Tropical cyclone effects by region

File:Global tropical cyclone tracks-edit2.jpg

Tropical cyclones regularly affect the coastlines of most of Earth's major bodies of water along the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. Also known as hurricanes, typhoons, or other names, tropical cyclones have caused significant destruction and loss of human life, resulting in about 2 million deaths since the 19th century. Powerful cyclones that make landfall – moving from the ocean to over land – are some of the most impactful, although that is not always the case. An average of 86 tropical cyclones of tropical storm intensity form annually worldwide, with 47 reaching hurricane/typhoon strength, and 20 becoming intense tropical cyclones, super typhoons, or major hurricanes (at least of Category 3 intensity).

In Africa, tropical cyclones can originate from tropical waves generated over the Sahara Desert, or otherwise strike the Horn of Africa and Southern Africa. Cyclone Idai in March 2019 hit central Mozambique, becoming the deadliest tropical cyclone on record in Africa, with 1,302 fatalities, and damage estimated at US$2.2 billion.{{refn|All damage figures are unadjusted for inflation.|group="nb"}} Réunion island, located east of Southern Africa, experiences some of the wettest tropical cyclones on record. In January 1980, Cyclone Hyacinthe produced {{convert|6,083|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain over 15 days, which was the largest rain total recorded from a tropical cyclone on record. In Asia, tropical cyclones from the Indian and Pacific oceans regularly affect some of the most populated countries on Earth. In 1970, a cyclone struck Bangladesh, then known as East Pakistan, producing a {{convert|20|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} storm surge that killed at least 300,000 people; this made it the deadliest tropical cyclone on record. In October 2019, Typhoon Hagibis struck the Japanese island of Honshu and inflicted US$15 billion in damage, making it the costliest storm on record in Japan. The islands that comprise Oceania, from Australia to French Polynesia, are routinely affected by tropical cyclones. In Indonesia, a cyclone struck the island of Flores in April 1973, killing 1,653 people, making it the deadliest tropical cyclone recorded in the Southern Hemisphere.

Atlantic and Pacific hurricanes regularly affect North America. In the United States, hurricanes Katrina in 2005 and Harvey in 2017 are the country's costliest ever natural disasters, with monetary damage estimated at US$125 billion. Katrina struck Louisiana and destroyed much of the city of New Orleans, while Harvey caused significant flooding in southeastern Texas after it dropped {{convert|60.58|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rainfall; this was the highest rainfall total on record in the country. Europe is rarely affected by tropical cyclones; however, the continent regularly encounters storms after they transitioned into extratropical cyclones. Only one tropical depression – Vince in 2005 – struck Spain, and only one subtropical cyclone – Subtropical Storm Alpha in 2020 – struck Portugal. Occasionally, there are tropical-like cyclones in the Mediterranean Sea. The northern portion of South America experiences occasional tropical cyclones, with 173 fatalities from Tropical Storm Bret in August 1993. The South Atlantic Ocean is generally inhospitable to the formation of a tropical storm. However, in March 2004, Hurricane Catarina struck southeastern Brazil as the first hurricane on record in the South Atlantic Ocean.

Background

Traditionally, tropical cyclones form in seven basins. These include the north Atlantic Ocean, the eastern and western parts of the northern Pacific Ocean, the southwestern Pacific, the southwestern and southeastern Indian Oceans, and the northern Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal). The western Pacific is the most active and the north Indian the least active. An average of 86 tropical cyclones of tropical storm intensity form annually worldwide, with 47 reaching hurricane/typhoon strength, and 20 becoming intense tropical cyclones, super typhoons, or major hurricanes (at least of Category 3 intensity).{{cite web | author = Chris Landsea | url = http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/climvari/table.html | title = Climate Variability table — Tropical Cyclones | publisher = Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | access-date = October 19, 2006 | author-link = Chris Landsea | archive-date = October 2, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121002045230/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/climvari/table.html | url-status = live }} Scientists initially believed that there were no South Atlantic tropical cyclones,{{cite web|title=Monthly Tropical Cyclone Summary March 2004 |access-date=February 7, 2015 |url=http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2004/summ0403.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217034249/http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2004/summ0403.htm |author=Padgett, Gary |archive-date=December 17, 2015 |url-status=live }} an assertion proved false in 2004 when Cyclone Catarina struck southeastern Brazil.{{cite conference|publisher=World Meteorological Organization |title=Topic 2a: The Catarina Phenomenon |url=http://severe.worldweather.org/iwtc/document/Topic_2a_Pedro_Silva_Dias.pdf |year=2006 |conference-url=http://severe.worldweather.org/iwtc/ |conference=The Sixth WMO International Workshop on Tropical Cyclones (IWTC-VI) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035419/http://severe.worldweather.org/iwtc/document/Topic_2a_Pedro_Silva_Dias.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |location=San José, Costa Rica |pages=329–360 |access-date=February 7, 2015 |url-status=dead }} Occasionally, there are tropical-like cyclones in the Mediterranean Sea.{{cite journal|author=Emanuel, K.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26438265|title=Genesis and maintenance of 'Mediterranean hurricanes'|journal=Advances in Geosciences|date=June 2005|volume=2|pages=217–220|doi=10.5194/adgeo-2-217-2005|bibcode=2005AdG.....2..217E|doi-access=free}}

Since the 19th century, tropical cyclones have killed about 2 million people worldwide.

Effects by area

File:Gati 2020-11-22 1005Z.jpg shortly after peak intensity before making landfall on Somalia]]

=Africa=

== Indian Ocean ==

===Horn of Africa===

The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in eastern Africa that is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and east, as well as the Gulf of Aden and Red Sea to its northeast. The region includes Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia.{{cite news|date=August 5, 2018|title=The strategic turning point in the Horn of Africa|access-date=October 2, 2020|url=https://thearabweekly.com/strategic-turning-point-horn-africa|publisher=The Arab Weekly|archive-date=August 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804205725/https://thearabweekly.com/strategic-turning-point-horn-africa|url-status=live}}

In November 2013, a deep depression struck Somalia and killed 162 people while also causing extensive livestock damage.{{cite report |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=November 11, 2013 |access-date=November 26, 2013 |title=Special Tropical Weather Outlook |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/RSMC_201311110300.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6L2sS7bBC?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/RSMC_201311110300.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-11 |url-status=dead }}{{cite report|page=23|title=The Climate in Africa: 2013|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|access-date=December 6, 2018|url=https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=3197|format=PDF|date=|archive-date=November 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116144901/https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=3197|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Rare Tropical Storm in Gulf of Aden May Affect Yemen, Somalia, Djibouti|publisher=WeatherUnderground|date=May 17, 2018|author=Bob Henson|url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/rare-tropical-storm-gulf-aden-may-affect-yemen-somalia-djibouti|access-date=August 23, 2021|archive-date=June 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613122659/https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/rare-tropical-storm-gulf-aden-may-affect-yemen-somalia-djibouti|url-status=live}} In 2018, Cyclone Sagar traversed the Gulf of Aden and made landfall on Lughaya in northwestern Somaliland with winds of {{convert|75|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.{{cite report|publisher=India Meteorological Department|title=Cyclonic Storm "Sagar" over Arabian Sea (16 – 21 May 2018): Summary|date=May 2018|access-date=June 11, 2018|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/preliminary-report/sagar.pdf|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142745/http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/preliminary-report/sagar.pdf|url-status=live}} Sagar killed 53 in Somalia, 2 in Djibouti, and 23 in eastern Ethiopia.{{cite report|title=Djibouti: Flood Analysis and Evolution, Tropical Cyclone Sagar-18 (24 May 2018)|work=UNOSAT|at=ReliefWeb|date=May 24, 2018|access-date=May 26, 2018|url=https://reliefweb.int/map/djibouti/djibouti-flood-analysis-and-evolution-tropical-cyclone-sagar-18-24-may-2018|archive-date=May 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525133156/https://reliefweb.int/map/djibouti/djibouti-flood-analysis-and-evolution-tropical-cyclone-sagar-18-24-may-2018|url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=UN: Death toll of tropical cyclone in Somalia hits 53 |date=15 June 2018 |url=https://en.halbeeg.com/2018/06/15/un-death-toll-of-tropical-cyclone-in-somalia-hit-53/ |publisher=Halbeeg |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622083952/https://en.halbeeg.com/2018/06/15/un-death-toll-of-tropical-cyclone-in-somalia-hit-53/ |url-status=live }}{{cite report|title=Humanitarian Bulletin Somalia, 1 May - 3 June 2018|date=June 3, 2018|work=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|at=ReliefWeb|access-date=June 3, 2018|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/May%20Bulletin%20-%20Final%20Draft1%20JB.pdf|archive-date=June 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142654/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/May%20Bulletin%20-%20Final%20Draft1%20JB.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite report|at=ReliefWeb|work=World Vision|title=World Vision East Africa Hunger Crisis Situation Report: East Africa Hunger Crisis|date=June 19, 2018|access-date=July 3, 2018|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/EastAfrica-SitRep-May2018-final.pdf|archive-date=July 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703190953/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/EastAfrica-SitRep-May2018-final.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite report|at=ReliefWeb|work=World Vision|title=World Vision East Africa Hunger Crisis Situation Report: Ethiopia|date=June 19, 2018|access-date=July 3, 2018|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Ethiopia-May2018-final.pdf|archive-date=July 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703220222/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Ethiopia-May2018-final.pdf|url-status=live}} In 2020, Cyclone Gati became the strongest landfalling cyclone in the Horn of Africa on record, making landfall in Somalia near Hafun with winds of {{convert|170|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.{{cite news|author=Matthew S. Schwartz|date=22 November 2020|title=Somalia's Strongest Tropical Cyclone Ever Recorded Could Drop 2 Years' Rain In 2 Days|publisher=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/11/22/937790467/somalias-strongest-tropical-cyclone-ever-recorded-could-drop-2-years-rain-in-2-d|access-date=23 November 2020|archive-date=23 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123000841/https://www.npr.org/2020/11/22/937790467/somalias-strongest-tropical-cyclone-ever-recorded-could-drop-2-years-rain-in-2-d|url-status=live}} Gati killed at least 9 people in Somalia.{{Cite web|title=OCHA Somalia - Tropical Cyclone Gati Update #5, As of 30 November 2020 - Somalia|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/ocha-somalia-tropical-cyclone-gati-update-5-30-november-2020|access-date=2020-12-01|website=ReliefWeb|date=30 November 2020 |language=en|archive-date=2020-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130175045/https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/ocha-somalia-tropical-cyclone-gati-update-5-30-november-2020|url-status=live}}

===Southern Africa===

File:Idai 2019-03-14 1135Z.jpg, one of the worst tropical cyclones on record in Africa]]

About 5% of cyclones in the south-west Indian Ocean make landfall along the east coast of Southern Africa, mostly affecting Mozambique, Tanzania, and South Africa.{{cite journal|title=Projected changes in tropical cyclones over the South West Indian Ocean under different extents of global warming|author=M. S. Muthige|author2=J. Malherbe|author3=F. A. Englebrecht|author4=S. Grab|author5=A. Beraki|author6=T. R. Maisha|author7=J. Van der Merwe|journal=Environmental Research Letters|year=2018|volume=13|number=6|page=065019|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aabc60|bibcode=2018ERL....13f5019M|s2cid=54879038 |doi-access=free}}

In April 1952, a cyclone moved ashore southeastern Tanzania near Lindi with maximum sustained winds estimated at {{convert|110|mph|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}}; this made the cyclone the strongest on record to strike the country.{{cite journal|year=1984|title=The Tanzanian hurricane of 14-16 April, 1952|url=http://nwafiles.nwas.org/digest/papers/1984/Vol09No2/1984v009no02-Blumel.pdf|journal=National Weather Digest|volume=9|number=2|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2021-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423135635/http://nwafiles.nwas.org/digest/papers/1984/Vol09No2/1984v009no02-Blumel.pdf|url-status=live}} The cyclone left 34 fatalities in Tanzania.{{cite journal|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajest/article/download/135611/125117|format=PDF|title=Adaptation technologies and legal instruments to address climate change impacts to coastal and marine resources in Tanzania|author=R. E. Sallema|author2=G. Y. S. Mtui|volume=2|number=9|journal=African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology|date=September 2008|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2019-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527023347/https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajest/article/download/135611/125117|url-status=live}} In January 1984, Tropical Storm Domoina struck southern Mozambique and later crossed into eastern South Africa. The storm killed 109 people in Mozambique, 73 people in Eswatini, and 60 people in South Africa.{{cite report|author=Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance|title=Significant Data on Major Disasters Worldwide 1900-present|date=August 1993|access-date=2013-07-19|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABP986.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232922/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABP986.pdf|url-status=dead}}{{cite journal|pages=182–183|title=Hurricane Alley|author=Richard M. DeAngelis|editor=Elwyn E. Wilson|journal=Mariners Weather Log|date=Summer 1984|volume=28|number=3|publisher=United States Department of Commerce}}{{cite report|publisher=ReliefWeb|author=Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance|title=Annual Report for FY 1984|access-date=2013-07-25|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/EA042C733C19D854C125777E004C45A9-AR1984.pdf|date=|archive-date=2013-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207082738/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/EA042C733C19D854C125777E004C45A9-AR1984.pdf|url-status=live}}

2000 was the first year on record in which two tropical cyclones of hurricane intensity struck Mozambique. In February 2000, Cyclone Eline hit central Mozambique after weeks of flooding, and their combined effects killed around 700 people and caused an estimated $500 million (USD) in damage. Eline also killed 12 people in Zimbabwe and 21 people in South Africa. The storm was followed weeks later by Cyclone Hudah, which killed three people in Mozambique.{{cite report|title=Cyclone Season 1999–2000|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/archives/publications/saisons_cycloniques/index19992000.html|work=RSMC La Reunion|publisher=Meteo-France|access-date=2014-07-15|date=|archive-date=2013-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224085125/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/archives/publications/saisons_cycloniques/index19992000.html|url-status=live}} The only other year to feature tropical cyclone landfalls in the country was 2019. In March 2019, Cyclone Idai hit central Mozambique, becoming the second-deadliest tropical cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere, and the deadliest on record in Africa. Across southern Africa, Idai killed 1,302 people – and affected more than 3 million others. Total damages from Idai across Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Madagascar, and Malawi were estimated to be at least $2.2 billion (2019 USD).{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |title=Africa's Hurricane Katrina: Tropical Cyclone Idai Causes an Extreme Catastrophe |url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/Africas-Hurricane-Katrina-Tropical-Cyclone-Idai-Causes-Extreme-Catastrophe |website=Weather Underground |access-date=23 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322214331/https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/Africas-Hurricane-Katrina-Tropical-Cyclone-Idai-Causes-Extreme-Catastrophe |archive-date=22 March 2019 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Global Catastrophe Recap: First Half of 2019 |url=http://thoughtleadership.aonbenfield.com//Documents/20190723-analytics-if-1h-global-report.pdf |publisher=Aon Benfield |access-date=12 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812000713/http://thoughtleadership.aonbenfield.com//Documents/20190723-analytics-if-1h-global-report.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2019 |url-status=live }} About a month later, Cyclone Kenneth became the strongest tropical cyclone on record to strike Mozambique, when it moved ashore just north of Pemba. The JTWC estimated landfall winds of {{convert|220|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. Kenneth killed 45 people in Mozambique, less than two months after Idai's deadly trek through the region.{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/25/africa/cyclone-kenneth-mozambique-evacuation-intl/index.html|title=Cyclone Kenneth: Thousands evacuated as Mozambique is hit with the strongest storm in its history|author=Brandon Miller|publisher=Cable News Network|date=25 April 2019|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425171355/https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/25/africa/cyclone-kenneth-mozambique-evacuation-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2019-04-24-tropical-cyclone-kenneth-forecast-mozambique|title=Tropical Cyclone Kenneth to Bring Feet of Rain, Damaging Winds to Mozambique Weeks After Idai Brings Humanitarian Crisis|author=Jonathan Belles|publisher=The Weather Company|date=24 April 2019|access-date=24 April 2019|archive-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425113714/https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2019-04-24-tropical-cyclone-kenneth-forecast-mozambique|url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=Southern Africa: Tropical Cyclone Kenneth Flash Update No. 13 (12 May 2019) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/southern-africa-tropical-cyclone-kenneth-flash-update-no-13-12-may-2019 |website=Relief Web |date=13 May 2019 |publisher=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |access-date=14 May 2019 |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514005621/https://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/southern-africa-tropical-cyclone-kenneth-flash-update-no-13-12-may-2019 |url-status=live }}

===Comoros and Mayotte===

The archipelago of the Comoros and the French overseas territory of Mayotte are located in the southern Indian Ocean in the Mozambique Channel. Due to their low latitude, the islands are rarely affected by tropical cyclones.{{cite web|publisher=Logistics Cluster|title=Comoros Humanitarian Background|accessdate=July 25, 2021|url=https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/1.1+Comoros+Humanitarian+Background|archive-date=July 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725172521/https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/1.1+Comoros+Humanitarian+Background|url-status=live}} In January 1983, Cyclone Elinah moved through the Comoros with winds of at least {{convert|136|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. High waves killed 33 people and left US$23.1 million in damage. In April 2019, Cyclone Kenneth produced wind gusts of around {{convert|200|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, along with {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} waves. Kenneth killed nine people and destroyed 4,482 homes, while damaging another 7,013. Damage was estimated at CF81.7 billion (US$188 million), equivalent to 16% of the country's GDP.{{cite web|title=Quarterly bulletin of the Central Bank of Comoros|language=French|publisher=Bank of Comoros|accessdate=July 25, 2021|date=June 23, 2019|url=http://www.banque-comores.km/DOCUMENTS/Bulletin_BCC_n23_Juin_2019.pdf|page=15|journal=|archive-date=July 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725172149/http://www.banque-comores.km/DOCUMENTS/Bulletin_BCC_n23_Juin_2019.pdf|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchangerates.org.uk/KMF-USD-spot-exchange-rates-history-2019.html|title=Comoros Franc to US Dollar Spot Exchange Rates for 2019|website=www.exchangerates.org.uk|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2021-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726202006/https://www.exchangerates.org.uk/KMF-USD-spot-exchange-rates-history-2019.html|url-status=live}}

In April 1984, Cyclone Kamisy passed about {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of Mayotte, producing wind gusts of {{convert|148|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. Kamisy killed one person, cut power for 48 hours, and destroyed the island's crops, with damage estimated at €25 million.{{cite web|title=1984 Kamisy|publisher=Meteo-France|accessdate=July 28, 2021|url=http://pluiesextremes.meteo.fr/mayotte/1984-Kamisy.html|archive-date=July 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728144143/http://pluiesextremes.meteo.fr/mayotte/1984-Kamisy.html|url-status=live}} In December 2024, Cyclone Chido destroyed much of Mayotte{{cite news|title=France fears heavy toll as Cyclone Chido batters Mayotte|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/france-fears-heavy-toll-cyclone-204640010.html|date=14 December 2024|access-date=14 December 2024|publisher=Yahoo News UK}}{{cite news|title=Cyclone Chido: "S'il n'y a pas de morts ou de blessés, ça serait vraiment un miracle", selon le président de l'association des maires de Mayotte|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/france/mayotte/cyclone-chido-s-il-n-y-a-pas-de-morts-ou-de-blesses-ca-serait-vraiment-un-miracle-selon-le-president-de-l-association-des-maires-de-mayotte_6955169.html|language=fr|date=14 December 2024|access-date=14 December 2024|publisher=France Info}} and caused moderate damage in Comoros.{{Cite news|author=OCHA|title=Southern Africa: Tropical Cyclone Chido - Flash Update No. 2, As of 14 December 2024|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/southern-africa-tropical-cyclone-chido-flash-update-no-2-14-december-2024|date=14 December 2024|access-date=14 December 2024|publisher=ReliefWeb}}

===Mascarene Islands===

File:ITC Dina 20 jan 2002 0610Z.jpg at peak intensity, one of the most damaging cyclones on record in the Mascarene Islands]]

The Mascarene Islands consist of Mauritius, the Mauritian island of Rodrigues, and the French overseas territory of Réunion, along with other smaller islands in the region.

In April 1892, a late-season cyclone impacted Mauritius, leaving 1,200 fatalities and causing $9.75 million (1892 USD, $277 million 2020 USD) in damage; this was the deadliest cyclone to affect the region in recorded history.{{cite journal|author=Charles Meldrum|date=June 1892|title=The Mauritius Hurricane, April 29th, 1892|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSRCAQAAMAAJ&q=%22SYMONS%27S+MONTHLY+METEOROLOGICAL+MAGAZINE%22+april+1892+mauritius&pg=PA64|journal=Symones's Monthly Meteorological Magazine|volume=27}}{{cite news|date=June 10, 1892|title=The Great Storm at Mauritius|at=National Library of New Zealand|newspaper=The New Zealand Herald|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH18920610.2.30|access-date=November 19, 2018|archive-date=November 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103152515/https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH18920610.2.30|url-status=live}} In February 1975, Cyclone Gervaise made landfall on Mauritius, producing the highest wind gust recorded on the island of {{convert|280|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} at Mon Desert.{{cite report|url=https://severe.worldweather.wmo.int/TCFW/RAI_Training/Cyc_Bassin_SWI_oct2013_LANGLADE.pdf|title=The SouthWest Indian Ocean cyclone basin|author=Sébastien Langlade|publisher=RSMC La Reunion|access-date=February 12, 2019|date=|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055352/http://severe.worldweather.wmo.int/TCFW/RAI_Training/Cyc_Bassin_SWI_oct2013_LANGLADE.pdf|url-status=live}} Damage was estimated at US$200 million, and 10 people died as a result of the storm. In 1994, Cyclone Hollanda passed near Mauritius, leaving US$135 million in damage.{{cite news|author=Staff Writer|date=February 1994|title=Tropical Cyclone "Hollanda" Destroys 50 Percent of Mauritius Sugar Crop|publisher=GreenPeace Climate Impacts Database|url=http://archive.greenpeace.org/climate/database/records/zgpz0258.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2011-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406093259/http://archive.greenpeace.org/climate/database/records/zgpz0258.html|archive-date=2012-04-06}} Severe Tropical Storm Monique passed just northwest of Rodrigues in 1968, producing a pressure of {{convert|933|mbar|inHg|2|abbr=}} on the island. Combined with a previous tropical cyclone that affected the island earlier that year, Cyclone Carmen, the storms caused at least US$5 million in damage.

The costliest tropical cyclone on record in Réunion was Cyclone Dina, which caused $190 million (2002 USD) in damage on the island, in addition to $97 million in Mauritius.{{cite web|author=Gary Padgett|date=December 27, 2006|title=January, 2002|url=http://www.australiansevereweather.com/cyclones/2002/summ0201.htm|access-date=October 21, 2012|work=Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary|publisher=Australian Severe Weather|archive-date=October 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029113511/http://www.australiansevereweather.com/cyclones/2002/summ0201.htm|url-status=live}}{{cite web|date=January 25, 2002|title=Cyclone takes heavy toll in Mauritius|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mauritius/cyclone-takes-heavy-toll-mauritius|access-date=October 22, 2012|work=Pan African News Agency|publisher=ReliefWeb|archive-date=October 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029105432/http://reliefweb.int/report/mauritius/cyclone-takes-heavy-toll-mauritius|url-status=live}} Dina also produced the highest wind gust recorded on Réunion, at {{convert|277|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. The storm indirectly killed 10 people; 6 in Réunion and 4 in Mauritius.{{cite web|year=2010|title=Synthèse Des Événements : Dina, cyclone tropical intense (22 et 23 janvier 2002)|url=http://www.risquesnaturels.re/pdf/EVENEMENTS_HISTORIQUES/evenement_historique_Dina.pdf|access-date=October 21, 2012|publisher=Risques Naturales|language=fr|archive-date=November 1, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101163105/http://www.risquesnaturels.re/pdf/EVENEMENTS_HISTORIQUES/evenement_historique_Dina.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/archives/publications/saisons_cycloniques/index20012002.html|title=2001–2002 South-West Indian Ocean Cyclone Season|publisher=Météo-France|pages=28–41|access-date=2012-10-23|date=|archive-date=2014-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018030248/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/archives/publications/saisons_cycloniques/index20012002.html|url-status=live}} In January 1948, a tropical cyclone struck Réunion, causing 165 deaths; this is the deadliest tropical cyclone on record on the island.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Cyclone de 1948|url=https://reunion-extreme.re/evenements-meteorologiques/cyclones-tropicaux/historique-des-systemes-tropicaux/systemes-memorables-avant-2000/cyclone-de-1948.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228005030/http://reunion-extreme.re/evenements-meteorologiques/cyclones-tropicaux/historique-des-systemes-tropicaux/systemes-memorables-avant-2000/cyclone-de-1948.html|archive-date=2017-02-28|access-date=2020-12-31|website=reunion-extreme.re|language=fr}}

Some of the wettest tropical cyclones on record have impacted Réunion, including the wettest tropical cyclone of all time, Cyclone Hyacinthe.{{cite web|author=Lyons, Steve|date=February 17, 2010|title=La Reunion Island's Rainfall Dynasty!|url=http://www.weather.com/blog/weather/8_21280.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210080403/http://www.weather.com/blog/weather/8_21280.html|archive-date=February 10, 2014|access-date=February 4, 2014|publisher=The Weather Channel}}{{cite journal|author1=Quetelard, Hubert|author2=Bessemoulin, Pierre|author3=Cerveny, Randall S|author4=Peterson, Thomas C|author5=Burton, Andrew|author6=Boodhoo, Yadowsun|year=2009|title=Extreme Weather: World-Record Rainfalls During Tropical Cyclone Gamede|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|publisher=American Meteorological Society|volume=90|issue=5|pages=603–608|bibcode=2009BAMS...90..603Q|doi=10.1175/2008BAMS2660.1|doi-access=free}} In January 1980, Hyacinthe took an erratic track near the island, resulting in torrential rain falling across almost all of the island; nearly the entire island received over {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}} of rain.{{cite report|url=http://www.risquesnaturels.re/pdf/EVENEMENTS_HISTORIQUES/evenement_historique_Hyacinthe.pdf|title=Synthés des Événements: Hyacinthe Cyclone Tropical (16 au 27 janvier 1980)|publisher=Les Risques Naturales á la Réunion|language=French|access-date=2013-04-13|date=|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924091325/http://www.risquesnaturels.re/pdf/EVENEMENTS_HISTORIQUES/evenement_historique_Hyacinthe.pdf|url-status=live}} At Commerson Crater, Hyacinthe dropped {{convert|6,083|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain, the largest rain total recorded from a tropical cyclone on record.{{cite report|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/meteoreunion2/climatologie/records/rec_RR1.html|title=Précipitations extrêmes|publisher=Meteo France|access-date=2013-04-15|date=|archive-date=2014-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221182557/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/meteoreunion2/climatologie/records/rec_RR1.html|url-status=live}}{{cite journal|author=Randall S. Cerveny|display-authors=etal|date=June 2007|title=Extreme Weather Records|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=88|issue=6|pages=856, 858|bibcode=2007BAMS...88..853C|doi=10.1175/BAMS-88-6-853|doi-access=free}} Overall, Hyacinthe caused $167 million (1980 USD) in damage, and killed 25 people. Other record-breaking rainfall events caused by tropical cyclones in Réunion include Cyclone Denise, which dropped {{convert|1,144|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain in 12 hours and {{convert|1,825|mm|in|abbr=on}} in 24 hours at Foc Foc; an unnamed tropical cyclone in 1958 caused {{convert|2,467|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain to fall at Aurere; and Cyclone Gamede dropped {{convert|3,929|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain at Commerson Crater.{{cite web|author=Chris Landsea|date=|title=Subject: E4) What are the largest rainfalls associated with tropical cyclones?|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E4.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605134103/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E4.html|archive-date=2019-06-05|access-date=February 16, 2019|website=|series=Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=Hurricane Research Division}} Gamede caused an estimated $120 million (2007 USD) in damage in Réunion, and killed 4 people overall in the Mascarene Islands.{{cite web|year=2011|title=L'évaluation préliminaire des risques d'inondation|url=http://www.reunion.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/epri_complet_web.pdf|access-date=April 5, 2020|publisher=Réunion Regional Directorate for the Environment, Planning and Housing|language=French|archive-date=August 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823155726/http://www.reunion.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/epri_complet_web.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite news|author=Le Figaro|date=2007-02-28|title=Gamède fait deux morts à la Réunion|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite/2007/02/28/01001-20070228ARTWWW90246-le_cyclone_gamede_seloigne_de_la_reunion.php|access-date=2020-04-05|archive-date=2019-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120105031/https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite/2007/02/28/01001-20070228ARTWWW90246-le_cyclone_gamede_seloigne_de_la_reunion.php|url-status=live}}{{cite web|date=2007-03-05|title=Africa Weekly Spotlight|url=http://www.unisdr.org/africa/af-whatnew/spotlight/march-2007-eng.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526011719/http://www.unisdr.org/africa/af-whatnew/spotlight/march-2007-eng.pdf|archive-date=2011-05-26|access-date=2008-01-28|publisher=International Strategy for Disaster Reduction}}

===Madagascar===

On average, 1.5 tropical cyclones strike Madagascar each year, which is the most affected area in Africa.{{cite web|title=Madagascar|work=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|date=15 February 2018|url=https://www.unocha.org/southern-and-eastern-africa-rosea/madagascar|access-date=April 11, 2021|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411192444/https://www.unocha.org/southern-and-eastern-africa-rosea/madagascar|url-status=live}} Each year, tropical cyclones cause an average of U$87 million in damage, resulting in $20 million in emergency costs. Most of the island is susceptible to flooding from tropical cyclones, with the northern portion of the country most likely to experience a significant storm surge. Toamasina, located in east-central Madagascar, is the most likely area to experience tropical cyclone damage.{{cite report|series=Disaster Risk Profile|title=Madagascar|url=https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/default/files/madagascar.pdf|work=Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery|year=2016|publisher=World Bank|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2021-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526013551/https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/default/files/madagascar.pdf|url-status=live}}

In March 1927, a tropical cyclone struck eastern Madagascar, killing at least 500 people.{{Cite web |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3842188 |title=08 Mar 1927 - MADAGASCAR CYCLONE. - Trove |newspaper=Argus |date=8 March 1927 |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2020-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529080251/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3842188 |url-status=live }} On March 7, 2004, Cyclone Gafilo made landfall in northeastern Madagascar just south of Antalaha as a very intense tropical cyclone, making it one of the strongest cyclones on record to hit the country. Gafilo killed 363 people in the country and left $250 million in damage (2004 USD). Nationwide, Gafilo destroyed over 20,000 homes, leaving 304,000 people homeless, more than half near Antalaha. The ferry Sansom, sailing from Comoros to Mahajanga in northwestern Madagascar, capsized amid high waves, killing 117 of the 120 people on board.{{cite report|title=Cyclone Season 2003–2004|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/archives/publications/saisons_cycloniques/index20032004.html|work=RSMC La Réunion|publisher=Météo-France|accessdate=June 21, 2017|date=|archive-date=April 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404175548/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/archives/publications/saisons_cycloniques/index20032004.html|url-status=live}}{{EM-DAT}}

===Seychelles===

Due to its proximity to the equator, the Seychelles is rarely affected by tropical cyclones. In December 2006, Cyclone Bondo passed through the Farquhar Group of islands, producing damaging high winds and waves.{{cite report|url=http://metservice.intnet.mu/pdfs/technical-note-on-cyclone-season.pdf|title=Technical Report CS 28 Cyclone Season of the South West Indian Ocean 2006 – 2007|publisher=Mauritius Meteorological Services|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812125840/http://metservice.intnet.mu/pdfs/technical-note-on-cyclone-season.pdf|archive-date=August 12, 2014|date=|access-date=August 23, 2021|url-status=live}}{{cite report|url=https://www.preventionweb.net/files/18276_18276disasterriskprofileofseychelle.pdf|title=Disaster risk profile of the Republic of Seychelles|author1=Denis hang Seng|author2=Richard Guillande|date=July 2008|publisher=PreventionWeb|pages=45, 46|access-date=January 24, 2019|archive-date=March 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329080939/http://www.preventionweb.net/files/18276_18276disasterriskprofileofseychelle.pdf|url-status=live}}

==Northern Africa==

On occasion, cyclones in the Mediterranean can affect northern Africa, and which also have characteristics of a tropical cyclone. In September 2023, Storm Daniel moved ashore Libya and produced heavy rainfall, producing flash flooding after two dams failed. The storm killed at least 4,333 people in the country, becoming the deadliest storm to hit Africa in recorded history.{{cite web |last=Assad |first=Abdulkader |url=https://libyaobserver.ly/news/yale-university-storm-daniel-deadliest-recorded-african-history |title=Yale University: Storm Daniel is the deadliest in recorded African history |publisher=The Libya Observer |date=17 September 2023 |access-date=22 September 2023 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922163503/https://libyaobserver.ly/news/yale-university-storm-daniel-deadliest-recorded-african-history |url-status=live }}{{cite web |last1=Ndebele |first1=Lenin |title=A storm caused devastation in Libya, but politics may be its biggest problem in the aftermath |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/a-storm-caused-devastation-in-libya-but-politics-may-be-its-biggest-problem-in-the-aftermath-20231003 |publisher=News24 |access-date=4 October 2023}} In September 1969, a cyclone in the Mediterranean Sea killed nearly 600 people in Tunisia and Libya.{{cite journal|author=Winstanley, D.|title=The North African flood disaster, September 1969|journal=Weather|date=September 1970|volume=25|issue=9|pages=390–403|doi=10.1002/j.1477-8696.1970.tb04128.x|bibcode = 1970Wthr...25..390W }}

==West Africa==

File:Fred 2015-08-31 1215Z.jpg over Cape Verde at hurricane strength]]

The temperature contrast between the hot Sahara Desert in northern Africa and the cooler Gulf of Guinea to the south produces the African easterly jet, which generates tropical waves, or an elongated area of low pressure. These waves are often the formation source of Atlantic and Pacific hurricanes.{{cite web|author=Jonathan Belles|title=Why Tropical Waves Are Important During Hurricane Season|date=August 28, 2018|publisher=Weather.com|access-date=October 2, 2020|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-wave-explainer-tropics-hurricanes|archive-date=October 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001221202/https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-wave-explainer-tropics-hurricanes|url-status=live}} Occasionally, tropical cyclones develop from tropical waves near or along the coastline of western Africa. In 1973, Tropical Storm Christine developed over the country of Guinea.{{cite web|author=Paul J. Hebert and Neil L. Frank|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=January 28, 1974|access-date=September 28, 2009|title=Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1973|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1973.pdf|archive-date=March 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191753/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1973.pdf|url-status=live}} In August 2015, Hurricane Fred formed just off the coast of Guinea, and it soon became the easternmost hurricane in the tropical Atlantic. Swells from the hurricane produced violent seas along the West African shoreline, destroying fishing villages and submerging swaths of residential areas in Senegal. Fred was the first hurricane to move through Cape Verde since 1892.{{cite report|first=Jack|last=Beven|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=2016-01-20|access-date=2016-02-18|title=Hurricane Fred|series=Tropical Cyclone Report|url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL062015_Fred}}|location=Miami, Florida|format=PDF}}{{cite news|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150903131647/http://fr.starafrica.com/actualites/senegal-200-maisons-detruites-par-la-houle-a-dakar.html|archive-date=2015-09-03|url=http://fr.starafrica.com/actualites/senegal-200-maisons-detruites-par-la-houle-a-dakar.html|title=Sénégal: 200 maisons détruites par la houle à Dakar|language=fr|date=2015-09-01|access-date=2015-09-02|website=StarAfrica|agency=Africa Press Agency|url-status=dead}}{{cite journal|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|title=Hurricane Fred (2015): Cape Verde's First Hurricane in Modern Times, preparation, observations, impacts and lessons learned|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0222.1|year=2017|volume=98|pages=2603–18|first1=Gregory S.|last1=Jenkins|first2=Ester|last2=Brito|first3=Emanuel|last3=Soares|first4=Sen|last4=Chiao|first5=Jose Pimenta|last5=Lima|first6=Benvendo|last6=Tavares|first7=Angelo|last7=Cardoso|first8=Francisco|last8=Evora|first9=Maria|last9=Monteiro|issue=12|bibcode=2017BAMS...98.2603J|url=https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/meteorology_pub/73|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2020-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817174608/https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/meteorology_pub/73/|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}} Other deadly storms in Cape Verde include Tropical Storm Beryl in 1982 which killed three people, Tropical Storm Fran in 1984, which killed at least 29 people, and Hurricane Debbie in 1961, which caused a plane crash that killed 60 people.{{cite web|publisher=Met Éireann|year=2012|access-date=1 January 2013|title=Exceptional Weather Events - "Hurricane Debbie"|url=http://www.met.ie/climate-ireland/weather-events/Sep1961_hurricane-Debbie.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112040048/http://www.met.ie/climate-ireland/weather-events/Sep1961_hurricane-Debbie.pdf|archive-date=12 November 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} Although Western Africa is rarely affected directly by tropical cyclones, the extratropical remnants of Tropical Storm Delta in 2005 struck Morocco.{{cite web|author=National Hurricane Center|title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Delta|publisher=NOAA|access-date=2006-05-29|format=PDF|url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL292005_Delta}}}} Tropical cyclones in the South Atlantic Ocean are unusual; however, a possible tropical storm formed west of Angola in April 1991.{{cite web|author=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division|title=Frequently Asked Questions: How do tropical cyclones form?|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=July 26, 2006|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A15.html|archive-date=August 27, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827030639/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A15.html|url-status=live}}{{cite report|type=Diagnostic Report of the National Hurricane Center: June and July 1991|title=II. Tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic Basin: A. Overview|author=National Hurricane Center|editor1=McAdie, Colin J|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uiug.30112005414658|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|access-date=May 12, 2013|pages=10, 13, 14|year=1991|hdl=2027/uiug.30112005414658|editor2=Rappaport, Edward N|archive-date=August 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823155731/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112005414658|url-status=live}}

=Asia=

File:Gonu Damage in Qurum Beach 1.JPG from Cyclone Gonu, the strongest recorded tropical cyclone to strike the Arabian Peninsula]]

==Indian Ocean==

===Arabian Peninsula===

The Arabian Peninsula is a peninsula between the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea, and the Persian Gulf. Although tropical cyclones often form in the southeastern Arabian Sea, most storms tend to dissipate before reaching the Arabian Peninsula due to cooler waters or dry air from the Arabian desert.{{cite journal|title=An investigation into the causes and effects of the tropical storm which struck southern Arabia in June 1996|author=David Membery|pages=106–110|date=April 1998|volume=53|number=4|journal=Weather|doi=10.1002/j.1477-8696.1998.tb03972.x|bibcode = 1998Wthr...53..102M | s2cid=119873869 |doi-access=free}}{{cite web|title=Genesis|publisher=India Meteorological Department|access-date=January 14, 2016|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51&Itemid=199&lang=en|date=February 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131061325/http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51&Itemid=199&lang=en|archive-date=January 31, 2016|url-status=live}}{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Chapala 28 October 2015 – 4 November 2015|publisher=ReliefWeb|author=Keith Cressman|work=Food and Agriculture Organization|access-date=January 14, 2016|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/1511_chapalaE.pdf|date=|archive-date=17 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217015513/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/1511_chapalaE.pdf|url-status=live}} Despite that, there have been occasionally intense tropical cyclones to affect the peninsula. Cyclone Gonu in June 2007 made landfall in extreme eastern Oman near Ras al Hadd with winds of {{convert|150|km/h|mph|abbr=on}},{{cite report|title=1st WMO International Conference on Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|year=2009|access-date=January 22, 2016|url=https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/wwrp/new/documents/FINAL_WWRP_2_TD_No_1541_web_2011.pdf|pages=22, 26, 79, 80, 88, 95, 97|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202000353/https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/wwrp/new/documents/FINAL_WWRP_2_TD_No_1541_web_2011.pdf|archive-date=February 2, 2017|url-status=live}}{{cite web|author=India Meteorological Department |date=January 2008 |title=Report on Cyclonic Disturbances over North Indian Ocean during 2007 |access-date=April 18, 2010 |url=http://sonicfighters.com/rattleman/other/tropics/IMD_2007_Report_HTML.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20081126093307/http://sonicfighters.com/rattleman/other/tropics/IMD_2007_Report_HTML.html |archive-date=November 26, 2008 }} making it the strongest tropical cyclone on record to strike the Arabian Peninsula.{{cite web|author=NASA|year=2007|title=Rare Tropical Cyclone Churns in Arabian Sea|access-date=June 6, 2007|url=http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/lookingatearth/gonu.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112122352/http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/lookingatearth/gonu.html|archive-date=January 12, 2016|url-status=live}} Gonu killed 50 people and caused US$4.2 billion in damage in Oman, making it the worst natural disaster on record in the country.{{cite report|title=A Report on the Super Cyclonic Storm "Gonu" during 1–7 June, 2007|publisher=India Meteorological Department|pages=6, 8, 69|access-date=January 22, 2016|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/met-monograph/gonu/gonu.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014160510/http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/met-monograph/gonu/gonu.pdf|archive-date=October 14, 2014|url-status=live}} In June 1977, a cyclone struck eastern Oman and killed at least 105 people; it was considered Oman's worst natural disaster of the 20th century.{{cite news|agency=AAP-Reuters|newspaper=The Sydney herald|date=June 20, 1977|title=50 Killed in Oman Hurricane|access-date=October 12, 2020|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=taApAAAAIBAJ&pg=4427,6625747&dq=oman&hl=en|archive-date=January 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113142450/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=taApAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fOYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4427,6625747&dq=oman&hl=en|url-status=live}}

In 1996, a tropical storm that struck Oman produced the worst flooding in record in neighboring Yemen, as well as the heaviest rainfall in 70 years. The floods killed 338 people, and damaged structures built 2,000 years by the Roman Empire.{{cite report|date=December 2, 1996|title=Republic of Yemen Flood Rehabilitation Project|pages=1–3|url=http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/610011468763514968/pdf/multi-page.pdf|access-date=October 12, 2020|publisher=World Bank|archive-date=July 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729120259/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/610011468763514968/pdf/multi-page.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite report|date=July 23, 1996|publisher=ReliefWeb|title=Yemen – Floods DHA-Geneva Situation Report No. 7 23 July 1996|access-date=October 12, 2020|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen-floods-dha-geneva-situation-report-no-7-23-july-1996|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091047/http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen-floods-dha-geneva-situation-report-no-7-23-july-1996|url-status=live}} In November 2015, Cyclone Chapala became the first recorded storm to make landfall in Yemen as a very severe cyclonic storm – the equivalent of a hurricane – when it struck Ar Riyan with winds of {{convert|120|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.{{cite news|author=Jason Samenow|date=November 9, 2015|title=Unprecedented: Second freak tropical cyclone to strike Yemen in the same week|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=January 16, 2016|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2015/11/09/unprecedented-second-freak-tropical-cyclone-to-strike-yemen-in-the-same-week/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131210257/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2015/11/09/unprecedented-second-freak-tropical-cyclone-to-strike-yemen-in-the-same-week/|archive-date=January 31, 2016|url-status=live}}{{cite report|publisher=India Meteorological Department|title=Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm, Chapala over the Arabian Sea (28 October – 4 November, 2015): A Report|date=December 2015|access-date=January 22, 2016|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/preliminary-report/chap.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201132924/http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/preliminary-report/chap.pdf|archive-date=February 1, 2016|url-status=live}} Just days later, Cyclone Megh followed a similar path and struck southeastern Yemen.{{cite report|publisher=India Meteorological Department|title=Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm, Megh over the Arabian Sea (05-10 November 2015): A Report|date=December 2015|access-date=January 22, 2016|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/preliminary-report/Megh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422223841/http://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/preliminary-report/Megh.pdf|archive-date=22 April 2016|url-status=live}} Collectively, Megh and Chapala killed 26 people and injured 78 in Yemen.{{cite report|title=Yemen: Cyclones Chapala and Megh Flash Update 11|date=November 19, 2015|access-date=January 24, 2016|publisher=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen-cyclones-chapala-and-megh-flash-update-11-19-november-2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120175444/http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen-cyclones-chapala-and-megh-flash-update-11-19-november-2015|archive-date=November 20, 2015|url-status=live}}

===Bangladesh===

File:1991 Bangladesh Cyclone 29 apr 1991 0623Z.jpg]]

Located in the northeastern extent of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh is highly populated and near sea-level, which makes the country vulnerable to storm surge flooding from landfalling tropical cyclones.{{cite journal|url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/90/2/11-088302/en/|title=Reduced death rates from cyclones in Bangladesh: what more needs to be done?|author=Ubydul Haque|author2=Masahiro Hashizume|author3=Korine N Kolivras|author4=Hans J Overgaard|author5=Bivash Das|author6=Taro Yamamoto|date=March 16, 2011|access-date=October 12, 2020|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|archive-date=October 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005083126/https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/90/2/11-088302/en/|url-status=dead}} From 1950 to 2001, an average 1.26 tropical cyclones struck Bangladesh each year, most commonly in May and October.{{cite conference|work=26th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology|title=A Climatological Study on the Landfalling Tropical Cyclones of Bangladesh|date=May 2004|author1=Tanveerul Islam|author2=R. E. Peterson|access-date=October 13, 2020|url=https://ams.confex.com/ams/26HURR/techprogram/paper_75681.htm|conference=|archive-date=October 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014105414/https://ams.confex.com/ams/26HURR/techprogram/paper_75681.htm|url-status=live}} About once every five years, a severe tropical cyclone affected the country.

Bangladesh has a history of deadly tropical cyclones. A cyclone in 1876 killed at least 100,000 people, and another cyclone in 1897 killed 175,000 people.{{cite journal|title=The Deadliest Tropical Cyclone in history?|author=Neil L. Frank|author2=S. A. Husain|date=June 1971|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=52|number=6}} On November 12, 1970, a cyclone struck Bangladesh, then known as East Pakistan, producing a {{convert|20|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} storm surge that killed at least 300,000 people. This made it the deadliest tropical cyclone on record.{{cite web|title=World: Highest Mortality, Tropical Cyclone|url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/world-highest-mortality-tropical-cyclone|access-date=October 12, 2020|publisher=World Weather & Climate Extremes Archive|archive-date=September 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930214557/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/world-highest-mortality-tropical-cyclone|url-status=live}} The cyclone wrecked about 400,000 houses, 99,000 boats, and 3,500 schools. The local government's lack of response to the storm was a partial factor in the Bangladesh Liberation War, one of the first instances in which a natural disaster led to a civil war.{{cite journal|title=The 1970 Bhola cyclone, nationalist politics, and the subsistence crisis contract in Bangladesh|date=January 2018|journal=Disasters|author=Naomi Hossain|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/disa.12235|access-date=October 12, 2020|volume=42|issue=1|pages=187–203|doi=10.1111/disa.12235|pmid=28452181|bibcode=2018Disas..42..187H |archive-date=October 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012161416/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/disa.12235|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}} After the storm, Bangladesh instituted a Cyclone Preparedness Programme to better inform residents of approaching storms, construct more shelters, and restore coastal mangrove forests to mitigate storm surge flooding. Another powerful cyclone struck the country in 1991, killing 138,000 people and displacing around 10 million people homeless, with more than 1 million homes destroyed.{{cite report|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1991atcr.pdf |title=Annual Tropical Cyclone Report|year=1992|page=155 |access-date=August 30, 2020 |work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |publisher=United States Navy, United States Airforce |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813232009/https://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1991atcr.pdf|archive-date=August 13, 2020 |url-status=dead }} In 2007, a similarly strong Cyclone Sidr struck the country, killing 3,406 people. The reduced death toll, compared to the 1970 and 1991 storm, was partially due to the improved warning systems and more shelters.{{cite journal|title=Why relatively fewer people died? The case of Bangladesh's Cyclone Sidr|journal=Natural Hazards|author=Bimal Kanti Paul|date=August 2009|volume=50|issue=2|pages=289–304|doi=10.1007/s11069-008-9340-5|bibcode=2009NatHa..50..289P |s2cid=129112405|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11069-008-9340-5#:~:text=On%20the%20night%20of%20November,Bangladesh%20(GOB)%202008)|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2021-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812193855/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11069-008-9340-5#:~:text=On%20the%20night%20of%20November,Bangladesh%20(GOB)%202008)|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}

===India===

File:Cyclone 05B.jpg]]

The India Meteorological Department issues warnings for all tropical cyclones in the northern Indian Ocean. Tropical cyclones more typically affect India from the Bay of Bengal on its east coast than the Arabian Sea on its west coast. The east Indian state of Odisha has historically been the most affected throughout the country, while the most landfalls by severe cyclonic storms occurred in Andhra Pradesh. On India's west coast, the most commonly affected state was Gujarat. From 1891 to 2000, there was an average of 3.2 tropical cyclone landfalls in the country's, most of which were on the east coast along the Bay of Bengal.{{cite web|title=Cyclones & their Impact in India|publisher=Cyclones & their Impact in India|access-date=October 13, 2020|url=https://ncrmp.gov.in/about-ncrmp/|archive-date=October 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015100736/https://ncrmp.gov.in/about-ncrmp/|url-status=live}}

The strongest cyclone on record in the Bay of Bengal was a super cyclonic storm in 1999, which made landfall on Paradeep, Odisha, in October 1999, with winds of {{convert|260|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.{{cite report|publisher=India Meteorological Department|title=Frequently Asked Questions on Tropical Cyclones|url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/faq.php#.|access-date=October 13, 2020|date=|archive-date=October 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016011208/https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/faq.php#.|url-status=live}} The cyclone killed 9,887 people across Odisha, with 1.6 million houses damaged or destroyed.{{cite report|title=Report on Cyclonic Disturbances Over North Indian Ocean During 1999|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/rsmc/1999.pdf|website=India Meteorological Department|publisher=RSMC-Tropical Cyclones New Delhi|access-date=1 January 2017|pages=50–64|date=February 2000|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085546/http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/rsmc/1999.pdf|url-status=live}} Damage was estimated at US$1.5 billion.{{cite web|author=Bob Henson|title=Amphan's Toll: More Than 100 Killed, Billions in Damage, Hundreds of Thousands Homeless|date=May 22, 2020|publisher=WeatherUnderground|url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/amphans-toll-more-than-100-killed-billions-in-damage-hundreds-of-thousands-homeless|access-date=October 13, 2020|archive-date=October 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014065036/https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/amphans-toll-more-than-100-killed-billions-in-damage-hundreds-of-thousands-homeless|url-status=live}} The only other super cyclonic storm in India was a landfalling storm in Andhra Pradesh in 1977, which killed at least 10,000 people and left ₹1.7 billion (US$196 million) in damage.{{cite news|title=India Begins Major Relief Effort As Cyclone Deaths Reach 10,000|newspaper=New York Times|date=November 23, 1977|access-date=October 13, 2020|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/23/archives/india-begins-major-relief-effort-as-cyclone-deaths-reach-10000.html|archive-date=October 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014193621/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/23/archives/india-begins-major-relief-effort-as-cyclone-deaths-reach-10000.html|url-status=live}}{{cite journal|title=Trends in Tropical Cyclone Impact|author=S. Raghavan|author2=S. Rajesh|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|date=May 2003|volume=84|number=5|doi=10.1175/BAMS-84-5-635|doi-access=free}} Other deadly Indian cyclones include cyclones in 1833 and 1864, both of which killed about 50,000 people. In May 2020, Cyclone Amphan moved ashore in West Bengal, inflicting at least 1 trillion (US$13.2 billion) in damage; this made Amphan India's costliest cyclone on record.{{cite news|last=Sabarwal|first=Harshit|date=May 22, 2020|title=West Bengal suffered losses of Rs 1 lakh crore due to Cyclone Amphan, says CM Mamata Banerjee|publisher=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/west-bengal-suffered-losses-of-rs-1-lakh-crore-due-to-cyclone-amphan-says-cm-mamata-banerjee/story-PYJDy4xEqTlwHOhTZ9sn0O.html|access-date=October 13, 2020|archive-date=October 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015105305/https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/west-bengal-suffered-losses-of-rs-1-lakh-crore-due-to-cyclone-amphan-says-cm-mamata-banerjee/story-PYJDy4xEqTlwHOhTZ9sn0O.html|url-status=live}}

===Inland countries===

Afghanistan is a mountainous country north of Pakistan.{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/afghanistan.html|title=Afghanistan|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2021-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129094925/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/afghanistan.html|url-status=live}} In June 2007, the remnants of Cyclone Yemyin caused damaging floods in the country that killed at least 56 people.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/hazards/200706|title=Global Hazards - June 2007 | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)|website=www.ncdc.noaa.gov|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2021-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330221934/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/hazards/200706|url-status=live}}

The remnants of a cyclone hitting eastern India also produced heavy rainfall and snowfall in the mountains of Nepal, killing 63 people. The snow caught mountain trekking teams off-guard, and 24 hikers were killed by an avalanche near Gokyo, which made it Nepal's deadliest avalanche in Nepal to affect a hiking expedition.{{cite news|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=1995-11-12|agency=Reuters|title=Avalanche Near Mt. Everest Kills 26 at Trek Camp|access-date=2015-12-01|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-11-12-mn-2389-story.html|archive-date=2015-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222121722/http://articles.latimes.com/1995-11-12/news/mn-2389_1_trek-camp|url-status=live}}{{cite news|author=Gopal Sharma|agency=Reuters|date=1995-11-13|title=Trekkers evacuated after Nepal avalanche|access-date=2015-12-01|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1241&dat=19951113&id=R0ZTAAAAIBAJ&pg=4667,3873684&hl=en|archive-date=2021-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823155943/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1241&dat=19951113&id=R0ZTAAAAIBAJ&pg=4667%2C3873684&hl=en|url-status=live}}{{cite conference|title=Storms and Avalanches of November 1995, Khumbu Himal, Nepal|author=Richard Kattelmann|author2=Tomomi Yamada|year=1997|conference=Proceedings International Snow Science Workshop|url=http://arc.lib.montana.edu/snow-science/objects/issw-1996-276-278.pdf|access-date=2015-11-30|archive-date=2015-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200039/http://arc.lib.montana.edu/snow-science/objects/issw-1996-276-278.pdf|url-status=live}} On October 12, 2014, Cyclone Hudhud struck southeastern India and maintained its identity as a low pressure area as it moved through the country into the Himalayas. Hudhud interacted with an approaching trough from the west. The orographic lift of the mountains led to heavy rainfall, estimated at more than {{convert|160|mm|in|abbr=on}}, while also producing blizzard conditions in some areas. Avalanches killed 43 people, including 21 trekkers climbing Mount Annapurna.{{cite web|title=Very Severe Cyclonic Storm, HUDHUD over the Bay of Bengal (7-14 October 2014): A Report |url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/preliminary-report/hud.pdf |publisher=India Meteorological Department |accessdate=6 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102071629/http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/preliminary-report/hud.pdf |archivedate=January 2, 2015 }}{{cite journal|date=December 1, 2015|title=The Deadly Himalayan Snowstorm of October 2014: Synoptic Conditions and Associated Trends|volume=96|number=12|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|author=S.-Y. Simon Wang|author2=Robert R. Gillies|author3=Boniface Fosu|author4=Pratibha M. Singh|pages=S89–S94|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00113.1|bibcode=2015BAMS...96S..89S|doi-access=free}}

On May 20, 2020, Cyclone Amphan moved ashore near the border of India and Bangladesh, and continued moving northeastward while weakening.{{Cite web |url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/report/26/26_936e63_amphan.pdf |title=Super Cyclonic Storm, "AMPHAN" over Southeast Bay of Bengal (16 May – 21 May 2020): A Report |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2021-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726164223/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/report/26/26_936e63_amphan.pdf |url-status=live }} Heavy rainfall in Bhutan caused landslides, flooding, and power outages.{{cite news|first=Chimi|last=Dema|newspaper=Kuensel|date=23 May 2020|access-date=26 May 2020|title=Incessant rainfall cause damage in Tsirang |url=https://kuenselonline.com/incessant-rainfall-cause-damage-in-tsirang/}}{{cite news|first=Younten|last=Tshedup|newspaper=Kuensel|date=22 May 2020|access-date=26 May 2020|title=Cyclone Amphan disrupts internet connectivity|url=https://kuenselonline.com/cyclone-amphan-disrupts-internet-connectivity/}}

===Iran===

In June 2007, Cyclone Gonu moved ashore southern Iran after affecting the Arabian Peninsula. It was the first storm to strike the country since 1898. Gonu killed 23 people and left US$216 million in damage.

=== Maldives ===

On October 31, 2012, Cyclone Nilam moved ashore southern India. Heavy rainfall extended far from the circulation, resulting in flooding in the Maldives that left US$133,090 in damage.{{cite report|title=A Preliminary Report on Cyclonic storm, Nilam over Bay of Bengal (28 October- 01 November, 2012)|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/report/26/26_2b49f4_cs_nilam28oct-01-nov-2012.pdf|accessdate=July 26, 2021|date=|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726183555/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/report/26/26_2b49f4_cs_nilam28oct-01-nov-2012.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite web|publisher=Asian Disaster Reduction Center|url=https://www.adrc.asia/nationinformation.php?NationCode=462&Lang=en&NationNum=36|series=Information on Disaster Risk Reduction of the Member Countries|title=Maldives|accessdate=July 26, 2021|archive-date=January 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122042311/https://www.adrc.asia/nationinformation.php?NationCode=462&Lang=en&NationNum=36|url-status=live}}

===Myanmar===

File:Nargis 2008-05-02 0645Z.jpg shortly before landfall in the Ayeyarwady Region of Myanmar]]

In May 2008, Cyclone Nargis struck the low-lying Irrawaddy Delta of Myanmar with strong winds and a {{convert|12|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} storm surge, killing an estimated 140,000 people, and becoming the country's worst natural disaster on record. This made Nargis among the deadliest tropical cyclones on record. Myanmar was largely unprepared for the cyclone, lacking shelters and an early warning system. Nargis damaged or destroyed more than 700,000 homes, leaving more than 1 million people homeless. Damage was estimated at over US$10 billion. In the ten years after the cyclone, Myanmar installed radar and observation stations while improving its early warning system.{{cite news|title=10 years after, Cyclone Nargis still holds lessons for Myanmar|date=May 2, 2018|publisher=The Conversation|access-date=October 15, 2020|url=https://theconversation.com/10-years-after-cyclone-nargis-still-holds-lessons-for-myanmar-95039|archive-date=October 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020041346/https://theconversation.com/10-years-after-cyclone-nargis-still-holds-lessons-for-myanmar-95039|url-status=live}}{{cite journal|title=The impact of Cyclone Nargis on the Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) River delta shoreline and nearshore zone (Myanmar): Towards degraded delta resilience?|author1=Manon Besseta|author2=Edward J. Anthony|author3=Philippe Dussouilleza|author4=Marc Goichotb|volume=349|issue=6–7|date=October–November 2017|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631071317301074|journal=Comptes Rendus Geoscience|page=238 |doi=10.1016/j.crte.2017.09.002 |bibcode=2017CRGeo.349..238B |access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2020-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209134839/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631071317301074|url-status=live}}

===Pakistan===

File:1999karachicyclone.jpg making landfall near Karachi in Pakistan]]

In December 1965, a cyclone hit Karachi, killing an estimated 10,000 people, making it Pakistan's deadliest tropical cyclone since 1950. It was one of only six cyclones to strike Pakistan from 1950 to 2012.{{cite journal|journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management|title=A temporal assessment of flooding fatalities in Pakistan (1950–2012)|date=March 2015|author=M.J. Paulikas|author2=M.K. Rahman|volume=8|issue=1|pages=62–70|doi=10.1111/jfr3.12084|bibcode=2015JFRM....8...62P | s2cid=129667583 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jfr3.12084|access-date=October 14, 2020|url-access=subscription}} In May 1999, Pakistan's strongest landfalling cyclone hit near Karachi, killing an estimated 6,200 people; many of them were swept out to sea.{{cite web|title=15th Anniversary of Pakistani Cyclone|publisher=Hurricane Research Division|access-date=October 14, 2020|date=May 20, 2014|url=https://noaahrd.wordpress.com/2014/05/20/15th-anniversary-of-pakistani-cyclone/|archive-date=October 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019015234/https://noaahrd.wordpress.com/2014/05/20/15th-anniversary-of-pakistani-cyclone/|url-status=live}} More than 75,000 houses were destroyed.{{cite web|title=Cyclones|url=http://www.pdma.gob.pk/cyclones/|access-date=October 14, 2020|publisher=Provincial Disaster Management Authority|archive-date=October 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025030351/http://www.pdma.gob.pk/cyclones/|url-status=live}}

=== Sri Lanka ===

Tropical cyclones occasionally affect the island nation of Sri Lanka, especially the north and eastern portions of the island. Most of the landfalling cyclones occurred in November or December, during the island's Maha season.{{cite journal|first1=Lareef |last1=Zubair| first2=Zcenas | last2=Yahiya| first3=Janaki | last3=Chandimala|author4=M.R.A. Siraj|journal=Journal of the Institute of Engineers, Sri Lanka|volume=36|number=3|title=What led to the May 2003 Floods?|pages=51–52|access-date=2014-04-21|url=http://water.columbia.edu/files/2011/11/Zubair2003Floods.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508215440/http://water.columbia.edu/files/2011/11/Zubair2003Floods.pdf|archive-date=2014-05-08|url-status=live}} In December 1964, a cyclone produced a significant storm surge of {{convert|4.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}, with up to 2,000 people killed on the island.{{cite news|newspaper=Deseret News|date=December 26, 1964|accessdate=May 21, 2014|title=Ceylon Cyclone: Thousands Homeless|page=1|agency=Associated Press|location=New Delhi, India|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WMtaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5X8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4703%2C6379092|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726191847/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WMtaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5X8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4703,6379092|url-status=live}} A powerful cyclone in 1978 killed more than 1,000 people in the country, with more than 250,000 houses damaged.{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JtbICgAAQBAJ&q=how+often+is+sri+lanka+struck+by+cyclones&pg=PA187|title = Geotechnical Engineering for Disaster Mitigation and Rehabilitation - Proceedings of the International Conference (With Cd-rom)|isbn = 9789814479493|last1 = Chu|first1 = Jian|last2 = Phoon|first2 = Kok Kwang|last3 = Yong|first3 = Kwet Yew|date = 9 December 2005| publisher=World Scientific |access-date = 23 August 2021|archive-date = 23 August 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210823160005/https://books.google.com/books?id=JtbICgAAQBAJ&q=how+often+is+sri+lanka+struck+by+cyclones&pg=PA187|url-status = live}} In May 2003, a cyclonic storm stalled in the Bay of Bengal, and its plume of moisture produced the worst disaster on Sri Lanka in over 50 years. Flooding and landslides killed 260 people.

==West Pacific==

===China===

File:Saomai 2006-08-10 0505Z (cropped).jpg nearing the Chinese province of Zhejiang]]

One of the oldest known typhoons to strike China was in November 975, when a typhoon struck Guangzhou.{{cite journal|title=A 1,000-Year History of Typhoon Landfalls in Guangdong, Southern China, Reconstructed from Chinese Historical Documentary Records|author1=Kam-biu Liu|author2=Caiming Shen|author3=Kin-sheun Louie|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=91|issue=3|date=September 2001|page=455|url=http://coastandenvironment.lsu.edu/docs/faculty/liu/paleoecology_web/index_files/Liu%20A%201000-year%20history%20of%20typhoon%20landfalls%20in%20Guangdong,%20southern%20China.pdf|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2015-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920022344/http://coastandenvironment.lsu.edu/docs/faculty/liu/paleoecology_web/index_files/Liu%20A%201000-year%20history%20of%20typhoon%20landfalls%20in%20Guangdong,%20southern%20China.pdf|url-status=live}} Each year on average, about ten tropical cyclones make landfall in China, and another two storms affect the coast without moving ashore. The most affected provinces are Hainan and Guangdong in southern China, along with Fujian and Zhejiang in southeastern China. Less commonly affected provinces are Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Shandong where the coastline curves to the northwest, and at which latitude most typhoons recurve to the northeast.{{cite conference|title=A Typhoon Loss Estimation Model for China|url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.569.3151&rep=rep1&type=pdf|format=PDF|author=Peter J. Sousounis|author2=H. He|author3=M. L. Healy|author4=V. K. Jain|author5=Greta Ljung|author6=Y. Qu|author7=B. Shen-Tu|date=January 2008|citeseerx=10.1.1.569.3151|conference=88th Annual American Meteorological Society Meeting|access-date=October 12, 2020|archive-date=October 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016175054/https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.569.3151&rep=rep1&type=pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite journal|title=Variations in Typhoon Landfalls over China|author1=Emily A. FOGARTY|author2=James B. Elsner|author3=Thomas H. Jagger|author4=Kam-biu Liu|author5=Kin-sheun Louie|volume=23|number=5|journal=Advances in Atmospheric Sciences|date=October 2006|page=665|doi=10.1007/s00376-006-0665-2|bibcode=2006AdAtS..23..665F|s2cid=59043889|url=http://coastandenvironment.lsu.edu/docs/faculty/liu/paleoecology_web/index_files/fogarty.pdf|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2015-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920015730/http://coastandenvironment.lsu.edu/docs/faculty/liu/paleoecology_web/index_files/fogarty.pdf|url-status=live}}

In late August 1931, a typhoon struck Shanghai following a series of storms making landfall in China. The typhoon contributed to China's worst recorded flooding, causing a break in the levee along Lake Gaoyou and the Grand Canal. The breaks flooded a {{convert|25900|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} portion of northern Jiangsu, including 80 towns, killing 300,000 people, according to contemporaneous news reports. In the city of Gaoyou, the levee break killed 2,000 people in the middle of the night.{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2006-10/03/content_701197.htm|title=History's worst flood finally revealed|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2019-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731015100/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2006-10/03/content_701197.htm|url-status=live}}{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WqhJDwAAQBAJ&q=Gaoyou&pg=PA60|title = The Nature of Disaster in China: The 1931 Yangzi River Flood|isbn = 9781108284936|last1 = Courtney|first1 = Chris|date = 2018-02-15| publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date = 2021-08-23|archive-date = 2021-08-23|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210823155944/https://books.google.com/books?id=WqhJDwAAQBAJ&q=Gaoyou&pg=PA60|url-status = live}}{{Cite web |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/67291377 |title=01 Sep 1931 - FLOOD HORROR - Trove |newspaper=Geraldton Guardian and Express |date=September 1931 |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2019-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731015102/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/67291377 |url-status=live }}{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1175/1520-0493(1931)59<321:TOA>2.0.CO;2|issn = 1520-0493|year = 1931|volume = 59|issue = 8|pages = 321–323|title = Typhoons of August, 1931|journal = Monthly Weather Review|last1 = Selga|first1 = s. j.|bibcode = 1931MWRv...59..321S|doi-access = free}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v04r00/index.php?name=v04r00-1931210N12133|title=IBTrACS - International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship|website=www.atms.unca.edu|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2021-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823160011/http://www.atms.unca.edu/ibtracs/ibtracs_v04r00/index.php?name=v04r00-1931210N12133|url-status=live}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/gen_pub/WeatheringTheStorm-2.pdf |title=A Review of Natural Disasters of the Past |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2021-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804011532/http://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/gen_pub/WeatheringTheStorm-2.pdf |url-status=live }} In August 1975, Typhoon Nina struck the Chinese province of Fujian and progressed into central China, dropping torrential rainfall totaling {{convert|1605|mm|in|abbr=on}} over three days in the province of Henan. The resulting floods caused 64 dams to fail, including the large Banqiao and Shimantan dams, which directly killed 26,000 people and indirectly killed another 100,000 people. Damage from the floods was estimated at US$6.7 billion, one of China's most destructive floods on record.{{cite journal|title=Typhoon Nina and the August 1975 Flood over Central China|volume=18|issue=2|date=February 2017|author1=Long Yang|author2=Maofeng Liu|author3=James A. Smith|author4=Fuqiang Tian|journal=Journal of Hydrometeorology|page=451|doi=10.1175/JHM-D-16-0152.1|bibcode=2017JHyMe..18..451Y|doi-access=free}}

In August 2006, Typhoon Saomai became the strongest typhoon on record to strike China, with a central pressure of {{convert|920|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}} and winds of {{convert|215|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} at its landfall in Zhejiang. It produced wind gusts of {{convert|293|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} in Wenzhou. The typhoon killed 456 people and left more than US$4.2 billion in damage.{{cite report|url=http://severe.worldweather.wmo.int/tcc/document/creport/Review_of_the_2006_Typhoon_Season(China).doc |title=Review of the 2006 Typhoon Season |date=December 4, 2006 |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |format=DOC |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809093257/http://severe.worldweather.wmo.int/tcc/document/creport/Review_of_the_2006_Typhoon_Season%28China%29.doc |archive-date=August 9, 2007|access-date=October 12, 2020 }} China's costliest typhoon on record was Typhoon Fitow in 2013, which inflicted ¥63.1 billion in damage (US$10.4 billion) when it struck Wenzhou as the most powerful October landfall in mainland China.{{cite report|series=8th Integrated Workshop/2nd TRCG Forum|title=Member Report: China|year=2013|access-date=October 12, 2020|publisher=ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee|url=http://www.typhooncommittee.org/8IWS_2TRCG/docs/Members%20Report/2013MemberReportChina.pdf|archive-date=December 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203012415/http://www.typhooncommittee.org/8IWS_2TRCG/docs/Members%20Report/2013MemberReportChina.pdf|url-status=live}}

===Korean Peninsula===

File:ST Maemi 12 sep 2003 0455Z.jpg nearing South Korea]]{{Main|Typhoons in the Korean peninsula}}

In 1959, Typhoon Sarah made landfall just west of Busan, South Korea with sustained winds of {{convert|185|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. It killed 849 people in the country, the deadliest storm on record in South Korea.{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/republic-korea/massive-typhoon-maemi-pounds-south-korea|title=Massive Typhoon Maemi pounds South Korea - Republic of Korea|website=ReliefWeb|date=15 September 2003 |access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2020-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018030502/https://reliefweb.int/report/republic-korea/massive-typhoon-maemi-pounds-south-korea|url-status=live}} The strongest typhoon on record to hit South Korea was Typhoon Maemi in 2003, which also moved ashore near Busan with winds of {{convert|190|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.{{cite report |author=Guy Carpenter |title=Typhoon Maemi Loss Report 2003 |access-date=2013-10-18 |url=http://gcportal.guycarp.com/portal/extranet/popup/pdf/GCPub/GC%20Typhoon%20Maemi%20report.pdf?vid=1 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019163654/http://gcportal.guycarp.com/portal/extranet/popup/pdf/GCPub/GC%20Typhoon%20Maemi%20report.pdf?vid=1 |archive-date=2013-10-19 |url-status=dead }} The costliest storm on record in the Korean peninsula was Typhoon Rusa in 2002, which inflicted US$6 billion in damage.{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257633087 |title=Typhoon and storm surge intensity changes in a warming climate around the Korean Peninsula |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2021-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823160007/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257633087_Typhoon_and_storm_surge_intensity_changes_in_a_warming_climate_around_the_Korean_Peninsula |url-status=live }}

During 2020, 3 tropical cyclones made landfall on the Korean Peninsula in a span of 2 weeks. The first, Typhoon Bavi, made landfall in North Korea. Typhoon Maysak and Typhoon Haishen would follow, both making landfall in eastern South Korea. Haishen would go on to make landfall in North Korea, while Maysak would impact North Korea as well. Combined impacts between Maysak and Haishen in South Korea were calculated at ₩606.3 billion (US$510 million).{{Cite news|date=September 29, 2020|script-title=ko:정부, 태풍 '마이삭'·'하이선' 피해 복구비 6천63억원 확정|language=Korean|publisher=KBS World|url=https://world.kbs.co.kr/service/news_view.htm?lang=k&Seq_Code=365482|access-date=September 29, 2020|archive-date=September 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930092439/http://world.kbs.co.kr/service/news_view.htm?lang=k&Seq_Code=365482|url-status=live}} The state television network of North Korea broadcast overnight during the passings of Bavi and Maysak.{{Cite web|date=August 27, 2020|title=North Korea reports real-time typhoon damage in rare overnight broadcasts | NK News|url=https://www.nknews.org/2020/08/north-korea-reports-real-time-typhoon-damage-in-rare-overnight-broadcasts/|access-date=September 9, 2020|website=NK News - North Korea News|archive-date=September 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907115510/https://www.nknews.org/2020/08/north-korea-reports-real-time-typhoon-damage-in-rare-overnight-broadcasts|url-status=live}}

===Japan===

An average of 2.6 typhoons strike Japan each year.{{cite web|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/news/2004/summary/index.html.en|accessdate=July 29, 2021|title=Summary of Information on Typhoons in 2004|publisher=Digital Typhoon|archive-date=July 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729153408/http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/news/2004/summary/index.html.en|url-status=live}} In 2004, ten typhoons struck Japan, the greatest number in a single season, surpassing the previous record of six set in 1990.{{cite web|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/hazards/200410|accessdate=July 29, 2021|title=Global Hazards - October 2004|series=State of the Climate|date=November 2004|archive-date=July 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729153409/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/hazards/200410|url-status=live}} In September 1959, Typhoon Vera made landfall in Japan on Honshu with estimated sustained winds of {{convert|260|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, killing about 5,000 people in the country; that made Vera the deadliest tropical cyclone on record in Japan.{{cite report|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1959atcr.pdf|title=1959 Annual Typhoon Report|author=Tilden, Charles E.|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|location=San Francisco, California|access-date=1 January 2014|work=Annual Tropical Cyclone Report|year=1959|archive-date=21 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221115302/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1959atcr.pdf|url-status=dead}} In October 2019, Typhoon Hagibis struck the island of Honshu and inflicted US$15 billion in damage, making it the costliest storm on record in Japan.{{cite report|url=http://thoughtleadership.aon.com/Documents/20200122-if-natcat2020.pdf|title=Weather, Climate & Catastrophe Insight: 2019 Annual Report|date=January 22, 2020|access-date=January 23, 2020|website=AON Benfield|archive-date=January 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122154950/http://thoughtleadership.aon.com/Documents/20200122-if-natcat2020.pdf|url-status=live}}

===Philippines===

Each year, an average of nine tropical cyclones strike the Philippines, with most landfalls in the northern island of Luzon.{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294138837|title=Observed trends and impacts of tropical cyclones in the Philippines | Request PDF|website=ResearchGate|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2021-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823160012/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294138837_Observed_trends_and_impacts_of_tropical_cyclones_in_the_Philippines|url-status=live}} The Philippines has the second most number of tropical cyclone landfalls in the world, after China, but more intense cyclones hit the Philippines compared to any other country.{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2225603218301085|title=A Global View of the Landfall Characteristics of Tropical Cyclones ||website=ScienceDirect|access-date=2025-06-12|date=2021-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226014020/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2225603218301085|archive-date=2024-02-26}}

In November 2013, Typhoon Haiyan made landfall in Eastern Samar and subsequently crossed the central Philippines; the storm, locally known as Yolanda, killed 6,300 people. Damage totaled ₱95.5 billion (US$2.2 billion).{{cite web |url=http://ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/1329/FINAL_REPORT_re_Effects_of_Typhoon_YOLANDA_HAIYAN_06-09NOV2013.pdf |title=Final Report - Effects of Typhoon Yolanda Haiyan | date=2013-11-06 |website=ndrrmc.gov.ph |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105102044/http://ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/1329/FINAL_REPORT_re_Effects_of_Typhoon_YOLANDA_HAIYAN_06-09NOV2013.pdf |archive-date=5 November 2020 |url-status=dead}}

===Russia===

In 1984, the remnants of Typhoon Holly affected the Russian Far East, then a part of the Soviet Union. The storm produced the worst flooding along the Amur River since 1928 after a dam burst.{{cite news |title=Severe Flooding In Far East, More Expected |agency=Associated Press |date=August 24, 1984}} {{subscription required|via=Lexis Nexis}} In 2020, Typhoon Maysak struck Primorsky Krai as an extratropical cyclone, which killed three people and led to ₽200 million (US$2.66 million) in losses.{{cite news|script-title=ru:Ущерб Приморью от тайфуна "Майсак" предварительно оценивается в 200 млн рублей - губернатор|url=https://www.interfax-russia.ru/far-east/news/ushcherb-primoryu-ot-tayfuna-maysak-predvaritelno-ocenivaetsya-v-200-mln-rubley-gubernator|publisher=Interfax|date=September 4, 2020|accessdate=September 5, 2020|language=Russian|archive-date=September 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907074533/https://www.interfax-russia.ru/far-east/news/ushcherb-primoryu-ot-tayfuna-maysak-predvaritelno-ocenivaetsya-v-200-mln-rubley-gubernator|url-status=live}}

===Taiwan===

Each year, three to four typhoons hit the island of Taiwan. In 2020, no storms struck the island, marking the first typhoon-free year in Taiwan in more than 50 years.{{cite news|date=December 21, 2020|title=Taiwan may face fewer typhoons - but harsher drought - as planet warms|author=Sally Jensen|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-taiwan-typhoon-feature/taiwan-may-face-fewer-typhoons-but-harsher-drought-as-planet-warms-idUSKBN28W00D|work=Reuters|accessdate=July 29, 2021|archive-date=July 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729183717/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-taiwan-typhoon-feature/taiwan-may-face-fewer-typhoons-but-harsher-drought-as-planet-warms-idUSKBN28W00D|url-status=live}} In summer and fall, tropical cyclones typically produce 43.5% of the island's rainfall.{{cite journal|url=http://140.112.66.168/tao/media/k2/attachments/v244-IIp737.pdf|title=A 300-Year Typhoon Record in Taiwan and the Relationship with Solar Activity|date=August 2013|author=Chih-wen Hung|doi=10.3319/TAO.2013.02.18.01(A)|volume=24|number=4|journal=Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences|page=737|bibcode=2013TAOS...24..737H|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2021-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823155945/http://140.112.66.168/tao/media/k2/attachments/v244-IIp737.pdf|url-status=live}}

In August 1959, Typhoon Joan struck southeastern Taiwan with winds of {{convert|295|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, according to the JTWC.{{Cite web|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/typhoon-nepartak-drenches-taiwan-killing-2-now-headed-for-china.html|title=Typhoon Nepartak Drenches Taiwan, Killing 2; Now Headed For China | Category 6™|website=Weather Underground|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2021-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729183722/https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/typhoon-nepartak-drenches-taiwan-killing-2-now-headed-for-china.html|url-status=live}} In August 2009, Typhoon Morakot moved slowly across the island, dropping torrential rainfall reaching {{convert|2855|mm|in|abbr=on}}, the highest amount for any Taiwan typhoon. The rains caused severe flooding and landslides, including one in Siaolin Village that killed around 500 people. Morakot killed 671 people on Taiwan, becoming the island's deadliest typhoon.{{Cite web |url=https://calhoun.nps.edu/bitstream/handle/10945/47200/Elsberry_Advances_2011.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Advances in Understanding the Perfect Monsoon-influenced Typhoon: Summary from International Conference on Typhoon Morakot (2009) |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2021-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729183718/https://calhoun.nps.edu/bitstream/handle/10945/47200/Elsberry_Advances_2011.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.sabo-int.org/case/2009_aug_taiwan.pdf |title=Typhoon Disaster in Taiwan in August 2009 |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2021-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823155946/http://www.sabo-int.org/case/2009_aug_taiwan.pdf |url-status=live }}

=== Thailand ===

File:Gay Nov 4 1989 0038Z.png shortly before landfall in Thailand]]

Thailand is typically affected by 2.9 tropical cyclones per year, mostly as tropical depressions. In November 1989, Typhoon Gay became the first typhoon on record to make landfall in Thailand since 1891, damaging 38,000 houses and killing 602 people. Monetary losses reached 11 billion baht (US$456.5 million), ranking Gay as one of the costliest disasters in the country's history.{{cite web|url=https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/amp/pwsp//documents/CountryReportThailandSWFDP-SeA.pdf|title=Thailand Country Report|publisher=Thai Meteorological Department|access-date=October 14, 2020}}{{cite journal|page=280|title=An Assemblage of Thai Water Engineering: The Royal Irrigation Department's Museum for Heavy Engineering as a Parliament of Things|journal=Engaging Science, Technology, and Society|year=2017|doi=10.17351/ESTS2017.55|s2cid=54854623|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/cf8c/ac3fd6089c001f6200cd813c15f92cfb5c61.pdf|access-date=October 14, 2020|last1=Sangkhamanee|first1=Jakkrit|volume=3|archive-date=August 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823155947/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/cf8c/ac3fd6089c001f6200cd813c15f92cfb5c61.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite web|publisher=Asian Disaster Reduction Center|year=1998|access-date=December 15, 2011|title=Thailand Country Report|url=http://www.adrc.asia/countryreport/THA/THAeng98/index.html|archive-date=October 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022174840/http://www.adrc.asia/countryreport/THA/THAeng98/index.html|url-status=live}} The deadliest tropical cyclone in Thailand since 1950 was Tropical Storm Harriet in 1962, which killed 935 people.{{cite report |author=((Climatological Center, Meteorological Development Bureau, Thai Meteorological Department)) |title=Tropical cyclones in Thailand: Historical data 1951–2010 |url=http://www.ptc-wmoescap.org/AdhocGroupAttachments/26_TROPICAL%20CYCLONES%20IN%20THAILAND.pdf |publisher=Thai Meteorological Department |access-date=21 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234830/http://www.ptc-wmoescap.org/AdhocGroupAttachments/26_TROPICAL%20CYCLONES%20IN%20THAILAND.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |date=2011 |url-status=dead }}

===Vietnam===

Each year, 2.6 tropical cyclones strike Vietnam, typically along the central or northern coastline. Typhoons account for 80% of annual disaster-related damage in the country.{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334989291|date=December 2019|title=Statistics on typhoon landfalls in Vietnam: Can recent increases in economic damage be attributed to storm trends?|journal=Urban Climate|doi=10.1016/j.uclim.2019.100506|author=Hiroshi Takagi|volume=30|page=100506|bibcode=2019UrbCl..3000506T |s2cid=201309220|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2021-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823155950/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334989291_Statistics_on_typhoon_landfalls_in_Vietnam_Can_recent_increases_in_economic_damage_be_attributed_to_storm_trends|url-status=live}}

In October 1881, a typhoon struck what is now northern Vietnam, producing a storm surge that flooded the city of Haiphong, killing around 3,000 people.{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257144336|accessdate=August 3, 2021|title=The 'terrific Tongking typhoon' of October 1881 - Implications for the Red River Delta (northern Vietnam) in modern times|format=PDF|journal=Weather|date=March 2012|doi=10.1002/wea.882|author=James P. Terry|author2=Nigel Winspear|author3=Cuong Quoc Tran|volume=67|issue=3|pages=72–75|bibcode=2012Wthr...67...72T| s2cid=123200315 |archive-date=August 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823155951/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257144336_The_%27terrific_Tongking_typhoon%27_of_October_1881_-_Implications_for_the_Red_River_Delta_northern_Vietnam_in_modern_times|url-status=live|doi-access=free}} In October 1997, Tropical Storm Linda struck southern Vietnam, where it wrecked thousands of fishing boats and killed at least 3,111 people.{{cite web|author=United Nations Development Programme|publisher=ReliefWeb|year=2003|title=Summing-up report on disaster situations in recent years and preparedness and mitigation measures in Vietnam|access-date=2010-03-22|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/OCHA-64BTSE?OpenDocument&rc=3&emid=ST-1997-0267-VNM|archive-date=2021-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823155953/https://reliefweb.int/report/viet-nam/summing-report-disaster-situations-recent-years-and-preparedness-and-mitigation|url-status=live}} In 2009, Typhoon Ketsana struck central Vietnam, causing an estimated 16.07 trillion VND (US$896.1 million) in damage.{{Cite web|url=http://phongchongthientai.mard.gov.vn/FileUpload/2019-08/PlI5NEfHkkITO9XG2009-Tong%20hop%20thiet%20hai%20nam%202009-ct.pdf|title=2009 VIETNAM REPORT|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2021-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803204447/http://phongchongthientai.mard.gov.vn/FileUpload/2019-08/PlI5NEfHkkITO9XG2009-Tong%20hop%20thiet%20hai%20nam%202009-ct.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=http://vietnamnet.vn/thegioi/200910/LHQ-Bao-so-9-lam-Viet-Nam-thiet-hai-785-trieu-USD-872560/ |title=LHQ: Bão số 9 làm Việt Nam thiệt hại 785 triệu USD |website=VietNamNet |date=2009-10-07 |language=vi |access-date=2009-12-09 |archive-date=2009-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013124221/http://www.vietnamnet.vn/thegioi/200910/LHQ-Bao-so-9-lam-Viet-Nam-thiet-hai-785-trieu-USD-872560/ |url-status=live }} In 2020, a series of storms affected Vietnam, beginning with Tropical Storm Linfa, which dropped {{convert|90.16|in|mm}} of rainfall in A Lưới. The storm killed at least 114 people.{{cite web|url=http://phongchongthientai.mard.gov.vn/Pages/bao-cao-nhanh-cong-tac-truc-ban-pctt-ngay-14-10-2020.aspx|title=FLASH REPORT ON DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT SITUATION ON 14 OCTOBER 2020|author=|date=14 October 2020|work=Vietnam Disaster Management Authority|accessdate=2020-10-17|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017201339/http://phongchongthientai.mard.gov.vn/Pages/bao-cao-nhanh-cong-tac-truc-ban-pctt-ngay-14-10-2020.aspx|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.usaid.gov/vietnam/program-updates/oct-2020-usaid-responds-disaster-declaration-caused-tropical-storm-linfa|title=USAID Responds to Disaster Declaration Caused by Tropical Storm Linfa | Program Update | Vietnam|date=October 23, 2020|website=USAID|access-date=August 23, 2021|archive-date=August 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803204511/https://www.usaid.gov/vietnam/program-updates/oct-2020-usaid-responds-disaster-declaration-caused-tropical-storm-linfa|url-status=dead}}

==Indonesia==

In April 1973, a cyclone in the Flores Sea struck the island of Flores; across the region, the storm killed 1,653 people,{{cite news|title=Death toll|agency=Australian Associated Press|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110715084?searchTerm=flores&searchLimits=exactPhrase|newspaper=The Canberra Times|date=June 18, 1973|accessdate=April 22, 2020|archive-date=August 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827205214/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110715084?searchTerm=flores&searchLimits=exactPhrase|url-status=live}} making it the deadliest tropical cyclone recorded in the Southern Hemisphere.{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |title=Africa's Hurricane Katrina: Tropical Cyclone Idai Causes an Extreme Catastrophe |url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/Africas-Hurricane-Katrina-Tropical-Cyclone-Idai-Causes-Extreme-Catastrophe |website=Weather Underground |accessdate=23 March 2019 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804083147/https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/Africas-Hurricane-Katrina-Tropical-Cyclone-Idai-Causes-Extreme-Catastrophe |url-status=live }} In December 2001, Tropical Storm Vamei struck northeastern Sumatra after having moved from the South China Sea.{{cite web|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|title=Typhoon Vamei Best Track for the 2001 Pacific typhoon season|url=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/fcd/yoho/data/typhoon/T0126.pdf|access-date=2012-12-06|author=RSMC Tokyo — Typhoon Center|language=ja|archive-date=2013-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718010518/http://www.data.jma.go.jp/fcd/yoho/data/typhoon/T0126.pdf|url-status=live}} In May 2013, Cyclone Viyaru in the Indian Ocean produced flooding in northwestern Sumatra, killing at least four people.{{cite web|work=United Press International|date=May 11, 2013|access-date=May 16, 2013|title=Thousands homeless from floods in Indonesia's Aceh district|location=Jakarta, Indonesia|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2013/05/11/Thousands-homeless-from-floods-in-Indonesias-Aceh-district/UPI-98951368290336/|archive-date=May 16, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516082505/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2013/05/11/Thousands-homeless-from-floods-in-Indonesias-Aceh-district/UPI-98951368290336/|url-status=live}}{{cite news|author=Aris Cahyadi|newspaper=Jakarta Globe|date=May 13, 2013|access-date=May 16, 2013|title=Aceh Landslide Kills 3 Bus Passengers|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/aceh-landslide-kills-8-bus-passengers/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626205656/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/aceh-landslide-kills-8-bus-passengers/|archive-date=June 26, 2013|url-status=dead}} In April 2021, Cyclone Seroja produced flooding and landslides across Indonesia, causing at least 181 deaths, and at least 3.4 trillion rupiah (US$235.7 million) in damage.{{cite web|title=Death toll from tropical cyclone Seroja in Indonesia increases to 181, 47 still missing|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/asiapacific/2021-04/14/c_139880477.htm|publisher=Xinhua|access-date=15 April 2021|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415173358/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/asiapacific/2021-04/14/c_139880477.htm|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|date=2021-05-05|title=Kerugian Sementara akibat Badai Siklon Tropis Seroja di NTT Rp 3,4 Triliun|url=https://www.kompas.id/baca/nusantara/2021/05/05/t-kerugian-sementara-akibat-badai-siklon-tropis-seroja-di-ntt-rp-34-triliun/|access-date=2021-05-05|website=kompas.id|archive-date=2021-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505153109/https://www.kompas.id/baca/nusantara/2021/05/05/t-kerugian-sementara-akibat-badai-siklon-tropis-seroja-di-ntt-rp-34-triliun/|url-status=live}}

==East Timor==

In April 2021, Cyclone Seroja dropped torrential rainfall in the country, leading to 42 deaths. Damage was estimated at US$100 million.{{cite web|url=https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/cyclone-seroja-in-timor-leste-a-complex-crisis/|title=Cyclone Seroja in Timor-Leste: A Complex Crisis|author=Méabh Cryan|date=April 15, 2021|publisher=Australian Institute of International Affairs|accessdate=August 4, 2021|archive-date=August 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813052452/https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/cyclone-seroja-in-timor-leste-a-complex-crisis/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|last=Barrett|first=Chris|date=9 April 2021|title='Cocktail of disaster': East Timor asks for Australian aid as floods trigger disease outbreak|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/cocktail-of-disaster-east-timor-asks-for-australian-aid-as-floods-trigger-disease-outbreak-20210409-p57hw2.html|access-date=9 April 2021|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en|archive-date=9 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409075636/https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/cocktail-of-disaster-east-timor-asks-for-australian-aid-as-floods-trigger-disease-outbreak-20210409-p57hw2.html|url-status=live}}

=Australia and Oceania=

== Australia ==

File:Cyclone Yasi 2 February 2011 approaching Queensland.jpg nearing Queensland in northeastern Australia]]

Australia is a continent and island country in the southern hemisphere located in Oceania between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean.{{cite web|title=Oceanography of Australia|publisher=Marine Science Australia|url=https://www.ausmarinescience.com/marine-science-basics/oceanography-of-australia|year=2019|access-date=October 11, 2020|archive-date=October 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012063301/https://www.ausmarinescience.com/marine-science-basics/oceanography-of-australia|url-status=live}} On January 1, 1908, the Bureau of Meteorology began managing the country's weather recordkeeping.{{cite news|agency=ABC Australia|date=December 31, 2007|title=BOM celebrates 100 years|access-date=October 12, 2020|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-01-01/bom-celebrates-100-years/1000082|archive-date=January 3, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103224345/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/01/01/2129737.htm|url-status=live}} Annually, ten tropical cyclones develop in the waters around Australia, of which six make landfall in the country.{{Cite web|title=Severe Wind|date=20 October 2017|publisher=Geoscience Australia|access-date=October 11, 2020|url=https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/community-safety/severe-wind|archive-date=October 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009013217/https://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/community-safety/severe-wind|url-status=live}} From 1839 to 2005, tropical cyclones accounted for more than 2,100 deaths in Australia, mostly related to shipwrecks; this represented about 35% of deaths related to natural disasters.{{cite report|year=2007|page=45|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/webtemp/image_cache/GA10821.pdf|title=Natural hazards in Australia: Identifying risk analysis requirements|author=Alan Sharp|author2=Craig Arthur|author3=Bob Cechet|author4=Mark Edwards|publisher=Geoscience Australia|access-date=October 11, 2020|archive-date=October 31, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031165443/http://www.ga.gov.au/webtemp/image_cache/GA10821.pdf|url-status=live}}

Australia's deadliest tropical cyclone on record, and possibly most intense, was Cyclone Mahina, which made landfall on Bathurst Bay in the northeastern state of Queensland. A ship, the Crest of the Wave, recorded a minimum pressure of {{convert|880|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}, making it a Category 5 on the Australian region tropical cyclone scale and one of the most intense tropical cyclones in the Southern Hemisphere. The intense cyclone produced the largest recorded storm surge worldwide, estimated at {{convert|13|m|ft|abbr=on}}, which washed more than {{convert|800|m|mi|abbr=on}} inland. Mahina killed at least 307 people, most of them due to 54 shipwrecks.{{cite web|title=Cyclone Mahina|publisher=National Museum Australia|date=March 13, 2020|access-date=October 11, 2020|url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/cyclone-mahina|archive-date=October 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013230152/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/cyclone-mahina|url-status=live}}{{cite journal|title=The World Record Storm Surge and the Most Intense Southern Hemisphere Tropical Cyclone: New Evidence and Modeling|author1=Jonathan Nott|author2=Camilla Green|author3=Ian Townsend|author4=Jeffrey Callaghan|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|date=July 9, 2014|issue=95|volume=5|page=757|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00233.1|bibcode=2014BAMS...95..757N|doi-access=free}}

According to Australia's Bureau of Meteorology, one of the country's most significant tropical cyclones was Cyclone Tracy in 1974, which killed 71 people in Northern Territory. Early on December 25 (local time), Cyclone Tracy struck the territory capital of Darwin, where it produced a wind gust of {{convert|217|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} before the anemometer at the airport failed. The cyclone damaged or destroyed 80% of the buildings in the town, forcing 75% of the town's residents to evacuate, resulting in Australia's largest ever peacetime evacuation.{{cite web|title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Tracy|publisher=Bureau of Meteorology|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml|access-date=October 11, 2020|archive-date=September 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925110237/http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml|url-status=live}}

{{cite web|title=Cyclone Tracy, 1974|publisher=Australian Institute for Disaster Resilience|url=https://knowledge.aidr.org.au/resources/cyclone-cyclone-tracy-darwin/|access-date=October 11, 2020|archive-date=September 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924153557/https://knowledge.aidr.org.au/resources/cyclone-cyclone-tracy-darwin/|url-status=live}}

The total cost of the storm damage and reconstruction was estimated at over $500 million (1974 AUD).

{{cite conference|url=https://aees.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Walker.pdf|title=Comparison of the Impacts of Cyclone Tracy and the Newcastle Earthquake on the Australian Building and Insurance Industries|author=Dr. George Walker|conference=2009 Australian Earthquake Engineering Conference|access-date=October 11, 2020|archive-date=December 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213103254/https://aees.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Walker.pdf|url-status=live}}

Australia's costliest tropical cyclone was Cyclone Yasi, which struck Mission Beach, Queensland on February 3, 2011, as a Category 5 on the Australian region tropical cyclone scale. The cyclone left about US$2.8 billion in damage.{{cite web|title=Severe Tropical Cyclone Yasi|publisher=Bureau of Meteorology|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/yasi.shtml|access-date=October 11, 2020|archive-date=January 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120124910/http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/yasi.shtml|url-status=live}}{{cite news|date=April 11, 2014|title=Australia's 10 costliest tropical cyclones since 1980|newspaper=The Brisbane Times|access-date=October 11, 2020|url=https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/australias-10-costliest-tropical-cyclones-since-1980-20140411-36hof.html|archive-date=October 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015025422/https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/australias-10-costliest-tropical-cyclones-since-1980-20140411-36hof.html|url-status=live}}

On average, two tropical cyclones make landfall in Western Australia each year, of which one is a severe tropical cyclone. The earliest landfall in a season was in 1910, when a tropical cyclone struck Broome on November 19. The latest landfall in a season was in 1988, when Cyclone Herbie struck Shark Bay on May 21. Early-season cyclones tend to affect the Kimberley and Pilbara in the northern part of the state, while late season storms tend to affect regions farther south.{{cite web|title=Climatology of Tropical Cyclones in Western Australia|publisher=Bureau of Meteorology|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/climatology/wa.shtml|access-date=October 11, 2020|archive-date=September 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922151301/http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/climatology/wa.shtml|url-status=live}} The highest wind gust recorded worldwide occurred during Cyclone Olivia in 1996. On April 10, the cyclone passed near Barrow Island before moving ashore Western Australia near Mardie. A station on the island recorded a wind gust of {{convert|408|km/h|mph}}, breaking the worldwide wind gust record of {{convert|372|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, set on Mount Washington in the United States in April 1934.{{cite journal|journal=Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal|year=2012|issue=62|access-date=January 13, 2016|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/amoj/docs/2012/courtney.pdf|title=Documentation and verification of the world extreme wind gust record: 113.3 m s–1 on Barrow Island, Australia, during passage of tropical cyclone Olivia|author=J. Courtney|volume=62|pages=1–9|doi=10.22499/2.6201.001|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}{{cite web|author=Jeff Callaghan|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|date=August 1997|access-date=27 January 2010|title=The South Pacific and southeast Indian Ocean tropical cyclone season 1995-96|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/amm/docs/1997/callaghan.pdf|archive-date=21 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321170545/http://www.bom.gov.au/amm/docs/1997/callaghan.pdf|url-status=live}}

== Oceania ==

===Cook Islands===

The Cook Islands in the South Pacific Ocean are affected by about 1.8 tropical cyclones each year, mostly during El Niño events. Cyclones are the islands' most frequent form of natural disaster. In 1997, Cyclone Martin killed 19 people in the archipelago, making it the deadliest storm there on record. In 2005, five tropical cyclones affected the Cook Islands in the span of six weeks.{{cite web| url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/22721/vol62n4-443-460.pdf | title=Historical Tropical Cyclone Activity and Impacts in the Cook Islands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823023434/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/22721/vol62n4-443-460.pdf |archive-date=2021-08-23 }}{{cite web|url=https://www.unocha.org/office-pacific-islands/cook-islands|title=Cook Islands|date=20 February 2018|publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|accessdate=August 19, 2021|archive-date=August 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819151655/https://www.unocha.org/office-pacific-islands/cook-islands|url-status=live}}

=== Federated States of Micronesia ===

Tropical cyclones can affect the Federated States of Micronesia any time of year. Storms cause about US$8 million in damage or losses each year, equivalent to 2.8% of the country's GDP. The nation's costliest storm on record was Typhoon Mitag in 2002, which left US$150 million in damage or losses, along with one fatality.{{cite report|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/379211468000603774/pdf/96744-BRI-Box391446B-PUBLIC-FSM.pdf|accessdate=July 27, 2021|date=July 2011|title=Country Risk Profile: Federated States of Micronesia|publisher=World Bank|archive-date=July 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727155715/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/379211468000603774/pdf/96744-BRI-Box391446B-PUBLIC-FSM.pdf|url-status=live}} Later that year, Typhoon Chataan moved through the archipelago in its formative stages, dropping torrential rainfall, with a 24-hour total {{convert|506|mm|in|abbr=on}} on Weno Island. The rains caused flooding and landslides, killing 47 people.{{cite report|author1=Charles Guard|author2=Mark A. Lander|author3=Bill Ward|title=A Preliminary Assessment of the Landfall of Typhoon Chataan on Chuuk, Guam, and Rota|year=2007|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|access-date=2012-06-20|url=http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/arep/ITWTCDR/ITWTCDR-2007_Presentations/6-GUARD-Consensus%20Fcts%20etc/Materials%20from%20Guam/Chataan%20Met%20Assessment.doc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331152949/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/ITWTCDR/ITWTCDR-2007_Presentations/6-GUARD-Consensus%20Fcts%20etc/Materials%20from%20Guam/Chataan%20Met%20Assessment.doc|archive-date=2015-03-31}} [http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/documents/1395.html Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021151535/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/documents/1395.html |date=2017-10-21 }}

===Fiji===

File:Winston 2016-02-20 0130Z (cropped).jpg

Tropical cyclones are the most serious natural hazard that Fiji experiences in terms of total damage and economic loss, with the island nation directly impacted by an average of 10 - 12 tropical cyclones during a decade or at least 1 - 2 tropical cyclones each season.{{cite report |type=Information Sheet: 35 |title=The Climate of Fiji |url=https://www.met.gov.fj/ClimateofFiji.pdf |publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service |access-date=April 29, 2021 |date=April 28, 2006 |archive-date=March 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320081515/https://www.met.gov.fj/ClimateofFiji.pdf |url-status=live }}{{cite report |title=Republic of Fiji: Third National Communication Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Fiji_TNC%20Report.pdf |publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |page=62 |date=April 27, 2020 |access-date=August 23, 2021 |archive-date=July 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706131843/https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Fiji_TNC%20Report.pdf |url-status=live }} They generally impact the country during the cyclone season between November and the following April, however, systems have impacted the island nation outside of these times. However, there have been at least 14 seasons where no direct impacts to Fiji have been recorded, while five named systems impacted the island nation during the 1992-93 season. The effects of tropical cyclones on Fiji are most significant at the coast, however, as Fiji is a small country, the whole island nation can be severely impacted by widespread flooding, landslides and storm-force winds. The frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones impacting Fiji is one of the major barriers, to the island nations economic growth and development. The average annual losses to assets from tropical cyclones amount to about FJ$152 million or about 1.6% of the island nations gross domestic product.

The worst tropical cyclone on record to impact Fiji was Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston which caused 44 deaths and an estimated 2 billion FJ$ (US$900 million) in damage. The deadliest tropical cyclone was the February 1931 hurricane and flood which caused 225 deaths.{{cite journal|title=Fiji's worst natural disaster: the 1931 hurricane and flood|volume=34|issue=3|pages=657–683|author=Yeo, Stephen W|journal=Disasters|author2=Blong, Russell J|year=2010|doi=10.1111/j.1467-7717.2010.01163.x|pmid=20298265|bibcode=2010Disas..34..657Y }}

===French Polynesia===

The overseas collectivity of French Polynesia, located in the south Pacific Ocean, is occasionally affected by tropical cyclones, mainly from January to March. The Austral Islands are affected every 2–3 years, while the Marquesas are affected by strong cyclones once a century. In January 1903, a strong tropical cyclone struck the Tuamotus in French Polynesia, killing 515 people. In 1983, a series of five cyclones moved through French Polynesia, causing F16 billion (US$100 million) in damage. The fourth cyclone – Veena – produced wind gusts of {{convert|200|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.{{Cite web |url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers19-08/010043478.pdf |title=The effects of the cyclones of 1983 on the atolls of the Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia) |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2020-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617175501/https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers19-08/010043478.pdf |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABE810.pdf |title=Disaster preparedness and disaster experience in French Polynesia |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2021-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821192140/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fpdf.usaid.gov%2Fpdf_docs%2FPNABE810.pdf&oq=cache%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fpdf.usaid.gov%2Fpdf_docs%2FPNABE810.pdf&aqs=edge..69i57j69i58.960j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-339329730/view?sectionId=nla.obj-342336971&partId=nla.obj-339421333#page/n13/mode/1up |title=Vol. 55, No. 2 (Feb. 1, 1984) |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2021-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821202838/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-339329730/view?sectionId=nla.obj-342336971&partId=nla.obj-339421333#page/n13/mode/1up |url-status=live }}

=== Mariana Islands ===

About once every five to six years, a typhoon strikes Guam, although the chances increase during El Niño events.{{cite web|author=Chip Guard|date=June 4, 2019|title=Typhoon Predictions for the Island of Guam for 2019|publisher=Guam Homeland Security|url=https://www.ghs.guam.gov/typhoon-predictions-island-guam-2019|accessdate=August 12, 2021|archive-date=August 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812134721/https://www.ghs.guam.gov/typhoon-predictions-island-guam-2019|url-status=live}} In November 1900, Guam's strongest ever typhoon struck the island, killing 100 people.{{cite report|title=Super Typhoon Pongsona Service Assessment|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|date=April 2003|accessdate=July 14, 2016|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/os/assessments/pdfs/Pongsona.pdf|archive-date=February 28, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228003953/http://www.nws.noaa.gov/os/assessments/pdfs/Pongsona.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite book|page=615|title=Brooklyn Daily Eagle Almanac|publisher=Buckley, Denton & Company|location=New York|year=1901|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bg0rAAAAYAAJ&q=typhoon&pg=PA615|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2021-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812134711/https://books.google.com/books?id=bg0rAAAAYAAJ&q=typhoon&pg=PA615|url-status=live}} In November 1962, Typhoon Karen destroyed 95% of the homes on the island, and nearly every other building was damaged.{{cite journal|author1=John A. Rupp |author2=Mark A. Lander |name-list-style=amp |journal=Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology|date=May 1996|title=A Technique for Estimating Recurrence Intervals of Tropical Cyclone-Related High Winds in the Tropics: Results for Guam|pages=627–637|volume=35|issue=5|doi=10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035<0627:ATFERI>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1996JApMe..35..627R |doi-access=free}}{{cite news|author=United Press International|newspaper=The Bonham Daily Favorite|date=November 14, 1962|access-date=April 20, 2013|title=After Karen Hits.... U.S. Rushes Aid To Guam|location=Agana, Guam|page=2|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HvBaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=n00NAAAAIBAJ&dq=typhoon%20karen&pg=6787%2C3219774|archive-date=August 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812134711/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HvBaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=n00NAAAAIBAJ&dq=typhoon%20karen&pg=6787,3219774|url-status=live}} In December 2002, Typhoon Pongsona struck Guam, inflicting US$700 million in damage.

In October 2018, Typhoon Yutu became the strongest typhoon on record to strike the Northern Marianas when it hit the island of Tinian with estimated winds of {{convert|280|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. Yutu killed two people and injured 133 in the territory.{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/10/24/660224741/super-typhoon-yutu-strongest-storm-of-2018-slams-u-s-pacific-territory|title=Super Typhoon Yutu, 'Strongest Storm Of 2018,' Slams U.S. Pacific Territory|author=Colin Dwyer|publisher=NPR|date=October 24, 2018|access-date=October 25, 2018|archive-date=October 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025002210/https://www.npr.org/2018/10/24/660224741/super-typhoon-yutu-strongest-storm-of-2018-slams-u-s-pacific-territory|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://weather.com/storms/typhoon/news/2018-10-28-super-typhoon-yutu-philippines-china-saipan|title=Typhoon Yutu Was the Strongest Tropical Cyclone on Record to Pass Over Saipan and Tinian in the Northern Mariana Islands (RECAP)|publisher=The Weather Company|date=October 28, 2018|access-date=October 29, 2018|archive-date=October 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029063145/https://weather.com/storms/typhoon/news/2018-10-28-super-typhoon-yutu-philippines-china-saipan|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.fema.gov/press-release/20210318/super-typhoon-yutu-one-year-later|title=SUPER TYPHOON YUTU: ONE YEAR LATER | FEMA.gov|website=www.fema.gov|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2021-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812152227/https://www.fema.gov/press-release/20210318/super-typhoon-yutu-one-year-later|url-status=live}}

=== Marshall Islands ===

Typhoons typically affect the Marshall Islands from September to November, with stronger storms occurring during El Niño events.{{Cite web |url=https://www.pacificclimatechangescience.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/8_PCCSP_Marshall_Islands_8pp.pdf |title=Current and future climate of the Marshall Islands |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2020-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112030524/https://www.pacificclimatechangescience.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/8_PCCSP_Marshall_Islands_8pp.pdf |url-status=live }} In November 1992, high waves from Typhoon Gay killed one person in the country.{{cite news|author=Sherryl Connelly|date=1999-06-03|title=A Lady In Distress ... And The Lover Who Threw Her Cautions To The Wind|newspaper=New York Daily News|access-date=2011-12-05|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/lifestyle/lady-distress-lover-threw-cautions-wind-article-1.837408|archive-date=2015-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093210/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/lifestyle/lady-distress-lover-threw-cautions-wind-article-1.837408|url-status=live}}{{cite news|newspaper=Boston Globe|date=1992-12-02|title=Susan Atkinson, at 49; author and sailor caught in typhoon|access-date=2011-12-05|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/61892625.html?dids=61892625:61892625&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+02%2C+1992&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Susan+Atkinson%2C+at+49%3B+author+and+sailor+caught+in+typhoon&pqatl=google|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201015502/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/61892625.html?dids=61892625:61892625&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+02,+1992&author=&pub=Boston+Globe+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Susan+Atkinson,+at+49;+author+and+sailor+caught+in+typhoon&pqatl=google|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 1, 2013}} In December 1997, Typhoon Paka moved across the islands, inflicting US$80 million worth of damage from its high winds and waves.{{cite web|author=National Climatic Data Center|year=1997|title=Event Report for Typhoon Paka|access-date=2010-04-14|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~309549|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224212457/http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~309549|archive-date=2010-12-24}}

===New Caledonia===

Each year, 3.6 tropical cyclones move through the waters around New Caledonia, an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean. This includes the average 1.7 storms that are a Category 3 or higher on the Australian cyclone scale, or with sustained winds of at least {{convert|119|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.{{Cite web |url=https://severeweather.wmo.int/TCFW/13WMO_Workshop2019/07_NewCaledonia_WallisFutuna.pdf |title=New Caledonia and Wallis-et-Futuna Weather service and Tropical cyclone warning system |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2021-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422230619/http://severeweather.wmo.int/TCFW/13WMO_Workshop2019/07_NewCaledonia_WallisFutuna.pdf |url-status=live }}{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone: Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/faq/|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|access-date=November 7, 2015|archive-date=November 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118223558/http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/faq/|url-status=live}} In January 1880, a cyclone moved across the southern portion of the island, killing 16 people; its winds were estimated over {{convert|200|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. In 1959, Cyclone Beatrice produced a minimum pressure of 939 mbar at Poindimié, and dropped {{convert|750|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rainfall over three days.

{{Cite web |url=http://www.meteo.nc/nouvelle-caledonie/cyclone/climatologie-des-cyclones |title=Météo Nouvelle-Calédonie - Historique des cyclones |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2021-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812002028/http://www.meteo.nc/nouvelle-caledonie/cyclone/climatologie-des-cyclones |url-status=live }}

In March 2003, Cyclone Erica struck New Caledonia and inflicted US$15 million in damage.{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Summary 2002-2003 Season |url=http://www.met.gov.fj/documents/TC_Seasonal_Summary_02-031190690457.pdf |website=Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre Nadi |publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service |access-date=17 June 2020 |location=Nadi, Fiji |date=2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212001625/http://www.met.gov.fj/documents/TC_Seasonal_Summary_02-031190690457.pdf|archive-date=12 December 2007}}

===New Zealand===

In April 1968, Cyclone Giselle passed near New Zealand and sank the TEV Wahine, a car ferry; 51 people died in the shipwreck, while two people later died from their injuries, making it New Zealand's worst modern maritime disaster.{{cite web|title=The Wahine disaster|publisher=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage|date=August 5, 2014|accessdate=August 12, 2021|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/wahine-disaster|archive-date=April 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430003646/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/wahine-disaster|url-status=live}} In March 1988, the remnants of Cyclone Bola created some of the largest rainfall totals for a single storm in the history of New Zealand, reaching {{convert|917|mm|in|abbr=on}} near Tolaga Bay. Floods and landslides damaged houses and farmlands, with agriculture damage estimated at NZ$90 million.{{cite web|author=Christchurch City Library|title=New Zealand Disasters: Cyclone Bola|access-date=2008-06-08|url=http://library.christchurch.org.nz/kids/nzdisasters/CycloneBola.asp|archive-date=2008-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411193400/http://library.christchurch.org.nz/Kids/NZDisasters/CycloneBola.asp|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Cyclone Bola strikes|publisher=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage|date=October 7, 2020|accessdate=August 12, 2021|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/page/cyclone-bola-strikes|archive-date=August 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812152411/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/page/cyclone-bola-strikes|url-status=live}} In January 2011, Cyclone Wilma became the first tropical cyclone to strike the country.{{cite web|work=The New Zealand Herald|date=6 February 2011|accessdate=7 February 2011|title=Tropics move into the upper North Island|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10704493|archive-date=24 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024180917/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10704493|url-status=live}}

=== Niue ===

The island of Niue is affected by a severe tropical cyclone about once every ten years. Storms usually affect the island from November to March.{{Cite web |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Niue%20INC.pdf |title=Niue Island - Initial national communication |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2019-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113230214/https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Niue%20INC.pdf |url-status=live }} In January 2004, Cyclone Heta passed near the island at peak intensity, producing peak wind gusts of {{convert|286.8|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, and a minimum pressure of {{convert|945|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}} before the barometer failed; both observations set records for the island. Heta damaged most of the island's infrastructure, with monetary damage estimated at NZ$50 million (US$32 million). Two people died during the storm.{{Cite web |url=http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2004/summ0401.txt |title=MONTHLY GLOBAL TROPICAL CYCLONE SUMMARY |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2006-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822223953/http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2004/summ0401.txt |url-status=live }}

=== Palau ===

From the period of 1945 to 2013, 68 tropical cyclones approached within {{convert|370|km|mi|abbr=on}} of Palau, an island archipelago east of the Philippines. About once every three years, a typhoon affects the country, with most storms occurring in November or December. In December 2012, Typhoon Bopha passed just south of Palau, producing wind gusts of {{convert|133|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, as well as estimated {{convert|40|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} waves.{{cite report|url=https://coralreefpalau.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/CRRF-Palau-Typhoon-History-2014-1.pdf|date=December 2014|title=A Summary of Palau's Typhoon History 1945-2013|publisher=Coral Reef Research Foundation|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2021-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117005851/https://coralreefpalau.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/CRRF-Palau-Typhoon-History-2014-1.pdf|url-status=live}} Damage was estimated at US$10 million.{{cite report|author=National Weather Service Office in Guam|work=National Climatic Data Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|year=2013|accessdate=August 2, 2021|title=Palau Event Report: Hurricane|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=426987|archive-date=April 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419035906/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=426987|url-status=live}} A year later, Typhoon Haiyan struck Palau with estimated wind gusts of {{convert|280|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, which also left around US$10 million in damage.{{cite report|author=National Weather Service Office in Guam|work=National Climatic Data Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|year=2013|accessdate=August 2, 2021|title=Palau Event Report: Hurricane|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=486009|archive-date=August 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802185458/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=486009|url-status=live}}

===Papua New Guinea===

Due to its proximity to the equator, the northern coast of Papua New Guinea is rarely affected by tropical cyclones, although the southern portion of the country is more commonly affected.{{Cite web |url=https://www.terranova.org.au/repository/paccsap-collection/current-and-future-tropical-cyclone-risk-in-the-south-pacific-country-risk-profile-papua-new-guinea/current-and-future-tropical-cyclone-risk-in-the.pdf |title=CCurrent and future tropical cyclone risk in the South Pacific - Country risk profile: Papua New Guinea |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2021-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417225713/https://terranova.org.au/repository/paccsap-collection/current-and-future-tropical-cyclone-risk-in-the-south-pacific-country-risk-profile-papua-new-guinea/current-and-future-tropical-cyclone-risk-in-the.pdf |url-status=live }} About every other year, a tropical cyclone passes within {{convert|400|km|mi|abbr=on}} of the country's capital, Port Moresby, usually during El Niño events.{{Cite web |url=https://www.pacificclimatechangescience.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/14_PCCSP_PNG_8pp.pdf |title=Current and future climate of Papua New Guinea |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2021-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815084646/https://www.pacificclimatechangescience.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/14_PCCSP_PNG_8pp.pdf |url-status=live }} In 2007, heavy rainfall from Cyclone Guba killed 149 people.{{Cite web |url=https://www.ifrc.org/docs/appeals/07/MDRPG002FR.pdf |title=Papua New Guinea: Cyclone Guba |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2012-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306031031/http://www.ifrc.org/docs/appeals/07/MDRPG002FR.pdf |url-status=live }}

===Samoan Islands===

Tropical cyclones routinely affect the Samoan Islands, an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean including the nation of Samoa and American Samoa. On average, six tropical cyclones passed near or over the Samoa Islands every decade, typically between November and April.{{Cite web |url=https://www.pacificclimatechangescience.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/PACCSAP_CountryReports2014_Ch12Samoa_WEB_140710.pdf |title=Country report: Samoa |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2016-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315151538/http://www.pacificclimatechangescience.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/PACCSAP_CountryReports2014_Ch12Samoa_WEB_140710.pdf |url-status=live }} In March 1889, a cyclone moved through the Samoa Islands during the Samoan crisis between Germany and the United States; the cyclone wrecked six warships, killing at least 201 people.{{cite web |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/t/typhoons-and-hurricanes-the-storm-at-apia-samoa-15-16-march-1889.html |title=Typhoons and Hurricanes: The Storm at Apia, Samoa, 15-16 March 1889 |website=www.history.navy.mil |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224032551/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/t/typhoons-and-hurricanes-the-storm-at-apia-samoa-15-16-march-1889.html |archive-date=24 February 2015 |url-status=dead}} In February 1990, Cyclone Ofa struck Samoa, producing wind gusts of {{convert|150|km/h|mph|round=5|abbr=on}}. It left US$130 million in damage in Samoa and US$50 million in American Samoa. Less than two years later, Cyclone Val moved through the Samoan islands in December 1991. In Samoa, Val inflicted more than US$330 in damage, twice the annual GDP, and there were 15 deaths. Damage from Val in neighboring American Samoa was estimated at US$100 million.{{cite web |url=http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/SPDRP_1997_economic_impact.pdf |title=The economic impact of natural disasters in the South Pacific with special reference to Fiji, Western Samoa, Niue and Papua New Guinea |website=www.pacificdisaster.net |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195350/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/SPDRP_1997_economic_impact.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}{{cite web| url=https://www.sprep.org/attachments/Climate_Change/PACC_Report_of_in-country_consultations_Samoa.pdf | title=Report of in-country consultations | access-date=2024-01-15}}{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Ofa, January 31 – February 7, 1990 |date=May 3, 1990 |publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service |type=Tropical Cyclone Report 90/4 |author=Prasad, Rajendra |url=http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/JB_DM393a_TC_Ofa_FMS_1990_Report.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222011918/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/JB_DM393a_TC_Ofa_FMS_1990_Report.pdf |accessdate=May 12, 2014 |archivedate=February 22, 2014 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|title=Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena: December 1991 |volume=33 |archive-date=February 16, 2017 |url=https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-28D76915-A59A-44AD-A322-D866DDA79928.pdf|access-date=March 29, 2020|page=58|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216211232/https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS/IPS-28D76915-A59A-44AD-A322-D866DDA79928.pdf|issue=12|editor=Goodge, Grant W |url-status=dead|publisher=United States National Climatic Data Center}}{{cite web|title=Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena: February 1990 |volume=32 |author=National Climatic Data Center |archivedate=March 13, 2013 |url=http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS-107B7473-EA40-404D-B0A2-B2A76B5AA7FF.pdf |accessdate=March 13, 2013 |publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service |pages=101 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6F5gBXRb0?url=http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/orders/IPS-107B7473-EA40-404D-B0A2-B2A76B5AA7FF.pdf |issue=2 |editor1=Tanner, Roger W |editor2=Miller, Vince |url-status=dead }}

===Solomon Islands===

Each year, one to two tropical cyclones move through the Solomon Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. Due to the islands' low latitude, storms are usually not fully developed while in the region.{{cite web | url=https://www.met.gov.sb/solomon-islands-climate-in-brief | title=Solomon Islands Climate in Brief }} Cyclones typically affect the Solomon Islands from November to April.{{cite web| url=https://severeweather.wmo.int/TCFW/13WMO_Workshop2019/12_SolomonIslands.pdf | title=Tropical cyclones impact on Solomon Islands}} However, Cyclone Namu moved through the archipelago in May 1986, killing at least 111 people and causing US $100 million in economic losses.{{cite book|author=Radford, Deirdre A|publisher=The Australian International Development Assistance Bureau|title=Natural Disasters in the Solomon Islands|archive-date=May 2, 2014|author2=Blong, Russell J|edition=2|volume=1|year=1992|pages=113–122|url-status=dead|url=http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/SLB_Nat_Disasters_v1_1992_s.pdf.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502075901/http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/SLB_Nat_Disasters_v1_1992_s.pdf.pdf|access-date=January 28, 2020}}{{cite web|title=Solomon Islands Country Environmental Analysis|url=http://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Countries/Solomon_Islands/43.pdf|publisher=Asian Development Bank|access-date=March 27, 2013|author=Berdach, James T.|author2=Llegu, Michelle|page=40|date=December 2007}} In December 2002, Cyclone Zoe moved through the southern Solomon Islands as one of the strongest tropical cyclones on record, producing estimated wind gusts of {{convert|320|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.{{Cite web |title=Solomon Islands - Cyclone Zoe OCHA Situation Report No. 7 - Solomon Islands |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/solomon-islands/solomon-islands-cyclone-zoe-ocha-situation-report-no-7 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=ReliefWeb |date=27 March 2003 |language=en}}

===Tokelau===

The South Pacific island of Tokelau typically experiences tropical cyclones during El Niño events, with a significant storm about once every decade.{{cite web| url=https://www.tokelau.org.nz/site/tokelau/files/ClimateChange/2006-Cyclonereport-Final.pdf | title=Reducing the risks of cyclone storm surge inundation on the atolls of Tokelau: An overview of cyclone-related coastal hazards | access-date=2024-02-15}} In February 1990, Cyclone Ofa damaged roads, power, and the water supply in Tokelau.{{Cite web |title=Samoa Cyclone Ofa Feb 1990 UNDRO Situation Reports 1-8 - Samoa |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/samoa/samoa-cyclone-ofa-feb-1990-undro-situation-reports-1-8 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=ReliefWeb |date=6 February 1990 |language=en}}

===Tonga===

The South Pacific island nation of Tonga experiences an average of 1.7 tropical cyclones per year, more often during El Niño events. Storms typically occur between November and April.{{cite web | url=https://www.pacificclimatechangescience.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Tonga.pdf | title=Tonga | access-date=2024-02-15}} In February 2018, Cyclone Gita struck Tonga with winds of {{convert|233|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, causing severe damage estimated at T$356.1 million (US$164.1 million), with two deaths.{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/13/cyclone-gita-tonga-devastated-by-worst-storm-in-60-years | title=Cyclone Gita: Tonga devastated by worst storm in 60 years | website=TheGuardian.com | date=12 February 2018 }}{{cite news|publisher=Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery|year=2018|title=Tonga: Rapid Damage Assessment and Recovery Framework for Tropical Cyclone Gita|url=https://www.gfdrr.org/index.php/en/tonga-rapid-damage-assessment-and-recovery-framework-tropical-cyclone-gita}}{{cite news|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=13 February 2018|access-date=13 February 2018|title=Cyclone Gita: Tonga damage worst in decades|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/350353/cyclone-gita-tonga-damage-worst-in-decades}}{{cite news|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=13 February 2018|access-date=13 February 2018|title=Cyclone Gita: Water, shelter and food main needs in Tonga|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/350257/cyclone-gita-water-shelter-and-food-main-needs-in-tonga}}

===Tuvalu===

Tropical cyclones typically affect the south Pacific Island nation of Tuvalu from November to April. On average, there are 0.8 tropical cyclones that affect the country each year, which are more likely to occur during El Niño events.{{cite web| url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Tuvalu%20%20SNC%20Final%20Report.pdf | title=Second national communication of Tuvalu to the United Nations framework convention on climate change | access-date=2024-02-15 | publisher=Government of Tuvalu | date=December 2015}} In March 2015, Cyclone Pam left nearly half of the archipelago's population homeless, with damage estimated at US$92 million.{{cite news|title=45 percent of Tuvalu population displaced – PM |url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/268686/45-percent-of-tuvalu-population-displaced-pm |work=Radio New Zealand International |date=15 March 2015|access-date=15 March 2015}}{{cite web|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=25 June 2015|title=Tuvalu hit with US$90m cyclone damage bill|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/277181/tuvalu-hit-with-us$90m-cyclone-damage-bill}}

===Vanuatu===

Each year, 2–3 tropical cyclones pass near the South Pacific nation of Vanuatu, primarily in January and February.{{Cite web |title=Tropical Cyclone |url=https://www.vmgd.gov.vu/vmgd/index.php/forecast-division/tropical-cyclone |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=www.vmgd.gov.vu}} In February 1987, Cyclone Uma moved through Vanuatu, killing 49 people and leaving US$72 million in damage.{{cite web| url=http://www.ijmed.org/articles/708/download/ | title=Article Index}} In March 2015, Cyclone Pam moved through the islands, causing an estimated VT63.2 billion (US$600 million) in damage.{{cite web|publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|date=11 December 2018|access-date=2 January 2019|title=Supporting cyclone recovery and reconstruction in Vanuatu|url=https://dfat.gov.au/geo/vanuatu/development-assistance/Pages/supporting-cyclone-recovery-reconstruction-vanuatu.aspx}}

===Wallis and Futuna===

Each year, 1.8 tropical cyclones approach the South Pacific territory of Wallis and Futuna. In December 1986, Cyclone Raja stalled near the territory, producing a record 24-hour rainfall total of {{convert|674.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} on Futuna.{{Cite web |last=AGIER |first=Caroline |title=Météo Nouvelle-Calédonie - Climatologie des cyclones |url=http://www.meteo.nc/wallis-et-futuna/cyclone/climatologie-des-cyclones |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=www.meteo.nc}} In December 2012, Cyclone Evan passed near the territory, producing wind gusts of {{convert|156|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, the highest ever recorded on Wallis Island since records began in 1971.{{cite web |title=156 km/h : Record de rafales battu à Wallis |url=http://www.meteo.nc/en-savoir-plus/accueil/actualites/266-evan |publisher=Meteo France: New Caledonia |access-date=November 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320103406/http://meteo.nc/actualites/357-evan?tmpl=component&print=1&layout=default&page= |archive-date=March 20, 2013 |date=December 22, 2012 |url-status=live |language=fr }}

=Europe=

File:Alpha and Ianos 2020-09-18.jpg (left) and Cyclone Ianos (right) on September 18, 2020, both of which impacted Europe; Ianos was a Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone]]

Atlantic hurricanes occasionally affect Europe after they have transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, but they rarely strike the continent while still tropical. In October 2005, a tropical depression – formerly Hurricane Vince – made landfall near Huelva, Spain, the only tropical cyclone on record to strike the continent.{{cite web|author=James L. Franklin|title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Vince|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=22 February 2006|access-date=14 August 2011|format=PDF|url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL242005_Vince}}}} There was possibly a hurricane in 1842 that struck southwestern Spain.{{cite journal|last1=Vaquero|first1=J.M.|last2=García-Herrera|first2=R.|last3=Wheeler|first3=D.|last4=Chenoweth|first4=M.|last5=Mock|first5=C.J.|title=A Historical Analog of 2005 Hurricane Vince|date=February 2008|volume=89|issue=2|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|pages=191–201|doi=10.1175/BAMS-89-2-191|bibcode=2008BAMS...89..191V|url=http://eprints.ucm.es/34629/1/garciaherrera34libre.pdf|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2020-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820175500/http://eprints.ucm.es/34629/1/garciaherrera34libre.pdf|url-status=live}} In October 2020, Subtropical Storm Alpha struck Portugal, marking the first ever subtropical cyclone to strike the country.{{cite web |title=Subtropical Storm ALPHA |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2020/al24/al242020.discus.002.shtml? |website=www.nhc.noaa.gov |access-date=18 September 2020}}{{Cite web|title=Alright here's the historical context for a 50mph (45kt) sub/tropical storm off the coast of Portugal.|url=https://twitter.com/splillo/status/1307001665174663170|access-date=18 September 2020|website=Twitter|language=en|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918170352/https://twitter.com/splillo/status/1307001665174663170|url-status=live}}

Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones (also known as Medicanes) form in the Mediterranean Sea, and they can sometimes have tropical or subtropical characteristics. In September 2020, Cyclone Ianos struck Greece, leaving US$100 million in damage and causing four deaths.{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2020/09/17/medicane-storm-greece/ |title=A strong 'medicane' named Ianos is forecast to bring hurricane-like conditions to Greece |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=17 September 2020}}{{cite web|title=Global Catastrophe Recap - September 2020|url=http://thoughtleadership.aonbenfield.com//Documents/20200810_analytics-if-september-global-recap.pdf|work=Aon Benfield|date=8 October 2020|access-date=9 October 2020|page=6|archive-date=8 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008154255/http://thoughtleadership.aonbenfield.com//Documents/20200810_analytics-if-september-global-recap.pdf|url-status=dead}}

==Azores==

File:Lorenzo 2019-10-01 1325Z.jpg approaching the Azores]]

The Portuguese territory of the Azores is located in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. There are nine major islands and an islet cluster. In three main groups, there are Flores and Corvo islands to the west; Graciosa, Terceira, São Jorge, Pico, and Faial islands in the center; and São Miguel and Santa Maria islands, and the islet cluster of Formigas Reef to the east.

In 2019, Hurricane Lorenzo struck the islands, with wind gusts reaching as high as {{convert|163|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} on Corvo Island.{{cite news|date=October 2, 2019|title="Lorenzo" com rajada máxima de 163 km/h no Corvo|language=Portuguese|publisher=Jornal de Notícias|url=https://www.jn.pt/local/noticias/acores-grupo-oriental/ponta-delgada/interior/lorenzo-com-rajada-maxima-de-145-kmh-no-faial-11361224.html|access-date=October 2, 2019|archive-date=October 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002174224/https://www.jn.pt/local/noticias/acores-grupo-oriental/ponta-delgada/interior/lorenzo-com-rajada-maxima-de-145-kmh-no-faial-11361224.html|url-status=live}} The commercial port in Lajes das Flores (the only one on Flores Island) was heavily damaged; the port building and some cargo containers were swept away, and the dock was partially damaged.{{cite news|date=October 4, 2019|title=Hurricane Lorenzo batters Azores|work=The Portugal News|url=https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/hurricane-lorenzo-batters-azores/51454|access-date=October 4, 2019|archive-date=October 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004185307/https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/hurricane-lorenzo-batters-azores/51454|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last1=Hatton|first1=Barry|date=October 2, 2019|title=Hurricane Lorenzo batters mid-Atlantic Azores Islands|work=ABC News|agency=Associated Press|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/category-hurricane-batters-mid-atlantic-azores-islands-65997843|access-date=October 4, 2019|archive-date=October 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004003530/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/category-hurricane-batters-mid-atlantic-azores-islands-65997843|url-status=live}} 53 people were left homeless after the storm passed, and in total $367 million (2019 USD) of damage was caused by the storm.{{cite news|last=Sambado|first=Cristina|date=October 3, 2019|title=Açores. Furacão Lorenzo provocou danos elevados|language=Portuguese|publisher=Rádio e Televisão de Portugal|url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/pais/acores-furacao-lorenzo-provocou-danos-elevados_n1176748|access-date=October 3, 2019|archive-date=October 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005085651/https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/pais/acores-furacao-lorenzo-provocou-danos-elevados_n1176748|url-status=live}}{{cite news|date=October 14, 2019|title=Furacão "Lorenzo" provocou prejuízos de 330 milhões de euros|language=Portuguese|publisher=Jornal de Notícias|url=https://www.jn.pt/local/noticias/acores-grupo-oriental/ponta-delgada/furacao-lorenzo-provocou-prejuizos-de-330-milhoes-de-euros-11405185.html|access-date=October 14, 2019|archive-date=October 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015001837/https://www.jn.pt/local/noticias/acores-grupo-oriental/ponta-delgada/furacao-lorenzo-provocou-prejuizos-de-330-milhoes-de-euros-11405185.html|url-status=live}}

Hurricane Emmy in 1976 caused a Venezuelan Air Force plane en route from Caracas to Spain to crash into the side of a hill on Terceira Island, killing all 68 people on board.{{cite web|author=Richard Kebabjian|year=2006|title=Accident Details|url=http://www.planecrashinfo.com/1976/1976-59.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061030123640/http://www.planecrashinfo.com/1976/1976-59.htm|archive-date=2006-10-30|access-date=2006-11-14|publisher=www.planecrashinfo.com}}

=North America, Central America, and islands in the North Atlantic=

== North America ==

===Canada===

File:Juan 2003-09-28 1455Z (borderless).jpg south of Nova Scotia near peak intensity]]

About once every three years, a hurricane or a hurricane-force post-tropical cyclone strike Canada. Canada's deadliest hurricane on record occurred in September 1775, when a hurricane killed 4,000 people in Newfoundland, mostly sailors and fishermen. The hurricane produced a {{convert|20|to|30|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} storm surge, which wrecked more than 200 fishing boats.{{Cite web|url=https://www.weather.gov/abr/This_Day_in_Weather_History_Sep_09|title=This Day in Weather History: September 9th|first=NOAA|last=US Department of Commerce|website=www.weather.gov|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2021-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319010200/https://www.weather.gov/abr/This_Day_in_Weather_History_Sep_09|url-status=live}}{{Cite web |url=http://ngb.chebucto.org/Articles/dis-1775-hurricane-telegram-article.pdf |title=The forgotten storm - More than 4,000 reported to have died off Newfoundland in 1775 |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2013-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711222846/http://ngb.chebucto.org/Articles/dis-1775-hurricane-telegram-article.pdf |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol06/tnm_6_3_11-23.pdf |title=The Multidisciplinary Rediscovery and Tracking of "The Great Newfoundland and Saint-Pierre et Miquelon Hurricane of September 1775" |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2021-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817041703/https://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol06/tnm_6_3_11-23.pdf |url-status=live }} In 1873, a hurricane killed at least 223 people after passing south of Nova Scotia and making landfall on Newfoundland.{{cite web|author=Hurricane Research Division|year=2008|title=Easy to Read HURDAT|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/easyread-2009.html|access-date=January 23, 2010|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|archive-date=May 15, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515015126/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/easyread-2009.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|author1=Edward N. Rappaport|author2=Jose Fernandez-Partagas|year=1996|title=The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996: Cyclones with 25+ deaths|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml?|access-date=2011-03-14|publisher=National Hurricane Center|name-list-style=amp|archive-date=2006-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613202314/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml|url-status=live}} Some sources indicated that at least 600 people died from the hurricane; a significant amount of the fatalities were sailors lost at sea.

One of Canada's worst natural disasters of the 20th century was Hurricane Hazel, which struck the southeastern United States, and later unleashed torrential rainfall over Toronto. The hurricane killed 81 people and left C$100 million in damage, making it the country's deadliest inland tropical cyclone.{{Cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/248898/canadas-most-destructive-hurricanes-4/|title=Canada's most destructive hurricanes | Globalnews.ca|website=Global News|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2021-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228015753/https://globalnews.ca/news/248898/canadas-most-destructive-hurricanes-4/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/6035919/hurricane-hazel-65th-anniversary/|title=Toronto marks 65 years since hurricane Hazel struck the city - Toronto | Globalnews.ca|website=Global News|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2020-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119010537/https://globalnews.ca/news/6035919/hurricane-hazel-65th-anniversary/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/hurricane-forecasts-facts/frequently-asked-questions.html|title=Canadian Hurricane Centre: frequently asked questions|first=Environment and Climate Change|last=Canada|date=July 10, 2012|website=www.canada.ca|access-date=August 23, 2021|archive-date=August 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817233559/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/hurricane-forecasts-facts/frequently-asked-questions.html|url-status=live}} In September 2003, Hurricane Juan made landfall on Nova Scotia's capital Halifax, resulting in C$300 million in damage, and the worst damage for the city since 1893. In September 2010, Hurricane Igor left nearly US$200 million in damage in Newfoundland, making it the costliest hurricane for the island.{{cite report|author=Pasch, Richard J|author2=Kimberlain, Todd B|author3=National Hurricane Center|date=February 15, 2011|access-date=March 16, 2011|type=Tropical Cyclone Report|title=Hurricane Igor|url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL112010_Igor}}|pages=1–20|format=PDF|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service}}

The strongest hurricane on record to make landfall in Canada was Hurricane Ginny, which made landfall in October 1963 as a high-end category 2 hurricane with winds of {{convert|175|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.{{cite web|title=What is the strongest hurricane ever to hit Canada?|date=10 July 2012|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/hurricane-forecasts-facts/frequently-asked-questions.html#ws06983922|access-date=25 June 2018|publisher=Canadian Hurricane Centre|archive-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625075157/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/hurricane-forecasts-facts/frequently-asked-questions.html#ws06983922|url-status=live}} Hurricane Luis produced a {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} wave in Canadian waters, which is the largest wave recorded from a tropical cyclone on record.{{cite web|author=Miles B. Lawrence|date=January 8, 1996|title=Hurricane Luis Preliminary Report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL131995_Luis.pdf|access-date=2016-11-29|publisher=National Hurricane Center|archive-date=2016-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221202326/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL131995_Luis.pdf|url-status=live}}

===Mexico===

From 1951 to 2000, there were 92 hurricanes that struck Mexico, 70% of which affected the Pacific coast. During the same time period, the most affected states were Baja California Sur and Sinaloa. September is the most active month for the country.{{cite journal|url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0187-62362003000400001|language=Spanish|title=Climatology of landfalling hurricanes and tropical storms in Mexico|author=Ernesto Jáuregui|journal=Atmosphere|date=October 2003|volume=16|number=4|issn=0187-6236|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2021-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818145548/http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0187-62362003000400001|url-status=live}} There were only four Category 5 Atlantic hurricane landfalls in Mexico; three were in the state of Quintana Roo along the eastern Yucatán Peninsula – Janet in 1955, Gilbert in 1988, and Dean in 2007 – while one, Anita in 1977, hit Tamaulipas.{{cite news|author=Julie Watson|title=A look at deadly Category 5 hurricanes that made landfall|work=Associated Press|date=October 23, 2015|access-date=October 20, 2020|url=https://apnews.com/article/43d5cf25124547188d8f4427afb66eef|archive-date=October 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024042128/https://apnews.com/article/43d5cf25124547188d8f4427afb66eef|url-status=live}} Mexico's strongest landfall on record from a Pacific hurricane was Hurricane Otis in October 2023, which hit the state of Guerrero with estimated sustained winds of {{convert|260|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, becoming the first known Category 5 hurricane to make landfall in the Eastern Pacific basin.{{Cite web |date=2025-03-07 |title=Hurricane Otis Causes Catastrophic Damage in Acapulco, Mexico |url=https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/news/hurricane-otis-causes-catastrophic-damage-acapulco-mexico |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service |language=en}}

===United States===

File:Katrina 2005-08-28 1700Z.jpg, tied for the costliest American hurricane, and the deadliest in the country since 1928]]

In September 1900, a powerful hurricane struck Galveston, Texas, killing 8,000–12,000 people, making it the deadliest hurricane on record in the United States.{{cite web |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/nws-nhc-6.pdf |title=The deadliest, costliest and most intense United States tropical cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (and other frequently requested hurricane facts) |page=47 |access-date=August 10, 2011 |date=August 10, 2011 |author=National Climatic Data Center, National Hurricane Center |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |archive-date=December 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221124852/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/nws-nhc-6.pdf |url-status=live }} In August 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck southeastern Louisiana and later struck Mississippi; the hurricane killed 1,833 people in the United States and left US$125 billion in damage, making it the country's costliest hurricane. In August 2017, Hurricane Harvey dropped torrential rainfall as it moved across Texas, reaching {{convert|60.58|in|mm|abbr=on}} near Nederland; this was the highest rainfall total on record in the country. The rains caused significant flooding that left US$125 billion in damage, tying Katrina as the costliest American hurricane.{{Cite web |url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/events/US/1980-2020 |title=Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Events | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2021-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811152237/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/events/US/1980-2020 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL092017_Harvey.pdf |title=Hurricane Harvey |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2018-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126083538/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL092017_Harvey.pdf |url-status=live }} The most intense hurricane on record in the United States was the 1935 Labor Day hurricane, a Category 5 hurricane with a pressure of {{convert|892|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}} when it moved across the Florida Keys. The only other Category 5 hurricanes to hit the continental United States were Hurricane Camille in 1969, Hurricane Andrew in 1992, and Hurricane Michael in 2018.{{cite web| author1=John L. Beven II |author2=Robbie Berg |author3=Andrew Hagan|date=May 17, 2019| title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Michael| access-date=2025-05-21| url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL142018_Michael}}| agency=NOAA| format=PDF |publisher=National Hurricane Center}}

From 1851 to 2019, a total of 293 hurricanes made landfall or produced hurricane-force winds in the states along the Atlantic coast. This includes 19 in June, 27 in July, 78 in August, 108 in September, 58 in October, and 3 in November.{{Cite web|url=https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/All_U.S._Hurricanes.html|title=HURDAT Re-analysis|website=www.aoml.noaa.gov|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2021-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823013313/https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/All_U.S._Hurricanes.html|url-status=live}} On June 6, 1966, Hurricane Alma became the earliest landfalling hurricane in the United States since a storm in 1825.{{Cite journal|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6be4/578b165a10e1fc8f24dc15eaeacb59580315.pdf|s2cid=122977976|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1967)095<0131:THSO>2.3.CO;2|title=The Hurricane Season of 1966|year=1967|last1=Sugg|first1=Arnold L.|journal=Monthly Weather Review|volume=95|issue=3|pages=131–142|bibcode=1967MWRv...95..131S|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2020-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023101054/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6be4/578b165a10e1fc8f24dc15eaeacb59580315.pdf|url-status=live}} The latest landfalling hurricane was Hurricane Kate in 1985, which struck Florida on November 21 of that year.{{Cite web |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/news/20111118_pa_latestLandfall.pdf |title=New Record Holder for Latest Hurricane in the Season to Strike U.S. Coastline |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2021-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612153607/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/news/20111118_pa_latestLandfall.pdf |url-status=live }} The year with the most tropical storm or hurricane landfalls in the country was 2020 with ten.{{cite news|author1=Jason Samenow|author2=Ian Livingston|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2020/10/12/hurricane-delta-winds-surge-rain/|title=Hurricane Delta by the numbers: 101 mph winds and 9.3-foot surge in coastal Louisiana|date=October 12, 2020|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=August 23, 2021|archive-date=January 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102144509/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2020/10/12/hurricane-delta-winds-surge-rain/|url-status=live}} In addition to the landfalls on the Atlantic coast, a hurricane in October 1858 affected San Diego, California.{{cite journal |last=Chenoweth |first=Michael |author2=Landsea, Christopher |title=The San Diego Hurricane of 2 October 1858 |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=85 |issue=11 |pages=1689–1697 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-85-11-1689 |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/chenowethlandsea.pdf |bibcode=2004BAMS...85.1689C |date=2004 |access-date=23 August 2021 |archive-date=4 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904191216/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/chenowethlandsea.pdf |url-status=live }} In 1992, Hurricane Iniki became the strongest hurricane on record to strike Hawaii, inflicting US$1.8 billion in damage to become the state's costliest hurricane.{{Cite web |url=https://www.weather.gov/media/publications/assessments/iniki1.pdf |title=Natural Disaster Survey Report Hurricane Iniki September 6 - 13, 1997 |access-date=2021-08-23 |archive-date=2021-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318055921/https://www.weather.gov/media/publications/assessments/iniki1.pdf |url-status=live }}

==Central America==

===Belize===

About once a decade, a major hurricane strikes the nation of Belize, located on the eastern Yucatán Peninsula.{{cite journal|title=5000 year sedimentary record of hurricane strikes on the central coast of Belize|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222532565|journal=Quaternary International|date=February 2009|doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2008.03.003|author=Terrence A McCloskey|author2=Gerta Keller|volume=195|issue=1–2|pages=53–68|bibcode=2009QuInt.195...53M}} In September 1931, a hurricane struck Belize City when the areas was known as British Honduras; it killed 2,500 people, making it the deadliest hurricane in the country's history.{{cite report|author=Edward N. Rappaport and Jose Fernandez-Partagas|title=The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996: Cyclones with 25+ Deaths|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|work=National Hurricane Center|date=April 22, 1997|accessdate=2016-09-15|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml|location=Miami, Florida|archive-date=2006-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613202314/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml|url-status=live}} In October 1961, powerful Hurricane Hattie also struck Belize City, forcing the capital city to move inland.{{cite news|newspaper=Sarasota Herald-Tribune|date=1971-09-07|title=Hurricane 'Edith' Deepens Rapidly|agency=Associated Press|volume=46|issue=342|pages=1A, 4A|access-date=2013-01-10|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HjogAAAAIBAJ&pg=7339,2936965&dq=hurricane+hattie&hl=en|archive-date=2021-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810153415/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HjogAAAAIBAJ&pg=7339,2936965&dq=hurricane+hattie&hl=en|url-status=live}}

===Costa Rica===

File:Otto 2016-11-24 1605Z.jpg near landfall just north of Costa Rica]]

{{main|Hurricanes in Costa Rica}}Costa Rica rarely gets hit by hurricanes, due to its low latitude; only 18 tropical cyclones have affected the country, and only 2 of those have made landfall in Costa Rica. However, several of these have been very deadly or destructive.

In October 2017, Hurricane Nate affected the country, becoming the costliest natural disaster in Costa Rican history, with damages of $562 million (2017 USD).{{cite news|date=January 12, 2018|title=309 mil millones de colones para la reconstrucción convierten a Nate en el mayor desastre de origen natural de la historia en Costa Rica|language=es|publisher=Comisión Nacional de Emergencias|url=https://www.cne.go.cr/index.php/269-noticias/timas/1350-309-mil-millones-de-colones-para-la-reconstruccion-convierten-a-nate-en-el-mayor-desastre-de-origen-natural-de-la-historia-en-costa-rica|url-status=dead|access-date=April 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116023621/https://www.cne.go.cr/index.php/269-noticias/timas/1350-309-mil-millones-de-colones-para-la-reconstruccion-convierten-a-nate-en-el-mayor-desastre-de-origen-natural-de-la-historia-en-costa-rica|archive-date=January 16, 2018}} Heavy rains occurred across the country, peaking at {{convert|487|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rainfall in Maritima, and there were reports of over {{convert|254|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain in several locations.{{cite report|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL162017_Nate.pdf|title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Nate|author=John L. Beven II and Robbie Berg|date=April 5, 2018|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410201610/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL162017_Nate.pdf|archive-date=April 10, 2018|url-status=live}} 800 people had to be rescued, 11,300 people were forced into shelters, and 14 people died as a result of Nate in Costa Rica.{{cite report|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/costa-rica/la-uni-n-europea-destina-68-millones-de-colones-en-ayuda-humanitaria-para-los|title=La Unión Europea destina 68 millones de colones en ayuda humanitaria para los afectados por la tormenta Nate en Costa Rica|author=European Commission's Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations|date=November 8, 2017|publisher=ReliefWeb|language=es|access-date=April 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414092021/https://reliefweb.int/report/costa-rica/la-uni-n-europea-destina-68-millones-de-colones-en-ayuda-humanitaria-para-los|archive-date=April 14, 2018|url-status=live}}{{cite news|date=October 7, 2017|title=Se eleva a 11 la cifra de muertos por Nate en Costa Rica|language=es|newspaper=El Diario|agency=EFE|url=http://www.eldiario.es/sociedad/eleva-muertos-Nate-Costa-Rica_0_694680976.html|url-status=live|access-date=October 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010221446/http://www.eldiario.es/sociedad/eleva-muertos-Nate-Costa-Rica_0_694680976.html|archive-date=October 10, 2017}}{{cite news|last1=Cambronero|first1=Natasha|last2=Jiménez B.|first2=Eillyn|last3=Cerdas E.|first3=Daniela|last4=Arguedas C.|first4=Carlos|last5=Oviedo|first5=Esteban|last6=Loaiza N.|first6=Vanessa|date=October 6, 2017|title=Tormenta Nate deja 11 fallecidos, 2 desaparecidos y severos daños|language=ES|newspaper=La Nación|url=http://www.nacion.com/sucesos/desastres/Vivo-Desaparecida-Quepos-persisten-Pacifico_0_1662633732.html|url-status=live|access-date=October 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011050407/http://www.nacion.com/sucesos/desastres/Vivo-Desaparecida-Quepos-persisten-Pacifico_0_1662633732.html|archive-date=October 11, 2017}} In late November 2016, Hurricane Otto passed over Costa Rica, despite making landfall just north of the border with Nicaragua.{{cite report|url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL162016_Otto}}|title=Hurricane Otto|author=Daniel P. Brown|date=February 1, 2017|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida|access-date=February 1, 2017|format=PDF|series=Tropical Cyclone Report}} Some areas of Costa Rica received over a month's worth of rainfall from the storm.{{cite news|author=George Rodriguez|date=November 25, 2016|title=Storm Otto kills nine in Costa Rica, moves out to Pacific|publisher=Reuters|location=San Jose, Costa Rica|url=http://news.trust.org/item/20161125204426-cnnyp/|access-date=November 26, 2016|archive-date=November 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126134148/http://news.trust.org/item/20161125204426-cnnyp/|url-status=live}} 10 people died in Costa Rica as a result of Otto's passing, and damage from the storm in the country was totaled at $192.2 million (2016 USD).{{cite web|last1=Rodriguez|first1=Angeles|title=Costa Rica has hurricane Otto reconstruction price tag|url=https://www.bnamericas.com/en/news/waterandwaste/costa-rica-has-hurricane-otto-reconstruction-price-tag/|access-date=26 March 2017|website=BN Americas|archive-date=27 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327082842/https://www.bnamericas.com/en/news/waterandwaste/costa-rica-has-hurricane-otto-reconstruction-price-tag/|url-status=live}}

Hurricane Cesar brought heavy rains to the country in July 1996, causing mudslides and widespread flooding. At least 39 people died and 29 more people were labeled as missing after the storm in Costa Rica; damages were estimated at $151 million (1996 USD).{{cite web|date=October 23, 1996|title=Effects of the Damage Caused by Hurricane Cesar on the Development of Costa Rica in 1996|url=http://www2.cepal.org.mx/www3/rzapata/Documentos%20de%20Desastres/Hurricane%20Cesar%20Costa%20Rica%201996.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409040707/http://www2.cepal.org.mx/www3/rzapata/Documentos%20de%20Desastres/Hurricane%20Cesar%20Costa%20Rica%201996.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 9, 2024|access-date=January 14, 2013|publisher=United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Ceribbean|type=Report}} Hurricane Mitch in 1998 brought heavy rain, causing flash flooding and mudslides. 4,000 people were made homeless after the storm in the country, 7 people died, and $92 million (1998 USD) in damage was brought by Mitch.{{cite web|author=ERRI Watch Center|title=Real-Time Reports Concerning the Devastation Caused by Hurricane Mitch|url=http://www.emergency.com/hurmitch.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422010920/http://www.emergency.com/hurmitch.htm|archive-date=April 22, 2006|access-date=2006-04-28}}{{cite web|author=National Climatic Data Center|year=2004|title=Mitch: The Deadliest Atlantic Hurricane Since 1780|url=http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/reports/mitch/mitch.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717103126/http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/reports/mitch/mitch.html|archive-date=2012-07-17|access-date=2006-04-25|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}{{cite web|author=Inter-American Development Bank|title=Central America After Hurricane Mitch- Costa Rica|url=http://www.iadb.org/regions/re2/consultative_group/backgrounder6.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051219111541/http://www.iadb.org/regions/re2/consultative_group/backgrounder6.htm|archive-date=December 19, 2005|access-date=2006-04-28}} Hurricane Joan killed 28 people and left 18 missing in the country, while leaving behind $65 million (1988 USD) in damage in 1998.{{cite web|author=Harold P. Gerrish|title=NHC Joan report p. 3|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1988-prelim/joan/prelim03.gif|access-date=April 10, 2006|archive-date=October 26, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026210719/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1988-prelim/joan/prelim03.gif|url-status=live}}{{cite news|author=McLean|date=December 19, 1988|title=Natural disasters took record tolls this year|newspaper=USAToday|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/55890159.html?dids=55890159:55890159&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+19%2C+1988&author=&pub=USA+TODAY+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Natural+disasters+took+record+tolls+this+year&pqatl=google|access-date=August 26, 2009|archive-date=October 22, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022082044/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/55890159.html?dids=55890159:55890159&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+19,+1988&author=&pub=USA+TODAY+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Natural+disasters+took+record+tolls+this+year&pqatl=google|url-status=dead}} An unnamed tropical storm in 1887 and a tropical depression in 1973 are the only storms to make landfall in Costa Rica on record.{{cite news|last1=Torres|first1=Rico|date=November 21, 2016|title=How Rare Is A Hurricane Llandfall In Nicaragua?|publisher=Today Nicaragua|url=https://todaynicaragua.com/how-rare-is-a-hurricane-llandfall-in-nicaragua/|access-date=October 9, 2020|archive-date=November 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129221810/https://todaynicaragua.com/how-rare-is-a-hurricane-llandfall-in-nicaragua/|url-status=live}}{{Atlantic hurricane best track}}

=== El Salvador ===

In September 1982, a tropical depression moved ashore the El Salvador and Guatemala border, which later became Hurricane Paul. The depression dropped torrential rainfall that led to 761 fatalities.{{cite news|title=More Flood Victims found|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HO4vAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5e4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2090,5185253&dq=el+salvador+flood&hl=en|access-date=August 5, 2011|newspaper=The Spokesman-Review|date=September 28, 1982|archive-date=September 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926045149/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HO4vAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5e4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2090,5185253&dq=el+salvador+flood&hl=en|url-status=live}} In October 1998, former Hurricane Mitch moved through the country as a tropical depression, causing US$400 million in damage and 240 deaths.{{cite web|author=Inter-American Development Bank |year=2004 |title=Central America After Hurricane Mitch- El Salvador |access-date=2006-04-25 |url=http://www.iadb.org/regions/re2/consultative_group/backgrounder4.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051026083640/http://www.iadb.org/regions/re2/consultative_group/backgrounder4.htm |archive-date=October 26, 2005 }} In October 2017, Tropical Storm Selma became the first tropical storm on record to strike El Salvador.{{cite report|author=John P. Cangialosi|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=November 27, 2017|accessdate=April 2, 2018|title=Tropical Storm Selma (EP202017)|series=Tropical Cyclone Report|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP202017_Selma.pdf|archive-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303105847/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/EP202017_Selma.pdf|url-status=live}}

=== Guatemala ===

In October 2005, rains from Hurricane Stan, along with a broader weather system, dropped torrential rainfall across Guatemala, causing widespread floods and landslides; the events led to 1,513 deaths and US$996 million in damage.{{cite web|author=Richard J. Pasch and David P. Roberts|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=February 14, 2006|access-date=April 27, 2010|title=Hurricane Stan Tropical Cyclone Report|url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL202005_Stan}}|format=PDF}}{{cite report|title=One year after Stan, Guatemala needs more assistance|publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/guatemala/one-year-after-stan-guatemala-needs-more-assistance|at=ReliefWeb|date=October 10, 2006|access-date=February 21, 2020|archive-date=February 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222023544/https://reliefweb.int/report/guatemala/one-year-after-stan-guatemala-needs-more-assistance|url-status=live}}{{cite report|page=8|url=https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/default/files/publication/climate-change-country-profile-2011-guatemala.pdf|title=Vulnerability, Risk Reduction, and Adaptation to Climate Change Guatemala|publisher=Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery|date=April 2011|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2020-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222032100/https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/default/files/publication/climate-change-country-profile-2011-guatemala.pdf|url-status=live}}

===Honduras===

In September 1974, Hurricane Fifi paralleled the north coast of Honduras, triggering torrential rainfall that caused flooding and landslides. The storm inflicted US$1.8 billion in damage, producing the nation's worst natural disaster at the time. The death toll in the country was estimated between 8,000–10,000.{{cite web|agency=Associated Press|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|date=September 24, 1974|access-date=November 8, 2009|title=Aid Efforts Start For Honduras, Fifi Deaths Soar|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9kMNAAAAIBAJ&pg=7351,3121666&dq=hurricane+fifi+aid&hl=en}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} In October 1998, Hurricane Mitch stalled off shore Honduras before weakening, moving southward, and striking the country. Torrential rainfall in the country – estimated as high as {{convert|1900|mm|in|abbr=on}} in the mountains – caused flooding and landslides. The storm wrecked about 35,000 houses and damaged another 50,000, leaving up to 1.5 million people homeless, or about 20% of the country's population. Damage totaled over US$2 billion, and there were more than 7,000 fatalities.{{cite report|author=John L. Guiney|author2=Miles B. Lawrence|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=1999-01-28|title=Hurricane Mitch Preliminary Report|access-date=2013-05-12|url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL131998_Mitch}}|format=PDF}}{{cite report|title=Mitch: The Deadliest Atlantic Hurricane Since 1780|date=2009-01-23|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|accessdate=2013-05-20|url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/reports/mitch/mitch.html|archive-date=2013-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224045502/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/reports/mitch/mitch.html|url-status=live}}{{cite report|publisher=Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean|date=April 1999|work=Honduras: Assessment of the damage caused by hurricane Mitch, 1998. Implications for economic and social development and for the environment|title=Description of the Damage|accessdate=2013-06-07|url=http://www.eclac.org/publicaciones/xml/6/15506/L367-2-EN.pdf|archive-date=2013-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054120/http://www.eclac.org/publicaciones/xml/6/15506/L367-2-EN.pdf|url-status=live}}

===Nicaragua===

File:Joan 1988-10-21 1930Z.png prior to landfall on Nicaragua]]

{{main|Hurricanes in Nicaragua}}Tropical cyclones make landfall in Nicaragua once every few years, usually from the Atlantic Ocean. In 1998, Hurricane Mitch brought extreme damage and destruction to the country. As much as {{convert|630|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain fell in some coastal areas, with this rain causing a lahar at the Casita volcano in northwestern Nicaragua. A mudslide occurred as a result, which would grow to {{convert|16|km|mi|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide; in areas around the volcano, over 2,000 people died. Overall, at least 3,800 people died in Nicaragua from Mitch, 7,000 people were reported missing, and 500,000–800,000 people were left homeless after the storm. Damages in the country were estimated at $1 billion (1998 USD), making it the costliest hurricane on record in the country, in addition to the deadliest.

In October 1988, Hurricane Joan made landfall on Nicaragua, just south of Bluefields.{{cite web|author=Harold P. Gerrish|title=NHC Joan report p. 7|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1988-prelim/joan/prelim07.gif|access-date=April 10, 2006|archive-date=October 26, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026210727/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1988-prelim/joan/prelim07.gif|url-status=live}} Bluefields was particularly hard hit, as almost all structures in the city were damaged, with many of the main buildings in the city having been destroyed.Dr. Harold P. Gerrish. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1988-prelim/joan/prelim02.gif NHC Joan report p. 2] accessed April 10, 2006. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200725051417/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1988-prelim/joan/prelim02.gif Archived] from the original on July 25, 2020. Overall, across Nicaragua, Joan killed 148 people and left 100 others missing; the storm caused $751 million (1988 USD) in damage in the country. Hurricane Felix made landfall in northern Nicaragua as a Category 5 hurricane during 2007, the first storm to do so in the country. 130 people died in Nicaragua as a result of Felix, and $716.3 million (2007 USD) in damage was reported.{{cite web|year=2007|title=Hurricane Felix death toll hits 130 for Nicaragua|url=http://mobile.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N07466455.htm|access-date=2008-07-18|agency=Reuters}}{{cite web|author=José Adán Silva|date=January 29, 2008|title=Huracán los terminó de hundir en la pobreza|url=http://impreso.elnuevodiario.com.ni/2007/01/29/especiales/84368|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122094329/http://impreso.elnuevodiario.com.ni/2007/01/29/especiales/84368|archive-date=January 22, 2009|access-date=April 14, 2010|publisher=El Nuevo Diario|language=es}} During November 2020, hurricanes Eta and Iota made landfall in Nicaragua, both as Category 4 hurricanes. Eta caused $178.4 million (2020 USD) in damage and killed 2 people,{{Cite news|date=2020-11-10|title=Daños causados por el huracán ETA en Nicaragua ascienden a los 178 millones de dólares|language=es-ES|publisher=Tu Nueva Radio YA|url=https://nuevaya.com.ni/danos-causados-por-el-huracan-eta-en-nicaragua-ascienden-a-los-178-millones-de-dolares/|url-status=live|access-date=2020-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115140440/https://nuevaya.com.ni/danos-causados-por-el-huracan-eta-en-nicaragua-ascienden-a-los-178-millones-de-dolares/|archive-date=November 15, 2020}}{{Cite web|last=AFP|date=November 4, 2020|title=Three dead as Category 2 hurricane Eta batters Nicaragua|url=https://telanganatoday.com/three-dead-as-category-2-hurricane-eta-batters-nicaragua|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104070023/https://telanganatoday.com/three-dead-as-category-2-hurricane-eta-batters-nicaragua|archive-date=November 4, 2020|access-date=November 4, 2020|publisher=Telangana Today}} while Iota was much more destructive, killing 28 people and causing $564 million (2020 USD) in damage.{{Cite web|date=2020-11-21|title=Monitoreo Azul y Blanco reporta 28 muertos por el huracán Iota en Nicaragua|url=https://confidencial.com.ni/monitoreo-azul-y-blanco-reporta-28-muertos-por-el-huracan-iota-en-nicaragua/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=Confidencial|language=es|archive-date=2020-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123000035/https://confidencial.com.ni/monitoreo-azul-y-blanco-reporta-28-muertos-por-el-huracan-iota-en-nicaragua/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|date=2020-11-19|title=Pérdidas por huracanes superan los 18 mil millones de córdobas|url=https://rjadiolaprimerisima.com/noticias-generales/destacado/perdidas-por-huracanes-superan-los-18-mil-millones-de-cordobas/|access-date=2020-11-24|website=La Gente {{!}} Radio La Primerísima|language=es}}{{Cite web|author=AFP|date=November 27, 2020|title=Eta and Iota left 200 dead, millions in financial losses across Central America|url=https://ticotimes.net/2020/11/27/eta-and-iota-left-200-dead-millions-in-financial-losses-across-central-america|access-date=November 27, 2020|website=ticotimes.net|archive-date=November 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127100322/https://ticotimes.net/2020/11/27/eta-and-iota-left-200-dead-millions-in-financial-losses-across-central-america|url-status=live}} Tropical Storm Alma is the only tropical cyclone on record to make landfall on the Pacific coast of Nicaragua.{{cite web|author=Knabb/Blake|year=2008|title=Tropical Storm Alma Discussion Six|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/ep01/ep012008.discus.006.shtml?|access-date=2008-05-29|publisher=National Hurricane Center|archive-date=2014-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106074356/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/ep01/ep012008.discus.006.shtml|url-status=live}}

===Panama===

File:Martha1969 1.png north of Panama as a strong tropical storm]]

Only one tropical cyclone has ever made landfall on Panama in recorded history.{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|date=November 16, 2009|title=The Atlantic hurricane season is effectively over; heavy rains in the Northwest|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1384|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119031721/https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1384|archive-date=November 19, 2009|access-date=January 1, 2013|website=|publisher=Weather Underground}} In late November 1969, Hurricane Martha formed north of Panama, and took an unusual track south before eventually making landfall in the country. At least {{convert|13|in|mm|abbr=on|order=flip}} of rain fell in Almirante, flooding half of the land of the city, causing extensive crop damage.{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0014-jpg/1969/atlantic/martha/postevent/unitedfruit.jpg|title=1969|author=I. V. Chapman, Jr.|date=May 28, 1970|publisher=United Fruit Company|access-date=January 1, 2013|format=JPG|archive-date=December 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208050921/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/cdmp/dvd0014-jpg/1969/atlantic/martha/postevent/unitedfruit.jpg|url-status=live}} Armuelles reported continuous rain, which caused street flooding and inundation of other areas. In November 2020, hurricanes Eta and Iota impacted Panama; the former was the deadliest hurricane on record in the country, killing 19 people and leaving 12 more missing.{{Cite web|title=The search for 12 missing due to floods and landslides in Panama|url=https://panatimes.com/the-search-for-12-missing-due-to-floods-and-landslides-in-panama-continues|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115140324/https://panatimes.com/the-search-for-12-missing-due-to-floods-and-landslides-in-panama-continues|archive-date=November 15, 2020|access-date=2020-11-15|website=PanaTimes|language=en}} Over 200 homes were damaged as a result of Eta,{{Cite web|last=Henry Cárdenas P.|date=November 4, 2020|title=Sinaproc reporta cerca de 200 casas afectadas por las recientes lluvias en diferentes regiones|url=https://www.prensa.com/sociedad/sinaproc-reporta-cerca-de-200-casas-afectadas-por-las-recientes-lluvias-en-diferentes-regiones/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104170541/https://www.prensa.com/sociedad/sinaproc-reporta-cerca-de-200-casas-afectadas-por-las-recientes-lluvias-en-diferentes-regiones/|archive-date=November 4, 2020|access-date=November 4, 2020|website=prensa.com|publisher=La Prensa|language=es}} and $11 million (2020 USD) in damages to agriculture was estimated in the country.{{Cite news|date=November 10, 2020|title=Gobierno de Panamá prevé US$11 millones en pérdidas agrícolas por el paso de Eta|language=es|publisher=El Periódico|url=https://elperiodico.com.gt/internacionales/2020/11/10/gobierno-de-panama-preve-us11-millones-en-perdidas-agricolas-por-el-paso-de-eta/|access-date=November 16, 2020|archive-date=November 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115143235/https://elperiodico.com.gt/internacionales/2020/11/10/gobierno-de-panama-preve-us11-millones-en-perdidas-agricolas-por-el-paso-de-eta/|url-status=live}} In addition, Iota killed 3 people in Panama, and left 1 more missing.{{Cite web|author=Andrea Sosa Cabrios|date=November 19, 2020|title=Death toll from storm Iota rises past 45 in Central, South America|url=https://www.bakersfield.com/ap/national/death-toll-from-storm-iota-rises-past-40-in-central-and-south-america/article_7c9c0974-58f3-57b9-bd8e-3a1c2014739f.html|access-date=November 19, 2020|website=bakersfield.com}}{{Dead link|date=February 2021|fix-attempted=yes}}

Hurricane Joan caused $60 million (1988 USD) in damages in Panama and killed 7 people in 1988,{{Cite web|year=1991|title=Primer on Natural Hazard Management in Integrated Regional Development Planning chpt. 12|url=http://fnad.org/Documentos/Primer%20on%20Natural%20Hazard%20Management%20in%20Integrated%20Regional%20Development%20Planning.pdf|url-status=live|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Organization of American States|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216203110/http://fnad.org/Documentos/Primer%20on%20Natural%20Hazard%20Management%20in%20Integrated%20Regional%20Development%20Planning.pdf|archive-date=February 16, 2021|access-date=February 16, 2021}} mostly due to heavy rainfall and mudslides. In 2016, Hurricane Otto's outer bands caused rainfall which led to landslides and flooding, which led to 6 people dying on Panamanian soil.{{cite news|date=November 28, 2016|title=Ya son nueve los muertos por coletazo de huracán Otto en Panamá|language=es|publisher=Noticias RCN|url=http://www.noticiasrcn.com/internacional-america/son-nueve-los-muertos-coletazo-huracan-otto-panama|url-status=live|access-date=December 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016185525/https://noticias.canalrcn.com/internacional-america/son-nueve-los-muertos-coletazo-huracan-otto-panama|archive-date=October 16, 2019}} Offshore from Colón, 3 people died when the ship Jessica sank; the other 3 crew on the ship were rescued. The precursor disturbance to Hurricane Nate in 2017 brought flooding rains and strong gusts to western and central parts of Panama.{{cite news|date=October 3, 2017|title=Encuentran cuerpo de hombre desaparecido en Santa Isabel|language=ES|newspaper=La Estrella|url=http://laestrella.com.pa/panama/nacional/encuentran-cuerpo-hombre-desaparecido-santa-isabel/24025902|url-status=live|access-date=October 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006112108/http://laestrella.com.pa/panama/nacional/encuentran-cuerpo-hombre-desaparecido-santa-isabel/24025902|archive-date=October 6, 2017}}{{cite report|url=http://www.hidromet.com.pa/pdf.php?dir=boletines&fecha=2017-10-04&id=1|title=Bulletin N° 1 – 4/10/2017|last=Martínez|first=Roberto|date=October 4, 2017|publisher=Dirección de Hidrometeorología Panamá|language=ES|access-date=October 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006062414/http://www.hidromet.com.pa/pdf.php?dir=boletines&fecha=2017-10-04&id=1|archive-date=October 6, 2017|work=Empresa de Transmisión Eléctrica S.A.|type=Bulletin|url-status=dead}} 84 houses were damaged or destroyed in incidents related to Nate,{{cite report|url=http://erccportal.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ercmaps/ECDM_20171009_TC-NATE.pdf|title=USA and Central America: Tropical Cyclone Nate|date=October 9, 2017|publisher=Emergency Response Coordination Centre|access-date=October 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011232416/http://erccportal.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ercmaps/ECDM_20171009_TC-NATE.pdf|archive-date=October 11, 2017|series=ECHO Daily Maps|type=Map|url-status=live}} and 4,975 people were affected.{{cite news|last=Núñez|first=Yandira|date=October 7, 2017|title=Tormenta Nate deja un saldo de 4mil 975 afectados en Panamá|language=ES|newspaper=La Estrella|url=http://laestrella.com.pa/panama/nacional/tormenta-nate-deja-saldo-4mil-975-afectados-panama/24026613|url-status=live|access-date=October 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010083225/http://laestrella.com.pa/panama/nacional/tormenta-nate-deja-saldo-4mil-975-afectados-panama/24026613|archive-date=October 10, 2017}} A landslide in Ngäbe-Buglé Comarca killed 6 people, and another person died in a shipwreck in Panama Bay.{{Cite news|date=October 2, 2017|title=Seis muertos por alud en Panamá|language=es|newspaper=Prensa Latina|url=http://www.prensa-latina.cu/index.php?o=rn&id=120487&SEO=seis-muertos-por-alud-en-panama|url-status=live|access-date=October 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006220955/http://www.prensa-latina.cu/index.php?o=rn&id=120487&SEO=seis-muertos-por-alud-en-panama|archive-date=October 6, 2017}}{{cite news|date=October 6, 2017|title=Al menos 23 muertos y 27 desaparecidos en Centroamérica tras el paso de Nate|language=es|newspaper=El Mundo|agency=EFE|url=http://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2017/10/06/59d6ff7dca4741eb2d8b4621.html|url-status=live|access-date=October 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008033508/http://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2017/10/06/59d6ff7dca4741eb2d8b4621.html|archive-date=October 8, 2017}} Hurricane Mitch in 1998 killed 3 people in Panama, and caused $50,000 (1998 USD) in damages.{{cite web|author=Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters|title=EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database|url=http://www.emdat.be/|access-date=2012-11-30|publisher=Université catholique de Louvain|archive-date=2014-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215235623/http://www.emdat.be/|url-status=live}} Hurricane Beta's outer bands brought heavy rain to Panama, resulting in flooding and landslides. At least 52 homes were damaged and 256 people were affected, but the monetary value of the damages is unknown.{{cite web|author=Patricia Ramírez y Eladio Zárate|year=2006|title=2005 Año de récords hidrometeorológicos en Centroamérica|url=http://www.aguayclima.com/biblioteca/crrh-sicca_clima_2005_extremos.doc|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225212332/http://www.aguayclima.com/biblioteca/crrh-sicca_clima_2005_extremos.doc|archive-date=February 25, 2009|access-date=December 28, 2008|publisher=Comité Regional de Recursos Hidráulicos del Istmo Centroamericano|language=es|format=PDF|df=mdy-all}} Three people died and two more were left missing in incidents related to Beta; a young girl died after a boat she was on sank,{{cite web|author=Pérez R. Wilder|date=October 28, 2005|title=Beta apunta a Nicaragua|url=http://lp2000.guegue.com/archivo/2005/octubre/28/nacionales/nacionales-20051028-14.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711132654/http://lp2000.guegue.com/archivo/2005/octubre/28/nacionales/nacionales-20051028-14.html|archive-date=July 11, 2011|access-date=March 5, 2010|work=La Prensa|language=es|df=mdy-all}} two people drowned in the Chagres River after being swept away by it,{{cite web|author=Staff Writer|date=October 29, 2005|title=Perecen dos panameños por la tormenta tropical "Beta"|url=http://www.elsiglodedurango.com.mx/noticia/82337.perecen-dos-panamenos-por-la-tormenta-tropica.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120215033/https://www.elsiglodedurango.com.mx/noticia/82337.perecen-dos-panamenos-por-la-tormenta-tropica.html|archive-date=November 20, 2020|access-date=July 15, 2010|publisher=El Siglo De Durango|language=es}} and two people were reported missing after they were shipwrecked.

== Islands in the North Atlantic Ocean ==

===Bermuda===

File:2003 Hurricane Fabian.jpg approaching Bermuda as a Category 3 hurricane]]

The island of Bermuda is located in the North Atlantic Ocean, about {{convert|1000|km|mi|sp=us|abbr=on}} east-southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.{{cite web|last1=Rushe|first1=George|title=Bermuda Islands, Atlantic Ocean|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Bermuda|access-date=28 September 2015|website=Britannica|archive-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528082525/https://www.britannica.com/place/Bermuda|url-status=live}} Due to the small size of Bermuda, only 10 tropical cyclones have made direct landfalls in the territory since 1851, though many more storms have produced impacts.{{cite web|author1=Mark Guishard|author2=James Dodgson|author3=Michael Johnston|date=February 2020|title=Hurricanes – General Information for Bermuda|url=http://www.weather.bm/tropicalArchiveDocuments/Summary%20And%20Miscellaneous/Tropical%20Climatology%20-%20Timeline.docx|access-date=March 28, 2020|publisher=Bermuda Weather Service|archive-date=September 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915074329/http://www.weather.bm/tropicalArchiveDocuments/Summary%20And%20Miscellaneous/Tropical%20Climatology%20-%20Timeline.docx|url-status=live}} In 2003, Hurricane Fabian passed {{convert|14|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} west of Bermuda as a Category 3 hurricane with winds of {{convert|120|mph|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip|round=5}}; the island entered the eastern eyewall of the hurricane.{{cite web|author1=Richard J. Pasch|author2=Eric S. Blake|author3=Daniel P. Brown|date=2003-11-19|title=Hurricane Fabian Tropical Cyclone Report|url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL102003_Fabian}}|access-date=May 22, 2015|publisher=National Hurricane Center}} A maximum wind gust of {{convert|164|mph|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}} was recorded at Bermuda Harbour Radio. A storm surge estimated at {{convert|3|–|3.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} and waves of {{convert|7|–|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} were reported during Fabian's passage.{{cite web|author1=Mike Guishard|author2=Roger Williams|year=2004|title=2003 Hurricane Season in Bermuda|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/HC26-English.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204084653/https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/HC26-English.pdf|archive-date=2020-12-04|access-date=2006-10-15|work=Final Report of the Twenty-Sixth Session|publisher=World Meteorological Organization}} Approximately 25,000 of the 32,031 power customers on the island lost power as a result of Fabian. Fabian was the first hurricane since 1926 to cause a death on the island,{{cite web|author=Patrick Thiele|date=2003-09-15|title=PartnerRe Weathers Hurricane Fabian|url=http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/international/2003/09/15/32288.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118133133/http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/international/2003/09/15/32288.htm|archive-date=January 18, 2012|access-date=2010-04-13|publisher=PartnerRE Ltd.}} killing 4 people; in addition, it also caused $300 million (2003 USD) in damage.

In a span of 6 days in October 2014, hurricanes Fay and Gonzalo both made landfall on Bermuda, which led to 2014 becoming the first season to have multiple landfalls on Bermuda on record.{{cite web|author=Daniel P. Brown|date=March 4, 2015|title=Hurricane Gonzalo Tropical Cyclone Report|url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL082014_Gonzalo}}|access-date=May 12, 2015|publisher=National Hurricane Center|location=Miami, Florida}} Fay caused gusts well in excess of {{convert|100|mph|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}} as a Category 1 hurricane at several higher elevation stations, with a peak of {{convert|123|mph|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}} at Commissioner's Point.{{cite report|url={{NHC TCR url|id=AL072014_Fay}}|title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Fay|author=Todd B. Kimberlain|date=December 17, 2014|publisher=National Hurricane Center|access-date=January 2, 2015}} Nearly 28,000 of the 35,500 electricity customers on the island lost power as a result of Fay.{{cite news|author=Jonathan Bell and Leanne McGrath|date=October 15, 2014|title=Belco may get outside support|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20141014/NEWS/141019862|url-status=live|access-date=October 15, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604054256/http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20141014/NEWS/141019862|archive-date=June 4, 2020}} A definite $3.8 million (2014 USD) in damage was recorded from Fay, though this number was from only one insurance company; the Bermuda Weather Service estimated the total damages at "tens of millions of dollars".{{cite conference|date=April 13–17, 2015|title=Review of the Past Hurricane Season|url=https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/HC-37D0c424bermuda.doc|format=DOC|conference=RA IV Hurricane Committee – Thirty-seventh session|location=San José, Costa Rica|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|at=Doc. 4.2(4): "Report from Bermuda"|id=RA IV/HC-37|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618135434/https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/HC-37D0c424bermuda.doc|archive-date=June 18, 2017|access-date=October 31, 2015}} Gonzalo struck as a Category 2, causing gusts as high as {{convert|144|mph|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}} on St. David's. Out of the 35,500 electricity customers on the island, 31,000 electricity customers were without power at the peak of the storm.{{cite news|date=October 18, 2014|title=Belco restoration: 26,775 without power at 11.30am|work=The Royal Gazette|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20141018/NEWS/141019704|access-date=October 18, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906204633/http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20141018/NEWS/141019704|archive-date=September 6, 2020}} In total, an estimated $200–400 million (2014 USD) in damage was recorded from Gonzalo. Impacts were very similar and hard to distinguish between both storms, though no deaths were reported from either storm.

A hurricane made landfall on Bermuda as a Category 3 hurricane in October 1926, with sustained winds as high as {{convert|114|mph|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}} recorded at Fort Prospect.{{cite news|date=June 2, 2013|title=1926 Bermuda Hurricane Sank UK Warship|newspaper=Bernews|url=http://bernews.com/2013/06/1926-bermuda-hurricane-sank-uk-warship/|access-date=November 20, 2015|archive-date=December 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222105116/http://bernews.com/2013/06/1926-bermuda-hurricane-sank-uk-warship/|url-status=live}} The storm killed about 110 people near Bermuda due to sinking two ships, HMS Valeria and the SS Eastway.{{cite news|author=Edward Harris|date=October 20, 2012|title=October Surprise|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|url=https://www.royalgazette.com/archive/lifestyle/article/20121020/october-surprise/|access-date=July 1, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182507/https://www.royalgazette.com/archive/lifestyle/article/20121020/october-surprise/|url-status=live}} In July 1609, a hurricane was responsible for the first settlement on the island, when the British ship Sea Venture heading for Jamestown, Virginia became separated from her fleet. The crew ultimately found the island of Bermuda and ultimately purposefully ran the ship aground there.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}

===Cayman Islands===

In November 1932, a powerful hurricane passed near the Cayman Islands, producing a storm surge that inundated the islands; 109 people died during the storm, making it the territory's deadliest hurricane.{{cite web |title=Storms: 1900 - 1999 |url=http://www.caymanprepared.ky/portal/page/portal/hmchome/hazards/hurricaneinfo/hurricanebasics/hurricanehistory/1900s |website=Cayman Prepared |publisher=Cayman Islands Hazard Management |accessdate=25 September 2020 |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204052506/http://www.caymanprepared.ky/portal/page/portal/hmchome/hazards/hurricaneinfo/hurricanebasics/hurricanehistory/1900s |url-status=live }} In September 2004, Hurricane Ivan passed just south of Grand Cayman as a Category 5 hurricane; it killed two people and inflicted US$2.86 billion in damage.{{cite web | title=Twenty-seventh Session, RA IV Hurricane Committee: Final Report | author=World Meteorological Organization | year=2005 | accessdate=April 27, 2006 | url=http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/www/TCP_vO/Final+HC+27+Report-English.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025090442/http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/www/TCP_vO/Final%20HC%2027%20Report-English.pdf | archive-date=October 25, 2007 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all | author-link=World Meteorological Organization }}{{Cite book|last=Caribbean|first=Economic Commission for Latin America and the|url=https://www.cepal.org/en/publications/25728-impact-hurricane-ivan-cayman-islands|title=The impact of hurricane Ivan in the Cayman Islands|date=2004-12-08|publisher=CEPAL|language=en|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2021-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122012344/https://www.cepal.org/en/publications/25728-impact-hurricane-ivan-cayman-islands|url-status=live}}

===Cuba===

In November 1932, a powerful hurricane struck southeastern Cuba. The hurricane washed away much of the town of Santa Cruz del Sur from its {{convert|6.5|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} storm surge. Across Cuba, the storm killed 3,033 people, making it the country's deadliest hurricane.{{cite web|author=Christopher Landsea|year=2003|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/NHR-Cuba.pdf|title=Hurricane Vulnerability in Latin America and The Caribbean|publisher=NOAA|access-date=2007-10-15| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071026123732/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/NHR-Cuba.pdf| archive-date=October 26, 2007 | url-status= live|display-authors=etal}} In October 1963, Hurricane Flora made landfall in southeastern Cuba, and over the next four days drifted across the country. Santiago de Cuba recorded {{convert|100.39|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rainfall from Flora, which is the highest rainfall total measured on Cuba from any rainfall event on record. Flora killed 1,750 people and left US$300 million in damage.{{cite journal |author1=Dunn, Gordon E |author2=Moore, Paul L |author3=Clark Gilbert B |journal=Monthly Weather Review |author4=Frank, Neil L |author5=Hill, Elbert C |author6=Kraft, Raymond H |author7=Sugg, Arnold L |url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/092/mwr-092-03-0128.pdf |year=1964 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205130224/http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/092/mwr-092-03-0128.pdf |title=The Hurricane Season of 1963 |access-date=May 13, 2012 |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1964)092<0128:THSO>2.3.CO;2 |issn=0027-0644 |page=136 |volume=92 |issue=3 |archive-date=February 5, 2012 |url-status=live |publisher=American Meteorological Society |bibcode=1964MWRv...92..128D |df=mdy |doi-access=free }}{{cite web|author=Instituto Nacional de Recursos Hidráulicos |year=2003 |title=Lluvias intensas observadas y grandes inundaciones reportadas |language=es |access-date=February 10, 2007 |url=http://www.hidro.cu/hidrologia1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723032757/http://www.hidro.cu/hidrologia1.htm |archive-date=July 23, 2011 }} In September 2017, Category 5 Hurricane Irma moved ashore the northern coast of Cuba, making it the first hurricane of such intensity to strike the island since 1924. Irma damaged 158,554 homes, of which 14,657 were destroyed. Throughout the country, the hurricane inflicted US$13.185 billion in damage and killed 10 people, making Irma the costliest tropical cyclone in Cuban history.

{{cite report|author=John P. Cangialosi|author2=Andrew S. Latto|author3=Robbie J. Berg|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=March 9, 2018|access-date=March 12, 2018|title=Hurricane Irma (AL112017)|series=Tropical Cyclone Report|url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL112017_Irma.pdf|archive-date=August 31, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831040906/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL112017_Irma.pdf|url-status=live}}

{{cite report|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=December 15, 2017|access-date=January 26, 2019|title=Cuba: Hurricane Irma - Three Month Report|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Three_month_report_Irma.pdf|archive-date=March 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320180708/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Three_month_report_Irma.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite news|author1=Mimi Whitefield|author2=Nora Gámez Torres|publisher=Miami Herald|date=September 11, 2017|access-date=September 12, 2017|title=Hurricane Irma claims 10 lives in Cuba|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/weather/hurricane/article172614411.html|archive-date=September 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911194922/http://www.miamiherald.com/news/weather/hurricane/article172614411.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=Raúl Castro cifra los daños del huracán Irma a Cuba en 13.185 millones de dólares|url=https://www.efe.com/efe/espana/sociedad/raul-castro-cifra-los-danos-del-huracan-irma-a-cuba-en-13-185-millones-de-dolares/10004-3474450|publisher=Agencia EFE|language=es|date=December 22, 2017|access-date=May 20, 2019|archive-date=June 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601025519/https://www.efe.com/efe/espana/sociedad/raul-castro-cifra-los-danos-del-huracan-irma-a-cuba-en-13-185-millones-de-dolares/10004-3474450|url-status=live}}

===Hispaniola===

File:David 1979-08-31 1700Z.jpg at peak intensity shortly before landfall in the Dominican Republic]]

Hispaniola is an island holding the countries of the Dominican Republic and Haiti that is also the second largest island in the Caribbean. Hispaniola has the Caribbean Sea to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its north, the Mona Passage to its east, and the Windward Passage to the west.

In October 1963, Hurricane Flora struck Haiti near Sud, causing between $185 million and $240 million (1964 USD, $1.5 billion - $2 billion 2020 USD) in damage, and killing 5,000 people. In August 1979 Hurricane David struck the Dominican Republic with {{convert|175|mph|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip|round=5}} winds, causing $1 billion in damage (1979 USD, $3.5 billion 2020 USD) and killing 2,000 people.

In the year of 2008, 4 tropical cyclones impacted Hispaniola, causing hundreds of million of dollars in damage and killing 704 people. Fay made landfall in the Dominican Republic shortly after forming, killing 14 people.{{Cite web|date=August 15, 2008|title=Fay forms over Dominican Republic|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-35026720080816|website=reuters.com|access-date=August 23, 2021|archive-date=August 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823160424/https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-35026720080816|url-status=live}} Gustav made landfall near Jacmel as a minimal hurricane, killing 85 people.{{Cite web|last=DPA|date=August 26, 2008|title=Hurricane Gustav makes landfall on southern Haiti|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/cuba/hurricane-gustav-makes-landfall-southern-haiti|website=reliefweb.int|access-date=August 23, 2021|archive-date=August 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823160425/https://reliefweb.int/report/cuba/hurricane-gustav-makes-landfall-southern-haiti|url-status=live}} Hanna, possibly the worst of the four, stalled north of Haiti, dropping more than a foot of rain in some places and killing 529.{{Cite news|last=Jason Beaubien|date=September 7, 2008|title=Haiti Is Struck By Hanna|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=94365284|newspaper=NPR.org|access-date=August 23, 2021|archive-date=August 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814213149/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=94365284|url-status=live}} Finally, Ike passed north of Haiti, dropping heavy rainfall, and killing 76 people.{{Cite web|last=Mike Thompson|date=September 13, 2008|title='One million homeless' in Haiti|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7613851.stm|website=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=August 23, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182455/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7613851.stm|url-status=live}}

===Jamaica===

File:Gilbert_1988-09-12_1630Z.png approaching Jamaica on September 12]]

The island and country of Jamaica is located in the Caribbean Sea, south of the eastern edge of Cuba.

Hurricane Gilbert in September 1988 was the strongest and most damaging storm on record to make landfall in Jamaica, leaving $800 million (1989 USD) in damage as a Category 3 with winds of {{convert|125|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.{{Cite report|url=https://www.nlj.gov.jm/history-notes/History%20of%20Hurricanes%20and%20Floods%20in%20Jamaica.pdf|title=History of Hurricanes and Floods in Jamaica|date=n.d.|publisher=National Library of Jamaica|access-date=December 1, 2020|archive-date=July 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713094001/http://www.nlj.gov.jm/history-notes/History%20of%20Hurricanes%20and%20Floods%20in%20Jamaica.pdf|url-status=live}} A storm in 1722 was the deadliest on record in Jamaica, killing roughly 400 people.

===Lucayan Archipelago===

File:Dorian 2019-09-01 1641Z.jpg at peak intensity while making landfall in the Abaco Islands on September 1, 2019, one of the strongest storms on record in the archipelago]]

The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands make up the Lucayan Archipelago, also known as the Bahama Archipelago. The island group is located east of Florida and north of the Greater Antilles.

The Lucayan Archipelago has seen four Category 5 hurricanes strike there, being the 1932 Bahamas hurricane, the 1933 Cuba–Brownsville hurricane, Hurricane Andrew in 1992, and Hurricane Dorian in 2019.

Hurricane Dorian in August 2019 was the strongest, deadliest, and most damaging hurricane to hit The Bahamas in recorded history, making landfall on Great Abaco island with winds of {{convert|185|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and a central pressure of {{convert|910|mbar|inHg|2|abbr=}}. Dorian killed 74 people, and caused US$2.5 billion in damages.

===Puerto Rico===

The American territory of Puerto Rico has been struck by several significant hurricanes. In 1899, the San Ciriaco hurricane moved across the island, killing 3,369 people, making it the deadliest hurricane in the island's history.{{cite web|pages=30–31|date=September 2002|title=Notes on the Tropical Cyclones of Puerto Rico, 1508–1970|author=Orlando Férez|accessdate=2011-10-15|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/data_sub/perez_21_34.pdf|archive-date=2011-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629125754/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/data_sub/perez_21_34.pdf|url-status=live}} In 1928, a powerful hurricane struck the southeastern portion of the island as a Category 5 hurricane; it was the only hurricane of such intensity to strike the island.{{cite news|first=Angela|last=Fritz|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/09/19/puerto-rico-has-a-long-history-with-tropical-storms-none-of-them-were-like-hurricane-maria/|title=Puerto Rico has a long history with tropical storms. None of them were like Hurricane Maria|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=September 19, 2017|access-date=August 23, 2021|archive-date=October 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030024605/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/09/19/puerto-rico-has-a-long-history-with-tropical-storms-none-of-them-were-like-hurricane-maria|url-status=live}} In September 2017, Hurricane Maria moved across the island, causing about US$90 billion in damage, as well as an island-wide power outage, making it the island's costliest natural disaster. The hurricane led to 2,975 deaths on the island.{{cite report |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL152017_Maria.pdf |title=Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Maria |author=Richard J. Pasch |author2=Andrew B. Penny |author3=Robbie Berg |date=April 5, 2018 |publisher=National Hurricane Center |location=Miami, Florida |access-date=April 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420024334/https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL152017_Maria.pdf |archive-date=April 20, 2018 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |last1=Baldwin |first1=Sarah Lynch |last2=Begnaud |first2=David |title=Hurricane Maria caused an estimated 2,975 deaths in Puerto Rico, new study finds |date=28 August 2018 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hurricane-maria-death-toll-puerto-rico-2975-killed-by-storm-study-finds/ |publisher=CBS News |access-date=28 August 2018 |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211161336/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hurricane-maria-death-toll-puerto-rico-2975-killed-by-storm-study-finds/ |url-status=live }}

=South America=

File:Tropical Storm Bret (1993).jpg{{main|List of South America tropical cyclones}}

In the continent of South America, northern Colombia and Venezuela have a 1 to 5% chance of a hurricane strike in any given year.{{cite journal|author1=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |author2=Jose Rubiera |author3=Christopher Landsea |author4=Mario L. Fernández |author5=Roberta Klein|date=August 2003|title=Hurricane Vulnerability in Latin America and The Caribbean: Normalized Damage and Loss Potentials |journal=National Hazards Review|access-date=2025-05-21|url=http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/admin/publication_files/resource-1769-2003.21.pdf|archive-date=2006-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060810043441/http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/admin/publication_files/resource-1769-2003.21.pdf|url-status=live}} In August 1993, Tropical Storm Bret made landfall in Venezuela and killed 173 people.{{cite web|author=Ed Rappaport|date=December 9, 1993|title=Tropical Storm Bret Preliminary Report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1993/bret/prenhc/prelim03.gif|access-date=August 11, 2015|publisher=National Hurricane Center|page=3|format=GIF|archive-date=March 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220621/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1993/bret/prenhc/prelim03.gif|url-status=live}} The South Atlantic Ocean is generally inhospitable to the formation of a tropical storm.,{{cite book|author=Landsea, Christopher W |date=July 13, 2005 |title=Tropical Cyclone Frequently Asked Question |chapter=Subject: Tropical Cyclone Names: G6) Why doesn't the South Atlantic Ocean experience tropical cyclones? |publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hurricane Research Division |access-date=February 7, 2015 |chapter-url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G6.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327070050/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G6.html |archive-date=March 27, 2015 |url-status=live }} In June 2021, the predecessor extratropical cyclone of Subtropical Storm Raoni caused heavy rains and strong winds gust up to {{convert|104|km/h|mph|round=5|abbr=on}}, downing trees and causing damages to different public and private establishments across Punta del Este.{{cite news |title=Ciclone Causa Estragos no Uruguai e se Aproxima Do Rio Grande do Sul|url=https://metsul.com/ciclone-causa-estragos-no-uruguai-e-se-aproxima-do-rio-grande-do-sul/|date=28 June 2021|access-date=30 June 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210630064714/https://metsul.com/ciclone-causa-estragos-no-uruguai-e-se-aproxima-do-rio-grande-do-sul/|archive-date=30 June 2021|work=Metsul Meteorologia}} The storm also brought rough surf, and downpours with continuous gales were also experienced in Uruguay's capital Montevideo. From June 24 to July 2, Raoni channeled cold air from Antarctica into portions of South America, leading to an unusually potent cold wave across Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Brazil, with the temperature dropping as much as {{convert|15|°C|°F|abbr=on}} below average in some areas. The combination of the cyclone and the cold wave also produced snowfall across the southern portion of South America, with snowfall observed as far north as southern Brazil, marking the 4th snowfall event observed there within the past century.{{cite news|url=https://www.severe-weather.eu/global-weather/south-hemisphere-america-cold-winter-outbreak-fa/|title=Unusually strong cold weather outbreak spreads from Antarctica into central South America, bringing early winter temperature records and first snowfall after decades|author=Andrej Flis|work=Severe Weather Europe|date=4 July 2021|accessdate=23 July 2021}}

=Brazil=

File:Catarina 2004-03-28 Terra.jpg

Hurricanes and Tropical storms are rare in the South Atlantic Ocean but year around we can see some storms in the basin. Here we have some storms that impacted Brazil in the last years. On March 28, 2004, a system named Catarina impacted the Brazilian coast as a Category 2 hurricane killing 11 people and causing $ 350 million in damage. This was the first ever hurricane recorded in the South Atlantic. Cari brought heavy rainfall, flooding and landslides to eastern cities of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. A Navy buoy registered a 6-metre (20-foot) wave off the coast of Santa Catarina.The Front associated with Kurumí would later play a role in the 2020 Brazilian floods and mudslides, producing heavy rainfall on 24 January, triggering a landslide and killing 3 people and leaving 1 missing.The storm caused significant damage in Espírito Santo, with landslides of stones and earth leaving more than 400 people homeless. Mani impacted almost the entire state of Minas Gerais and the northern region of Rio de Janeiro .More than 220,000 people were affected by power cuts in greater Porto Alegre and Campanha Gaúcha because of the Cyclone. Several power poles and cables were broken, leaving residents in the dark. On Lake Guaíba, the storm damaged a boat carrying three people, resulting in one of them drowning. The system caused $50 million in damage across Brazil and Uruguay, becoming one of the costliest storms in the basin.{{Cite web | url=https://www.aon.com/reinsurance/getmedia/062d31ce-2617-4786-b6ba-4cd5942018a2/20220720-1h-2022-global-cat-recap.pdf | title=Global Catastrophe Recap | website=www.aon.com}}{{cite web | url=https://metsul.com/ciclone-no-sudeste-tempestade-subtropical-mani-se-forma/ | title=Ciclone no Sudeste - Tempestade subtropical Maní se forma | date=26 October 2020 }}{{cite web | url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/25/c_138732892.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125162136/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/25/c_138732892.htm | archive-date=2020-01-25 | title=Heavy rains cause casualties, damage in southeast Brazilian region - Xinhua | English.news.cn }}{{cite web | url=http://www.metsul.com/blog2012/Home/home/843/Cari_%C3%A9_rebaixado_ao_enfraquecer_e_ciclone_se_afasta_do_continente | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322070735/http://www.metsul.com/blog2012/Home/home/843/Cari_%C3%A9_rebaixado_ao_enfraquecer_e_ciclone_se_afasta_do_continente | archive-date=2015-03-22 | title=Cari é rebaixado ao enfraquecer e ciclone se afasta do continente Metsul Blog - Meteorologia }}{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1175%2FMWR3330.1 | doi=10.1175/MWR3330.1 | title=Analysis of Hurricane Catarina (2004) | date=2006 | last1=Bosart | first1=Lance F. | last2=McTaggart-Cowan | first2=Ron | last3=Davis | first3=Christopher A. | last4=Atallah | first4=Eyad H. | last5=Gyakum | first5=John R. | last6=Emanuel | first6=Kerry A. | journal=Monthly Weather Review | volume=134 | issue=11 | pages=3029–3053 | bibcode=2006MWRv..134.3029M }}

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References

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