=Colombini | first8=M. P. | last9=Beaumont | first9=P. B.| doi-access=free }}
• 42 kya: Flute in Germany{{Cite news |date=2012-05-24 |title=Earliest music instruments found |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18196349 |access-date=2023-11-04}}{{Cite journal |last1=Higham |first1=Thomas |last2=Basell |first2=Laura |last3=Jacobi |first3=Roger |last4=Wood |first4=Rachel |last5=Ramsey |first5=Christopher Bronk |last6=Conard |first6=Nicholas J. |date=2012-06-01 |title=Τesting models for the beginnings of the Aurignacian and the advent of figurative art and music: The radiocarbon chronology of Geißenklösterle |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248412000425 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=664–676 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.03.003 |pmid=22575323 |bibcode=2012JHumE..62..664H |issn=0047-2484}}
• 37 kya: Mortar and pestle in Southwest Asia{{Cite journal|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/paleo_0153-9345_1991_num_17_1_4537|title=The Origins and development of ground stone assemblages in Late Pleistocene Southwest Asia|first=K.|last=Wright|date=15 March 1991|journal=Paléorient|volume=17|issue=1|pages=19–45|via=www.persee.fr|doi=10.3406/paleo.1991.4537}}
• 32-28 kya: Rope and Cords for "hafting stone tools, weaving baskets, or sewing garments," according to Elis Kvavadze et al.{{cite journal|title=30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers|first1=Eliso|last1=Kvavadze|first2=Ofer|last2=Bar-Yosef|first3=Anna|last3=Belfer-Cohen|first4=Elisabetta|last4=Boaretto|first5=Nino|last5=Jakeli|first6=Zinovi|last6=Matskevich|first7=Tengiz|last7=Meshveliani|date=11 September 2009|journal=Science|volume=325|issue=5946|pages=1359|doi=10.1126/science.1175404|pmid=19745144|bibcode=2009Sci...325.1359K|s2cid=206520793|url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4270521}}{{Cite journal|last=Small|first=Meredith F.|title=String theory: the tradition of spinning raw fibers dates back 28,000 years (At The Museum)|journal=Natural History|volume=111|issue=3|date=April 2002|page=14(2)}}
• 31 kya: Amputation and surgery.{{Cite web | url=https://www.science.org/content/article/world-s-oldest-amputation-foot-removed-31-000-years-ago-without-modern-antibiotics-or | title=World's oldest amputation: Foot removed 31,000 years ago—without modern antibiotics or painkillers | first=Michael | last=Price | website=www.science.org | access-date=2024-08-15}} Medicine in a meaningful sense likely predates the human-chimpanzee split, as, for example, herbal medicine has been observed in other primates.{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-68942123 | title=Wounded orangutan seen using plant as medicine | date=2 May 2024 }}
• 28 kya: Ceramics (direct evidence) and weaving (impressions left in the ceramics) in Moravia"The occupants used flint knives, made bone tools and modelled in baked clay – on which they left their fingerprints, along with imprints of reindeer hair and textiles." {{cite web|url=http://www.donsmaps.com/dolnivi.html |title=Dolni Vestonice and Pavlov sites |publisher=Donsmaps.com |access-date=26 April 2016}}"Several imprints of human fingers, animal hair and textile structures were incidentally produced as well" {{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/875886|title=Pavlov VI: an Upper Palaeolithic living unit|last1=Svoboda|first1=Jiří|last2=Králík|first2=Miroslav|last3=Čulíková|first3=Věra|last4=Hladilová|first4=Šárka|last5=Novák|first5=Martin|first6=Miriam|last6=NývltováFišáková|last7=Nývlt|first7=Daniel|last8=Zelinková|first8=Michaela|journal=Antiquity|volume=83|issue=320|pages=282–295|access-date=26 March 2018|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00098434|year=2009|s2cid=56326310|url-access=registration}} (Czech Republic) and Georgia. (The oldest piece of woven cloth found so far was in Çatalhöyük, Turkey and dated to about 9,000 years ago.{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/centuries-old-fabric-found-in-catalhoyuk-61883|title=Centuries-old fabric found in Çatalhöyük|website=Hürriyet Daily News|date=4 February 2014 |access-date=26 March 2018}})
• 24 kya: Oldest known ceramic sculpture{{Cite journal |last1=Vandiver |first1=Pamela B. |last2=Soffer |first2=Olga |last3=Klima |first3=Bohuslav |last4=Svoboda |first4=JiŘi |date=1989-11-24 |title=The Origins of Ceramic Technology at Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.246.4933.1002 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=246 |issue=4933 |pages=1002–1008 |doi=10.1126/science.246.4933.1002 |pmid=17806391 |bibcode=1989Sci...246.1002V |issn=0036-8075}}
• 23 kya: Domestication of the dog in Siberia.{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.2010083118|title=Dog domestication and the dual dispersal of people and dogs into the Americas|year=2021|last1=Perri|first1=Angela R.|last2=Feuerborn|first2=Tatiana R.|last3=Frantz|first3=Laurent A. F.|last4=Larson|first4=Greger|last5=Malhi|first5=Ripan S.|last6=Meltzer|first6=David J.|last7=Witt|first7=Kelsey E.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=118|issue=6|pages=e2010083118|pmid=33495362|pmc=8017920|bibcode=2021PNAS..11810083P |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e31cc7b2-7912-47ac-89f5-ebc883f31160|quote=Advances in the isolation and sequencing of ancient DNA [... suggest] that dogs were domesticated in Siberia by ~23,000 y ago, possibly while both people and wolves were isolated during the harsh climate of the Last Glacial Maximum.|doi-access=free }}
• 22 – 17 kya Bullroarer{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.02.021 | doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.02.021 | title=A functional investigation of southern Cape Later Stone Age artefacts resembling aerophones | date=2019 | last1=Kumbani | first1=Joshua | last2=Bradfield | first2=Justin | last3=Rusch | first3=Neil | last4=Wurz | first4=Sarah | journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports | volume=24 | pages=693–711 | bibcode=2019JArSR..24..693K }}"In total, Dauvois describes or illustrates seven likely bullroarers associated with Solutrean and Magdalenian contexts" {{citation|last=Morely|first=Iain|title="The Evolutionary Origins and Archaeology of Music"|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247936496}}Dauvois, M. (1989) Son et Musique Paléolithiques, Les Dossiers D'Archéologie Vol. 142, p. 2-11.
• 22 kya: Fish hook in Okinawa Island, modern day Japan.{{cite news|author=Michael Price|title=World's oldest fish hook found on Okinawa|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/world-s-oldest-fishhook-found-okinawa|date=16 September 2016|publisher=Science|access-date=6 August 2017}}{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-37402183|title=World's oldest fish hooks found in Japanese island cave|work=BBC News|date=18 September 2016|access-date=18 September 2016}}
• 21 – 3.7 kya: Star chart in France,{{cite arXiv

| last=Sparavigna | first=Amelia

| title=The Pleiades: the celestial herd of ancient timekeepers

| date=October 2008

| eprint=0810.1592v1

| class=physics.hist-ph

}}{{cite news

| first=Jack | last=Lucentini

| title=Dr. Michael A. Rappenglueck sees maps of the night sky, and images of shamanistic ritual teeming with cosmological meaning

| publisher=space.

| url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/planetearth/cave_paintings_000810.html

| access-date=29 September 2009}} and later Spain,{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/871930.stm|title=BBC News - SCI/TECH - Ice Age star map discovered|website=BBC News|access-date=13 April 2018}} Kashmir,{{Cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224170314/https://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Prehistoric%20astronomy/Oldest%20Supernova%20record%20in%20Kashmir.pdf | archive-date=2018-12-24 | url=https://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Prehistoric%20astronomy/Oldest%20Supernova%20record%20in%20Kashmir.pdf | title=Oldest sky-chart with Supernova record}} Germany,{{cite web|url=https://www.landesmuseum-vorgeschichte.de/en/nebra-sky-disc.html |title=Nebra Sky Disc|website=Halle State Museum of Prehistory}}{{cite web|url=https://the-past.com/feature/the-nebra-sky-disc-decoding-a-prehistoric-vision-of-the-cosmos/|title=The Nebra Sky Disc: decoding a prehistoric vision of the cosmos|website=The-Past.com|date=May 2022}} and Egypt.{{cite journal

| last=von Spaeth | first=Ove

| title=Dating the Oldest Egyptian Star Map

| journal=Centaurus

| date=2000 | volume=42

| issue=3

| url=http://www.moses-egypt.net/star-map/senmut1-mapdate_en.asp

| access-date=2007-10-21 | doi=10.1034/j.1600-0498.2000.420301.x|bibcode= 2000Cent...42..159V | pages=159–179}}

• 20 – 16 kya: Pottery in China{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2012/06/pottery-found-in-from-china-cave-confirmed-as-worlds-oldest/1|title=Pottery found in China cave confirmed as world's oldest|author=Stanglin, Douglas|newspaper=USA Today|date=2012-06-29}}{{cite journal|title=Early Pottery at 20,000 Years Ago in Xianrendong Cave, China|journal=Science|date=June 29, 2012|volume=336|issue=6089|pages=1696–1700|doi=10.1126/science.1218643|bibcode = 2012Sci...336.1696W|pmid=22745428|last1=Wu|first1=X|last2=Zhang|first2=C|last3=Goldberg|first3=P|last4=Cohen|first4=D|last5=Pan|first5=Y|last6=Arpin|first6=T|last7=Bar-Yosef|first7=O|s2cid=37666548 }}[http://www.cleveland.com/world/index.ssf/2009/06/chinese_pottery_may_be_earlies.html "Chinese pottery may be earliest discovered"]. Associated Press. 1 June 2009
• 17.5 kya: Spear-thrower (atlatl), found in France.{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Peregrine|first1=Peter N.|author-link1=Peter N. Peregrine|first2=Melvin|last2=Ember|author-link2=Melvin Ember|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Prehistory|volume=4|article=Europe|publisher = Springer | year = 2001|isbn = 978-0-306-46258-0|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uOzejz5zUTQC&q=Combe+Sauniere+atlatl&pg=PA349}}
• 14.5 kya: Bread in Jordan{{cite web |last1=Briggs |first1=Helen |title=Prehistoric bake-off: Recipe for oldest bread revealed |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-44846874 |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=17 July 2018 |date=17 July 2018}}{{cite journal | last1=Arranz-Otaegui | first1=Amaia | last2=Gonzalez Carretero | first2=Lara | last3=Ramsey | first3=Monica N. | last4=Fuller | first4=Dorian Q. | last5=Richter | first5=Tobias | title=Archaeobotanical evidence reveals the origins of bread 14,400 years ago in northeastern Jordan | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume=115 | issue=31 | pages=7925–7930 | date=16 July 2018 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1801071115 | pmid=30012614 | pmc=6077754| bibcode=2018PNAS..115.7925A | doi-access=free }}
• 12 kya: Spindle whorl, also the oldest wheel-like tool, at Nahal Ein Gev II (Palestine){{Cite journal |last1=Yashuv |first1=Talia |last2=Grosman |first2=Leore |date=2024-11-13 |title=12,000-year-old spindle whorls and the innovation of wheeled rotational technologies |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=19 |issue=11 |pages=e0312007 |doi= 10.1371/journal.pone.0312007|doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=11559986 |pmid=39536041|bibcode=2024PLoSO..1912007Y }}{{Cite web |last=Lesté-Lasserre |first=Christa |date=2024-11-13 |title=12,000-year-old stones may be oldest example of wheel-like tools |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2456238-12000-year-old-stones-may-be-oldest-example-of-wheel-like-tools/ |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}}

The end of the Last Glacial Period ("ice age") and the beginning of the Holocene around 11.7 ka coincide with the Agricultural Revolution, marking the beginning of the agricultural era, which persisted there until the industrial revolution.{{Cite journal |last1=Rasmussen |first1=S. O. |last2=Andersen |first2=K. K. |last3=Svensson |first3=A. M. |last4=Steffensen |first4=J. P. |last5=Vinther |first5=B. M. |last6=Clausen |first6=H. B. |last7=Siggaard-Andersen |first7=M.-L. |last8=Johnsen |first8=S. J. |last9=Larsen |first9=L. B. |last10=Dahl-Jensen |first10=D. |last11=Bigler |first11=M. |date=2006 |title=A new Greenland ice core chronology for the last glacial termination |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |language=en |volume=111 |issue=D6 |pages=D06102 |doi=10.1029/2005JD006079 |bibcode=2006JGRD..111.6102R |issn=0148-0227 |url=https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/12532/1/Ras2005a.pdf }}

{{further|Outline of prehistoric technology}}

During the Neolithic period, lasting 8400 years, stone began to be used for construction, and remained a predominant hard material for toolmaking. Copper and arsenic bronze were developed towards the end of this period, and of course the use of many softer materials such as wood, bone, and fibers continued. Domestication spread both in the sense of how many species were domesticated, and how widespread the practice became.

• 10,000 BC – 9000 BC: Agriculture in the Fertile Crescent{{cite web|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/farming-was-so-nice-it-was-invented-least-twice|title=Farming Was So Nice, It Was Invented at Least Twice|date=4 July 2013|website=sciencemag.org|access-date=26 March 2018}}{{cite web|url=https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/development-of-agriculture/|title=The Development of Agriculture|website=nationalgeographic.com|access-date=26 March 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414142437/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/development-of-agriculture/|archive-date=14 April 2016}}
• 10,000 BC – 9000 BC: Domestication of sheep in Southwest Asia{{cite book |author1=Krebs, Robert E. |author2=Carolyn A. |name-list-style=amp | title=Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions & Discoveries of the Ancient World | location=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood Press | year=2003 | isbn=0-313-31342-3}}{{cite book |title=Storey's Guide to Raising Sheep |last=Simmons |first=Paula |author2=Carol Ekarius |year=2001 |publisher=Storey Publishing LLC |location=North Adams, MA |isbn=978-1-58017-262-2}} (followed shortly by pigs, goats and cattle)
• 9500 BC – 9000 BC: Oldest known surviving building – Göbekli Tepe, in Turkey{{cite web |last=Curry |first=Andrew |title=Gobekli Tepe: The World's First Temple? |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/gobekli-tepe-the-worlds-first-temple-83613665/ |access-date=26 March 2018 |website=smithsonianmag.com}}{{Cite journal |last=Clare |first=Lee |date=2020 |title=Göbekli Tepe, Turkey. A brief summary of research at a new World Heritage Site (2015–2019) |url=https://publications.dainst.org/journals/index.php/efb/article/view/2596 |journal=E-Forschungsberichte |language=en |pages=§ 1–13 |doi=10.34780/EFB.V0I2.1012 |issn=2198-7734}}
• 9000 BC – 6000 BC: Domestication of rice in China{{Cite journal|last=Zhijun|first=Zhao|title=The Middle Yangtze region in China is one place where rice was domesticated: phytolith evidence from the Diaotonghuan Cave, Northern Jiangxi|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/the-middle-yangtze-region-in-china-is-one-place-where-rice-was-domesticated-phytolith-evidence-from-the-diaotonghuan-cave-northern-jiangxi/4C67F92E1BC56E14C93DAFE0B7F81FD9|journal=Antiquity|volume=72|issue=278|pages=885–897|doi=10.1017/s0003598x00087524|year=1998|s2cid=161495218}}
• 9000 BC: Mudbricks (unfired bricks), and clay mortar in Jericho.{{Cite book|last=Tellier|first=Luc-Normand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&q=jericho+9000+bc+bricks&pg=PA37|title=Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective|date=2009|publisher=PUQ|isbn=978-2-7605-2209-1|language=en}}{{Cite book|last=Artioli|first=G.|date=2019|title=The Vitruvian legacy: mortars and binders before and after the Roman world|url=https://www.minersoc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/emu-20-04_Art.pdf|publisher=European Mineralogical Union|isbn=978-0903056-61-8|volume=20|pages=151–202}}{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/1285495 |title=Bricks and urbanism in the Indus Valley rise and decline |author=Aurangzeb Khan |author2=Carsten Lemmen |access-date=16 February 2013 |website=Academia|year=2013 |arxiv=1303.1426 }}
• 8400 BC: Oldest known water well in Cyprus.{{cite news |date=25 June 2009 |title=Stone Age wells found in Cyprus |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8118318.stm |url-status=live |access-date=31 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005060232/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8118318.stm |archive-date=5 October 2013}}
• 8040–7510 BC: The Pesse canoe is the oldest boat we have found,{{cite news |agency=ANP |date=12 April 2001 |title=Oudste bootje ter wereld kon werkelijk varen |language=nl |work=Leeuwarder Courant |url=http://www.archeoforum.nl/Pesse10.html |access-date=10 April 2025}} while early human habitation of Crete and Australia make clear human seafaring goes back tens or hundreds of thousands of years. (see above)
• 8000–7500 BC: Proto-city – large permanent settlements, such as Tell es-Sultan (Jericho) and Çatalhöyük, Turkey.{{cite web |url=http://citiesnow.in/blog/2015/07/09/worlds-ever-first-know-town-catalhuyuk/ |title=World's ever first known town – Catalhuyuk | Cities Now |access-date=1 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118111308/http://citiesnow.in/blog/2015/07/09/worlds-ever-first-know-town-catalhuyuk/ |archive-date=18 November 2015}}
• 8000–5000 BC: Domestication of potatoes, in southern Peru and northwestern Bolivia by pre-Columbian farmers, around Lake Titicaca.{{cite journal |last1=Spooner |first1=David M. |last2=McLean |first2=Karen |last3=Ramsay |first3=Gavin |last4=Waugh |first4=Robbie |last5=Bryan |first5=Glenn J. |date=29 September 2005 |title=A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |pmid=16203994 |volume=102 |issue=41 |pmc=1253605 |pages=14694–14699 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0507400102 |bibcode=2005PNAS..10214694S |doi-access=free }}{{cite book |author=Office of International Affairs |title=Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation |date=1989 |url=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=030904264X&page=92 |isbn=978-0-309-04264-2 |page=92 |doi=10.17226/1398}}{{cite book |author=John Michael Francis |title=Iberia and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History : a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia |publisher =ABC-CLIO |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OMNoS-g1h8cC&pg=PA867 |isbn=978-1-85109-421-9 |page=867}}
• 7000 BC: Alcohol fermentation – specifically mead, in China{{cite journal|title=Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China|first1=Patrick E.|last1=McGovern|first2=Juzhong|last2=Zhang|first3=Jigen|last3=Tang|first4=Zhiqing|last4=Zhang|first5=Gretchen R.|last5=Hall|first6=Robert A.|last6=Moreau|first7=Alberto|last7=Nuñez|first8=Eric D.|last8=Butrym|first9=Michael P.|last9=Richards|first10=Chen-shan|last10=Wang|first11=Guangsheng|last11=Cheng|first12=Zhijun|last12=Zhao|first13=Changsui|last13=Wang|date=21 December 2004|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=101|issue=51|pages=17593–17598|doi=10.1073/pnas.0407921102|pmid=15590771|pmc=539767|bibcode=2004PNAS..10117593M|doi-access=free}}
• 7000 BC: Sled dog and Dog sled, in Siberia.{{Cite magazine |title=Earliest evidence for dog breeding found on remote Siberian island|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/earliest-evidence-dog-breeding-found-remote-siberian-island|last1=Grimm |first1=David |date=26 May 2017|magazine=Science |language=en|access-date=28 May 2020}}
• 7000 BC – 3300 BC: Tanned leather in Mehrgarh, Pakistan.Possehl, Gregory L. (1996). Mehrgarh in Oxford Companion to Archaeology, edited by Brian Fagan. Oxford University Press.
• 6500 BC: Evidence of lead smelting in Çatalhöyük, Turkey{{cite journal|title = A Model for the Adoption of Metallurgy in the Ancient Middle East|last = Heskel|first= Dennis L.|journal = Current Anthropology|volume = 24|issue = 3|date = 1983|pages = 362–366|doi = 10.1086/203007|s2cid = 144332393}}
• 6000 BC: Kiln in Mesopotamia (Iraq){{cite book|author1=Piotr Bienkowski|author2=Alan Millard|title=Dictionary of the Ancient Near East|date=15 April 2010|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-2115-2|page=233}}
• 6th millennium BC: Irrigation in Khuzistan, Iran

{{cite book

| last1 = Flannery

| first1 = Kent V.

| author-link1 = Kent V. Flannery

| year = 1969

| chapter = Origins and ecological effects of early domestication in Iran and the Near East

| editor1-last = Ucko

| editor1-first = Peter John

| editor1-link = Peter John Ucko

| editor2-last = Dimbleby

| editor2-first = G. W.

| title = The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals

| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6lY9Q4vnrCEC

| location = New Brunswick, New Jersey

| publisher = Transaction Publishers

| publication-date = 2007

| page = 89

| isbn = 9780202365572

| access-date = 12 January 2019

}}

{{cite book

| last1 = Lawton

| first1 = H. W.

| last2 = Wilke

| first2 = P. J.

| year = 1979

| chapter = Ancient Agricultural Systems in Dry Regions of the Old World

| editor1-last = Hall

| editor1-first = A. E.

| editor2-last = Cannell

| editor2-first = G. H.

| editor3-last = Lawton

| editor3-first = H.W.

| title = Agriculture in Semi-Arid Environments

| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=e67tCAAAQBAJ

| series = Ecological Studies

| volume = 34

| edition = reprint

| location = Berlin

| publisher = Springer Science & Business Media

| publication-date = 2012

| page = 13

| isbn = 9783642673283

| access-date = 12 January 2019

}}

• 6000 BC – 3200 BC: Proto-writing in present-day Egypt, Iraq, Romania, China, India and Pakistan.{{Cite journal|jstor=40698264|language=en|title=The Oldest Writings, and Inventory Tags of Egypt|last1=Mattessich|first1=Richard|journal=The Accounting Historians Journal|year=2002|volume=29|issue=1|pages=195–208|doi=10.2308/0148-4184.29.1.195|s2cid=160704269 |url=http://aprendeenlinea.udea.edu.co/revistas/index.php/cont/article/view/25609}}
• 5900 – 5600 BC: Oldest evidence of salt production found in Southeastern Europe, in the countries of Moldova and Romania.{{Cite book |last=Harding |first=Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_4TAgAAQBAJ&dq=world%27s+oldest+salt+cucuteni&pg=PA44 |title=Salt in Prehistoric Europe |date=2013 |publisher=Sidestone press |isbn=978-90-8890-201-7 |location=Leiden |pages=44 |language=en}}
• 5500 – 5200 BC: Oldest evidence of cheese found, in Poland and on the Dalmatian coast of Croatia.{{cite journal |last=Subbaraman |first=Nidhi |date=December 12, 2012 |title=Art of cheese-making is 7,500 years old |url=http://www.nature.com/news/art-of-cheese-making-is-7-500-years-old-1.12020 |url-status=live |journal=Nature News |doi=10.1038/nature.2012.12020 |s2cid=180646880 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130111103000/http://www.nature.com/news/art-of-cheese-making-is-7-500-years-old-1.12020 |archive-date=January 11, 2013 |access-date=December 12, 2012}}{{Cite journal |last1=McClure |first1=Sarah B. |last2=Magill |first2=Clayton |last3=Podrug |first3=Emil |last4=Moore |first4=Andrew M. T. |last5=Harper |first5=Thomas K. |last6=Culleton |first6=Brendan J. |last7=Kennett |first7=Douglas J. |last8=Freeman |first8=Katherine H. |date=2018-09-05 |title=Fatty acid specific δ13C values reveal earliest Mediterranean cheese production 7,200 years ago |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=e0202807 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1302807M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0202807 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6124750 |pmid=30183735 |doi-access=free}}
• 5500 BC: Sailing - pottery depictions of sail boats, in Mesopotamia,{{Cite journal |last=Carter |first=Robert |date=8 December 2012 |title=The Neolithic origins of seafaring in the Arabian Gulf |url=https://scienceopen.com/document?vid=478c51b0-5235-43f4-8d95-5385202b8bce |journal=Archaeology International |volume=6 |doi=10.5334/ai.0613 |issn=2048-4194|doi-access=free }} and later ancient Egypt{{cite web |author=John Coleman Darnell |year=2006 |title=The Wadi of the Horus Qa-a: A Tableau of Royal Ritual Power in the Theban Western Desert |url=http://www.yale.edu/egyptology/ae_alamat_wadi_horus.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201053044/http://www.yale.edu/egyptology/ae_alamat_wadi_horus.htm |archive-date=1 February 2011 |access-date=24 August 2010 |publisher=Yale University}}The sea-craft of prehistory, p76, by Paul Johnstone, Routledge, 1980
• 5000 BC: Copper smelting in Serbia.{{Cite journal |last1=Radivojević |first1=Miljana |last2=Rehren |first2=Thilo |last3=Pernicka |first3=Ernst |last4=Šljivar |first4=Dušan |last5=Brauns |first5=Michael |last6=Borić |first6=Dušan |date=2010 |title=On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new evidence from Europe |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0305440310001986 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |language=en |volume=37 |issue=11 |pages=2775–2787 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012|bibcode=2010JArSc..37.2775R }}{{Cite journal |last1=Radivojević |first1=Miljana |last2=Roberts |first2=Benjamin W. |date=2021 |title=Early Balkan Metallurgy: Origins, Evolution and Society, 6200–3700 BC |journal=Journal of World Prehistory |language=en |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=195–278 |doi=10.1007/s10963-021-09155-7 |issn=0892-7537|doi-access=free }}
• 5000 BC: Seawall in Tel Hreiz, near Haifa, Israel.{{Cite journal |last1=Galili |first1=Ehud |last2=Benjamin |first2=Jonathan |last3=Eshed |first3=Vered |last4=Rosen |first4=Baruch |last5=McCarthy |first5=John |last6=Horwitz |first6=Liora Kolska |date=2019-12-18 |title=A submerged 7000-year-old village and seawall demonstrate earliest known coastal defence against sea-level rise |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=e0222560 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0222560 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6919572 |pmid=31851675 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1422560G }}
• 5th millennium BC: Lacquer in China{{cite book| last=Li| first=Li| title=China's Cultural Relics| year=2011| publisher=Cambridge University Press| location=Cambridge| isbn=9780521186568| pages=[https://archive.org/details/chinasculturalre0000lili_b4j8/page/139 139–140]| edition=3rd| url=https://archive.org/details/chinasculturalre0000lili_b4j8/page/139}}Loewe (1968), 170–171
• 5000 BC: Cotton thread, in Mehrgarh, Pakistan, connecting the copper beads of a bracelet.{{citation|last=Mithen|first=Steven|title=After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20,000-5000 BC|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NVygmardAA4C&pg=PA411|year=2006|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01999-7|pages=411–412}}{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1006/jasc.2001.0779| title = First Evidence of Cotton at Neolithic Mehrgarh, Pakistan: Analysis of Mineralized Fibres from a Copper Bead| journal = Journal of Archaeological Science| volume = 29| issue = 12| pages = 1393–1401| year = 2002| last1 = Moulherat | first1 = C. | last2 = Tengberg | first2 = M. | last3 = Haquet | first3 = J. R. M. F. | last4 = Mille | first4 = B. ̂T.| bibcode = 2002JArSc..29.1393M}}{{cite journal|last1=JIA|first1=Yinhua|last2=PAN|first2=Zhaoe|last3=HE|first3=Shoupu|last4=GONG|first4=Wenfang|last5=GENG|first5=Xiaoli|last6=PANG|first6=Baoyin|last7=WANG|first7=Liru|last8=DU|first8=Xiongming|title=Genetic diversity and population structure of Gossypium arboreum L. collected in China|journal=Journal of Cotton Research|volume=1|issue=1|year=2018|page=11 |issn=2523-3254|doi=10.1186/s42397-018-0011-0|doi-access=free|bibcode=2018JCotR...1...11J }}
• 5000 BC – 4500 BC: Rowing oars in ChinaDeng, Gang. (1997). Chinese Maritime Activities and Socioeconomic Development, c. 2100 B.C.–1900 A.D. Westport: Greenwood Press. {{ISBN|0-313-29212-4}}, p. 22.{{cite book|author=Miriam T. Stark|title=Archaeology of Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4_bT2SJ-HUC&pg=PA130|access-date=5 October 2012|date=15 April 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-5303-4|page=130}}
• 4500 BC – 3500 BC: Lost-wax casting in Palestine{{citation |last=Muhly |first=J.D. |title=The Beginnings of Metallurgy in the Old World}}. In {{harvnb|Maddin|1988}} or the Indus ValleyThoury, M.; et al. (2016). "High spatial dynamics-photoluminescence imaging reveals the metallurgy of the earliest lost-wax cast object". Nature Communications. 7. doi:10.1038/ncomms13356.
• 4400 BC: Fired bricks in China.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n00CnC84MIcC|title=Water Civilization: From Yangtze to Khmer Civilizations|author=Yoshinori Yasuda|pages=30–31|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2012|isbn=9784431541103}}
• 4000 BC: Probable time period of the first diamond-mines in the world, in Southern India.

{{cite book

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35eij1e1al8C&pg=PA23

|last=Hershey |first=W.

|title=The Book of Diamonds

|publisher=Hearthside Press

|location=New York

|year=1940

|pages=22–28

|isbn=978-1-4179-7715-4

}}

• 4000 BC: Paved roads, in and around the Mesopotamian city of Ur, Iraq.{{Cite book|last1=Beazley|first1=Robert E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWgpDwAAQBAJ&q=paved+road+ur+mesopotamia+bce&pg=PA5|title=Himalayan Mobilities: An Exploration of the Impact of Expanding Rural Road Networks on Social and Ecological Systems in the Nepalese Himalaya|last2=Lassoie|first2=James P.|date=22 June 2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-55757-1|language=en}}
• 4000 BC: Plumbing. The earliest pipes were made of clay, and are found at the Temple of Bel at Nippur in Babylonia.{{cite book |last = Eslamian |first = Saeid |title = Handbook of Engineering Hydrology: Environmental Hydrology and Water Management, Book 3 |year = 2014 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=USXcBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |location = Boca Raton |publisher = CRC Press |page = 168 |isbn = 9781466552500}}.{{efn|Earthen pipes were later used in the Indus Valley c. 2700 BC for a city-scale urban drainage system,{{cite book| last1 = Teresi| first1 = Dick| author-link = Dick Teresi| title = Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science--from the Babylonians to the Maya| publisher = Simon & Schuster| year = 2002| location = New York| pages = [https://archive.org/details/lostdiscoveriesa00tere/page/351 351–352]| isbn = 0-684-83718-8| url-access = registration| url = https://archive.org/details/lostdiscoveriesa00tere/page/351}} and more durable copper drainage pipes appeared in Egypt, by the time of the construction of the Pyramid of Sahure at Abusir, c.2400 BCE.{{Cite book|last=Bunson|first=Margaret|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-6EJ0G-4jyoC&q=Abusir+copper+pipe+ancient+egypt&pg=PA6|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt|date=14 May 2014|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0997-8|pages=6|language=en}}}}
• 4000 BC: Oldest evidence of locks, the earliest example discovered in the ruins of Nineveh, the capital of ancient Assyria.{{cite book|last=de Vries, N. Cross and D. P. Grant|first=M. J.|title=Design Methodology and Relationships with Science: Introduction|year=1992|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|location=Eindhoven|page=32|isbn=9780792321910|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4T8U_J1h7noC|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024091334/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4T8U_J1h7noC|archive-date=2016-10-24}}
• 4000 BC – 3400 BC: Oldest evidence of wheels, found in the countries of Ukraine, Poland, and Germany.{{Cite web |last=Chandler |first=Graham |date=2017 |title=Why Reinvent the Wheel? |url=https://www.aramcoworld.com/Articles/July-2017/Why-Reinvent-the-Wheel |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Aramco World}}{{Cite book |last=Standage |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Standage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoQWEAAAQBAJ&dq=wheel+originated+eastern+europe&pg=PA2 |title=A Brief History of Motion: From the Wheel, to the Car, to What Comes Next |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-63557-361-9 |location=New York |pages=2–5 |language=en |oclc=on1184237267}}
• 3630 BC: Silk garments (sericulture) in China{{cite book|author=Mary Schoeser|title=Silk|date=28 May 2007|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-11741-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/silk00scho/page/18 18]|url=https://archive.org/details/silk00scho/page/18}}
• 3500 BC: Probable first domestication of the horse in the Eurasian Steppes.Matossian Shaping World History p. 43{{cite web |url=http://www.imh.org/exhibits/online/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-domestication-occurred |title=What We Theorize – When and Where Domestication Occurred |access-date=27 January 2015 |work=International Museum of the Horse |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719000140/http://www.imh.org/exhibits/online/what-we-theorize-when-and-where-domestication-occurred |archive-date=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead}}{{cite news |title=Horsey-aeology, Binary Black Holes, Tracking Red Tides, Fish Re-evolution, Walk Like a Man, Fact or Fiction |url=http://www.cbc.ca/quirks/episode/2009/03/07/horsey-aeology-binary-black-holes-tracking-red-tides-fish-re-evolution-walk-like-a-man-fact-or-ficti/|work=Quirks and Quarks Podcast with Bob Macdonald |publisher= CBC Radio |date=7 March 2009|access-date=18 September 2010}}
• 3500 BC: Wine as general anaesthesia in Sumer.{{cite book |title=The Origins and Ancient History of Wine |series=Food and Nutrition in History and Anthropology |edition=1 |volume=11 |chapter=9: Wine and the vine in ancient Mesopotamia: the cuneiform evidence |pages=96–124 |author=Powell MA |veditors=McGovern PE, Fleming SJ, Katz SH |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=Amsterdam |year=2004 |isbn=9780203392836 |issn=0275-5769 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aXX2UcT_yw8C&q=Wine+and+the+vine+in+ancient+Mesopotamia:+the+cuneiform+evidence&pg=PA97 |access-date=15 September 2010}}
• 3500 BC: Seal (emblem) invented around in the Near East, at the contemporary sites of Uruk in southern Mesopotamia and slightly later at Susa in south-western Iran during the Proto-Elamite period, and they follow the development of stamp seals in the Halaf culture or slightly earlier.{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Brian A. |last2=Feldman |first2=Marian H. |title=Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art |date=2013 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=9781614510352 |page=304 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F4DoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA304 |language=en}}
• 3500 BC: Ploughing, on a site in Bubeneč, Czech Republic.{{Cite web |title=Institute of Archeology of CAS report |url=http://www.arup.cas.cz/?p=12517 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829000325/http://www.arup.cas.cz/?p=12517 |archive-date=29 August 2018 |access-date=28 August 2018}} Evidence, c. 2800 BC, has also been found at Kalibangan, Indus Valley (modern-day India).B. B. Lal, India 1947–1997: New Light on the Indus Civilization
• 3400 BC – 3100 BC: Tattoos in southern Europe{{cite journal|last1=Deter-Wolf|first1=Aaron|last2=Robitaille|first2=Benoît|last3=Krutak|first3=Lars|last4=Galliot|first4=Sébastien|title=The World's Oldest Tattoos|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports|volume=5|pages=19–24|date=February 2016|doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.11.007|bibcode=2016JArSR...5...19D |s2cid=162580662 |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01227846/file/OldestTattoos.pdf}}{{Citation|last=Deter-Wolf|first=Aaron|title=It's official: Ötzi the Iceman has the oldest tattoos in the world|publisher=RedOrbit.com|date=11 November 2015|url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113410697/its-official-otzi-the-iceman-has-the-oldest-tattoos-in-the-world-111115/|access-date=25 July 2019}}

File:Nippur cubit.JPG of Istanbul, Turkey]]

The beginning of bronze-smelting coincides with the emergence of the first cities and of writing in the Ancient Near East and the Indus Valley. The Bronze Age starting in Eurasia in the 4th millennia BC and ended, in Eurasia, c.1200 BC.

• Late 4th millennium BC: Writing – in Sumer and Egypt.{{cite book |author1=Karen Radner |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookcu00radn |title=The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture |author2=Eleanor Robson |date=22 September 2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-955730-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookcu00radn/page/n117 86] |url-access=limited}}"The world's earliest known writing systems emerged at more or less the same time, around 3300 bc, in Egypt and Mesopotamia (today's Iraq)."{{Cite book |title= Before the Pyramids: The Origins of Egyptian Civilization |last= Teeter |first= Emily|publisher= Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago|year= 2011 |page=99}}"Although it was once thought that the idea of writing came to Egypt from Mesopotamia, recent discoveries indicate that writing arose first in Egypt."{{Cite book |title= Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lF78Max-h8MC&q=recent+discoveries+indicate+writing |last= Allen |first= James P. |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year= 2010 |page=2| isbn=9781139486354 }}"and examples of writing in Egypt have been found that very well may pre-date the earliest writing from Mesopotamia."{{cite book |last1=Boudreau |first1=Vincent |title=The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process |date=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521838610 |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jsWL_XJt-dMC&pg=PA71 |language=en}}
• 3300 BC: The first documented swords. They have been found in Arslantepe, Turkey, are made from arsenical bronze, and are about {{convert|60|cm|in|abbr=on}} long.Frangipane, M. et al. (2010). "The collapse of the 4th millennium centralised system at Arslantepe and the far-reaching changes in 3rd millennium societies". ORIGINI XXXIV, 2012: 237–60.{{cite book |author=Yener, K. Aslihan |title= The Domestication of Metals: The Rise of Complex Metal Industries in Anatolia |pages= 52–53 |year= 2021 |publisher= BRILL |series= Culture and History of the Ancient Near East (Vol. 4) |isbn= 978-9004496934 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_s1GEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52 |access-date= 15 January 2024}} Some of them are inlaid with silver.
• 3300 BC: City in Uruk, Sumer, Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq).{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=Uruk: The First City |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/uruk/hd_uruk.htm |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=www.metmuseum.org}}
• 3250 BC: One of the earliest documented hats was worn by a man (nicknamed Ötzi) whose body and hat found frozen in a mountain between Austria and Italy. He was found wearing a bearskin cap with a chin strap, made of several hides stitched together, resembling a Russian fur hat without the flaps.{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/aug/18/it-becometh-the-iceman-otzi-clothing-study-reveals-stylish-secrets-of-leather-loving-ancient|title=It becometh the iceman: clothing study reveals stylish secrets of leather-loving ancient|first=Nicola|last=Davis|archive-date=30 August 2016|work=The Guardian|access-date=30 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830164637/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/aug/18/it-becometh-the-iceman-otzi-clothing-study-reveals-stylish-secrets-of-leather-loving-ancient|date=30 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/08/otzi-iceman-european-alps-mummy-clothing-dna-leather-fur-archaeology|title=Here's What the Iceman Was Wearing When He Died 5,300 Years Ago|first=Kristin|last=Romey|date=18 August 2016|publisher=National Geographic|access-date=18 August 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819105927/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/08/otzi-iceman-european-alps-mummy-clothing-dna-leather-fur-archaeology/|archive-date=19 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}{{Cite journal|last1=O’Sullivan|first1=Niall J.|last2=Teasdale|first2=Matthew D.|last3=Mattiangeli|first3=Valeria|last4=Maixner|first4=Frank|last5=Pinhasi|first5=Ron|last6=Bradley|first6=Daniel G.|last7=Zink|first7=Albert|date=18 August 2016|title=A whole mitochondria analysis of the Tyrolean Iceman's leather provides insights into the animal sources of Copper Age clothing|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=6|pages=31279|doi=10.1038/srep31279|pmid=27537861|issn=2045-2322|df=dmy-all|pmc=4989873|bibcode=2016NatSR...631279O }}
• 3200 BC: Dry Latrines in the city of Uruk, Iraq, with later dry squat Toilets, that added raised fired brick foot platforms, and pedestal toilets, all over clay pipe constructed drains.{{Cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Piers D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HU6rCwAAQBAJ&q=McMahon,+A.+in+Sanitation,+Latrines+and+Intestinal+Parasites+in+Past+Populations&pg=PA263|title=Sanitation, Latrines and Intestinal Parasites in Past Populations|date=3 March 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-05953-0|pages=22|language=en}}{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Monica L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=moeLDwAAQBAJ&q=uruk+latrines+3200+bce|title=Cities: The First 6,000 Years|date=18 April 2019|publisher=Simon & Schuster UK|isbn=978-1-4711-6367-8|language=en}}{{Cite journal|last=George|first=A.R.|title=On Babylonian Lavatories and Sewers|date=December 2015|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0021088915000091/type/journal_article|journal=Iraq|language=en|volume=77|pages=75–106|doi=10.1017/irq.2015.9|s2cid=162653122|issn=0021-0889}}
• 3200 BC: Earliest actual wheel ever found, the Ljubljana Marshes Wheel, made of wood, in Slovenia.
• 3000 BC: Devices functionally equivalent to dice, in the form of flat two-sided throwsticks, are seen in the Egyptian game of Senet.{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gr5BgOwEJicC&pg=PA151|title=Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C.|last=Finkel|first=Irving|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|year=2008|isbn=978-1-58839-295-4|page=151|chapter=Board Games}} Perhaps the oldest known dice, resembling modern ones, were excavated as part of a backgammon-like game set at the Burnt City, an archeological site in south-eastern Iran, estimated to be from between 2800 and 2500 BC.{{Cite web |date=29 November 2017 |title=8 Oldest Board Games in the World |url=https://www.oldest.org/entertainment/board-games/ |access-date=12 March 2022 |website=Oldest.org |language=en-US}}{{Cite journal |last=NASER MOGHADASI |first=Abdorreza |date=September 2015 |title=The Burnt City and the Evolution of the Concept of "Probability" In the Human Brain |journal=Iranian Journal of Public Health |volume=44 |issue=9 |pages=1306–1307 |issn=2251-6085 |pmc=4645795 |pmid=26587512}} Later, terracotta dice were used at the Indus Valley site of Mohenjo-daro (modern-day Pakistan).Possehl, Gregory. "Meluhha". In: J. Reade (ed.) The Indian Ocean in Antiquity. London: Kegan Paul Intl. 1996a, 133–208
• 3000 BC: Tin extraction in Central Asia{{Cite book|last1=Cierny|given1=J.|surname2=Weisgerber|given2=G.|date=2003|chapter=The "Bronze Age tin mines in Central Asia|editor1-last=Giumlia-Mair|editor1-first=A.|editor2-last=Lo Schiavo|editor2-first=F.|title=The Problem of Early Tin|pages= 23–31|location=Oxford|publisher=Archaeopress|isbn=1-84171-564-6}}
• 3000 BC – 2560 BC: Papyrus in Egypt{{cite book|author=Steven Roger Fischer|title=History of Writing|date=4 April 2004|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-167-9|page=47}}{{Cite web |title=Papyrus: A Brief History – Dartmouth Ancient Books Lab |url=https://sites.dartmouth.edu/ancientbooks/2016/05/23/67/ |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=sites.dartmouth.edu}}{{cite book|author=Paul Johnson|title=The Civilization Of Ancient Egypt|date=3 November 1999|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-019434-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/civilizationofan00john/page/163 163]|url=https://archive.org/details/civilizationofan00john/page/163}}{{Cite web|title=4,500-year-old harbor structures and papyrus texts unearthed in Egypt|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/science/cosmic-log/4-500-year-old-harbor-structures-papyrus-texts-unearthed-egypt-flna1C9356840|website=NBC News|date=16 April 2013 |language=en|access-date=12 May 2020}}
• 3000 BC: Reservoir in Girnar, Indus Valley (modern-day India).{{Cite book

|editor-first=John

|editor-last=Rodda

|editor2-first=Lucio

|editor2-last=Ubertini

|year=2004

|title=The Basis of Civilization – Water Science?

|publisher=International Association of Hydrological Science

|isbn=978-1-901502-57-2

|oclc=224463869

|page=161

|url ={{Google books|JI65-MygMm0C|page=161|plainurl=yes}}

}}

• 3000 BC: Receipt in Ancient Mesopotamia (Iraq){{Cite web | url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/worlds-oldest-writing-not-poetry-but-a-shopping-receipt |title = World's oldest writing not poetry but a shopping receipt|date = 13 April 2011}}
• 3000 BC – 2800 BC: Prosthesis first documented in the Ancient Near East, in ancient Egypt and Iran, specifically for an eye prosthetics, the eye found in Iran was likely made of bitumen paste that was covered with a thin layer of gold.{{cite book |last1=Pine |first1=Keith R. |last2=Sloan |first2=Brian H. |last3=Jacobs |first3=Robert J. |title=Clinical Ocular Prosthetics |date=2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319190570 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=920nCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA283}}
• 3000 BC – 2500 BC: Rhinoplasty in Egypt.{{cite book |last=Shiffman |first=Melvin |title=Cosmetic Surgery: Art and Techniques |date=5 September 2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-642-21837-8 |page=20}}{{cite book |last1=Mazzola |first1=Ricardo F. |title=Plastic Surgery: Principles |last2=Mazzola |first2=Isabella C. |date=5 September 2012 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-1-4557-1052-2 |editor1-last=Neligan |editor1-first=Peter C. |pages=11–12 |chapter=History of reconstructive and aesthetic surgery |editor2-last=Gurtner |editor2-first=Geoffrey C.}}
• 2650 BC: The Ruler, or Measuring rod, in the subdivided Nippur, copper rod, of the Sumerian Civilisation (modern-day Iraq). {{efn|Shell, Terracotta, Copper, and Ivory rulers were in use by the Indus Valley civilisation in what today is Pakistan, and North West India, prior to 1500 BCE.{{Cite book|last=McIntosh|first=Jane|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&q=ivory+ruler+lothal+indus+valley&pg=PA345|title=The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives|date=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-907-2|language=en}}}}
• 2600 BC: Planned city in Indus Valley (modern-day: India, Pakistan).Davreu, Robert (1978). "Cities of Mystery: The Lost Empire of the Indus Valley". The World's Last Mysteries. (second edition). Sydney: Reader's Digest. pp. 121-129. {{ISBN|978-0-909486-61-7}}.Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology. (Illustrated edition). New York: Springer. p. 229. {{ISBN|978-0-3064-6158-3}}.
• 2600 BC: Public sewage and sanitation systems in Indus Valley sites such as Mohenjo-daro and Rakhigarhi (modern-day: India, Pakistan).{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Dr Saifullah |title=Chapter 2 Sanitation and wastewater technologies in Harappa/Indus valley civilization (ca. 2600-1900 BC) |url=https://www.academia.edu/5937322}}
• 2600 BC: Public bath in Mohenjo-daro, Indus Valley (modern-day Pakistan).{{cite web|last=Harappa|first=com|title='Great Bath' Mohenjadaro|url=http://www.harappa.com/indus/8.html|department=Slide show with description by J. M. Kenoyer|publisher=Harappa.com|access-date=2 July 2012}}
• 2600 BC: Levee in Indus Valley.{{cite web | title = Indus River Valley Civilizations|website=History-world.org | access-date = 12 September 2008 | url = http://history-world.org/indus_valley.htm| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050701234952/http://history-world.org/indus_valley.htm| url-status = dead| archive-date = 1 July 2005}}
• 2600 BC: Balance weights and scales, from the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt; examples of Deben (unit) balance weights, from reign of Sneferu (c. 2600 BC) have been attributed.{{Cite web |last=Rahmstorf |first=Lorenz |title=In Search of the Earliest Balance Weights, Scales and Weighing Systems from the East Mediterranean, the Near and Middle East |url=https://www.academia.edu/1864503}}
• 2556 BC: Docks structure in Wadi al-Jarf, Egypt, which was developed by the reign of the Pharaoh Khufu.{{cite news|title=Archeologists discover oldest Egyptian harbor ever found|first=Samantha|last=Stainburn|work=Global Post|date=18 April 2013|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/middle-east/egypt/130418/archeologists-discover-oldest-egyptian-harbor-ever-fo|access-date=21 April 2013}}{{efn|A competing claim is from Lothal dockyard in India,{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27667625 |title=Foraminifera as an additional tool for archaeologists - Examples from the Arabian Sea |date=25 September 2015 }}{{Cite web|title=ARCHAEOASTRONOMICAL SURVEYS IN LOTHAL (INDIA)|url=http://www.archaeoastronomy.it/Lothal.htm|last=Codebò|first=Mario|date=2013|website=www.archaeoastronomy.it|access-date=10 May 2020}}{{Cite book|last=Frenez|first=D.|title=Lothal re-visitation Project, a fine thread connecting Intis to contemporary Raveena (Via Oman)|publisher=BAR|year=2014|isbn=9781407313269|location=UK|pages=263–267}}Rao, pages 27–28{{cite web |title=Archaeological remains of a Harappa Port-Town, Lothal |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5918/ |website=UNESCO |publisher=UN |access-date=10 May 2020}} constructed at some point between 2400-2000 BC;{{cite book | title = Lothal | publisher = Archaeological Survey of India | author = S. R. Rao | pages = 11–17 | year = 1985}} however, more precise dating does not exist.}}
• 2500 BC: Puppetry in the Indus Valley.Ghosh, S. and Banerjee, Utpal Kumar, Indian Puppets, Abhinav Publications, 2006. {{ISBN|81-7017-435-X}}{{cite news|title=Pulling the strings to resuscitate a dying art|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/pulling-the-strings-to-resuscitate-a-dying-art/article3783718.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 August 2012|location=Thanjavur, India}}
• 2400 BC: Fork in Bronze Age Qijia culture in China{{cite book |last1=Needham |first1=Joseph |title=Science and Civilisation in China. Volume 6: Biology and biological technology. Part V: Fermentations and food science |date=22 January 2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521652707}}
• 2400 BC: Copper pipes, the Pyramid of Sahure, an adjoining temple complex at Abusir, was discovered to have a network of copper drainage pipes.
• 2400 BC: Touchstone in the Indus Valley site of Banawali (modern-day India).{{Cite book|title=Gold : A Cultural Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/goldculturalency00vena|url-access=limited|last=Venable|first=Shannon L.|publisher=ABC-CLIO, LLC|year=2011|isbn=978-0313-384318|location=Santa Barbara, CA|pages=[https://archive.org/details/goldculturalency00vena/page/n286 264]}}
• 2300 BC: Dictionary in Mesopotamia.{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Howard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7lgEAAAQBAJ&dq=dictionary+Sumerian%E2%80%93Akkadian+wordlists,+discovered+in+Ebla+(modern+Syria)&pg=PT347 |title=The Bloomsbury Handbook of Lexicography |date=24 February 2022 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-350-18172-4 |language=en}}
• 2200 BC – 2000 BC: Iron smelting in Kaman-Kalehöyük.{{cite journal |last=Akanuma |first=Hideo |year=2008 |title=The significance of Early Bronze Age iron objects from Kaman-Kalehöyük, Turkey |url=http://www.jiaa-kaman.org/pdfs/aas_17/AAS_17_Akanuma_H_pp_313_320.pdf |journal=Anatolian Archaeological Studies |publisher=Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology |volume=17 |pages=313–320 |place=Tokyo}}
• 2200 BC: Protractor, Phase IV, Lothal, Indus Valley (modern-day India), a Xancus shell cylinder with sawn grooves, at right angles, in its top and bottom surfaces, has been proposed as an angle marking tool.{{cite book |author=S. R. Rao |title=Lothal |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |year=1985 |pages=40–41 |author-link=S. R. Rao}}{{cite journal |last=Rao |date=July 1992 |title=A Navigational Instrument of the Harappan Sailors |url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/handle/2264/3082/J_Mar_Archaeol_3_61.pdf?sequence=2 |journal=Marine Archaeology |volume=3 |pages=61–66}} Notes: protractor described as "compass" in article.
• 2000 BC: Water clock by at least the old Babylonian period (c. 2000 – c. 1600 BC),{{cite book | last = Pingree | first = David | author-link = David Pingree | editor = Stephanie Dalley |editor-link=Stephanie Dalley| title = The Legacy of Mesopotamia | year = 1998 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 0-19-814946-8 | pages = 125–126 | chapter = Legacies in Astronomy and Celestial Omens}} but possibly earlier from Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley.{{cite journal | first = N. Kameswara | last = Rao |date=December 2005 | title = Aspects of prehistoric astronomy in India | journal = Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 499–511 | url = http://www.ncra.tifr.res.in/~basi/05December/3305499-511.pdf | access-date =11 May 2007 | quote =It appears that two artifacts from Mohenjadaro and Harappa might correspond to these two instruments. Joshi and Parpola (1987) lists a few pots tapered at the bottom and having a hole on the side from the excavations at Mohenjadaro (Figure 3). A pot with a small hole to drain the water is very similar to clepsydras described by Ohashi to measure the time (similar to the utensil used over the lingum in Shiva temple for abhishekam). |bibcode = 2005BASI...33..499R}}
• 2000 BC: Chariot in Russia and KazakhstanDavid S. Anthony, The Horse, The Wheel and Language: How bronze age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world (2007), pp. 397-405.
• 2000 BC: Fountain in Lagash, Sumer.
• 2000 BC: Scissors, in Mesopotamia.{{Cite web |title=History 101: Scissors |url=https://www.dailykos.com/story/2014/11/3/1341085/-History-101-Scissors |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=Daily Kos}}
• 1850 BC: Proto-alphabet (Proto-Sinaitic script) in Egypt.{{Cite web |title=British Library |url=https://www.bl.uk/history-of-writing/articles/the-evolution-of-the-alphabet |access-date=1 March 2022 |website=www.bl.uk |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301104323/https://www.bl.uk/history-of-writing/articles/the-evolution-of-the-alphabet |url-status=dead }}
• 1600 BC: Surgical treatise appeared in Egypt.{{cite book |last=Wilkins |first=Robert H. |title=Neurosurgical Classics |date=1992 |publisher=American Association of Neurological Surgeons |isbn=978-1-879284-09-8 |edition=2nd |location=Park Ridge, Illinois |lccn=2011293270 |orig-year=First published 1965}}
• 1500 BC: Sundial in Ancient Egypt{{cite web |last1=Lienhard |first1=John H. |title=No. 993: SUNDIALS |url=https://www.uh.edu/engines/epi993.htm |website=The Engines of Our Ingenuity |publisher=Huston Public Media |access-date=1 March 2022}} or Babylonia (modern-day Iraq).
• 1500 BC: Glass manufacture in either Mesopotamia or Ancient Egypt.{{Cite web |date=22 November 2016 |title=Glassmaking may have begun in Egypt, not Mesopotamia |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/glassmaking-may-have-begun-egypt-not-mesopotamia |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=Science News |language=en-US}}
• 1500 BC: Seed drill in Babylonia.History Channel, Where Did It Come From? Episode: "Ancient China: Agriculture"
• 1500 BC: Prosthetic limb in India mentioned in vedas (warrior queen vishpala).
• 1400 BC: Rubber, Mesoamerican ballgame.{{Cite web|title=Rubber balls used in Mesoamerican game 3,500 years ago|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/history/rubber-balls-used-in-mesoamerican-game-3500-years-ago-1988439.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/history/rubber-balls-used-in-mesoamerican-game-3500-years-ago-1988439.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|date=1 June 2010|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=14 May 2020}}Shelton, pp. 109–110. There is wide agreement on game originating in the tropical lowlands, likely the Gulf Coast or Pacific Coast.
• 1400 BC – 1200 BC: Concrete in Tiryns (Mycenaean Greece),{{cite book |author1=Heinrich Schliemann |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pw4BAAAAMAAJ |title=Tiryns: The Prehistoric Palace of the Kings of Tiryns, the Results of the Latest Excavations |author2=Wilhelm Dörpfeld |author3=Felix Adler |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |year=1885 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_pw4BAAAAMAAJ/page/n266 190], 203–04, 215}}{{cite arXiv |eprint=1110.5230 |class=physics.pop-ph |first=Amelia Carolina |last=Sparavigna |title=Ancient concrete works |year=2011}} though it was not yet waterproof.
• 1300 BC: Lathe in Ancient Egypt.{{cite web|url=http://www.brighthubengineering.com/manufacturing-technology/59033-what-is-a-lathe-machine-history-parts-and-operation/|title=What is a Lathe Machine? History, Parts, and Operation|date=12 December 2009|website=Brighthub Engineering|access-date=26 March 2018}}
• 1200 BC: Distillation is described on Akkadian tablets documenting perfumery operations.{{cite book |last=Levey |first=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=76ILAQAAIAAJ |title=Chemistry and Chemical Technology in Ancient Mesopotamia |date=1959 |publisher=Elsevier |page=36 |quote=As already mentioned, the textual evidence for Sumero-Babylonian distillation is disclosed in a group of Akkadian tablets describing perfumery operations, dated ca. 1200 B.C.}}

The Late Bronze Age collapse occurs around 1200 BC,{{Cite journal |last=Millek |first=Jesse |date=2021 |title=Why Did the World End in 1200 BCE |url=https://www.academia.edu/50934851 |journal=Ancient Near East Today |volume=9 |issue=8}} extinguishing most Bronze-Age Near Eastern cultures, and significantly weakening the rest. This is coincident with the complete collapse of the Indus Valley Civilisation. This event is followed by the beginning of the Iron Age. We define the Iron Age as ending in 510 BC for the purposes of this article, even though the typical definition is region-dependent (e.g. 510 BC in Greece, 322 BC in India, 200 BC in China), thus being an 800-year period.{{efn|The uncertainty in dating several Indian developments between 600 BC and 300 AD, due to the tradition that existed of editing existing documents (such as the Sushruta Samhita and Arthashastra) without specifically documenting the edit. Most such documents were canonized at the start of the Gupta empire (mid-3rd century AD).}}

• 1100 BC Star catalogue — Three Stars Each is the earliest known catalogue in long-running tradition of Babylonian astronomy,{{cite book

| last=North | first=John | date=1995

| title=The Norton History of Astronomy and Cosmology

| url=https://archive.org/details/nortonhistoryofa0000nort | url-access=registration | location=New York and London | pages=[https://archive.org/details/nortonhistoryofa0000nort/page/30 30–31]

| publisher=W.W. Norton & Company | isbn=0-393-03656-1}} likely drawing on Sumerian[http://members.westnet.com.au/gary-david-thompson/page11-4.html History of the Constellations and Star Names — D.4: Sumerian constellations and star names?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907050519/http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-4.html |date=2015-09-07 }}, by Gary D. Thompson and/or Elamite constellations.[http://members.westnet.com.au/gary-david-thompson/page11-5.html History of the Constellations and Star Names — D.5: Elamite lion-bull iconography as constellations?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114124324/http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-5.html |date=2012-11-14 }}, by Gary D. Thompson

• 700 BC: Saddle (fringed cloths or pads used by Assyrian cavalry).[https://books.google.com/books?id=lKYZy8dq8qMC&dq=saddle&pg=PA18 Beatie, Russel H. Saddles, University of Oklahoma Press, 1981] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123113900/http://books.google.com/books?id=lKYZy8dq8qMC&pg=PA18&dq=saddle&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RpC_T6mdHYWk9ASsluWPCw&ved=0CFcQ6AEwBjgK |date=23 January 2014 }}, {{ISBN|080611584X}}, 9780806115849 P.18-22
• 7th century BC: The royal Library of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh had 30,000 clay tablets, in several languages, organized according to shape and separated by content. The first recorded example of a library catalog.{{cite book|last1=Murray|first1=Stuart

|title=The Library: An Illustrated History|date=2009

|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing|location=New York

|isbn=978-1-61608-453-0|page=9}}

• 688 BC: Waterproof concrete in use, by the Assyrians.Jacobsen T and Lloyd S, (1935) "Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan", Oriental Institute Publications 24, Chicago University Press Later, the Romans developed concretes that could set underwater,Lechtman and Hobbs "Roman Concrete and the Roman Architectural Revolution" and used concrete extensively for construction from 300 BC to 476 AD.{{cite web |title=The History of Concrete |url=http://matse1.matse.illinois.edu/concrete/hist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127052951/http://matse1.matse.illinois.edu/concrete/hist.html |archive-date=27 November 2012 |access-date=8 January 2013 |publisher=Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign}}
• 650 BC: Crossbow in China.{{citation|last=Loades|first=Mike|year=2018|title=The Crossbow|publisher=Osprey}}
• 600 BC: Coins in Phoenicia (Modern Lebanon) or Lydia.M. Kroll, review of G. Le Rider's La naissance de la monnaie, Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau 80 (2001), p. 526. D. Sear, Greek Coins and Their Values Vol. 2, Seaby, London, 1979, p. 317.
• Late 7th or early 6th century BC: Wagonway called Diolkos across the Isthmus of Corinth in Ancient Greece.

File:Trispastos scheme.svg, a single man tripled the weight he could lift than with his muscular strength alone.Hans-Liudger, Dienel; Wolfgang, Meighörner (1997): "Der Tretradkran", Technikgeschichte series, 2nd ed., Deutsches Museum, München, p. 13]]

• 6th century BC – 10th century AD: High Carbon Steel, produced by the Closed Crucible method, later known as Wootz steel, of South India.Davidson, Hilda Ellis (1998). The Sword in Anglo-Saxon England: Its Archaeology and Literature. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 20. {{ISBN|0-85115-716-5}}.{{cite news | title=Wootz Steel: an advanced material of the ancient world | url=http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/WOOTZ.htm | author1=Srinivasan, S. | author2=Ranganathan, S. | publisher=Department of Metallurgy, Indian Institute of Science | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119033451/http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/WOOTZ.htm |archive-date=19 November 2018| location=Bangalore}}{{efn|A 10th century AD, Damascus steel blade, analysed under an electron microscope, contains nano-meter tubes in its metal alloy. Their presence has been suggested to be down to transition-metal impurities in the ores once used to produce Wootz Steel in South India.{{cite journal |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2006/061113/full/news061113-11.html |title=Sharpest cut from nanotube sword |first=Katharine |last=Sanderson |date=15 November 2006 |journal=Nature |pages=news061113–11 |doi=10.1038/news061113-11|s2cid=136774602 |doi-access=free }}}}
• 6th century BC: University in Taxila, of the Indus Valley, then part of the kingdom of Gandhara, of the Achaemenid Empire (modern-day Pakistan).
• 6th century – 2nd century BC: Systematization of medicine and surgery in the Sushruta Samhita in Vedic Northern India.Hoernle, A. F. Rudolf (1907). Studies in the Medicine of Ancient India: Osteology or the Bones of the Human Body. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.Wendy Doniger (2014), On Hinduism, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199360079}}, page 79;
  Sarah Boslaugh (2007), Encyclopedia of Epidemiology, Volume 1, SAGE Publications, {{ISBN|978-1412928168}}, page 547, Quote: "The Hindu text known as Sushruta Samhita is possibly the earliest effort to classify diseases and injuries"Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan (1999). A History of Indian Medical Literature. Groningen: Brill (all volumes, 1999-2002). {{ISBN|978-9069801247}}. Documented procedures to:
• Perform cataract surgery (couching). Babylonian and Egyptian texts, a millennium before, depict and mention oculists, but not the procedure itself.{{Cite journal|last1=Ascaso|first1=Francisco J.|last2=Lizana|first2=Joaquín|last3=Cristóbal|first3=José A.|date=1 March 2009|title=Cataract surgery in ancient Egypt|url=https://journals.lww.com/jcrs/Citation/2009/03000/Cataract_surgery_in_ancient_Egypt.43.aspx|journal=Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery|language=en-US|volume=35|issue=3|pages=607–608|doi=10.1016/j.jcrs.2008.11.052|pmid=19251160|issn=0886-3350}}
• Perform Caesarean section.
• Construct Prosthetic limbs.
• Perform Plastic surgery, though reconstructive nasal surgery is described in millennia older Egyptian papyri.{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Vibha |date=January–June 2017 |title=Sushruta: The father of surgery |journal=National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.4103/njms.NJMS_33_17 |pmc=5512402 |pmid=28761269 |doi-access=free }}Dwivedi, Girish & Dwivedi, Shridhar (2007). [http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010045900/http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf |date=10 October 2008 }}. National Informatics Centre (Government of India).
• Late 6th century BC: Crank motion (rotary quern) in Carthage{{sfn|Curtis|2008|p=375}} or 5th century BC Celtiberian SpainFrankel, Rafael (2003): "The Olynthus Mill, Its Origin, and Diffusion: Typology and Distribution", American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 107, No. 1, pp. 1–21 (17–19)Ritti, Tullia; Grewe, Klaus; Kessener, Paul (2007): "A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications", Journal of Roman Archaeology, Vol. 20, pp. 138–163 (159) Later during the Roman empire, a mechanism appeared that incorporated a connecting rod.
• Before 5th century BC: Loan deeds in Upanishadic India.{{Cite web |url=https://m.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=155 |title=Reserve Bank of India - Publications |quote=In ancient India, loan deed forms called rnapatra or rnalekhya were in use. These contained details such as the name of the debtor and the creditor, the amount of loan, the rate of interest, the condition of repayment and the time of repayment. The deed was witnessed by a person of respectable means and endorsed by the loan-deed writer. Execution of loan deeds continued during the Buddhist period, when they were called inapanna.}}
• 500 BC: Lighthouse in Greece.Elinor Dewire and Dolores Reyes-Pergioudakis (2010). The Lighthouses of Greece. Sarasota: Pineapple Press. {{ISBN|978-1-56164-452-0}}, pp 1-5.

• 500 – 200 BC: Toe stirrup, depicted in 2nd century Buddhist art, of the Sanchi and Bhaja Caves, of the Deccan Satavahana empire (modern-day India)[https://archive.org/details/saddles00beat/page/28 Saddles, Author Russel H. Beatie, Publisher University of Oklahoma Press, 1981], {{ISBN|080611584X}}, 9780806115849 P.28[https://books.google.com/books?id=xa7zPNkxswQC&pg=PA14 White, Lynn Townsend. Medieval Technology and Social Change, Publisher Oxford University Press, 1964], {{ISBN|0195002660}}, 9780195002669 P.14 although may have originated as early as 500 BC.Chamberlin, J. Edward (2007). Horse: How the Horse Has Shaped Civilizations. Moscow: Olma Media Group. {{ISBN|1-904955-36-3}}.
• 485 BC: Catapult by Ajatashatru in Magadha, India.Singh, Upinder (2016), A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, Pearson PLC, {{ISBN|978-81-317-1677-9}}Jain, Kailash Chand (1991), Lord Mahāvīra and His Times, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0805-8}}
• 485 BC: Scythed chariot by Ajatashatru in Magadha, India.
• 5th century BC: Cast iron in Ancient China: Confirmed by archaeological evidence, the earliest cast iron is developed in China by the early 5th century BC during the Zhou dynasty (1122–256 BC), the oldest specimens found in a tomb of Luhe County in Jiangsu province.Wagner (2001), 7, 36–37, 64–68. 335.Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais (2006), 30.Pigott (1999), 177.
• 480 BC: Spiral stairs (Temple A) in Selinunte, Sicily (see also List of ancient spiral stairs)Beckmann, Martin (2002): "The 'Columnae Coc(h)lides' of Trajan and Marcus Aurelius", Phoenix, Vol. 56, No. 3/4, pp. 348–357 (354)Ruggeri, Stefania (2006): "Selinunt", Edizioni Affinità Elettive, Messina, {{ISBN|88-8405-079-0}}, p. 77
• By 407 BC: Early descriptions of what may be a Wheelbarrow in Greece.M. J. T. Lewis, "The Origins of the Wheelbarrow", Technology and Culture, Vol. 35, No. 3. (July 1994), pp. 470 First actual depiction of one (tomb mural) shows up in China in 118 AD.Needham, Joseph (1965). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering; rpr. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd., page 265
• By 400 BC: Camera obscura described by Mo-tzu (or Mozi) in China.{{Cite web|title=What is a camera obscura?|url=https://www.camera-obscura.co.uk/article/what-is-a-camera-obscura|access-date=7 January 2022|website=Camera Obscura and World of Illusions Edinburgh|language=en-GB}}

Image:Musée du Louvre - Antiquités égyptiennes - Salle 06 - 02f.jpg

• 4th century BC: Traction trebuchet in Ancient China.{{cite book|author1=Joseph F. O'Callaghan|author2=Donald J. Kagay|author3=Theresa M. Vann|title=On the Social Origins of Medieval Institutions: Essays in Honor of Joseph F. O'Callaghan|year=1998|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-11096-0|pages=179|quote=Developed in China between the fifth and fourth centuries BC, it reached the Mediterranean by the sixth century AD}}
• 4th century BC: Gears in Ancient China
• 4th century BC: Reed pens, utilising a split nib, were used to write with ink on Papyrus in Egypt.
• 4th century BC: Nailed Horseshoe, with 4 bronze shoes found in an Etruscan tomb.{{Cite web|last=Bates|first=W. N.|date=1902|title=Etruscan Horseshoes from Corneto — AJA 6:398‑403|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Journals/AJA/6/4/Etruscan_Horseshoes*.html|access-date=7 January 2022|website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}
• 375 BC – 350 BC: Animal-driven rotary mill in Carthage.{{sfn|Curtis|2008|p=376}}{{sfn|de Vos|2011|p=178}}
• By the late 4th century BC: Corporations in either the Maurya Empire of IndiaVikramaditya S. Khanna (2005). [https://ssrn.com/abstract= The Economic History of the Corporate Form in Ancient India]. University of Michigan. or in Ancient Rome (Collegium).
• Late 4th century BC: Cheque in the Maurya Empire of India.{{Cite web | url=https://m.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=155 | title=Reserve Bank of India - Publications |quote = In the Mauryan period, an instrument called adesha was in use, which was an order on a banker desiring him to pay the money of the note to a third person}}
• Late 4th century BC: Potassium nitrate manufacturing and military use in the Seleucid Empire.{{cite book |last = Roy |first = Kaushik |date = 2014 |title = Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750 |page = 19 |isbn = 978-1-7809-3765-6 |location = London |publisher = Bloomsbury Academic |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KyVnAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19}}{{Verify source|date=July 2024}}
• Late 4th century BC: Formal systems by Pāṇini in India, possibly during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya.Vergiani, Vincenzo (2017), "Bhartrhari on Language, Perception, and Consciousness", in Ganeri, Jonardon (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Indian Philosophy, Oxford University Press
• 4th to 3rd century BC: Zinc production in North-Western India during the Maurya Empire.Craddock et al. 1983. (The earliest evidence for the production of zinc comes from India. Srinivasan, Sharda and Srinivasa Rangnathan. 2004) The earliest known zinc mines and smelting sites are from Zawar, near Udaipur, in Rajasthan.{{cite web |url=http://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/def_en/articles/metallurg_heritage_india/metallurgical_heritage_india.html |title=Mettalurgical heritage of India|author=Srinivasan, Ranganathan|publisher=Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel |access-date=4 November 2011}}{{cite web|url=http://www.dli.gov.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005afd_33.pdf|title=Smelting furnaces in Ancient India|author=Rina Shrivastva|year=1999|publisher=Indian Journal of History & Science,34(1), Digital Library of India|access-date=4 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425052130/http://www.dli.gov.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005afd_33.pdf|archive-date=25 April 2012|url-status=dead}}

File:Making Paper 4.PNG

• 3rd century BC: Analog computers in the Hellenistic world (see e.g. the Antikythera mechanism), possibly in Rhodes.{{cite book|author=Harry Henderson|title=Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Tla6d153uwC&pg=PA13|access-date=28 May 2013|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1003-5|page=13|quote=The earliest known analog computing device is the Antikythera mechanism.}}
• By at least the 3rd century BC: Archimedes' screw, one of the earliest hydraulic machines, was first used in the Nile river for irrigation purposes in Ancient Egypt{{cite web |title=Archimedes' Screw |url=http://physics.kenyon.edu/EarlyApparatus/Fluids/Archimedes_Screw/Archimedes_Screw.html |website=Kenyon |access-date=11 July 2018}}
• Early 3rd century BC: Canal lock in Canal of the Pharaohs under Ptolemy II (283–246 BC) in Hellenistic EgyptMoore, Frank Gardner (1950): "Three Canal Projects, Roman and Byzantine", American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 97–111 (99–101)Froriep, Siegfried (1986): "Ein Wasserweg in Bithynien. Bemühungen der Römer, Byzantiner und Osmanen", Antike Welt, 2nd Special Edition, pp. 39–50 (46)Schörner, Hadwiga (2000): "Künstliche Schiffahrtskanäle in der Antike. Der sogenannte antike Suez-Kanal", Skyllis, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 28–43 (33–35, 39)
• 3rd century BC: Cam during the Hellenistic period, used in water-driven automata.Wilson, Andrew (2002): "Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy", The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 92, pp. 1–32 (16) {{JSTOR|3184857}}
• By the 3rd century BC: Water wheel. The origin is unclear: Indian Pali texts dating to the 4th century BCE refer to the cakkavattaka, which later commentaries describe as arahatta-ghati-yanta (machine with wheel-pots attached). Helaine Selin suggests that the device existed in Persia before 350 BC.{{cite book |last1=Selin |first1=Helaine |title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Westen Cultures |date=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9789401714167 |page=282 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzjpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA282}} The clearest description of the water wheel and Liquid-driven escapement is provided by Philo of Byzantium (c. 280 – 220 BC) in the Hellenistic kingdoms.Oleson, John Peter (2000): "Water-Lifting", in: Wikander, Örjan: "Handbook of Ancient Water Technology", Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden, {{ISBN|90-04-11123-9}}, pp. 217–302 (233)
• 3rd century BC: Gimbal described by Philo of Byzantium{{cite book|first= Ernest Frank |last= Carter |title= Dictionary of Inventions and Discoveries |url= https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofinve00cart |url-access= registration |year= 1967 |page= [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofinve00cart/page/74 74] | publisher= Philosophical Library}}
• Late 3rd century BC: Dry dock under Ptolemy IV (221–205 BC) in Hellenistic Egypt{{Citation | last = Oleson | first = John Peter | author-link = John Peter Oleson | title = Greek and Roman Mechanical Water-Lifting Devices: The History of a Technology | year = 1984 | publisher = University of Toronto Press | isbn = 90-277-1693-5 | page = 33}}
• 3rd century BC – 2nd century BC: Blast furnace in Ancient China: The earliest discovered blast furnaces in China date to the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, although most sites are from the later Han dynasty.Pigott (1999), 183–184.

File:Museum für Antike Schiffahrt, Mainz 02. Spritsail.jpgs, spritsails, appeared in the 2nd century BC in the Aegean Sea on small Greek craft.Casson, Lionel (1995): "Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World", Johns Hopkins University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5130-8}}, pp. 243–245 Here a spritsail used on a Roman merchant ship (3rd century AD).]]

{{main list|2nd century BC#Inventions, discoveries, introductions}}

• 2nd century BC: Paper in Han dynasty China{{efn|Although it is recorded that the Han dynasty (202 BC – AD 220) court eunuch Cai Lun (born c. 50–121 AD) invented the pulp papermaking process and established the use of new raw materials used in making paper, ancient padding and wrapping paper artifacts dating to the 2nd century BC have been found in China, the oldest example of pulp papermaking being a map from Fangmatan, Gansu.Buisseret (1998), 12.}}
• 206 BC: Compass in Han dynasty China{{cite journal |last1=Guarnieri |first1=M |title=Once Upon a Time, the Compass |journal=IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine |date=2014|doi=10.1109/MIE.2014.2316044 |s2cid=11949042 }}
• Early 2nd century BC: Astrolabe invented by Apollonius of Perga.

• 1st century BC: Segmental arch bridge (e.g. Pont-Saint-Martin or Ponte San Lorenzo) in Italy, Roman RepublicO'Connor, Colin: Roman Bridges, Cambridge University Press, 1993, {{ISBN|0-521-39326-4}}, p. 171Galliazzo, Vittorio (1995): "I ponti romani", Vol. 1, Edizioni Canova, Treviso, {{ISBN|88-85066-66-6}}, pp. 429–437
• 1st century BC: News bulletin during the reign of Julius Caesar.{{EB1911|inline=1 |wstitle=Acta Diurna |volume=1 |page=159}} A paper form, i.e. the earliest newspaper, later appeared during the late Han dynasty in the form of the Dibao.{{Cite web |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564853_4/newspaper.html |title=Newspaper - MSN Encarta |access-date=17 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206041632/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564853_4/Newspaper.html |archive-date=6 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}Irving Fang, A History of Mass Communication: Six Information Revolutions, Focal Press, 1997, p. 30Lamont, Ian, [https://www.scribd.com/doc/5021205/The-Rise-of-the-Press-in-Late-Imperial-China "The Rise of the Press in Late Imperial China"], 27 November 2007
• 1st century BC: Arch dam (Glanum Dam) in Gallia Narbonensis, Roman Republic (see also List of Roman dams)Smith, Norman (1971): "A History of Dams", Peter Davies, London, {{ISBN|978-0-432-15090-0}}, pp. 25–49 (33–35)Schnitter, Niklaus (1978): "Römische Talsperren", Antike Welt, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 25–32 (31f.)Schnitter, Niklaus (1987): "Verzeichnis geschichtlicher Talsperren bis Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts", in: Garbrecht, Günther (ed.): Historische Talsperren, Verlag Konrad Wittwer, Stuttgart, Vol. 1, {{ISBN|3-87919-145-X}}, pp. 9–20 (12)Schnitter, Niklaus (1987): "Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Bogenstaumauer", Garbrecht, Günther (ed.): Historische Talsperren, Vol. 1, Verlag Konrad Wittwer, Stuttgart, {{ISBN|3-87919-145-X}}, pp. 75–96 (80)Hodge, A. Trevor (2000): "Reservoirs and Dams", in: Wikander, Örjan: Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden, {{ISBN|90-04-11123-9}}, pp. 331–339 (332, fn. 2)
• Before 40 BC: Trip hammer in ChinaNeedham, Volume 4, Part 2, 184.
• 38 BC: An empty shell Glyph for zero, is found on a Maya numerals Stela, from Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas. Independently invented by Claudius Ptolemy, in the second century CE Egypt, and appearing in the calculations of the Almagest.
• 37 BC – 14 BC: Glass blowing developed in Jerusalem.Avigad, N (1983). Discovering Jerusalem. Nashville. {{ISBN|0-8407-5299-7}}Tatton-Brown, V. (1991). "The Roman Empire". In H. Tait (ed.) Five Thousand Years of Glass. pp. 62–97. British Museum Press: London {{ISBN|0-8122-1888-4}}{{cite book|author1=Birgit Schlick-Nolte|author2=E. Marianne|title=Early glass of the ancient world: 1600 B.C.-A.D. 50 : Ernesto Wolf collection|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJUsAQAAIAAJ&q=clay+blowpipe|year=1994|publisher=Verlag Gerd Hatje|isbn=978-3-7757-0502-8|pages=81–83}}
• Before 25 BC: Reverse overshot water wheel by Roman engineers in Rio Tinto, SpainDavies, Oliver: Roman Mines in Europe, Oxford (1935)
• 25 BC: Noodle in Lajia in China{{cite journal |last1=Lu |first1=Houyuan |last2=Yang |first2=Xiaoyan |last3=Ye |first3=Maolin |title=Culinary archaeology: Millet noodles in Late Neolithic China |journal=Nature |date=13 October 2005 |volume=437 |issue=7061 |pages=967–968 |doi=10.1038/437967a |pmid=16222289|bibcode=2005Natur.437..967L |s2cid=4385122 }}

• 1st century AD: The aeolipile, a simple steam turbine is recorded by Hero of Alexandria.{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-45691|title=turbine |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=2007 |access-date=18 July 2007}}
• 1st century AD: The first use of respiratory protective equipment is documented by Pliny the Elder ({{circa|23 AD}}–79) using animal bladder skins to protect workers in Roman mines from red lead oxide dust.{{cite wikisource | title=Naturalis_Historia/Liber_XXXIII#XL|wslanguage=la}}
• 1st century AD: Oldest surviving wine.{{Cite journal |last1=Cosano |first1=Daniel |last2=Manuel Román |first2=Juan |last3=Esquivel |first3=Dolores |last4=Lafont |first4=Fernando |last5=Ruiz Arrebola |first5=José Rafael |date=2024-09-01 |title=New archaeochemical insights into Roman wine from Baetica |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |volume=57 |pages=104636 |doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2024.104636 |bibcode=2024JArSR..57j4636C |issn=2352-409X|doi-access=free }}
• 1st century AD: Vending machines invented by Hero of Alexandria.
• By the 1st century AD: The double-entry bookkeeping system in the Roman Empire.{{cite book|author=J. R. Edwards|title=A History of Financial Accounting (RLE Accounting)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pd1JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|date=4 December 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-67881-5|page=46}}

{{See also|2nd century#Inventions, discoveries, introductions}}

• 132: Seismometer and pendulum in Han dynasty China, built by Zhang Heng. It is a large metal urn-shaped instrument which employed either a suspended pendulum or inverted pendulum acting on inertia, like the ground tremors from earthquakes, to dislodge a metal ball by a lever trip device.{{cite journal |vauthors=Sleeswyk AW, Sivin N | title=Dragons and toads: the Chinese seismoscope of BC. 132 | year=1983 | journal=Chinese Science | volume=6 | pages=1–19}}{{cite book | last = Needham | first = Joseph | title = Science and Civilization in China, Volume 3: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth | place = Cambridge | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1959 | pages = 626–635| bibcode = 1959scc3.book.....N}}
• 2nd century: Carding in India.Baber (1996), page 57

File:Römische Sägemühle.svg. Dated to the 3rd century AD, it is the earliest known machine to incorporate a crank and connecting rod mechanism.Ritti, Tullia; Grewe, Klaus; Kessener, Paul (2007): "A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications", Journal of Roman Archaeology, Vol. 20, pp. 138–163 (140, 161)Grewe, Klaus (2009): [http://www.freundeskreis-roemerkanal.de/Text/BAUTECHNIK%20IM%20ANTIKEN%20UND.pdf "Die Reliefdarstellung einer antiken Steinsägemaschine aus Hierapolis in Phrygien und ihre Bedeutung für die Technikgeschichte. Internationale Konferenz 13.−16. Juni 2007 in Istanbul"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511200049/http://www.freundeskreis-roemerkanal.de/Text/BAUTECHNIK%20IM%20ANTIKEN%20UND.pdf |date=11 May 2011}}, in: Bachmann, Martin (ed.): Bautechnik im antiken und vorantiken Kleinasien, Byzas, Vol. 9, Ege Yayınları/Zero Prod. Ltd., Istanbul, {{ISBN|978-975-8072-23-1}}, pp. 429–454 (429)Grewe, Klaus (2010): [http://www.traianvs.net/pdfs/2010_15_grewe.pdf "La máquina romana de serrar piedras. La representación en bajorrelieve de una sierra de piedras de la antigüedad, en Hierápolis de Frigia y su relevancia para la historia técnica (translation by Miguel Ordóñez)"], in: Las técnicas y las construcciones de la Ingeniería Romana, V Congreso de las Obras Públicas Romanas, pp. 381–401]]

• By at least the 3rd century: Crystallized sugar in India.Shaffer, Lynda N., "Southernization", Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History edited by Michael Adas, pp. 311, Temple University Press, {{ISBN|1-56639-832-0}}.
• Early 3rd century: Woodblock printing is invented in Han dynasty China at sometime before 220 AD. This made China become the world's first print culture.{{cite book |title=The Rise of Modern China |last=Hsü |first=Immanuel C. Y. |year= 1970 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-19-501240-2 |page= 830}}
• Late 3rd century – Early 4th century: Water turbine in the Roman Empire in modern-day Tunisia.Wilson, Andrew (1995): "Water-Power in North Africa and the Development of the Horizontal Water-Wheel", Journal of Roman Archaeology, Vol. 8, pp. 499–510 (507f.)Wikander, Örjan (2000): "The Water-Mill" in: Wikander, Örjan (ed.): Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Brill, Leiden, {{ISBN|90-04-11123-9}}, pp. 371–400 (377)Donners, K.; Waelkens, M.; Deckers, J. (2002): "Water Mills in the Area of Sagalassos: A Disappearing Ancient Technology", Anatolian Studies, Vol. 52, pp. 1–17 (13)

{{see also|4th century#Inventions, discoveries, introductions}}

• 280 – 550: Chaturanga, a precursor of Chess was invented in India during the Gupta Empire.{{cite book | author=Leibs, Andrew | year=2004 | title=Sports and Games of the Renaissance | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group | isbn=978-0-313-32772-8 | location=Westport, CT}}{{cite book |author=Estes, Rebecca |author2=Robinson, Dindy |year=1996 |title=World Cultures Through Art Activities |publisher=Teachers Ideas Press |location=Englewood, CO |isbn=978-1-56308-271-9}}{{cite web |date=5 March 2014 |title=Hindi and the origins of chess |url=http://en.chessbase.com/post/hindi-and-the-origins-of-chess |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308000809/http://en.chessbase.com/post/hindi-and-the-origins-of-chess |archive-date=8 March 2014 |work=chessbase.com}}
• 4th century: Roman Dichroic glass, which displays one of two different colors depending on lighting conditions.
• 4th century: Simple suspension bridge, independently invented in Pre-Columbian South America, and the Hindu Kush range, of present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan. With Han dynasty travelers noting bridges being constructed from 3 or more vines or 3 ropes.Needham, Joseph. (1986d). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. {{ISBN|0-521-07060-0}}, 187–189. Later bridges constructed utilizing cables of iron chains appeared in Tibet.{{cite book

|author=Peters, Tom F.

|title=Transitions in Engineering: Guillaume Henri Dufour and the Early 19th Century Cable Suspension Bridges

|publisher=Birkhauser

|year=1987

|isbn=3-7643-1929-1

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73JPiTuDYscC

}}"suspension bridge" in Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). 2008 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

• 4th century: Fishing reel in Ancient China: In literary records, the earliest evidence of the fishing reel comes from a 4th-century ADHucker (1975), 206. work entitled Lives of Famous Immortals.Ronan (1994), 41.
• 347: Oil Wells and Borehole drilling in China. Such wells could reach depths of up to 240 m (790 ft).{{cite web|url=http://www.astm.org/COMMIT/D02/to1899_index.html|title=ASTM International – Standards Worldwide|website=www.astm.org|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-date=6 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706232229/https://www.astm.org/COMMIT/D02/to1899_index.html|url-status=dead}}
• 4th century – 5th century: Paddle wheel boat (in De rebus bellicis) in Roman EmpireDe Rebus Bellicis (anon.), chapter XVII, text edited by Robert Ireland, in: BAR International Series 63, part 2, p. 34

{{see also|5th century#Inventions, discoveries, introductions}}

• 400: The construction of the Iron pillar of Delhi in Mathura by the Gupta Empire shows the development of rust-resistant ferrous metallurgy in Ancient India,[http://home.iitk.ac.in/%7Ebala/journalpaper/journal/journalpaper_17.pdf On the Corrosion Resistance of the Delhi Iron Pillar], R. Balasubramaniam, Corrosion Science, Volume 42 (2000) pp. 2103–2129. Corrosion Science is a publication specialized in corrosion science and engineering.{{cite book |author1=Yoshio Waseda |author2=Shigeru Suzuki | title = Characterization of corrosion products on steel surfaces |page=vii

|publisher=Springer | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=E_clmVK12YsC&q=iron+pillar+not+corrosive&pg=PR7 |isbn = 978-3-540-35177-1 |year = 2006}} although original texts do not survive to detail the specific processes invented in this period.

• 5th century: The horse collar as a fully developed collar harness is developed in Northern and Southern dynasties China during the 5th century AD.Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 28. The earliest depiction of it is a Dunhuang cave mural from the Chinese Northern Wei dynasty, the painting dated to 477–499.Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 322.
• 5th century – 6th century: Pointed arch bridge (Karamagara Bridge) in Cappadocia, Eastern Roman EmpireGalliazzo, Vittorio (1995): "I ponti romani", Vol. 1, Edizioni Canova, Treviso, {{ISBN|88-85066-66-6}}, p. 92Warren, John (1991): "Creswell's Use of the Theory of Dating by the Acuteness of the Pointed Arches in Early Muslim Architecture", Muqarnas, Vol. 8, pp. 59–65 (61–63)

File:Nepali charka in action.jpg Charkha in action]]

• By the 6th century: Incense clock in China.Schafer (1963), pages 160-161Bedini (1994), pages 69-80
• After 500: Charkha (spinning wheel/cotton gin) invented in India (probably during the Vakataka dynasty of Maharashtra, India), between 500 and 1000 A.D.{{cite book | last1 = Smith | first1 = C. Wayne | last2 = Cothren | first2 = J. Tom | title = Cotton: Origin, History, Technology, and Production | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | volume = 4 | date = 1999 | pages = viii | url = http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471180459.html | isbn = 978-0471180456

| quote = The first improvement in spinning technology was the spinning wheel, which was invented in India between 500 and 1000 A.D.}}

• 563: Pendentive dome (Hagia Sophia) in Constantinople, Eastern Roman EmpireHeinle, Erwin; Schlaich, Jörg (1996): "Kuppeln aller Zeiten, aller Kulturen", Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart, {{ISBN|3-421-03062-6}}, pp. 30–32
• 577: Sulfur matches exist in China.
• 589: Toilet paper in Sui dynasty China, first mentioned by the official Yan Zhitui (531–591), with full evidence of continual use in subsequent dynasties.Needham, Volume 5, Part 1, 123.Hunter (1978), 207.

{{see also|7th century#Inventions, discoveries, introductions}}

• 619: Toothbrush in China during the Tang dynasty{{cite book |last=Kumar |first=Jayanth V. |title=Textbook of preventive and community dentistry |year=2011 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-81-312-2530-1 |pages=412–413 |edition=2nd |chapter=Oral hygiene aids}}
• 672: Greek fire in Constantinople, Byzantine Empire: Greek fire, an incendiary weapon likely based on petroleum or naphtha, is invented by Kallinikos, a Lebanese Greek refugee from Baalbek, as described by Theophanes.{{Harvnb|Pryor|Jeffreys|2006|pp=607–609}} However, the historicity and exact chronology of this account is dubious,{{Harvnb|Theophanes|Turtledove|1982|p=52}} and it could be that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon.{{Harvnb|Roland|1992|p=657}}; {{Harvnb|Pryor|Jeffreys|2006|p=608}}
• 7th century: Banknote in Tang dynasty China: The banknote is first developed in China during the Tang and Song dynasties, starting in the 7th century. Its roots are in merchant receipts of deposit during the Tang dynasty (618–907), as merchants and wholesalers desire to avoid the heavy bulk of copper coinage in large commercial transactions.Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais (2006), 156.Bowman (2000), 105.Gernet (1962), 80.
• 7th century: Porcelain in Tang dynasty China: True porcelain is manufactured in northern China from roughly the beginning of the Tang dynasty in the 7th century, while true porcelain was not manufactured in southern China until about 300 years later, during the early 10th century.Wood (1999), 49.

{{see also|8th century#Inventions, discoveries, introductions}}

{{see also|9th century#Inventions, discoveries, introductions}}

File:Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba.jpgese samurai during the Mongol invasions of Japan after founding the Yuan dynasty, 1281.]]

• 9th century: Gunpowder in Tang dynasty China: Gunpowder is, according to prevailing academic consensus, discovered in the 9th century by Chinese alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality.Jack Kelly Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, and Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World, Perseus Books Group: 2005, {{ISBN|0465037224}}, 9780465037223: pp. 2-5 Evidence of gunpowder's first use in China comes from the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (618–907).Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 8–9, 80–82. The earliest known recorded recipes for gunpowder are written by Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du, and Yang Weide in the Wujing Zongyao, a military manuscript compiled in 1044 during the Song dynasty (960–1279).Needham (1987), Volume 5, Part 7, 70–73, 120–124.Gernet (1996), 311.Day & McNeil (1996), 785.
• 9th century: Playing card in Tang dynasty China{{Harvnb|Needham|1954|pp=[https://archive.org/stream/ScienceAndCivilisationInChina/Science_and_Civilisation_in_China_Vol_1_Introductory_Orientations#page/n177/mode/2up 131–132]}}.{{cite journal|last=Wilkinson | first=W.H. | title=Chinese Origin of Playing Cards | journal=American Anthropologist | volume=VIII | issue=1 | year=1895 | pages=61–78 | doi=10.1525/aa.1895.8.1.02a00070 | url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448960 | doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1017/S0041977X00008466| title = The game of leaves: An inquiry into the origin of Chinese playing cards| journal = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies| volume = 63| issue = 3| pages = 389–406| year = 2009| last1 = Lo | first1 = A. | s2cid = 159872810}}{{Harvnb|Needham|2004|p=[https://archive.org/stream/ScienceAndCivilisationInChina/Science_and_Civilisation_in_China_Vol_4-1_Physics_and_Physical_Technology_Physics#page/n379/mode/2up/search/dominoes 328]}} "it is also now rather well-established that dominoes and playing-cards were originally Chinese developments from dice."{{Harvnb|Needham|2004|p=[https://archive.org/stream/ScienceAndCivilisationInChina/Science_and_Civilisation_in_China_Vol_4-1_Physics_and_Physical_Technology_Physics#page/n383/mode/2up 332]}} "Numbered dice, anciently widespread, were on a related line of development which gave rise to dominoes and playing-cards (+9th-century China)."

{{see also|10th century#Inventions, discoveries, introductions}}

• 10th century: Fire lance in Song dynasty China, developed in the 10th century with a tube of first bamboo and later on metal that shot a weak gunpowder blast of flame and shrapnel, its earliest depiction is a painting found at Dunhuang.Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 224–225, 232–233, 241–244. Fire lance is the earliest firearm in the world and one of the earliest gunpowder weapons.{{cite book|author=Helaine Selin|title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=raKRY3KQspsC&pg=PA389|access-date=30 July 2013|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-7923-4066-9|page=389}}{{Citation | last = Crosby | first = Alfred W. | title = Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History | year = 2002 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn =0-521-79158-8}}
• 10th century: Fireworks in Song dynasty China: Fireworks first appear in China during the Song dynasty (960–1279), in the early age of gunpowder. Fireworks could be purchased from market vendors; these were made of sticks of bamboo packed with gunpowder.Gernet (1962), 186.
• 974: Fountain pen: invented at the request of al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah in Arab Egypt.{{Cite journal|journal=Journal of Semitic Studies|volume=26|issue=1|year=1981|pages=229–234|title=A Mediaeval Islamic Prototype of the Fountain Pen?|first=C. E.|last=Bosworth|quote= ...not more than a few days passed before the craftsman, to whom the construction of this contrivance had been described, brought in the pen, fashioned from gold. He then filled it with ink and wrote with it, and it really did write. The pen released a little more ink than was necessary. Hence al-Mu'izz ordered that it should be adjusted slightly, and he did this. He brought forward the pen and behold, it turned out to be a pen which can be turned upside down in the hand and tipped from side to side, and no trace of ink appears from it. When a secretary takes up the pen and writes with it, he is able to write in the most elegant script that could possibly be desired; then, when he lifts the pen off the sheet of writing material, it holds in the ink. I observed that it was a wonderful piece of work, the like of which I had never imagined I would ever see.|doi=10.1093/jss/26.2.229}}

{{main list|11th century#Inventions, discoveries, introductions}}

• 11th century: Early versions of the Bessemer process are developed in China.
• 11th century: Endless power-transmitting chain drive by Su Song for the development an astronomical clock (the Cosmic Engine)Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 111.
• 11th century: Calico was developed in Calicut, India.Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). [https://www.britannica.com/topic/calico-textile "calico"].
• 1088: Movable type in Song dynasty China: The first record of a movable type system is in the Dream Pool Essays, which attributes the invention of the movable type to Bi Sheng.Needham, Volume 5, Part 1, 201–202.Gernet (1996), 335.Bowman (2000), 599.Day & McNeil (1996), 70.

{{see also|13th century#Inventions, discoveries, introductions}}

• 13th century: Rocket for military and recreational uses date back to at least 13th-century China.{{cite web|url=http://www.solarviews.com/eng/rocket.htm|title=A Brief History of Rocketry |publisher=Solarviews.com |access-date=14 June 2012}}
• 13th century: The earliest form of mechanical escapement, the verge escapement in Europe.{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/timeinhistoryevo00whit|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/timeinhistoryevo00whit/page/104 104]|title=Time in History: Views of Time from Prehistory to the Present Day|first=G. J.|last=Whitrow|date=26 March 1989|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=26 March 2018|via=Internet Archive|isbn=9780192852113}}
• 13th century: Buttons (combined with buttonholes) as a functional fastening for closing clothes appear first in Germany.Lynn White: "The Act of Invention: Causes, Contexts, Continuities and Consequences", Technology and Culture, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Autumn, 1962), pp. 486–500 (497f. & 500)
• 13th century: Explosive bomb in Jin dynasty Manchuria: Explosive bombs are used in 1221 by the Jin dynasty against a Song dynasty city.{{cite book |author=Peter Connolly |url=https://archive.org/details/hutchinsondictio0000benn/page/356 |title=The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Warfare |date=1 November 1998 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-57958-116-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/hutchinsondictio0000benn/page/356 356]}} The first accounts of bombs made of cast iron shells packed with explosive gunpowder are documented in the 13th century in China and are called "thunder-crash bombs",Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 170–174. coined during a Jin dynasty naval battle in 1231.Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 171.
• 13th century: Hand cannon in Yuan dynasty China: The earliest hand cannon dates to the 13th century based on archaeological evidence from a Heilongjiang excavation. There is also written evidence in the Yuanshi (1370) on Li Tang, an ethnic Jurchen commander under the Yuan dynasty who in 1288 suppresses the rebellion of the Christian prince Nayan with his "gun-soldiers" or chongzu, this being the earliest known event where this phrase is used.Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 293–294.
• 13th century: Earliest documented snow goggles, a type of sunglasses, made of flattened walrus or caribou ivory are used by the Inuit peoples in the arctic regions of North America.{{cite web|url=http://collections.civilisations.ca/public/pages/cmccpublic/alt-emupublic/Display.php?irn=855927|title=Prehistoric Inuit Snow-Goggles, circa 1200|access-date=2009-01-25|publisher=Canadian Museum of Civilization | date=1997-10-03|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706173656/http://collections.civilisations.ca/public/pages/cmccpublic/alt-emupublic/Display.php?irn=855927|archive-date=2011-07-06}}
  {{cite book|title=Origin of Everyday Things|last1=Acton|first1=Johnny|last2=Adams|first2=Tania|last3=Packer|first3=Matt|editor-first=Jo|editor-last=Swinnerton|year=2006|publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.|isbn=1-4027-4302-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/originofeveryday0000acto/page/254 254]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/originofeveryday0000acto/page/254}}Inuit hero Nanook from the silent documentary film Nanook of the North (1922) wearing whale bone [https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/51/b0/57/51b057742fc5e30e5695bc9fe3a2afe3.jpg snow-goggles] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083959/https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/51/b0/57/51b057742fc5e30e5695bc9fe3a2afe3.jpg |date=March 4, 2016 }} Retrieved December 5, 2014 In China, the first sunglasses consisting of flat panes of smoky quartz are documented.{{cite web|url=http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/sunglasses.htm|title=Sunglasses History – The Invention of Sunglasses|access-date=2007-06-28|last=Ament|first=Phil|date=2006-12-04|work=The Great Idea Finder|publisher=Vaunt Design Group|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703224202/http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/sunglasses.htm|archive-date=2007-07-03}}{{cite web | last=Vision | first=Website | title=Torquay Museum | website=Torquay Museum | url=http://www.torquaymuseum.org/explore/collections-spotlight/explorers/chinese-sunglasses | access-date=2021-08-07}}
• 13th century - 14th century: Worm gear cotton gin in India.{{cite book |last=Habib |first=Irfan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA54 |title=Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500 |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-317-2791-1 |page=54 |author-link=Irfan Habib}}
• 1277: Land mine in Song dynasty China: Textual evidence suggests that the first use of a land mine in history is by a Song dynasty brigadier general known as Lou Qianxia, who uses an 'enormous bomb' (huo pao) to kill Mongol soldiers invading Guangxi in 1277.Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 175–176, 192.
• 1286: Eyeglasses in ItalyVincent Ilardi, Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Philosophical Society, 2007), [https://books.google.com/books?id=peIL7hVQUmwC&pg=PA5 page 5].

• Early 14th century – Mid 14th century: Multistage rocket in Ming dynasty China described in Huolongjing by Jiao Yu.
• By at least 1326: Cannon in Ming dynasty China{{cite journal|first=Lu|last=Gwei-Djen|author2=Joseph Needham |author3=Phan Chi-Hsing |date=July 1988|journal=Technology and Culture|volume=29|issue=3|pages=594–605|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|title=The Oldest Representation of a Bombard|doi=10.2307/3105275|jstor=3105275|s2cid=112733319 }}
• 14th century: Painting Canvas was first used in Italy.Gordon, xiii
• 14th century: Jacob's staff described by Levi ben Gerson
• 14th century: Naval mine in Ming dynasty China: Mentioned in the Huolongjing military manuscript written by Jiao Yu (fl. 14th to early 15th century) and Liu Bowen (1311–1375), describing naval mines used at sea or on rivers and lakes, made of wrought iron and enclosed in an ox bladder. A later model is documented in Song Yingxing's encyclopedia written in 1637.Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 203–205.
• 14th century: Bidriware in the Bahmani Sultanate in India.{{cite news |date=2 January 2012 |title=Proving their mettle in metal craft |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Proving-their-mettle-in-metal-craft/articleshow/11332582.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508043800/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-02/hyderabad/30580986_1_bidriware-hyderabad-bidar |archive-date=8 May 2013}}

File:Handtiegelpresse von 1811.jpg with movable type by the German Johannes Gutenberg.See [http://rhsweb.org/library/1000PeopleMillennium.htm People of the Millennium] for an overview of the wide acclaim. In 1999, the A&E Network ranked [http://www.wmich.edu/mus-gened/mus170/biography100 Gutenberg no. 1 on their "People of the Millennium" countdown]. In 1997, Time–Life magazine picked [http://www.mainz.de/gutenberg/g2000.htm Gutenberg's invention as the most important of the second millennium] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310192514/http://www.mainz.de/gutenberg/g2000.htm |date=10 March 2010}}; the same did four prominent US journalists in their 1998 resume [http://rhsweb.org/library/1000PeopleMillennium.htm 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium]. The [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07090a.htm Johann Gutenberg] entry of the Catholic Encyclopedia describes his invention as having made a practically unparalleled cultural impact in the Christian era. ]]

{{see also|15th century#Inventions, discoveries, introductions}}

• Early 15th century: Coil spring in Europe{{Cite book

| last=White

| first=Lynn Jr.

| title=Medieval Technology and Social Change

| publisher=Oxford Univ. Press

| year=1966

| location=New York

| isbn=0-19-500266-0

| url=https://archive.org/details/medievaltechnolo00whit

}}, p.126-127

• 15th century: Mainspring in Europe
• 15th century: Rifle in Europe
• 1420s: Brace in Flanders, Holy Roman EmpireWhite, Lynn (1962): "Medieval Technology and Social Change", At the Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 112
• 1439: Printing press in Mainz, Germany: The printing press is invented in the Holy Roman Empire by Johannes Gutenberg before 1440, based on existing screw presses. The first confirmed record of a press appeared in a 1439 lawsuit against Gutenberg.Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998. (pp 58–69) {{ISBN|0-471-29198-6}}
• Mid 15th century: The Arquebus (also spelled Harquebus) is invented, possibly in Spain.{{cite book|title=Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sttPAAAAMAAJ&pg=373|access-date=5 January 2016|volume=1|year=1833|publisher=C. Knight|pages=373–374}}{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/technology/harquebus |title=harquebus weapon |website=Britannica.com |access-date=5 January 2016}}
• 1480s: Mariner's astrolabe in Portuguese circumnavigation of AfricaStimson, Alan (1985): "The Mariner's Astrolabe. A Survey of 48 Surviving Examples", UC Biblioteca Geral, Coimbra, p. 576

• 16th century: Chintz or printed clothing in Golconda, India{{cite book |last=Noble |first=Allen G. |title=India: Cultural Patterns And Processes |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=9780429724633 |page=1 |jstor=44148394}}
• 16th century: Hookah by Irfan Shaikh, at the court of the Mughal emperor Akbar I (1542{{endash}}1605).

{{cite web |author=Razpush, Shahnaz |date=15 December 2000 |title=ḠALYĀN |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/galyan- |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=Encyclopedia Iranica |pages=261–265 |volume=X}}{{cite book |last=Sivaramakrishnan |first=V. M. |title=Tobacco and Areca Nut |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2001 |isbn=81-250-2013-6 |location=Hyderabad |pages=4–5}}

• 1560: Floating Dry Dock in Venice, Venetian RepublicSarton, George (1946): "Floating Docks in the Sixteenth Century", Isis, Vol. 36, No. 3/4, pp. 153–154 (153f.)
• 1569: Mercator Projection map created by Gerardus Mercator
• 1589: Stocking frame: Invented by William Lee.{{cite web|title=William Lee English inventor|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Lee|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=13 June 2017|language=en}}
• 1594: Backstaff: Invented by Captain John Davis.
• By at least 1597: Revolver: Invented by Hans Stopler.

File:Relation Aller Fuernemmen und gedenckwuerdigen Historien (1609).jpg, the world's first newspaper (first published in 1605)]]

• 1605: Newspaper (Relation): Johann Carolus in Strassburg (see also List of the oldest newspapers)World Association of Newspapers: [http://www.wan-press.org/article6476.html "Newspapers: 400 Years Young!"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310235015/http://www.wan-press.org/article6476.html |date=10 March 2010}}Weber, Johannes (2006): "Strassburg, 1605: The Origins of the Newspaper in Europe", German History, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 387–412 (396f.)
• 1608: Telescope: Patent applied for by Hans Lippershey. Actual inventor unknown since it seemed to already be a common item being offered by the spectacle makers in the Netherlands with Jacob Metius also applying for patent and the son of Zacharias Janssen making a claim 47 years later that his father invented it.
• 1620: Compound microscopes, which combine an objective lens with an eyepiece to view a real image, first appear in Europe. Apparently derived from the telescope, actual inventor unknown, variously attributed to Zacharias Janssen (his son claiming it was invented in 1590), Cornelis Drebbel, and Galileo Galilei.David Macaulay, The Way Things Work Now, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt – 2016, page 383
• 1630: Slide rule: invented by William OughtredMichelle Selinger, Teaching Mathematics (1994), p. 142.{{cite web|url=http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/delamain.html |title=The Galileo Project |publisher=Galileo.rice.edu |access-date=31 October 2012}}
• 1642: Mechanical calculator. The Pascaline is built by Blaise Pascal.{{Cite web |title=A Brief History of the Calculator I Oxford Open Learning |url=https://www.ool.co.uk/blog/brief-history-calculator/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=www.ool.co.uk}}
• 1643: Barometer: invented by Evangelista Torricelli, or possibly up to three years earlier by Gasparo Berti.{{cite web|url=http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/history/barometerhistory1.htm |title=The Invention of the Barometer |publisher=Islandnet.com |access-date=4 February 2010}}
• 1650: Vacuum pump: Invented by Otto von Guericke.{{Cite journal |last=da C. Andrade |first=E. N. |date=1959-03-01 |title=The history of the vacuum pump |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-207X%2859%2990555-X |journal=Vacuum |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=41–47 |doi=10.1016/0042-207X(59)90555-X |bibcode=1959Vacuu...9...41D |issn=0042-207X}}
• 1656: Pendulum clock: Invented by Christiaan Huygens. It was first conceptualized in 1637 by Galileo Galilei but he was unable to create a working model.{{Cite web |title=The invention of the pendulum clock {{!}} THE SEIKO MUSEUM GINZA |url=https://museum.seiko.co.jp/en/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=THE SEIKO MUSEUM |language=en}}
• 1663: Friction machine: Invented by Otto von Guericke.
• 1668: First functional reflecting telescope constructed by Isaac Newton.{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=A. Rupert (Alfred Rupert) |url=http://archive.org/details/isaacnewtonadven0000hall |title=Isaac Newton, adventurer in thought |date=1996 |publisher=Cambridge; New York, NY : Cambridge University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-521-56669-8}}
• 1679: Pressure-cooker: Invented by Denis Papin.{{Cite journal |last1=Hindle |first1=Brooke |last2=Lubar |first2=Steven |date=1988 |title=Engines of Change: The American Industrial Revolution, 1790-1860 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25143112 |journal=Labour / Le Travail |volume=22 |pages=378 |doi=10.2307/25143112 |jstor=25143112 |issn=0700-3862}}
• 1680: Christiaan Huygens provides the first known description of a piston engine.Thurston, pp 25
• 1698: Thomas Savery develops a steam-powered water pump: for draining mines{{Citation |title=Savery and his Fire Engine |date=2011-02-17 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511708169.003 |work=A Short History of the Steam Engine |pages=18–28 |access-date=2023-04-11 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511708169.003 |isbn=9781108012287 }}

• 1709: Bartolomeo Cristofori crafts the first piano.
• 1709: Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the alcohol thermometer.

• 1712: Thomas Newcomen builds the first commercial steam engine to pump water out of mines.{{cite book |title=An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology |last=McNeil |first=Ian |year=1990 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0-415-14792-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415147927}} Newcomen's engine, unlike Thomas Savery's, uses a piston.

• 1730: Thomas Godfrey and John Hadley independently develop the octant
• 1733: John Kay enables one person to operate a loom with the flying shuttle{{cite book |title=Memoir of John Kay, of Bury: Inventory of the Fly-Shuttle |last=Lord |first=John |year=1903 |publisher=J. Clegg |location=Rochdale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POgEAAAAYAAJ&q=%22john%20kay%22%20loom&pg=PA5}}
• 1738: Lewis Paul and John Wyatt invent the first mechanized cotton spinning machine.

• 1742: Benjamin Franklin invents the Franklin stove.
• 1745: Musschenbroek and Kleist independently develop the Leyden jar, an early form of capacitor.
• 1746: John Roebuck invents the lead chamber process.

• 1752: Benjamin Franklin invents the lightning rod.
• 1755: William Cullen invents the first artificial refrigeration machine.

• 1760: John Joseph Merlin invents the first Roller skates.{{Cite news |last=Pollak |first=Michael |date=2015-04-24 |title=The History of Roller Skates |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/26/nyregion/the-history-of-roller-skates.html |access-date=2023-04-11 |issn=0362-4331}}
• 1764: James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny.
• 1765: James Watt invents the improved steam engine utilizing a separate condenser.
• 1767: Joseph Priestley invents a method for the production of carbonated water.
• 1769: Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot invents the first steam-powered vehicle capable of carrying passengers, an early car.

• 1770: Richard Salter invents the earliest known design for a weighing scale.
• 1774: John Wilkinson invents his boring machine, considered by some to be the first machine tool.
• 1775: Jesse Ramsden invents the modern screw-cutting lathe.
• 1776: John Wilkinson invents a mechanical air compressor that would become the prototype for all later mechanical compressors.
• 1778: Robert Barron invents the first lever tumbler lock.

• 1780: Hyder Ali of Mysore, India develops the first metal-cylinder rockets.{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37179995 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727034357/https://www.nal.res.in/pdf/pdfrocket.pdf |title=Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750–1850 A.D. |last=Narasimha |first=Roddam |date=27 July 2011 |archive-date=27 July 2011 |publisher=National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science.}}
• 1783: Claude de Jouffroy builds the first steamboat.
• 1783: Joseph-Ralf and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier build the first manned hot air balloon.
• 1783: Louis-Sébastien Lenormand invents and uses the first modern parachute.
• 1785: Martinus van Marum is the first to use the electrolysis technique.
• 1786: Andrew Meikle invents the threshing machine.
• 1789: Edmund Cartwright invents the power loom.

• 1790: Thomas Saint invents the sewing machine.
• 1792: Claude Chappe invents the modern semaphore telegraph.
• 1793: Eli Whitney invents the modern cotton gin.
• 1795: Joseph Bramah invents the hydraulic press.
• 1796: Alois Senefelder invents the lithography printing technique.Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1998. p 146 {{ISBN|0-471-29198-6}}
• 1797: Samuel Bentham invents plywood.
• 1799: George Medhurst invents the first motorized air compressor.
• 1799: The first paper machine is invented by Louis-Nicolas Robert.

• 1800: Alessandro Volta invents the voltaic pile, an early form of battery in Italy, based on previous works by Luigi Galvani.
• 1802: Humphry Davy invents the arc lamp (exact date unclear; not practical as a light source until the invention of efficient electric generators).{{cite web |url=http://archives.theiet.org/about/Arclamps/arclamps.htm |title=The Arc Lamp |access-date=29 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207170412/http://archives.theiet.org/about/Arclamps/arclamps.htm |archive-date=7 February 2011}}
• 1804: Friedrich Sertürner discovers morphine as the first active alkaloid extracted from the opium poppy plant.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtOiLVWBn8cC&pg=PA20|page=20|title=Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology|author=Andreas Luch|publisher=Springer|year=2009|isbn=978-3-7643-8335-0}}
• 1804: Joseph Marie Jacquard develops his automated Jacquard loom.{{Cite web |title=Programming patterns: the story of the Jacquard loom |url=https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/jacquard-loom |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Science and Industry Museum |language=en}}
• 1804: Richard Trevithick invents the steam locomotive.{{cite web |url=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/trevithic_loco/ |title=Richard Trevithick's steam locomotive | Rhagor |access-date=3 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415125004/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/trevithic_loco |archive-date=15 April 2011}}
• 1804: Hanaoka Seishū creates tsūsensan, the first modern general anesthetic.{{cite journal|last1=Izuo|first1=M|title=Medical history: Seishu Hanaoka and his success in breast cancer surgery under general anesthesia two hundred years ago.|journal=Breast Cancer|date=2004|volume=11|issue=4|pages=319–324|pmid=15604985|location=Tokyo, Japan|doi=10.1007/bf02968037|s2cid=43428862}}
• 1807: Nicéphore Niépce invents an early internal combustion engine capable of doing useful work.
• 1807: François Isaac de Rivaz designs the first automobile powered by an internal combustion engine fuelled by hydrogen.
• 1807: Robert Fulton expands water transportation and trade with the workable steamboat.

File:KarlVonDrais.jpg

• 1810: Nicolas Appert invents the canning process for food.Applied Nutrition and Food Technology, Jesse D. Dagoon, 1989; p. 2.
• 1810: Abraham-Louis Breguet creates the first wristwatch.{{Cite web|title=First wristwatch {{!}} Breguet|url=https://www.breguet.com/en/history/inventions/first-wristwatch|access-date=14 June 2021|website=www.breguet.com}}
• 1811: Friedrich Koenig invents the first powered printing press, which was also the first to use a cylinder.
• 1812: William Reid Clanny pioneered the invention of the safety lamp which he improved in later years. Safety lamps based on Clanny's improved design were used until the adoption of electric lamps.
• 1814: James Fox invents the modern planing machine, though Matthew Murray of Leeds and Richard Roberts of Manchester have also been credited at times with its invention.
• 1816: René Laennec invents the first Stethoscope.{{Cite web |title=1816-1882: Early Stethoscope |url=https://emsmuseum.org/collections/archives/stethoscopes/stethoscopes/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=EMS Museum |language=en-US}}
• 1816: Francis Ronalds builds the first working electric telegraph using electrostatic means.
• 1816: Robert Stirling invents the Stirling engine.R. Sier (1999)
• 1817: Baron Karl von Drais invents the dandy horse, an early velocipede and precursor to the modern bicycle.
• 1818: Marc Isambard Brunel invents the tunnelling shield.

• 1822: Thomas Blanchard invents the pattern-tracing lathe (actually more like a shaper). The lathe can copy symmetrical shapes and is used for making gun stocks, and later, ax handles.{{cite book

|title= Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age: Technological Invention in the United States 1790-1865

|last= Thomson

|first= Ross

|year= 2009

|publisher= The Johns Hopkins University Press

|location= Baltimore, MD

|isbn= 978-0-8018-9141-0

|url-access= registration

|url= https://archive.org/details/structuresofchan0000thom

}}

{{Harvnb|Hounshell|1984|p=35}}

• 1822: Nicéphore Niépce invents Heliography, the first photographic process.
• 1822: Charles Babbage, considered the "father of the computer",{{cite book | author=Halacy, Daniel Stephen | title = Charles Babbage, Father of the Computer | url=https://archive.org/details/charlesbabbagefa00hala | url-access=registration | year = 1970 | publisher=Crowell-Collier Press | isbn = 0-02-741370-5}} begins building the first programmable mechanical computer.
• 1823: Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner invents the first lighter.
• 1824: Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse invents the bolt-action rifle.Flatnes, Oyvind. From Musket to Metallic Cartridge: A Practical History of Black Powder Firearms. Crowood Press, 2013, pp. 125–130. {{ISBN|978-1847975935}}
• 1824: William Sturgeon invents the electromagnet.{{cite journal |last=Sturgeon |first=W. |year=1825 |title=Improved Electro Magnetic Apparatus |journal=Trans. Royal Society of Arts, Manufactures, & Commerce |volume=43 |pages=37–52}} cited in {{cite book |last=Miller |first=T.J.E |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E8VroIWyjB8C&pg=PA7 |title=Electronic Control of Switched Reluctance Machines |publisher=Newnes |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7506-5073-1 |pages=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203032419/https://books.google.com/books?id=E8VroIWyjB8C&pg=PA7 |archive-date=2016-12-03 |url-status=live}}Windelspecht, Michael. [https://books.google.com/books?id=hX1jPbJVSu4C&dq=%22William+Sturgeon%22+electromagnet+1825&pg=PR22 Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the 19th Century] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111015300/https://books.google.com/books?id=hX1jPbJVSu4C&pg=PR22&lpg=PR22&dq=%22William+Sturgeon%22+electromagnet+1825&source=web&ots=BhXj3j9j4t&sig=6gI6QNC-Yc5YMCY5RpEE43eIfgU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result|date=2017-01-11}}, xxii, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, {{ISBN|0-313-31969-3}}.
• 1826: John Walker invents the friction match.{{cite web |title=John Walker's Friction Light |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/hQR9oN5LTeCLcuKfPDMJ9A |access-date=25 August 2011}}
• 1826: James Sharp invents and goes on to manufacture the first practical gas stove.
• 1828: James Beaumont Neilson develops the hot blast process.
• 1828: Patrick Bell invents the reaping machine.
• 1828: Hungarian physicist Ányos Jedlik invents the first commutated rotary electromechanical machine with electromagnets.
• 1829: Louis Braille invents the Braille reading system for the blind.{{Cite web |title=What Is Braille? |url=https://www.afb.org/blindness-and-low-vision/braille/what-braille |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=The American Foundation for the Blind |language=en-US}}
• 1829: William Mann invents the compound air compressor.
• 1829: Henry Robinson Palmer is awarded a patent for corrugated galvanised iron.

• 1830: Edwin Budding invents the lawn mower.
• 1831: Michael Faraday invents a method of electromagnetic induction. It would be independently invented by Joseph Henry the following year. Faraday is credited with inventing the first electric generator called the Faraday disk.
• 1834: Moritz von Jacobi invents the first practical electric motor.
• 1835: Joseph Henry invents the electromechanical relay.
• 1837: Samuel Morse invents Morse code.
• 1838: Moritz von Jacobi invents electrotyping.
• 1839: William Otis invents the steam shovel.
• 1839: James Nasmyth invents the steam hammer.
• 1839: Edmond Becquerel invents a method for the photovoltaic effect, effectively producing the first solar cell.
• 1839: Charles Goodyear invents vulcanized rubber.{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Robert M. |date=1969-09-01 |title=Early History of Butyl Rubber. Charles Goodyear Medal Address—1969 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3539292 |journal=Rubber Chemistry and Technology |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=G90–G96 |doi=10.5254/1.3539292 |issn=1943-4804}}
• 1839: Louis Daguerre invents daguerreotype photography.{{Cite web |last=Daniel |first=Authors: Malcolm |title=Daguerre (1787–1851) and the Invention of Photography {{!}} Essay {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/dagu/hd_dagu.htm |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |language=en}}

{{main list|1840s#Science and technology}}

• 1840: John Herschel invents the blueprint.{{Cite web |last=DCC |first=Blueprint |date=2013-04-05 |title=Blueprint data release - April 2013 |doi=10.6019/blueprint_20130405 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.6019/blueprint_20130405}}
• 1841: Alexander Bain devises a printing telegraph.{{cite web|url=http://distantwriting.co.uk/bain.html|title=Distant Writing – Bain|author=Steven Roberts}}
• 1842: William Robert Grove invents the first fuel cell.
• 1842: John Bennet Lawes invents superphosphate, the first man-made fertilizer.
• 1844: Friedrich Gottlob Keller and, independently, Charles Fenerty come up with the wood pulp method of paper production.
• 1844: Francis Rynd invents the hypodermic needle.
• 1845: Isaac Charles Johnson invents modern Portland cement.
• 1846: Henri-Joseph Maus invents the tunnel boring machine.
• 1847: Ascanio Sobrero invents Nitroglycerin, the first explosive made that was stronger than black powder.
• 1848: Jonathan J. Couch invents the pneumatic drill.
• 1848: Linus Yale Sr. invents the first modern pin tumbler lock.
• 1849: Walter Hunt invents the first repeating rifle to use metallic cartridges (of his own design) and a spring-fed magazine.
• 1849: James B. Francis invents the Francis turbine.
• 1849: Walter Hunt invents the Safety pin.{{Cite web |title=Walter Hunt {{!}} Lemelson |url=https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/walter-hunt |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=lemelson.mit.edu}}

• 1850: William Armstrong invents the hydraulic accumulator.
• 1851: George Jennings offers the first public flush toilets, accessible for a penny per visit, and in 1852 receives a UK patent for the single piece, free standing, earthenware, trap plumed, flushing, water-closet.{{Cite web |title=Model of Jenning's patent water closet {{!}} Science Museum Group Collection |url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co146940/model-of-jennings-patent-water-closet-model |access-date=12 March 2022 |website=collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk |language=en}}
• 1852: Robert Bunsen is the first to use a chemical vapor deposition technique.
• 1852: Elisha Otis invents the safety brake elevator.Goodwin, Jason OTIS GIVING RISE TO THE MODERN CITY, Chicago, 2001: Ivan R. Dee, Publisher, pp. 5-21
• 1852: Henri Giffard becomes the first person to make a manned, controlled and powered flight using a dirigible.
• 1853: François Coignet invents reinforced concrete.
• 1855: James Clerk Maxwell invents the first practical method for color photography, whether chemical or electronic.
• 1855: Henry Bessemer patents the Bessemer process for making steel, with improvements made by others over the following years.
• 1856: Alexander Parkes invents parkesine, also known as celluloid, the first man-made plastic.
• 1856: James Harrison produces the world's first practical ice making machine and refrigerator using the principle of vapour compression in Geelong, Australia.{{cite web|title=An Act to render valid a Patent heretofore granted to James Harrison for Manufacturing Ice|publisher=Flinders University, Adelaide|url=https://dspace.flinders.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2328/2352/1/PAct21862.pdf}}
• 1856: William Henry Perkin invents mauveine, the first synthetic dye.
• 1857: Heinrich Geissler invents the Geissler tube.
• 1857: The phonautograph, the earliest known device for recording sound, is patented and invented by Frenchman Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville.
• 1859: Gaston Planté invents the lead acid battery, the first rechargeable battery.

• 1860: Joseph Swan produces carbon fibers.{{cite web|last1=Deng|first1=Yuliang|title=CARBON FIBER ELECTRONIC INTERCONNECTS|url=http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/6997/umi-umd-4508.pdf;jsessionid=68F4C2E5ED25F0593891CE08553A7BF3?sequence=1}}
• 1864: Louis Pasteur invents the pasteurization process.
• 1865: Carl Wilhelm Siemens and Pierre-Émile Martin invented the Siemens-Martin process for making steel.
• 1867: Alfred Nobel invents dynamite, the first safely manageable explosive stronger than black powder.
• 1867: Lucien B. Smith invents barbed wire, which Joseph F. Glidden will modify in 1874, leading to the taming of the West and the end of the cowboys.

• 1872: Polyvinyl chloride, more commonly known as vinyl, is synthesized by German chemist Eugen Baumann
• 1872: J.E.T. Woods and J. Clark invented stainless steel. Harry Brearley was the first to commercialize it.{{cite book|last1=M. Cobb|first1=Harold|title=The History of Stainless Steel|date=2010|publisher=ASM International|isbn=978-1615030118|pages=11|edition=illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E30rCBeM8nkC|access-date=23 February 2017|language=en|chapter=Chapter 2: The Early Discoveries}}
• 1873: Frederick Ransome invents the rotary kiln.
• 1873: William Crookes, a chemist, invents the Crookes radiometer as the by-product of some chemical research.
• 1873: Zénobe Gramme invents the first commercial electrical generator, the Gramme machine.
• 1874: Gustave Trouvé invents the first metal detector.
• 1875: Fyodor Pirotsky invents the first electric tram near Saint Petersburg, Russia.
• 1876: Nicolaus August Otto invents the four-stroke cycle.
• 1876: Alexander Graham Bell has a patent granted for the telephone. However, other inventors before Bell had worked on the development of the telephone and the invention had several pioneers.{{cite book|author=Charles R. Geisst|title=Encyclopedia of American Business History|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0987-9|page=425}}
• 1877: Thomas Edison invents the first working phonograph.{{cite web|title= The History of the Edison Cylinder Phonograph|publisher=Library of Congress|url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edcyldr.html}}
• 1878: Henry Fleuss is granted a patent for the first practical rebreather.{{cite journal |last=Quick |first=D. |title=A History Of Closed Circuit Oxygen Underwater Breathing Apparatus |journal=Royal Australian Navy, School of Underwater Medicine. |volume=RANSUM-1-70 |year=1970 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4960 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509072728/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4960 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 May 2008 |access-date=25 August 2011 }}
• 1878: Lester Allan Pelton invents the Pelton wheel.
• 1879: Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison both patent a functional incandescent light bulb. Some two dozen inventors had experimented with electric incandescent lighting over the first three-quarters of the 19th century but never came up with a practical design.Friedel, Robert, and Paul Palestine. 1986. Edison's electric light: biography of an invention. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. pages 115–117 Swan's, which he had been working on since the 1860s, had a low resistance so was only suited for small installations. Edison designed a high-resistance bulb as part of a large-scale commercial electric lighting utility.Kenneth E. Hendrickson III, The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3, Rowman & Littlefield – 2014, page 564Maury Klein, The Power Makers: Steam, Electricity, and the Men Who Invented Modern America, Bloomsbury Publishing USA – 2010, Chapter 9 – The Cowbird, The Plugger, and the DreamerDavid O. Whitten, Bessie Emrick Whitten, Handbook of American Business History: Manufacturing, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1990, pages 315-316

• 1881: Nikolay Benardos presents carbon arc welding, the first practical arc welding method.{{cite web | title= Beginnings of submerged arc welding | url= http://bulletin.is.gliwice.pl/PDF/2014/03/02_Turyk_Grobosz_Beginnings_of_submerged_arc_welding.pdf | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070057/http://bulletin.is.gliwice.pl/PDF/2014/03/02_Turyk_Grobosz_Beginnings_of_submerged_arc_welding.pdf | archive-date= 4 March 2016}}
• 1884: Hiram Maxim invents the recoil-operated Maxim gun, ushering in the age of semi- and fully automatic firearms.
• 1884: Paul Vieille invents Poudre B, the first smokeless powder for firearms.
• 1884: Sir Charles Parsons invents the modern steam turbine.
• 1884: Hungarian engineers Károly Zipernowsky, Ottó Bláthy and Miksa Déri invent the closed core high efficiency transformer and the AC parallel power distribution.
• 1885: John Kemp Starley invents the modern safety bicycle.{{cite web|title=Bicycle Association leads birthday celebrations for JK Starley, creator of the Safety bicycle |url=http://www.bicycleassociation.org.uk/page6/files/3670931ce5bd420a443f9e5ff33bbbfd-2.html |website=bicycleassociation.org |publisher=Bicycle Association |access-date=4 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104031640/http://www.bicycleassociation.org.uk/page6/files/3670931ce5bd420a443f9e5ff33bbbfd-2.html |archive-date=4 January 2015}}{{cite book|title=The Britannica Guide to Inventions That Changed the Modern World|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|isbn=978-1-61530-064-8|page=124|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mab-a3cBxDApg&q=john+kemp+starley+rover+safety+bicycle&pg=PA124}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
• 1886: Carl Gassner invents the zinc–carbon battery, the first dry cell battery, making portable electronics practical.
• 1886: Charles Martin Hall and independently Paul Héroult invent the Hall–Héroult process for economically producing aluminum in 1886.
• 1886: Karl Benz invents the first petrol or gasoline powered auto-mobile (car).[http://home.arcor.de/carsten.popp/DE_00037435_A.pdf DRP's patent No. 37435] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204045616/http://home.arcor.de/carsten.popp/DE_00037435_A.pdf |date=4 February 2012}} (PDF, 561 kB, German)
• 1887: Carl Josef Bayer invents the Bayer process for the production of alumina.
• 1887: James Blyth invents the first wind turbine used for generating electricity.
• 1887: John Stewart MacArthur, working in collaboration with brothers Dr. Robert and Dr. William Forrest, develops the process of gold cyanidation.
• 1888: John J. Loud invents the ballpoint pen.Great Britain Patent No. 15630, 30 October 2008
• 1888: Thomas Edison and William Kennedy Dickson invent the Kinetoscope.{{Cite web |title=Today in History - August 31 |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/august-31/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}
• 1888: Heinrich Hertz publishes a conclusive proof of James Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic theory in experiments that also demonstrate the existence of radio waves. The effects of electromagnetic waves had been observed by many people before this but no usable theory explaining them existed until Maxwell.
• 1888: The first practical pneumatic tire was made by Scotsman John Boyd Dunlop, the patent was from 1847 by Robert William Thomson

• 1890s: Frédéric Swarts invents the first chlorofluorocarbons to be applied as refrigerant.{{cite book|title=Drug discovery: a history|chapter=Chapter 8: Systematic medicine|pages=74–87|author=Sneader W|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|location=Chichester, England|year=2005|isbn=978-0-471-89980-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYQxRY9umjcC&q=Drug+Discovery+history|access-date=13 September 2010}}
• 1890: Robert Gair would invent the pre-cut cardboard box.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kc0MSzFvrH8C&q=robert+gair|title=Cartons, Crates and Corrugated Board: Handbook of Paper and Wood Packaging Technology|first1=Diana|last1=Twede|first2=Susan E. M.|last2=Selke|date=15 August 2005|publisher=DESIGN HOUSE Incorporated|isbn=978-1-932078-42-8 |via=Google Books}}
• 1891: Whitcomb Judson invents the zipper.
• 1892: Léon Bouly invents the cinematograph.
• 1892: Thomas Ahearn invents the electric oven.{{cite web |title=Patent 39916 Summary |url=https://www.ic.gc.ca/opic-cipo/cpd/eng/patent/39916/summary.html?type=number_search&tabs1Index=tabs1_1 |website=Government of Canada |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228192325/https://www.ic.gc.ca/opic-cipo/cpd/eng/patent/39916/summary.html?type=number_search&tabs1Index=tabs1_1 |url-status=dead }}
• 1893: Rudolf Diesel invents the diesel engine (although Herbert Akroyd Stuart had experimented with compression ignition before Diesel).
• 1893: William Stewart Halsted, invents the rubber glove for his wife Caroline Hampton as he noticed her hands were affected by the daily surgeries she had performed. The gloves were intended to prevent medical staff from developing dermatitis from surgical chemicals.{{cite book|title=Born in the USA: The Book of American Origins|year=2009|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing Inc.|url=https://archive.org/details/borninusabookofa0000home|url-access=registration|quote=William Halsted and rubber gloves.|page=[https://archive.org/details/borninusabookofa0000home/page/186 186]}}{{Cite web|title=Rubber Gloves: "Born" - and Now Banished - At Johns Hopkins - 01/14/2008|url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/rubber_gloves_born___and_now_banished___at_johns_hopkins|access-date=2021-07-03|website=www.hopkinsmedicine.org|language=en}}{{Cite news|last=Leyden|first=John G.|date=1990-11-27|title=The Strange Story of Surgical Gloves|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/wellness/1990/11/27/the-strange-story-of-surgical-gloves/a4b63531-1b0a-4799-ae13-24ec3f2c33d1/|access-date=2021-07-03|issn=0190-8286}} The first modern disposable glove was created by Ansell Rubber Co. Pty. Ltd. in 1965.{{Cite web|last=Brown|first=Walter|date=2016-12-12|title=The History of Disposable Gloves|url=https://blog.ammex.com/the-history-of-disposable-gloves/|access-date=2021-07-03|website=AMMEX|language=en-US}}{{Cite web|title=Ansell - Our history|url=https://www.ansell.com/us/en/about-us/our-history|access-date=2021-07-03|website=www.ansell.com}}{{Cite patent|title=Surgeon's glove having improved donning properties|gdate=1995-04-17|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US5570475A/en | status=expired | invent1=Jeffery G. Nile | invent2=Stanley J. Gromelski | invent3=Alan A. Brain | invent4=Steven T. Hardwick}}
• 1895: Guglielmo Marconi invents a system of wireless communication using radio waves.
• 1895: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen invented the first radiograph (X-ray).
• 1897: Surgical masks made of cloth were developed in Europe by physicians Jan Mikulicz-Radecki at the University of Breslau and Paul Berger in Paris, as a result of increasing awareness of germ theory and the importance of antiseptic procedures in medicine.{{cite journal | vauthors = Strasser BJ, Schlich T | title = A history of the medical mask and the rise of throwaway culture | journal = Lancet | volume = 396 | issue = 10243 | pages = 19–20 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32450110 | pmc = 7255306 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31207-1 }}
• 1898: Hans von Pechmann synthesizes polyethylene, now the most common plastic in the world.{{cite journal|author=von Pechmann, H. |year=1898|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k90751n/f312.image.langEN |title=Ueber Diazomethan und Nitrosoacylamine|journal=Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin|volume=31|issue=3|pages=2640–2646|quote= page 643: Erwähnt sei noch, dass aus einer ätherischen Diazomethanlösung sich beim Stehen manchmal minimale Quantitäten eines weissen, flockigen, aus Chloroform krystallisirenden Körpers abscheiden; ... (It should be mentioned that from an ether solution of diazomethane, upon standing, sometimes small quantities of a white, flakey substance, which can be crystallized from chloroform, precipitate; ... )|doi=10.1002/cber.18980310314}}
• 1899: Waldemar Jungner invents the rechargeable nickel-cadmium battery (NiCd) as well as the nickel-iron electric storage battery (NiFe) and the rechargeable alkaline silver-cadmium battery (AgCd)

• 1900: The first Zeppelin is designed by Theodor Kober.
• 1901: The first motorized cleaner using suction, a powered "vacuum cleaner", is patented independently by Hubert Cecil Booth and David T. Kenney.Gantz, Carroll (21 September 2012). The Vacuum Cleaner: A History. McFarland. p. 49
• 1903: The first successful gas turbine is invented by Ægidius Elling.
• 1903: Édouard Bénédictus invents laminated glass.
• 1903: First sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight achieved by an airplane flown at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina by Orville and Wilbur Wright. See Claims to the first powered flight.
• 1904: The Fleming valve, the first vacuum tube and diode, is invented by John Ambrose Fleming.
• 1907: The first free flight of a rotary-wing aircraft is carried out by Paul Cornu.
• 1907: Leo Baekeland invents bakelite, the first plastic made from synthetic components.
• 1907: The tuyères thermopropulsivesPeter O. K. Krehl (24 Sep 2008) [https://books.google.com/books?id=PmuqCHDC3pwC&q=patent+for+ramjet+1908+Lorin History of Shock Waves, Explosions and Impact: A Chronological and Biographical Reference], [https://books.google.com/books?id=PmuqCHDC3pwC&dq=patent+for+ramjet+1908+Lorin&pg=PA443 p.443], Springer Science & Business Media, {{ISBN|3540304215}}, {{ISBN|9783540304210}}, accessed 7 July 2019 after 1945 (Maurice Roy (fr)) known as the statoreacteur[https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/personnage/Lorin/126530 Personnage] Larousse, accessed 7 July 2019 a combustion subsonique (the ramjet)Anthony Roux (2 July 2009) [http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7859/1/roux1.pdf Simulation aux Grandes Echelles d'un statoréacteur], p.15, University of Toulouse, "...La propulsion par statoreacteur a été inventée par le francais René Lorin en 1907 et decrite pour la ´

premiere fois dans la revue ` l'aerophile ´ dans un article intitule "Propulseur par reaction directe"...", accessed 7 July 2019 – R. Lorin[https://www.dmg-lib.org/dmglib/main/portal.jsp?mainNaviState=browsen.biogr.viewer&id=24306004 Lorin, René (1877–1933)], Digital Mechanism and Gear Library, [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Hans-von-Ohain-Elegance-Library/dp/1563475200 first contact for: "1913 – Lorin" (Margaret Connor)] obtained via search criteria (google): [https://www.google.com/search?q=discovery+of+scramjet+Frank+Whittle&ei=0DUiXbqnB9yBhbIPh4uqIA&start=40&sa=N&ved=0ahUKEwi6z_uMtKPjAhXcQEEAHYeFCgQ4HhDw0wMIhwE&biw=1920&bih=969 "discovery of scramjet Frank Whittle"], accessed 7 July 2019R. Lorin (15 May 1913) – [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6552332d/f237.image de la turbine a gaz au propulseur a reaction], pp.229–230, L'Aérophile; BnF Gallica, accessed 7 July 2019Michael G. Smith (1 December 2014) — [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xtm5BAAAQBAJ&q=type+of+engine+proposed+by+Lorin+in+1908 Rockets and Revolution: A Cultural History of Early Spaceflight], [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xtm5BAAAQBAJ&dq=type+of+engine+proposed+by+Lorin+in+1908&pg=PT72 7th page of Chapter 3], University of Nebraska Press, {{ISBN|0803286546}}, {{ISBN|9780803286542}}, accessed 7 July 2019

• 1908: Cellophane is invented by Jacques E. Brandenberger.
• 1909: Fritz Haber invents the Haber process.
• 1909: The first instantaneous transmission of images, or television broadcast, is carried out by Georges Rignoux and A. Fournier.

File:BERy Articulated number 2 side view, 1913.jpg

• 1911: The cloud chamber, the first particle detector, is invented by Charles Thomson Rees Wilson.
• 1912: The first commercial slot cars or more accurately model electric racing cars operating under constant power were made by Lionel (USA) and appeared in their catalogues in 1912.
• 1912: The first use of articulated trams by Boston Elevated Railway.
• 1913: The Bergius process is developed by Friedrich Bergius.
• 1913: The Kaplan turbine is invented by Viktor Kaplan.
• 1915: Harry Brearley invents a process to create Martensitic stainless steel, initially labelled Rustless Steel, later marketed as Staybrite, and AISI Type 420.{{cite news|date=31 January 1915|title=A non-rusting steel|work=The New York Times}}
• 1915: The first operational military tanks are designed in Great Britain and France. They are used in battle from 1916 and 1917 respectively. The designers in Great Britain are Walter Wilson and William Tritton and in France, Eugène Brillié. (Although it is known that vehicles incorporating at least some of the features of the tank were designed in a number of countries from 1903 onward, none reached a practical form.)
• 1916: The Czochralski process, widely used for the production of single crystal silicon, is invented by Jan Czochralski.
• 1917: The crystal oscillator is invented by Alexander M. Nicholson using a crystal of Rochelle Salt although his priority was disputed by Walter Guyton Cady.

• 1925: The Fischer–Tropsch process is developed by Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Kohlenforschung.
• 1926: The Yagi-Uda Antenna or simply Yagi Antenna is invented by Shintaro Uda of Tohoku Imperial University, assisted by his colleague Hidetsugu Yagi. The Yagi Antenna was widely used during World War II. After the war they saw extensive development as home television antennas.
• 1926: Robert H. Goddard launches the first liquid fueled rocket.
• 1926: Harry Ferguson, patents the Three-point hitch equipment linkage system for tractors.{{Cite web |title=TractorData.com - Three-Point Hitch |url=http://www.tractordata.com/articles/technical/threepoint.html |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=www.tractordata.com}}
• 1926: John Logie Baird demonstrates the world's first live working television system.[https://www.bairdtelevision.com/the-televisor-successful-test-of-new-apparatus-1926.html "The "Televisor" Successful Test of New Apparatus"], The Times (London), Thursday 28 January 1926, p. 9 column C.{{cite news |date=26 January 2016 |title=Who invented the television? How people reacted to John Logie Baird's creation 90 years ago |newspaper=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/google-doodle/12121474/Who-invented-the-television-John-Logie-Baird-created-the-TV-in-1926.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126005621/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/google/google-doodle/12121474/Who-invented-the-television-John-Logie-Baird-created-the-TV-in-1926.html |archive-date=26 January 2016}}{{cite news |date=26 January 2016 |title=Who invented the mechanical television? (John Logie Baird) |publisher=Google. |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=43A_5kGJ2hw}}
• 1927: The quartz clock is invented by Warren Marrison and J.W. Horton at Bell Telephone Laboratories.{{cite journal |last=Marrison |first=Warren |title=The Evolution of the Quartz Crystal Clock |year=1948 |journal=Bell System Technical Journal |publisher=AT&T |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=510–588 |url=http://www.ieee-uffc.org/freqcontrol/marrison/Marrison.html |doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01343.x |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513175811/http://www.ieee-uffc.org/freqcontrol/marrison/Marrison.html |archive-date=13 May 2007}}
• 1928: Penicillin is first observed to exude antibiotic substances by Nobel laureate Alexander Fleming. Development of medicinal penicillin is attributed to a team of medics and scientists including Howard Walter Florey, Ernst Chain and Norman Heatley.
• 1928: Frank Whittle formally submitted his ideas for a turbo-jet engine. In October 1929, he developed his ideas further.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/whittle_frank.shtml |title=History – Frank Whittle (1907–1996) |publisher=BBC |access-date=26 March 2010}} On 16 January 1930, Whittle submitted his first patent (granted in 1932).{{Cite web|url=https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=GB&NR=347206&KC=&FT=E|title=Espacenet - Original document|website=worldwide.espacenet.com}}
• 1928: Philo Farnsworth demonstrates the first practical electronic television to the press.
• 1929: The ball screw is invented by Rudolph G. Boehm.

• 1930: The Supersonic combusting ramjet — Frank Whittle.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}
• 1930: The Phase-contrast microscopy is invented by Frits Zernike.
• 1931: The electron microscope is invented by Ernst Ruska.
• 1933: FM radio is patented by inventor Edwin H. Armstrong.
• 1933: Harry C. Jennings Sr. and Herbert Everest, both mechanical engineers, invented the first lightweight, steel, folding, portable wheelchair with their "X-brace" design.Everest, Herbert A., Jennings, Harry C. Sr., "Folding wheel chair", US Patent 2095411, 1937{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2618319A/en|title=X-brace construction for collapsible invalids' wheel chairs}}
• 1935: Nylon, the first fully synthetic fiber is produced by Wallace Carothers while working at DuPont.{{cite web|title=Wallace Hume Carothers|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/wallace-hume-carothers|website=Science History Institute|date=June 2016|access-date=20 March 2018}}
• 1938: Z1, built by Konrad Zuse, is the first freely programmable computer in the world.
• 1938: Nuclear fission discovered in experiment by chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann and physicists Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch. The German nuclear energy project was based on this research. The Tube Alloys project and, subsequently, the Manhattan Project and the Soviet atomic bomb project were influenced by this research.
• 1939: G. S. Yunyev or Naum Gurvich invented the electric current defibrillator

• 1940: Pu-239 isotope (isotope of plutonium)[https://www.armscontrol.org/act/1997-11/features/technology-nuclear-weapons The Technology of Nuclear Weapons], Arms Control Association, accessed 9 January 2020[http://www.radioactivity.eu.com/site/pages/Plutonium_239.htm Plutonium 239] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118091017/http://www.radioactivity.eu.com/site/pages/Plutonium_239.htm |date=18 January 2020 }}, EDP-Sciences (EDITIONS DE PHYSIQUE) (& the Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et Physique des Particules (IN2P3) accessed 9 January 2020 a form of matter existing with the capacity for use as a destructive element[https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/plutonium Plutonium], published by the Atomic Heritage Foundation & the National Museum of Nuclear Science & History (of the United States) 5 June 2014 – accessed 2020-1-9, re-accessed due to an error in application during 9, 10 January 2020 (because the isotope has an exponentially increasing spontaneous{{Cite book | publisher=Springer | location=Berlin, Heidelberg | chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-55764-4_8 | title=Nuclides.net | doi=10.1007/978-3-642-55764-4_8 | isbn=978-3-642-62817-7 | chapter=Fission Products and Yields ϒ | date=2003 | last1=Magill | first1=Joseph | pages=187–196 }} fissile decaySegre, Emilio — [https://escholarship.org/content/qt8v41m1pb/qt8v41m1pb.pdf Spontaneous Fission] p.13 "From this we deduce a spontaneous fission decay constant of 2.1 x l0³ fissions per gram per second". published Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, 22 November 1950 (this source represents a re-application of sourcing due to an [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_discoveries_by_disciplines&oldid=934934652#Technological error in application of sourcing to the inclusion " fission" (+) "decay" during the 1st inclusion made 2020-1-9])) within nuclear devices — Glenn Seaborg.
• 1940: John Randall and Harry Boot would develop the high power, microwave generating, cavity magnetron, later applied to commercial Radar and Microwave oven appliances.{{Cite web |title=The Magnetron |url=http://histru.bournemouth.ac.uk/Oral_History/Talking_About_Technology/radar_research/the_magnetron.html |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=histru.bournemouth.ac.uk}}
• 1941: Polyester is invented by John Rex Whinfield and James Dickson.{{cite web|last1=Bellis|first1=Mary|title=The History of Polyester|url=http://inventors.about.com/od/famousinventions/fl/The-History-of-Polyester.htm|website=About.com|access-date=23 February 2017}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
• 1942: The V-2 rocket, the world's first long range ballistic missile, developed by engineer Wernher von Braun.
• 1944: The non-infectious viral vaccine is perfected by Dr. Jonas Salk and Thomas Francis.Bookchin, Debbie and Schumacher, Jim. The Virus and the Vaccine. MacMillan 2005

• 1945: The atomic bomb is developed by the Manhattan Project and swiftly used in August 1945 in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, effectively ending World War II.
• 1945: Percy Spencer, while employed at Raytheon, would patent a magnetron based microwave oven.{{Cite web |title=Espacenet - Bibliographic data |url=https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=US&NR=2495429&KC=&FT=E&locale=en_EP |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=worldwide.espacenet.com}}
• 1945: Willard Libby began his work on radiocarbon dating. He published his paper in 1946,Bowman (1995), pp. 9–15.{{cite journal|last=Libby|first=W.F.|year=1946|title=Atmospheric helium three and radiocarbon from cosmic radiation|journal=Physical Review|volume=69|issue=11–12|pages=671–672|bibcode=1946PhRv...69..671L|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.69.671.2}} a second paper in Science in 1947.{{cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=E.C.|last2=Libby|first2=W.F.|last3=Weinhouse|first3=S.|last4=Reid|first4=A.F.|last5=Kirshenbaum|first5=A.D.|last6=Grosse|first6=A.V.|year=1947|title=Radiocarbon from cosmic radiation|journal=Science|volume=105|issue=2765|pages=576–577|bibcode=1947Sci...105..576A|doi=10.1126/science.105.2735.576|pmid=17746224}} Libby and James Arnold succeeded with the radiocarbon dating theory after results were published in Science in December 1949.{{cite journal|last1=Arnold|first1=J.R.|last2=Libby|first2=W.F.|year=1949|title=Age determinations by radiocarbon content: checks with samples of known age|url=http://hbar.phys.msu.ru/gorm/fomenko/libby.htm|journal=Science|volume=110|issue=2869|pages=678–680|bibcode=1949Sci...110..678A|doi=10.1126/science.110.2869.678|jstor=1677049|pmid=15407879}}Aitken (1990), pp. 60–61.
• 1946: James Martin invents the ejector seat, inspired by the death of his friend and test pilot Captain Valentine Baker in an aeroplane crash in 1942.
• 1947: Holography is invented by Dennis Gabor.
• 1947: Floyd Farris and J.B. Clark (Stanolind Oil and Gas Corporation) invents hydraulic fracturing technology.{{Citation | first = George E | last = King | url = http://www.kgs.ku.edu/PRS/Fracturing/Frac_Paper_SPE_152596.pdf | title = Hydraulic fracturing 101 | publisher = Society of Petroleum Engineers | id = Paper 152596 | year = 2012}}
• 1947: The first transistor, a bipolar point-contact transistor, is invented by John Bardeen and Walter Brattain under the supervision of William Shockley at Bell Labs.
• 1948: The first atomic clock is developed at the National Bureau of Standards.
• 1948: Basic oxygen steelmaking is developed by Robert Durrer. The majority of steel manufactured in the world is produced using the basic oxygen furnace; in 2000, it accounted for 60% of global steel output.Smil, pp. 97-98.

• 1950: Bertie the Brain, debatably the first video game, is displayed to the public at the Canadian National Exhibition.
• 1950: The Toroidal chamber with axial magnetic fields (the Tokamak) is developed by Igor E. Tamm and Andrei D. Sakharov.R.G. Sharma (26 February 2015) [https://books.google.com/books?id=jbvdBgAAQBAJ&q=Tokamak+T-1+1958 Superconductivity: Basics and Applications to Magnets], [https://books.google.com/books?id=jbvdBgAAQBAJ&dq=Tokamak+T-1+1958&pg=PA316 p.311] Springer Science+Business Media, {{ISBN|3319137131}}, {{ISBN|9783319137131}}, illustrated, Retrieved 27 June 2019
• 1952: The float glass process is developed by Alastair Pilkington.{{cite web|title=The Float Process|url=http://www.pilkington.com/pilkington-information/about+pilkington/education/float+process/default.htm|website=pilkington.com|publisher=Plinkington|access-date=23 February 2017|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924073324/http://www.pilkington.com/pilkington-information/about+pilkington/education/float+process/default.htm|url-status=dead}}
• 1952: The first thermonuclear weapon is developed.
• 1953: The first video tape recorder, a helical scan recorder, is invented by Norikazu Sawazaki.
• 1954: Invention of the solar battery by Bell Telephone scientists, Calvin Souther Fuller, Daryl Chapin and Gerald Pearson capturing the Sun's power. First practical means of collecting energy from the Sun and turning it into a current of electricity.
• 1955: The hovercraft is patented by Christopher Cockerell.
• 1955: The intermodal container is developed by Malcom McLean.
• 1956: The hard disk drive is invented by IBM.{{cite web|title=IBM 350 disk storage unit|url=https://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/storage/storage_350.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120630034047/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/storage/storage_350.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2012|website=IBM|date=23 January 2003|access-date=25 February 2017}}
• 1956: The Logic Theorist computer program, the first "artificial intelligence program", was written and invented by Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon, and Cliff Shaw.

{{Harvnb|McCorduck|2004|pp=123–125}}, {{Harvnb|Crevier|1993|pp=44–46}} and {{Harvnb|Russell|Norvig|2021|p=17}}

• 1957: The laser and optical amplifier are invented and named by Gordon Gould and Charles Townes. The laser and optical amplifier are foundational to powering the Internet.{{Cite book|last=Kumar|first=Aran|title=2014 International Conference on Issues and Challenges in Intelligent Computing Techniques (ICICT) |chapter=Optical amplifier: A key element of high speed optical network |date=2014|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6781324|publisher=IEEE|pages=450–452|doi=10.1109/ICICICT.2014.6781324|isbn=978-1-4799-2900-9|s2cid=32667559}}
• 1957: The first personal computer used by one person and controlled by a keyboard, the IBM 610, is invented by IBM.
• 1957: The first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, is launched.
• 1958 – 1959: The integrated circuit is independently invented by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce.
• 1959: The MOSFET (MOS transistor) is invented by the Egyptian Mohamed Atalla and the Korean Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs. It is used in almost all modern electronic products. It was smaller, faster, more reliable and cheaper to manufacture than earlier bipolar transistors, leading to a revolution in computers, controls and communication.{{Cite web | url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/ |title = 1960: Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated | the Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum}}{{Cite web | url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-transistor/ | title=Who Invented the Transistor?| date=4 December 2013}}{{Cite web | url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |title = 13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History|date = 2 April 2018}}

File:0 series Yurakucho 19670505.jpg

• 1960: The first functioning laser is invented by Theodore Maiman.
• 1963: The first electronic cigarette is created by Herbert A. Gilbert. Hon Lik is often credited with its invention as he developed the modern electronic cigarette and was the first to commercialize it.
• 1964: Shinkansen, the first high-speed rail commercial passenger service.
• 1965: Kevlar is invented by Stephanie Kwolek at DuPont.
• 1969: The NPL network followed by the ARPANET implement packet switching for data communication,{{Cite journal |last1=John S |first1=Quarterman |last2=Josiah C |first2=Hoskins |date=1986 |title=Notable computer networks |journal=Communications of the ACM |language=EN |volume=29 |issue=10 |pages=932–971 |doi=10.1145/6617.6618 |s2cid=25341056 |quote=The first packet-switching network was implemented at the National Physical Laboratories in the United Kingdom. It was quickly followed by the ARPANET in 1969. |doi-access=free}}{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.inc.com/computerfreaks |title=Computer Freaks |date=June 22, 2023 |last=Haughney Dare-Bryan |first=Christine |type=Podcast |publisher=Inc. Magazine |series=Chapter Two: In the Air |minutes=35:55 |quote=Leonard Kleinrock: Donald Davies ... did make a single node packet switch before ARPA did}} drawing on the concepts and designs of Donald Davies,{{cite book |last1=Abbate |first1=Jane |author-link=Janet Abbate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2BdY6WQo4AC&q=packet+switching&pg=PA125 |title=Inventing the Internet |date=2000 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0262261333 |pages=37–8, 58–9 |quote=The NPL group influenced a number of American computer scientists in favor of the new technique, and they adopted Davies's term "packet switching" to refer to this type of network. Roberts also adopted some specific aspects of the NPL design.}}{{cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=Dr. Lawrence G. |date=November 1978 |title=The Evolution of Packet Switching |url=http://www.ismlab.usf.edu/dcom/Ch10_Roberts_EvolutionPacketSwitching_IEEE_1978.pdf |journal=IEEE Invited Paper |access-date=10 September 2017 |quote=In nearly all respects, Davies’ original proposal, developed in late 1965, was similar to the actual networks being built today. |archive-date=31 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092936/http://www.ismlab.usf.edu/dcom/Ch10_Roberts_EvolutionPacketSwitching_IEEE_1978.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |title=Computer Pioneers - Donald W. Davies |url=https://history.computer.org/pioneers/davies.html |access-date=2020-02-20 |website=IEEE Computer Society |quote=The design of the ARPA network (ArpaNet) was entirely changed to adopt this technique. |postscript=none}}; {{Cite web |title=Donald Davies|url=https://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/donald-davies |access-date=20 April 2022 |website=www.internethalloffame.org |quote=the ARPANET received his network design enthusiastically and the NPL local network became the first two computer networks in the world using the technique.}} and Paul Baran.{{Cite news |title=The real story of how the Internet became so vulnerable |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/ |url-status=dead |access-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530231409/http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/ |archive-date=30 May 2015 |quote=Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran}} These are considered precursors to the modern Internet.

• 1970s: Public-key cryptography is invented and developed by James H. Ellis, Clifford Cocks, Malcolm J. Williamson, Whitfield Diffie, Martin Hellman, Ralph Merkle, Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, Leonard Adleman, et al.
• 1970: The pocket calculator is invented.
• 1971: The first single-chip microprocessor, the Intel 4004, is invented. Its development was led by Federico Faggin, using his silicon-gate MOS technology. This led to the personal computer (PC) revolution.{{Cite web | url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/microprocessor-integrates-cpu-function-onto-a-single-chip/ |title = 1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip | the Silicon Engine | Computer History Museum}}
• 1971: The first space station, Salyut 1, is launched.
• 1971: IBM developed and released the world's first floppy disk and disk drive.{{cite web|url=http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/memory-storage/8/261|title=Floppy Disks - CHM Revolution|website=www.computerhistory.org|access-date=October 6, 2017|archive-date=2017-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103071537/http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/memory-storage/8/261|url-status=live}}
• 1972: The first video game console, used primarily for playing video games on a TV, is the Magnavox Odyssey.[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1200970 "The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information"], Martin Hilbert and Priscila López (2011), Science, 332(6025), 60-65; free access to the article through here martinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html
• 1973: The first fiber optic communication systems were developed by Optelecom.Nick Taylor. Laser: The Inventor, the Nobel Laureate, and the Thirty-Year Patent War. Simon & Schuster. 2000
• 1973: The first commercial graphical user interface is introduced in 1973 on the Xerox Alto. The modern GUI is later popularized by the Xerox Star and Apple Lisa.
• 1973: The first capacitive touchscreen is developed at CERN.
• 1974: The Transmission Control Program is proposed by Vinton Cerf and Robert E. Kahn, building on the work of Louis Pouzin and other Internet pioneers, creating the basis for the modern Internet.{{Cite journal |last1=Cerf |first1=V. |last2=Kahn |first2=R. |date=1974 |title=A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication |url=https://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall06/cos561/papers/cerf74.pdf |journal=IEEE Transactions on Communications |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=637–648 |doi=10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092259 |issn=1558-0857 |quote=The authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols, especially R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, D. Walden, and H. Zimmerman; D. Davies and L. Pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues; and S. Crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations.}}{{Cite news |date=30 November 2013 |title=The internet's fifth man |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21590765-louis-pouzin-helped-create-internet-now-he-campaigning-ensure-its |access-date=22 April 2020 |issn=0013-0613 |quote=In the early 1970s Mr Pouzin created an innovative data network that linked locations in France, Italy and Britain. Its simplicity and efficiency pointed the way to a network that could connect not just dozens of machines, but millions of them. It captured the imagination of Dr Cerf and Dr Kahn, who included aspects of its design in the protocols that now power the internet.}}
• 1974: The lithium-ion battery is invented by M. Stanley Whittingham, and further developed in the 1980s and 1990s by John B. Goodenough, Rachid Yazami and Akira Yoshino. It has impacted modern consumer electronics and electric vehicles.{{Cite web | url=https://www.ieee.org/about/awards/bios/environmental-safety-recipients.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325040102/https://www.ieee.org/about/awards/bios/environmental-safety-recipients.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 March 2019 | title=IEEE Medal for Environmental and Safety Technologies Recipients| website=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)}}
• 1974: The Rubik's cube is invented by Ernő Rubik which went on to be the best selling puzzle ever.{{Cite news |last=de Castella |first=Tom |date=28 April 2014 |title=The people who are still addicted to the Rubik's Cube |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27186297 |access-date=28 April 2014 |work=BBC News Magazine |publisher=BBC}}
• 1977: Dr Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger invented a new DNA sequencing method for which they won the Nobel Prize.{{Cite journal|last1=Gilbert|first1=Walter|last2=Maxam|first2=Allan|date=February 1977|title=A new method for sequencing DNA|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=74 |issue=2|pages=560–566|doi=10.1073/pnas.74.2.560|pmid=265521|pmc=392330|bibcode=1977PNAS...74..560M|doi-access=free}}
• 1977: The first self-driving car that did not rely upon rails or wires under the road is designed by the Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Laboratory.{{Cite web|url=https://www.web2carz.com/autos/car-tech/6396/the-vamors-was-the-worlds-first-real-deal-autonomous-car|title=The VaMoRs Was the World's First Real-Deal Autonomous Car | Web2Carz|date=28 February 2017|website=Web2Carz.com}}
• 1978: The Global Positioning System (GPS) enters service. While not the first Satellite navigation system, it is the first to enter widespread civilian use.
• 1979: The first handheld game console with interchangeable game cartridges, the Microvision is released.
• 1979: Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) launched the first cellular network in Japan.Garcia-Swartz, Daniel D, and Martin Campbell-Kelly. [https://watermark.silverchair.com/c001700_9780262370011.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAA1EwggNNBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggM-MIIDOgIBADCCAzMGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMdfdIw9EUcJh3wr1MAgEQgIIDBKoiLSROBm6jhDF-QaJ_82PXbPJ1lhqmG-X-Yqt2Xi0gi_GzWfkLC8lW_XVrHrT_Jbref1FPziJU0_Q_bztUIErncsgCLctRwzhcQ9l99sWd0uszbmd-JUKPbRca485OKhAhtnXH0F-Sg7C-fKivMrN2o6LuwONWpCgDIxm6eStLl-SfhQN1ZO7pZvKD5_GKc4vVXjh3JLOWMgoBmpk4RuUeQIjoTlbGlNcK3q-InBXM4BgypLkGwZttoOXWslAeXwxclSppiyGy9P3lQp6jBNHrHLzVmYO_R02VFR7uk2VqnSjhScJdropIVWnbuftAwpw_-c5R6xqJfbuLhfUJv2wPJMpJSj1cF5EYZtvfGQQaYIO8Lp0xuRyNt5DDhRRY8RQLHAZm0yQKzubQ11TNpcfFO2Glc2zmJ6SLBC0RUDmHT_j9-osG0twobaYiJeIW7BjtjMETUzCx4mPgiAs72HwSDU1JKc2wy-wXo7V_1S52NjqMXbOZn6ZEweUBqyW31coGOSWmN5qe5gcd-wGDSrNfXtwF-CDPrCLehsYV7KysoSRY-1QoDq3V8sKl25Dek84fXersK8Rc3-UtWR7ltG4QfdeHHtPNyNOCctcoYMsPtfB5Cb5EeGCwPojyiO3VD30n3u6LxQEr5u-2j3i3dAYkUoQ5VL0bkWNoooVVxvZQw4zP2dBhySWrA1h4_XpTEvnA4UTWwJaZN0poSoBsFFgSxjrz9CS4m-f-78p9eTbG36oajZoZN7sav1PB0oiWCaI6sFugKLaSR-NYnRxdvZ5sUQVYZ8KbPUH17UjiPrSExKkxk0yMeXc2tOipvDMQnv62SjzR9Ko9qSYcJQh8hXEMgxJAkquC3OnNHbWaMR9rVIzyep1t-pT88sLoVG4gD8EKAp7Yd7DqfWwKZg2-TjIYxpmJT4kjqfrG74m21IVHiyGzNJ9NayY67pHAOgyRxRucX_v8vIiQX0ZFS3zxccr64iLV9GeKyUYZz2iT1Y3iXuGTDsEkpsT0qTIndg5lLgZDf-0 “The First Cellular Systems: Japan, Europe, and the United States.”] Cellular: An Economic and Business History of the International Mobile-Phone Industry, The MIT Press, pp. 52–52.
• 1979: Public dialup information, messaging and e-commerce services, were pioneered through CompuServe and RadioShack's MicroNET, and the UK's Post Office Telecommunications Prestel services.{{Cite magazine |last=Tweney |first=Dylan |title=Sept. 24, 1979: First Online Service for Consumers Debuts |language=en-US |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2009/09/0924compuserve-launches/ |access-date=26 February 2022 |issn=1059-1028}}{{Cite web |title=BBC - A History of the World - Object : Prestel badge |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/mWvJg15mRuOLEwrqZKVjBw |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=BBC}}

• 1980: Flash memory (both NOR and NAND types) was invented by Fujio Masuoka while working for Toshiba. It was formally introduced to the public in 1984.
• 1980: Scientists Mark Skolnick, Ron Davis, Ray White, and David Botstein published their findings on a gene mapping tool using Restriction Fragment-length Polymorphisms (RFLP), that would have applications to identify heritable disorders, including some forms of cancer.{{Cite book |last=Cook-Deegan |first=Robert |title=The gene wars: science, politics, and the human genome |date=1995 |publisher=Norton |isbn=978-0-393-31399-4 |edition=1. publ. as a Norton paperback |location=New York NY}}{{Cite book |last1=Bishop |first1=Jerry E. |title=Genome: the story of the most astonishing scientific adventure of our time; the attempt to map all the genes in the human body |last2=Waldholz |first2=Michael |date=1990 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-671-74032-0 |location=New York}}Botstein D, White RL, Skolnick M, Davis RW. [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1686077/ Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms.] Am J Hum Genet. 1980 May;32(3):314-31. PMID 6247908; PMCID: PMC1686077.
• 1981: The first reusable spacecraft, the Space Shuttle undergoes test flights ahead of full operation in 1982.
• 1981: Kane Kramer develops the credit card-sized, IXI digital media player.{{Cite patent|number=4667088|title=Portable data processing and storage system|gdate=1987-05-19|invent1=Kramer|invent2=Campbell|inventor1-first=Kane N.|inventor2-first=James S.|url=https://www.freepatentsonline.com/4667088.html}}
• 1981: Televerket, a Swedish state-owned corporation, launched the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system.{{Cite web |date=2023-01-21 |title=NMT - Nordic Mobile Telephone System - SolveForce Communications |url=http://solveforce.com/nmt-nordic-mobile-telephone-system/#:~:text=NMT%20(Nordic%20Mobile%20Telephone%20System,to%20cover%20an%20entire%20country |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=solveforce.com |language=en-US}}Garcia-Swartz, Daniel D, and Martin Campbell-Kelly. [https://watermark.silverchair.com/c001700_9780262370011.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAA1EwggNNBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggM-MIIDOgIBADCCAzMGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMzJ3U80urYIDfIar2AgEQgIIDBHGL1HVH-kO3lQOkHchm4XtMnmZcC1alrEPY3y-ocf9bdf-jIhMaeo6l1Rv-bCjo269l7-jYNiUAW7JXhFzCdDB-leR4TFgFKaK0Oh12DDhzieGXf_SaZYsMQv5IKfEiKxV-ZaKhjlhJuYOtHFiMjue8oPnKaStazTnmiLVHvLK5qcX8lNvarJWXX6vluNZ3p7Yj_bApCdoEKg9MIIQ59ZBv0_WT3w_NFC2cvKkH1f8C2WcObccPWTtPzqKshT7w2Gm2GpMml4R8Dk5mUj01E9UozydTvWaESyRdlin9gtgNXz5Ujgfo6c_m4CB4KU3wj3YvyAwe9Om8Jc63Z6fZZ7vtja7GGFOUYCcrv2myUN9zn9djF-bEumsZygA5FdAiKV0-UWGuasCTXyLYh-bJsXs2YbG21nsSSoxAzE2PH_3SzwipWwSKFp2EvIEuvZIn784KFtVivDNtIuYP7I5-K1A4nJizQo6zNqp10CvyldNbXxJJ3DS58gU1at9RMgAtWRLiniiSabGEi7OKf9czgYtPBX2n5LYR2k-_ETPhkyXPFKlptHino0oOUBEIk9WORuldmShQNAlh_iexWfUe49gPoFbjO18F-nNg6YrRh3Cy4zpnWPYGEIRGUdWX-6ZSKToeM3zZw7kWnGZdORhhviMCjrf-iIAeZKExkFfbfMT20ZB48vpPCVqQRLo6hPJi4V4Sgt2azobglv_eTGrDn5jcgGJRbfoqtim8rXcsBRJXU6gt1KbL0WFHtztENBOa80ivzuPySDgJOQfvTA9xh8hXcjZIFLfr87ufq9_sKnB4dwc4DE0DfggjfESbK3VvsedaE2A3lXohLpL5IudfqCJcIesNb9fxwGacKYp-TuELvAvCOhJ5gFVfEsG4eK4x2RkCd_5teasXt0siUAlvDMONTL3iu6-7rru1lhZpFznbZCT6ZaUnBIfvRMaON9dopyK_EaYn0Smv1vgBR_UjxJHI_MhKQMuaF6c8mIR41bS8s-ptDwlVpstVHA3id1rEGBZGnxk “The First Cellular Systems: Japan, Europe, and the United States.”] Cellular: An Economic and Business History of the International Mobile-Phone Industry, The MIT Press, pp. 50–51.{{Cite journal |last=Al-Khouri |first=Ali M. |date=2015 |title=Towards a SIM-less Existence: The Evolution of Smart Learning Networks |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44430335 |journal=Educational Technology |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=19–26 |jstor=44430335 |issn=0013-1962}}
• 1981: Comvik, a Swedish telecommunications company, launched the first commercial automatic cellular system. However, according to the Swedish Post and Telecom Authority, the company launched an unlicensed automatic system. Comvik didn’t receive a license to operate until December 1981, two months after the NMT system was launched.Mölleryd, Bengt G. [https://research.hhs.se/esploro/outputs/doctoral/Entrepreneurship-in-technological-systems--the/991001480453506056 “Entrepreneurship in Technological Systems - The Development of Mobile Telephony in Sweden.”] Stockholm School of Economics: Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics, 1999, pp. 104.{{Cite book |last=Andersson |first=Per |title=Stenbeck: en biografi över en framgångsrik affärsman |date=2012 |publisher=Modernista |isbn=978-91-7499-112-3 |edition=Ny, utök. utg. |location=Stockholm}}
• 1982: A CD-ROM contains data accessible to, but not writable by, a computer for data storage and music playback. The 1985 Yellow Book standard developed by Sony and Philips adapted the format to hold any form of binary data.{{Patent|EP|689208|"Method for block oriented addressing" – for block layouts see columns 1 and 2}}
• 1982: Direct to home satellite television transmission, with the launch of Sky One service.{{Cite web |title=SatMagazine |url=http://www.satmagazine.com/story.php?number=1053209847 |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=www.satmagazine.com}}
• 1982: The first laptop computer is launched, the 8/16-bit Epson HX-20.{{cite web|url=http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/personal/0081.html|title=Shinshu Seiki/Suwa Seikosha HC-20|website=IPSJ Computer Museum|access-date=19 June 2019}}
• 1983: Stereolithography is invented by Chuck Hull.{{cite web |title=Our Story |url=https://www.3dsystems.com/our-story |website=3D Systems |date=12 January 2017 |access-date=12 July 2018}}
• 1983: Ameritech, now known as AT&T, commercialized the Bell System (its cellular network) in Chicago, Ill.{{Cite news |last=Galazzo |first=Richard |date=2020-09-21 |title=Timeline from 1G to 5G: A Brief History on Cell Phones - CENGN |url=http://www.cengn.ca/information-centre/innovation/timeline-from-1g-to-5g-a-brief-history-on-cell-phones/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241213231942/https://www.cengn.ca/information-centre/innovation/timeline-from-1g-to-5g-a-brief-history-on-cell-phones/ |archive-date=2024-12-13 |access-date=2024-12-16 |work=CENGN |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=First American Cellular Network |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/first-american-cellular-network/ |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}
• 1984: The first commercially available cell phone in the US, the DynaTAC 8000X, is created by Motorola.
• 1984: DNA profiling is pioneered by Alec Jeffreys.{{Cite journal |last=Zagorski |first=Nick |date=13 June 2006 |title=Profile of Alec J. Jeffreys |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=103 |issue=24 |pages=8918–8920 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0603953103 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=1482540 |pmid=16754883|bibcode=2006PNAS..103.8918Z |doi-access=free }}{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/may/24/dna-fingerprinting-alec-jeffreys|title=Eureka moment that led to the discovery of DNA fingerprinting|date=24 May 2009|work=The Guardian|access-date=11 April 2022|archive-date=26 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426075251/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/may/24/dna-fingerprinting-alec-jeffreys|url-status=live}}
• 1986: Technophone, a British mobile phone company, created the first pocket-sized cell phone, the Excell PCT105.Becket, Michael. [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/IO0702090869/TGRH?u=tele&sid=bookmark-TGRH. "Excell unveils new portable telephone."] Daily Telegraph, 13 July 1987, p. 20. The Telegraph Historical Archive, Accessed 25 Oct. 2024.{{Cite web |date=2014-11-18 |title=Vintage Mobiles |url=http://www.gsmhistory.com/vintage-mobiles/#technophone_pc105t_1986 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=GSM History: History of GSM, Mobile Networks, Vintage Mobiles |language=en-US}}
• 1989: Karlheinz Brandenburg would publish the audio compression algorithms that would be standardised as the: MPEG-1, layer 3 (mp3), and later the MPEG-2, layer 7 Advanced Audio Compression (AAC).{{Cite web |last= |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |last4= |first4= |title=On the 20th Birthday of the MP3, An Interview With The "Father" of the MP3, Karlheinz Brandenburg |url=https://www.internethistorypodcast.com/2015/07/on-the-20th-birthday-of-the-mp3-an-interview-with-the-father-of-the-mp3-karlheinz-brandenburg/ |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=Internet History Podcast |language=en-US}}
• 1989: The World Wide Web is invented by computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee.{{cite magazine |title=Tim Berners Lee – Time 100 People of the Century |url=http://205.188.238.181/time/time100/scientist/profile/bernerslee.html |url-status=dead |magazine=Time Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203163437/http://205.188.238.181/time/time100/scientist/profile/bernerslee.html |archive-date=3 February 2011 |access-date=17 May 2010 |quote=He wove the World Wide Web and created a mass medium for the 21st century. The World Wide Web is Berners-Lee's alone. He designed it. He loosed it on the world. And he more than anyone else has fought to keep it open, nonproprietary and free.}}{{cite web |author=Berners-Lee, Tim |title=Pre-W3C Web and Internet Background |url=http://w3.org/2004/Talks/w3c10-HowItAllStarted/?n=15 |access-date=21 April 2009 |publisher=World Wide Web Consortium}}

• 1990: The Neo Geo AES becomes the first video game system to launch that used Memory Cards.
• 1990: The first search engine invented was “Archie”, created by Alan Emtage a student at McGill University in Montreal.
• 1991: The first commercial flash-based solid-state drive is launched by SunDisk.{{Cite web|url=https://www.computerhistory.org/storageengine/solid-state-drive-module-demonstrated/|title=1991: Solid State Drive module demonstrated | The Storage Engine | Computer History Museum|website=www.computerhistory.org}}
• 1991: The first sim card is developed by Munich smart-card maker Giesecke & Devrient.
• 1993: IBM created the first mobile app with SIMON; it had 10 built-in apps from Email to Calendar.
• 1994: IBM Simon, the world's first smartphone, is developed by IBM.
• 1994: First generation of Bluetooth is developed by Ericsson Mobile. A form of data communication on short distances between electronic devices.
• 1994: A Tetris variant on the Hagenuk MT-2000 device becomes the first mobile game.
• 1995: DVD is an optical disc storage format, invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions.
• 1995: Match.com launches as the first dating site ever and is the number 1 most visited dating site in the US.
• 1995: Waiter.com launches as the first online food ordering service.
• 1996: The Ciena Corporation, in partnership with Sprint, deployed the first commercial dense wavelength-division multiplexing system, which created the massive capacity of the Internet.{{Cite news|last=Markoff|first=John|date=3 March 1997|title=Fiber-Optic Technology Draws Record Stock Value|work=The New York Times}}{{Cite web |title=Unified Patents - Analytics Portal |url=https://portal.unifiedpatents.com/patents/patent/US-5504609-A |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=portal.unifiedpatents.com}}{{Cite book |last=Hecht |first=Jeff |title=City of light: the story of fiber optics |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-19-510818-7 |edition=Rev. and expanded ed., 1. paperback [ed.] |series=The Sloan technology series |location=Oxford}}
• 1996: Mobile web was first commercially offered in Finland on the Nokia 9000 Communicator phone, and it was also the first phone with texting.
• 1996: Bolt and Six Degrees (1997) both become the first social media sites.
• 1996: Myriad Genetics released the BRACAnalysis, the first commercial genetic test for assessing the risk of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer.Cook-Deegan, Robert, and Annie Niehaus. [http://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4225052/ “After Myriad: Genetic Testing in the Wake of Recent Supreme Court Decisions about Gene Patents.”] Current Genetic Medicine Reports, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 11 Sept. 2014,{{Cite web |last=Begley |first=Sharon |date=2016-11-29 |title=As revenue falls, a pioneer of cancer gene testing slams rivals with overblown claims |url=https://www.statnews.com/2016/11/29/brca-cancer-myriad-genetic-tests/ |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=STAT |language=en-US}}
• 1997: The first weblog, a discussion or informational website, was created by Jorn Barger, and later shortened to "blog" in 1999 by Peter Merholz.
• 1998: The first portable MP3 player was released by SaeHan Information Systems.
• 1998:  The search engine Google, is launched.Hall, Mark, and William L Hosch. [http://www.britannica.com/money/Google-Inc “Google: American Company.”] Encyclopædia Britannica, 31 Oct. 2024.
• 1999: The first digital video recorder (DVR), the TiVo, is launched by Xperi.
• 1999: NTT DoCoMo launches i-mode, the first integrated Online App store for mobile phones.

• 2000: Sony develops the first prototypes for the Blu-ray optical disc format. The first prototype player was released in 2004.
• 2000: First documented placement of Geocaching, an outdoor recreational activity, in which participants use a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver or mobile device and other navigational techniques to hide and seek containers, took place on May 3, 2000, by Dave Ulmer of Beavercreek, Oregon.
• 2004: First podcast, invented by Adam Curry and Dave Winer, is a program made available in digital format for download over the Internet and it usually features one or more recurring hosts engaged in a discussion about a particular topic or current event.{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/podcast |title=Podcast |dictionary=Cambridge Dictionary |edition=Online |access-date=April 21, 2022}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/podcast|title = Definition of PODCAST| date=21 November 2023 }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/podcast|title=Podcast Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary|website=britannica.com}}
• 2005: YouTube, the first popular video-streaming site, was founded
• 2007: Netflix debuted the first popular video-on-demand service
• 2007: Apple Inc. released the iPhone
• 2007: The Bank of Scotland develops the world's first banking app
• 2007: SoundCloud, the first on-demand service to focus on music is debuted
• 2007: First Kindle introduced by Amazon (company) founder and CEO Jeff Bezos, who instructed the company's employees to build the world's best e-reader before Amazon's competitors could. Amazon originally used the codename Fiona for the device. This hardware evolved from the original Kindle introduced in 2007 and the Kindle DX (with its larger 9.7" screen) introduced in 2009.[https://www.theverge.com/2014/12/17/7396525/amazon-kindle-design-lab-audible-hachette Inside the secret lab where Amazon is designing the future of reading] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922195339/https://www.theverge.com/2014/12/17/7396525/amazon-kindle-design-lab-audible-hachette |date=September 22, 2017 }} The Verge, 2014
• 2008: Satoshi Nakamoto develops the first blockchain.{{cite book|last1= Narayanan|first1= Arvind|last2= Bonneau|first2= Joseph|last3= Felten|first3= Edward|last4= Miller|first4= Andrew|last5= Goldfeder|first5= Steven|title= Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies: a comprehensive introduction|date= 2016|publisher= Princeton University Press|location= Princeton|isbn= 978-0-691-17169-2}}

• 2010: The first solar sail based spacecraft, IKAROS.{{Cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Lin |last2=Phys.org |title=IKAROS unfurls first ever solar sail in space |url=https://phys.org/news/2010-06-ikaros-unfurls-solar-space.html |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=phys.org |language=en}}
• 2010: The first quantum machine{{cite journal|first=Adrian|last=Cho|title=BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. The First Quantum Machine|journal=Science|year=2010|volume=330|issue=6011|page=1604|doi=10.1126/science.330.6011.1604|bibcode=2010Sci...330.1604C|pmid=21163978}}
• 2010: The first synthetic organism, Mycoplasma laboratorium is created by the J. Craig Venter Institute
• 2011: HIV treatment as prevention (HPTN 052){{cite journal|first=Jon|last=Cohen|title=Breakthrough of the Year: HIV Treatment as Prevention|journal=Science|year=2011|volume=334|issue=6063|page=1628|doi=10.1126/science.334.6063.1628|bibcode=2011Sci...334.1628C|pmid=22194547|doi-access=free}}
• 2013: Cancer immunotherapy{{cite journal|url=https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.342.6165.1432|title=Cancer Immunotherapy|first=Jenifer|last=Couzin-Franken|journal=Science|date=20 December 2013|volume=342 |issue=6165 |pages=1432–1433 |doi=10.1126/science.342.6165.1432 |pmid=24357284 |access-date=22 December 2013|archive-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222085116/http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6165/1432.full|url-status=live}}
• 2014: The first known "NFT", Quantum,{{Cite web |last=Cascone |first=Sarah |date=May 7, 2021 |title=Sotheby's Is Selling the First NFT Ever Minted – and Bidding Starts at $100 |url=https://news.artnet.com/market/sothebys-is-hosting-its-first-curated-nft-sale-featuring-the-very-first-nft-ever-minted-1966003 |access-date=November 12, 2021 |website=Artnet News |language=en-US}} was created by Kevin McCoy and Anil Dash in May.{{Cite news |last=Ostroff |first=Caitlin |date=May 8, 2021 |title=The NFT Origin Story, Starring Digital Cats |language=en-US |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-nft-origin-story-starring-digital-cats-11620446425 |access-date=December 12, 2021 |issn=0099-9660}}
• 2015: CRISPR genome-editing method{{cite journal|title=Making the cut|first=John|last=Travis|date=18 December 2015|volume=350|issue=6267|pages=1456–1457|journal=Science Magazine|doi=10.1126/science.350.6267.1456|pmid=26680172|doi-access=free}}
• 2017: Google publishes a research paper "Attention Is All You Need" leading to the development into a new deep learning architecture known as the transformer.{{cite web |title=Transformers |url=https://www.ft.com/content/37bb01af-ee46-4483-982f-ef3921436a50 |website=Science |publisher=AAAS |access-date=28 November 2018}}
• 2018: Single-cell sequencing{{cite web |title=Choose your 2018 Breakthrough of the Year! |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/choose-your-2018-breakthrough-year |website=Science |publisher=AAAS |access-date=28 November 2018}}
• 2019: IBM launches IBM Q System One, its first integrated quantum computing system for commercial use.

• 2020: The first MRNA vaccine to be approved by public health medicines regulators is co-developed by Pfizer and BioNTech for COVID-19.{{Cite web |date=2021-01-14 |title=Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine {{!}} FDA |website=Food and Drug Administration |url=https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/coronavirus-disease-2019-COVID-19/pfizer-biontech-COVID-19-vaccine |access-date=2024-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114221304/https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/coronavirus-disease-2019-COVID-19/pfizer-biontech-COVID-19-vaccine |archive-date=14 January 2021 }}
• 2020: OpenAI demonstrated an Artificial Intelligence model called GPT-3. The program was created to generate human-like responses when given prompts.Kissinger, Henry; Schmidt, Eric; Huttenlocher, Daniel P. (2021). The age of AI: and our human future. Schuyler Schouten (First edition ed.). New York Boston London: Little, Brown and Company. {{ISBN|978-0-316-27380-0}}.
• 2021: Pfizer develops the world's first pill for COVID.
• 2022: ChatGPT is launched to the public, making its first mainstream generative AI to be released.

• Accelerating change
• List of emerging technologies
• List of inventors
• List of years in science
• Outline of prehistoric technology
• Timeline of prehistory

;By type

• History of communication
• Timeline of agriculture and food technology
• Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering
• Timeline of transportation technology
• Timeline of heat engine technology
• Timeline of rocket and missile technology
• Timeline of motor and engine technology
• Timeline of steam power
• Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology
• Timeline of mathematics
• Timeline of computing

{{Notelist}}

{{reflist}}

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{{refend}}

• [http://www.greatachievements.org/?id=2984 U.S. National Academy of Engineering's Greatest Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century Timeline]

{{Inventions|state=uncollapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline Of Historic Inventions}}

Historic

Historic inventions

Category:Technology-related lists