Voiced palatal fricative#Palatal

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʝ⟩ in IPA}}

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa symbol=ʝ

|ipa number=139

|decimal=669

|x-sampa=j\

|kirshenbaum=C

|braille=hh

|braille2=j

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x029D.svg

|imagesize=150px

}}

{{Infobox IPA

|above=Voiced alveolo-palatal non-sibilant fricative

|ipa symbol=ɹ̠ʲ˔

|ipa symbol2=ʝ˖

|soundfile=

}}

The voiced palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ʝ}} (crossed-tail j), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j\. It is the non-sibilant equivalent of the voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant.

In broad transcription, the symbol for the palatal approximant, {{angbr IPA|j}}, may be used for the sake of simplicity.

The voiced palatal fricative is a very rare sound, occurring in only 7 of the 317 languages surveyed by the original UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database{{cn|date=September 2024}}. In Dutch, Kabyle, Margi, Modern Greek, and Scottish Gaelic, the sound occurs phonemically, along with its voiceless counterpart, and in several more, the sound occurs as a result of phonological processes.

To produce this sound, the tip of the tongue is placed against the roof of the mouth behind the upper front teeth; then, while exhaling, the space between the tongue and the palate is narrowed, creating a friction-like sound similar to the {{angbr|s}} sound (IPA: Voiced postalveolar fricative#Voiced palato-alveolar fricative) in the English word {{lang|en|measure}}.

There is also the voiced post-palatal fricativeInstead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "post-palatal". in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiced palatal fricative but not as back as the prototypical voiced velar fricative. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, but it can be transcribed as {{angbr IPA|ʝ̠}}, {{angbr IPA|ʝ˗}} (both symbols denote a retracted {{angbr IPA|ʝ}}), {{angbr IPA|ɣ̟}} or {{angbr IPA|ɣ˖}} (both symbols denote an advanced {{angbr IPA|ɣ}}). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are j\_- and G_+, respectively.

Especially in broad transcription, the voiced post-palatal fricative may be transcribed as a palatalized voiced velar fricative ({{angbr IPA|ɣʲ}} in the IPA, G' or G_j in X-SAMPA).

Features

Features of the voiced palatal fricative:

{{palatal}} The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar {{IPAblink|ɣ}}.

Occurrence

=Palatal=

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \| Asturian	{{lang\|ast\|frayar}}	{{IPA\|[fɾäˈʝär]}}	'to destroy'
colspan="2" \| Burmese \|colspan="3" \| {{example needed\|date=May 2016}} \| Allophone of {{IPA\|/j/}}, particularly word initially.
Catalan	Majorcan{{Harvcoltxt\|Wheeler\|2005\|pp=22–23}}	{{lang\|ca\|figuera}}	{{IPA\|[fiˈʝeɾə]}}	'fig tree'	Occurs in complementary distribution with {{IPAblink\|ɟ}}. Corresponds to {{IPAblink\|ɣ}} in other varieties. See Catalan phonology
Danish	Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Basbøll\|2005\|p=212}}	{{lang\|da\|talg}}	{{IPA\|[ˈtʰælˀʝ]}}	'tallow'	Possible word-final allophone of {{IPA\|/j/}} when it occurs after {{IPA\|/l/}}. See Danish phonology
Dutch	Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=198}}	{{lang\|nl\|ja}}	{{IPA\|[ʝaː]}}	'yes'	Frequent allophone of {{IPA\|/j/}}, especially in emphatic speech. See Dutch phonology
German	Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Mangold\|2005\|p=51}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Krech et al.\|2009\|p=83}}	{{lang\|de\|Jacke}}	{{IPA\|[ˈʝäkə]}}	'jacket'	Most often transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|j}}; also described as an approximant {{IPAblink\|j}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Kohler\|1999\|p=86}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Moosmüller\|Schmid\|Brandstätter\|2015\|p=340}} and a sound variable between a fricative and an approximant.{{Harvcoltxt\|Hall\|2003\|p=48}} See Standard German phonology
rowspan="2" \| Greek	Standard	{{lang\|el\|γεια}}	{{IPA\|[ʝɐ]}}	'hi'
Cypriot{{Harvcoltxt\|Arvaniti\|2010\|pp=116–117}}	{{lang\|el\|ελιά}}	{{IPA\|[e̞ˈʝːɐ]}}	'olive'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ʎ/}}
colspan="2" \| Hungarian{{Harvcoltxt\|Gósy\|2004\|pp=77, 130}}	{{lang\|hu\|dobj be}}	{{IPA\|[dobʝ bɛ]}}	'throw in'	An allophone of {{IPA\|/j/}}. See Hungarian phonology
colspan="2" \| Irish{{Harvcoltxt\|Ó Sé\|2000\|p=17}}	{{lang\|ga\|an ghrian}}	{{IPA\|[ənʲ ˈʝɾʲiən̪ˠ]}}	'the sun'	See Irish phonology
Italian	Southern dialects	{{lang\|it\|figlio}}	{{IPA\|[ˈfiʝːo]}}	'son'	Corresponds to {{IPA\|/ʎ/}} in standard Italian. See Italian phonology
colspan="2" \| Kabyle	{{lang\|kab\|cceǥ}}	{{IPA\|[ʃʃəʝ]}}	'to slip'
colspan="2" \| Korean	{{lang\|ko\|사향노루}} / {{lang\|ko-Latn\|sahyangnoru}}	{{IPA\|[sɐʝɐŋnoɾu]}}	'Siberian musk deer'	The sound is sometimes heard by people when /h/ is between voiced and combined with /i/, /t/ and /j/, See Korean phonology
colspan="2" \| Lithuanian{{Harvcoltxt\|Augustaitis\|1964\|p=23}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Ambrazas et al.\|1997\|pp=46–47}}	{{lang\|lt\|ji}}	{{IPA\|[ʝɪ]}}	'she'	Most often transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|j}}; also described as an approximant {{IPAblink\|j}}.{{Harvcoltxt\|Mathiassen\|1996\|pp=22–23}} See Lithuanian phonology
colspan="2" \| Margi{{SOWL\|165}} \|colspan="3" \| {{example needed\|date=May 2016}} \| Contrasts /ɟ, ᶮɟ, ç, ʝ, j, j̰, ɣ/.
colspan="2" \| Mapudungun{{Harvcoltxt\|Sadowsky et al.\|2013\|p=91}}	{{lang\|arn\|kayu}}	{{IPA\|[kɜˈʝʊ]}}	'six'	This phoneme corresponds to the letter Y in Mapudungün. See Mapuche language
Norwegian	Urban East{{Harvcoltxt\|Strandskogen\|1979\|p=33}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Vanvik\|1979\|p=41}}	{{lang\|no\|gi}}	{{IPA\|[ʝiː]}}	'to give'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/j/}}, especially before and after close vowels and in energetic speech. See Norwegian phonology
rowspan="2" \| Pashto	Ghilji dialect{{Harvcoltxt\|Henderson\|1983\|p=595}}	rowspan="2" \| موږ	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[muʝ]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'we'
Wardak dialect
colspan="2" \| Ripuarian	{{lang\|ksh\|zeije}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt͡sɛʝə]}}	'to show'
colspan="2" \| Russian{{Harvcoltxt\|Yanushevskaya\|Bunčić\|2015\|p=223}}	{{lang\|ru\|яма}}	{{IPA\|[ˈʝämə]}}	'pit'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/j/}} in emphatic speech. See Russian phonology
colspan="2" \| Scottish Gaelic{{Harvcoltxt\|Oftedal\|1956\|pp=113-114}}	{{lang\|gd\|dhiubh}}	{{IPA\|[ʝu]}}	'of them'	Weak fricative; merges with {{IPAblink\|j}} in some dialects. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
colspan="2" \| Spanish{{Harvcoltxt\|Martínez-Celdrán\|Fernández-Planas\|Carrera-Sabaté\|2003\|p=255}}	{{lang\|es\|sayo}}	{{IPA\|[ˈsäʝo̞]}}	'smock'	May also be represented by {{angbr\|ll}} in many dialects. See Spanish phonology and Yeísmo
colspan="2" \| Swedish{{Harvcoltxt\|Engstrand\|1999\|p=140}}	{{lang\|sv\|jord}}	{{Audio-IPA\|sv-jord.ogg\|[ʝɯᵝːɖ]}}	'soil'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/j/}}. See Swedish phonology
Vietnamese	Middle VietnameseSee Vietnamese alphabet#Consonants ⟨gi⟩	Gió [𩙋]	{{IPA\|[ʝɔ^B1]}} (Tonkinese dialect)	'wind'	See Middle Vietnamese phonology

=Post-palatal=

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \| Belarusian	{{lang\|be\|геаграфія}}	{{IPA\|[ɣ̟e.äˈɣɾäfʲijä]}}	'geography'	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɣʲ}}. See Belarusian phonology
rowspan="2" \| Dutch	Standard Belgian{{Harvcoltxt\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=191}}	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|nl\|gaan}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ɣ̟aːn]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'to go'	rowspan="2" \| May be velar {{IPAblink\|ɣ}} instead. See Dutch phonology
Southern accents
German	Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Krech et al.\|2009\|p=85}}	{{lang\|de\|Riese}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɣ̟iːzə]}}	'giant'	Allophone of the fricative {{IPA\|/ʁ/}} before and after front vowels. See Standard German phonology
Greek	Standard Modern{{Harvcoltxt\|Nicolaidis\|2003\|p=?}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Arvaniti\|2007\|p=20}}	{{lang\|el\|γένος}}	{{Audio-IPA\|γένος.wav\|[ˈʝ̠e̞no̞s̠]}}	'grammatical gender'	See Modern Greek phonology
Limburgish	Weert dialect{{Harvcoltxt\|Heijmans\|Gussenhoven\|1998\|p=108}}	{{lang\|li\|gèr}}	{{IPA\|[ɣ̟ɛ̈ːʀ̝̊]}}	'gladly'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɣ/}} before and after front vowels. See Weert dialect phonology
colspan="2" \| Lithuanian{{Harvcoltxt\|Ambrazas et al.\|1997\|p=36}}	{{lang\|lt\|Hiustonas}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɣ̟ʊs̪t̪ɔn̪ɐs̪]}}	'Houston'	Very rare;{{Harvcoltxt\|Ambrazas et al.\|1997\|p=35}} typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɣʲ}}. See Lithuanian phonology
rowspan="2" \| Russian	Standard	{{lang\|ru\|других гимнов}}	{{IPA\|[d̪rʊˈɡ̟ɪɣ̟ ˈɡ̟imn̪əf]}}	'of other anthems'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/x/}} before voiced soft consonants; typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɣʲ}}. The example also illustrates {{IPAblink\|ɡ̟}}. See Russian phonology
Southern	{{lang\|ru\|гимн}}	{{IPA\|[ɣ̟imn̪]}}	'anthem'	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɣʲ}}; corresponds to {{IPAblink\|ɡ˖\|ɡʲ}} in standard Russian. See Russian phonology
colspan="2" \| Scottish Gaelic{{Harvcoltxt\|Oftedal\|1956\|p=114}}	{{lang\|gd\|seadh}}	{{IPA\|[ʃɤɣ̟]}}	'yes, indeed'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɣ/}} after {{IPA\|/ɤ/}}

=Variable=

class="wikitable"

! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes

colspan="2" | Mapudungun{{Harvcoltxt|Sadowsky et al.|2013|p=89}}

Allophone of {{IPA|/ɣ/}} before the front vowels {{IPA|/ɪ, e/}}.

Notes

References

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External links

{{phoible|ʝ}}
{{phoible|ʝ̟}}

Category:Fricative consonants

Category:Central consonants

Category:Voiced oral consonants

Category:Palatal consonants

Category:Pulmonic consonants

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \| Asturian	{{lang\|ast\|frayar}}	{{IPA\|[fɾäˈʝär]}}	'to destroy'
colspan="2" \| Burmese \|colspan="3" \| {{example needed\|date=May 2016}} \| Allophone of {{IPA\|/j/}}, particularly word initially.
Catalan	Majorcan{{Harvcoltxt\|Wheeler\|2005\|pp=22–23}}	{{lang\|ca\|figuera}}	{{IPA\|[fiˈʝeɾə]}}	'fig tree'	Occurs in complementary distribution with {{IPAblink\|ɟ}}. Corresponds to {{IPAblink\|ɣ}} in other varieties. See Catalan phonology
Danish	Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Basbøll\|2005\|p=212}}	{{lang\|da\|talg}}	{{IPA\|[ˈtʰælˀʝ]}}	'tallow'	Possible word-final allophone of {{IPA\|/j/}} when it occurs after {{IPA\|/l/}}. See Danish phonology
Dutch	Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=198}}	{{lang\|nl\|ja}}	{{IPA\|[ʝaː]}}	'yes'	Frequent allophone of {{IPA\|/j/}}, especially in emphatic speech. See Dutch phonology
German	Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Mangold\|2005\|p=51}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Krech et al.\|2009\|p=83}}	{{lang\|de\|Jacke}}	{{IPA\|[ˈʝäkə]}}	'jacket'	Most often transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|j}}; also described as an approximant {{IPAblink\|j}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Kohler\|1999\|p=86}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Moosmüller\|Schmid\|Brandstätter\|2015\|p=340}} and a sound variable between a fricative and an approximant.{{Harvcoltxt\|Hall\|2003\|p=48}} See Standard German phonology
rowspan="2" \| Greek	Standard	{{lang\|el\|γεια}}	{{IPA\|[ʝɐ]}}	'hi'
Cypriot{{Harvcoltxt\|Arvaniti\|2010\|pp=116–117}}	{{lang\|el\|ελιά}}	{{IPA\|[e̞ˈʝːɐ]}}	'olive'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ʎ/}}
colspan="2" \| Hungarian{{Harvcoltxt\|Gósy\|2004\|pp=77, 130}}	{{lang\|hu\|dobj be}}	{{IPA\|[dobʝ bɛ]}}	'throw in'	An allophone of {{IPA\|/j/}}. See Hungarian phonology
colspan="2" \| Irish{{Harvcoltxt\|Ó Sé\|2000\|p=17}}	{{lang\|ga\|an ghrian}}	{{IPA\|[ənʲ ˈʝɾʲiən̪ˠ]}}	'the sun'	See Irish phonology
Italian	Southern dialects	{{lang\|it\|figlio}}	{{IPA\|[ˈfiʝːo]}}	'son'	Corresponds to {{IPA\|/ʎ/}} in standard Italian. See Italian phonology
colspan="2" \| Kabyle	{{lang\|kab\|cceǥ}}	{{IPA\|[ʃʃəʝ]}}	'to slip'
colspan="2" \| Korean	{{lang\|ko\|사향노루}} / {{lang\|ko-Latn\|sahyangnoru}}	{{IPA\|[sɐʝɐŋnoɾu]}}	'Siberian musk deer'	The sound is sometimes heard by people when /h/ is between voiced and combined with /i/, /t/ and /j/, See Korean phonology
colspan="2" \| Lithuanian{{Harvcoltxt\|Augustaitis\|1964\|p=23}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Ambrazas et al.\|1997\|pp=46–47}}	{{lang\|lt\|ji}}	{{IPA\|[ʝɪ]}}	'she'	Most often transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|j}}; also described as an approximant {{IPAblink\|j}}.{{Harvcoltxt\|Mathiassen\|1996\|pp=22–23}} See Lithuanian phonology
colspan="2" \| Margi{{SOWL\|165}} \|colspan="3" \| {{example needed\|date=May 2016}} \| Contrasts /ɟ, ᶮɟ, ç, ʝ, j, j̰, ɣ/.
colspan="2" \| Mapudungun{{Harvcoltxt\|Sadowsky et al.\|2013\|p=91}}	{{lang\|arn\|kayu}}	{{IPA\|[kɜˈʝʊ]}}	'six'	This phoneme corresponds to the letter Y in Mapudungün. See Mapuche language
Norwegian	Urban East{{Harvcoltxt\|Strandskogen\|1979\|p=33}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Vanvik\|1979\|p=41}}	{{lang\|no\|gi}}	{{IPA\|[ʝiː]}}	'to give'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/j/}}, especially before and after close vowels and in energetic speech. See Norwegian phonology
rowspan="2" \| Pashto	Ghilji dialect{{Harvcoltxt\|Henderson\|1983\|p=595}}	rowspan="2" \| موږ	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[muʝ]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'we'
Wardak dialect
colspan="2" \| Ripuarian	{{lang\|ksh\|zeije}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt͡sɛʝə]}}	'to show'
colspan="2" \| Russian{{Harvcoltxt\|Yanushevskaya\|Bunčić\|2015\|p=223}}	{{lang\|ru\|яма}}	{{IPA\|[ˈʝämə]}}	'pit'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/j/}} in emphatic speech. See Russian phonology
colspan="2" \| Scottish Gaelic{{Harvcoltxt\|Oftedal\|1956\|pp=113-114}}	{{lang\|gd\|dhiubh}}	{{IPA\|[ʝu]}}	'of them'	Weak fricative; merges with {{IPAblink\|j}} in some dialects. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
colspan="2" \| Spanish{{Harvcoltxt\|Martínez-Celdrán\|Fernández-Planas\|Carrera-Sabaté\|2003\|p=255}}	{{lang\|es\|sayo}}	{{IPA\|[ˈsäʝo̞]}}	'smock'	May also be represented by {{angbr\|ll}} in many dialects. See Spanish phonology and Yeísmo
colspan="2" \| Swedish{{Harvcoltxt\|Engstrand\|1999\|p=140}}	{{lang\|sv\|jord}}	{{Audio-IPA\|sv-jord.ogg\|[ʝɯᵝːɖ]}}	'soil'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/j/}}. See Swedish phonology
Vietnamese	Middle VietnameseSee Vietnamese alphabet#Consonants ⟨gi⟩	Gió [𩙋]	{{IPA\|[ʝɔ^B1]}} (Tonkinese dialect)	'wind'	See Middle Vietnamese phonology

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \| Belarusian	{{lang\|be\|геаграфія}}	{{IPA\|[ɣ̟e.äˈɣɾäfʲijä]}}	'geography'	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɣʲ}}. See Belarusian phonology
rowspan="2" \| Dutch	Standard Belgian{{Harvcoltxt\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=191}}	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|nl\|gaan}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ɣ̟aːn]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'to go'	rowspan="2" \| May be velar {{IPAblink\|ɣ}} instead. See Dutch phonology
Southern accents
German	Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Krech et al.\|2009\|p=85}}	{{lang\|de\|Riese}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɣ̟iːzə]}}	'giant'	Allophone of the fricative {{IPA\|/ʁ/}} before and after front vowels. See Standard German phonology
Greek	Standard Modern{{Harvcoltxt\|Nicolaidis\|2003\|p=?}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Arvaniti\|2007\|p=20}}	{{lang\|el\|γένος}}	{{Audio-IPA\|γένος.wav\|[ˈʝ̠e̞no̞s̠]}}	'grammatical gender'	See Modern Greek phonology
Limburgish	Weert dialect{{Harvcoltxt\|Heijmans\|Gussenhoven\|1998\|p=108}}	{{lang\|li\|gèr}}	{{IPA\|[ɣ̟ɛ̈ːʀ̝̊]}}	'gladly'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɣ/}} before and after front vowels. See Weert dialect phonology
colspan="2" \| Lithuanian{{Harvcoltxt\|Ambrazas et al.\|1997\|p=36}}	{{lang\|lt\|Hiustonas}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɣ̟ʊs̪t̪ɔn̪ɐs̪]}}	'Houston'	Very rare;{{Harvcoltxt\|Ambrazas et al.\|1997\|p=35}} typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɣʲ}}. See Lithuanian phonology
rowspan="2" \| Russian	Standard	{{lang\|ru\|других гимнов}}	{{IPA\|[d̪rʊˈɡ̟ɪɣ̟ ˈɡ̟imn̪əf]}}	'of other anthems'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/x/}} before voiced soft consonants; typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɣʲ}}. The example also illustrates {{IPAblink\|ɡ̟}}. See Russian phonology
Southern	{{lang\|ru\|гимн}}	{{IPA\|[ɣ̟imn̪]}}	'anthem'	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɣʲ}}; corresponds to {{IPAblink\|ɡ˖\|ɡʲ}} in standard Russian. See Russian phonology
colspan="2" \| Scottish Gaelic{{Harvcoltxt\|Oftedal\|1956\|p=114}}	{{lang\|gd\|seadh}}	{{IPA\|[ʃɤɣ̟]}}	'yes, indeed'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɣ/}} after {{IPA\|/ɤ/}}

Voiced palatal fricative#Palatal

Features

Occurrence

=Palatal=

=Post-palatal=

=Variable=

See also

Notes

References

External links