Wales#Local government

{{main|Etymology of Wales|Cymru}}

The English words "Wales" and "Welsh" derive from the same Old English root (singular {{lang|ang|Wealh}}, plural {{lang|ang|Wēalas}}), a descendant of Proto-Germanic {{lang|gem-x-proto|Walhaz}}, which was itself derived from the name of the Gauls known to the Romans as Volcae. This term was later used to refer indiscriminately to inhabitants of the Western Roman Empire.{{cite web |last=Miller |first=Katherine L. |date=2014 |title=The Semantic Field of Slavery in Old English: Wealh, Esne, Þræl |url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8031/1/Katherine%20Miller%20Semantic%20Field%20of%20Slavery%20in%20Old%20English%20v%203.pdf |access-date=8 August 2019 |publisher=University of Leeds |type=Doctoral dissertation}} Anglo-Saxons came to use the term to refer to the Britons in particular; the plural form {{lang|ang|Wēalas}} evolved into the name for their territory, Wales.Davies (1994) p. 71{{cite book |last=Tolkien |first=J. R. R. |title=Angles and Britons: O'Donnell Lectures |publisher=University of Wales Press |year=1963 |location=Cardiff |pages=English and Welsh, an O'Donnell Lecture delivered at Oxford on 21 October 1955 |author-link=J. R. R. Tolkien |no-pp=true}} Historically in Britain, the words were not restricted to modern Wales or to the Welsh but were used to refer to anything that Anglo-Saxons associated with Britons, including other non-Germanic territories in Britain (e.g. Cornwall) and places in Anglo-Saxon territory associated with Britons (e.g. Walworth in County Durham and Walton in West Yorkshire).{{cite book |last=Rollason |first=David |title=Northumbria, 500–1100 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-04102-7 |location=Cambridge |publication-date=2003 |page=60 |chapter=Origins of a People |author-link=David Rollason}}

The modern Welsh name for themselves is {{lang|cy|Cymry}}, and {{lang|cy|Cymru}} is the Welsh name for Wales. These words (both of which are pronounced {{IPA|cy|ˈkəm.rɨ|}}) are descended from the Brythonic word combrogi, meaning "fellow-countrymen",Davies (1994) p. 69{{cite book |last=Lloyd |first=John Edward |author-link=John Edward Lloyd |date=1911 |title=A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest (Note to Chapter VI, the Name "Cymry") |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYwNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA191 |edition=2nd|location=London |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co. |publication-date=1912 |volume=I |pages=191–192}} and probably came into use before the 7th century.{{Cite book |last=Phillimore |first=Egerton |title=Y Cymmrodor |publisher=Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion |year=1891 |editor-last=Phillimore |editor-first=Egerton |volume=XI |location=London |publication-date=1892 |pages=97–101 |chapter=Note (a) to The Settlement of Brittany |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M35QO0vor-EC&pg=PA97}}; Davies (1994) p. 71, containing the line: Ar wynep Kymry Cadwallawn was. In literature, they could be spelt {{lang|wlm|Kymry}} or {{lang|wlm|Cymry}}, regardless of whether it referred to the people or their homeland. The Latinised forms of these names, Cambrian, Cambric and Cambria, survive as names such as the Cambrian Mountains and the Cambrian geological period.{{Cite book |title=Chambers 21st Century Dictionary |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-8424-329-1 |edition=Revised |location=New Delhi |page=203}}; {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Cambria}}

{{Main|History of Wales|Timeline of Welsh history}}{{See also|Archaeology of Wales}}

File:Caradog (5227657).jpg (depicted by Thomas Prydderch), leader of the north Wales Celtic tribe the Ordovices.]]

Although the Welsh nation would not arise until the Middle Ages, the territory of Wales was permanently settled from the end of the last ice age onwards.{{Cite web |date=6 November 2007 |title=Welsh skeleton re-dated: even older! |url=http://www.archaeology.co.uk/articles/welsh-skeleton-re-dated-even-older.htm |access-date=28 September 2010 |website=archaeology.co.uk website |publisher=Current Archaeology}}: see Red Lady of Paviland These first farmers left many impressive funerary monuments, as well as settlement sites that speak to a dispersed culture. With the arrival of the Bronze Age, the Great Orme in North Wales became Britain's premier producer of copper, one of the key ores for smelting bronze.{{cite web |url=https://theconversation.com/bronze-age-discovery-reveals-surprising-extent-of-britains-trade-with-europe-3-600-years-ago-125973 |title=Bronze Age discovery reveals surprising extent of Britain's trade with Europe 3,600 years ago|date=31 October 2019 }} It is likely that the wealth of mineral resources in Britain, and especially Wales, attracted the Roman invasion,{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Barri |last2=Mattingly |first2=David J. |title=An atlas of Roman Britain |date=2007 |publisher=Oxbow Books |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-84217-067-0}} but by this time the island had become distinctively Celtic in culture, and the Neolithic population was largely replaced. It was this Iron Age Celtic culture, and their common language, that were called the Britons by the Romans.{{cite book |last1=Hayes |first1=Andrew |title=Archaeology of the British Isles |date=30 September 2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-40793-0 |edition=1st }}{{rp|90}}

With the departure of the Romans, Britain fractured into various kingdoms. Despite this, there is a sense in which the Roman withdrawal of 383 created a post Roman nation of Britons, with Magnus Maximus proclaimed Roman emperor in Britannia and Gaul. Although long before the term Cymry (the Welsh term for the Welsh) had been adopted, the concept of a British people, from which the Welsh would emerge, was created here.{{cite book |last1=Davies |first1=John |author-link1=John Davies (historian) |year=1994 |title=A History of Wales |location=London |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=0-14-014581-8}}{{rp|54}}

Encroachment by Germanic Anglo-Saxon settlers gradually displaced the indigenous culture and language of the Britons, and one group of these Britons became isolated by the geography of the western peninsula, bounded by the sea and English neighbours. It was these English neighbours who named the land Wallia, and the people Welsh.{{cite book |last1=Johnes |first1=Martin |title=Wales: England's colony?: the conquest, assimilation and re-creation of Wales |date=2019 |publisher=Parthian Books |location=Cardigan |isbn=9781912681419}}{{rp|15}}

The people of Wallia, medieval Wales, remained divided into separate kingdoms that fought with each other as much as they fought their English neighbours.{{r|Johnes 2019|p=15}} Neither were the communities homogeneously Welsh. Place name, historical records and archaeological evidence point to coastal Viking/Norse settlement in places such as Swansea, Fishguard and Anglesey,{{cite book |last1=Redknap |first1=Mark |title=Vikings in Wales: An Archaeological Quest |date=2000 |publisher=National Museums & Galleries of Wales |isbn=978-0-7200-0486-1 }}{{rp|4, 13}} and Saxons settled inland amongst the Welsh in places such as Presteigne.{{cite thesis|last=Andrew|first=Tina|title=Medieval Small Towns in the Central Welsh Marches - An Analysis of their Development | date=2016 |url=http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12053/1/Tina_Andrew_MAR_MedievalTowns.pdf}}{{rp|125}}

File:Laws of Hywel Dda (f.1.v) King Hywel cropped.jpg enthroned]]

In the 10th century, Hywel ap Cadell, later known as Hywel Dda, formed the kingdom of Deheubarth from inheritances in Dyfed and Seisyllwg, and then gained control of the kingdoms of Gwynedd and Powys in 942.{{cite book |last=Lloyd |first=John Edward |authorlink=John Edward Lloyd |year=1912 |title=A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NYwNAAAAIAAJ |quote=Lloyd history of Wales |edition=2 |volume=1}}{{rp|337–338}} With control of nearly all the territory of Wales,{{r|Johnes 2019|p=22}} he codified Welsh law, a law code that survived the later fracture of his kingdom, and that became a significant step in the creation of the nation.{{r|Johnes 2019|p=29}} With a common culture and an external threat, the kingdoms of Wales began to see themselves as one people.{{r|Johnes 2019|p=30}}

A century later the Kingdom of Gwynedd was in ascendency, and Gruffydd ap Llywelyn subdued all opposition by 1057, becoming the only king to unite all of Wales, and parts of England on the border. "Thus, from about 1057 until his death in 1063, the whole of Wales recognised the kingship of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn. For about seven brief years, Wales was one, under one ruler, a feat with neither precedent nor successor."{{r|Davies 1994|p=100}}

The kingdom did not last, and Gruffydd met his death as a result of a surprise attack by Tostig, brother of the English King, Harold.{{cite DNB | wstitle=Gruffydd ab Llewelyn (d.1063) |volume=23 |pages=305–307}}{{rp|305–307}} After Gruffydd's death, Harold married his widow, but she would be widowed again by the Norman invasion of England in 1066.{{cite ODNB|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/52349|title=Eadgifu [Eddeua] the Fair [the Rich] (fl. 1066), magnate|last=Williams |first=Ann|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/52349|isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 }}

The Normans followed their invasion of England with incursions into Wales, forming the semi-independent Norman Welsh marches (from the French for borderlands), and dividing them from the unconquered Pura Wallia.{{r|Johnes 2019|p=25}} The fortunes of Welsh marcher lords and various Welsh princes ebbed and flowed, until Llywelyn ab Iorwerth (Llywelyn the Great) forced all other Welsh princes to submit to him in 1216.{{cite DWB| |last=Pierce |first=Thomas Jones |year=1959b |title=Llywelyn ap Iorwerth ('Llywelyn the Great', often styled 'Llywelyn I', prince of Gwynedd) |id=s-LLYW-API-1173 |fewer-links=yes}} Yet Wales was divided again after his death, and it was left for his grandson Llywelyn ap Gruffudd to secure the supremacy once more, recognised as Prince of Wales by the English king, Henry III, in the treaty of Montgomery of 1267.{{cite DWB|id=s-LLYW-APG-1200|title=Llywelyn ap Gruffydd ("Llywelyn the Last" or Llywelyn II), Prince of Wales (died 1282)|first=Thomas Jones|last=Pierce|year=1959}}

Relations with Henry's successor, Edward I, broke down and led to a war of conquest, concluding in 1283 with English victory.{{cite book|last=Carpenter|first=David|author-link=David Carpenter (historian)|title=The Struggle for Mastery: Britain, 1066–1284|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2003|isbn=978-0-19-522000-1}}{{rp|510}} The following year the statute of Rhuddlan ended Welsh independence. Wales was divided between principality, ruled by Edward, and the marches and ruled by feudal marcher lords.{{cite book|last=Davies|first=R. R.|author-link=Rees Davies|title=The Age of Conquest: Wales, 1063–1415|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2000|isbn=978-0-19-820878-5}}{{rp|461}} This persisted, despite the Welsh rebellion under Owain Glyndŵr of 1400–1415,{{cite book |last1=Davies |first1=R. R. |author1-link=Rees Davies |title=The Revolt of Owain Glyn Dŵr |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, England |isbn=978-0-19-285336-3}} until the rise of the Tudors, with Welsh support.{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Glanmor |url= |title=Renewal and Reformation: Wales C. 1415-1642 |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-285277-9 }}{{rp|274}} With the Laws in Wales Acts of Henry VIII, the Welsh became full citizens in the Kingdom of England, with parliamentary representation.{{cite book |last=Williams |first=Glanmor |url= |title=Renewal and Reformation: Wales C. 1415–1642 |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-285277-9 }}{{rp|274}} The Welsh border was also formally defined and the territory reunited.{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Glanmor |author-link1=Glanmor Williams |year=1987 |title=Recovery, Reorientation, and Reformation: Wales c.1415–1642 |series=History of Wales |volume=3 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-821733-6 }}{{rp|268–273}}

File:George Childs Dowlais Ironworks 1840.jpg

In 1707 the act of union created the Kingdom of Great Britain.{{Citation |last=Parliament of the Kingdom of England |title=Union with Scotland Act 1706 Article I |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Ann/6/11 |work=legislation.gov.uk |quote=That the two Kingdoms of England and Scotland shall upon the First day of May which shall be in the year One thousand seven hundred and seven and forever after be united into one Kingdom by the name of Great Britain..."}} The industrial revolution and the beginning of empire led to the rapid increase in mining and exploitation of Welsh natural materials – metals, coal and slate. The population of Wales expanded rapidly{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Gwyn A. |title=When was Wales? : a history of the Welsh |date=1985 |publisher=Black Raven Press |location=London |isbn=0-85159-003-9}}{{rp|185}} and Wales moved to the centre of the British economy, but the changes bred resentment, this time towards industrialists and not the English state.{{r|Johnes 2019|p=61}} Meanwhile, a series of religious revivals transformed the character of the nation, beginning a tradition of non-conformism.{{cite book |last1=Jenkins |first1=Geraint H. |title=The Foundations of Modern Wales: Wales 1642–1780 |date=1987 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-821734-3 }}{{rp|345–50}} This carried over into the political sphere too. The rapid industrialisation of parts of Wales gave rise to strong and radical Welsh working class movements which led to the Merthyr Rising of 1831, the widespread support for Chartism, and the Newport Rising of 1839.{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=D. J. V. |editor-last1=Morgan |editor-first1=Kenneth O. |title=The Merthyr Riots of 1831 |journal=Welsh History Review |date=1967 |volume=3|issue=2 |page=173}} Strong liberal traditions were forged and later replaced by socialism.{{cite book |last1=Ward |first1=Paul |title=Huw T. Edwards: British Labour and Welsh Socialism |date=15 February 2011 |publisher=University of Wales Press |isbn=978-0-7083-2329-8 }}{{rp|34}} Since 1922 Wales has voted Labour in every general election.{{cite journal |last1=Scully |first1=Roger Awan |title=Wales and the 2019 Election |journal=Political Insight |date=March 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=20–21 |doi=10.1177/2041905820911742 }}

From the mid 19th century until 1914, Wales experienced a strengthened political culture, religious and cultural revival, renewed interest in Welsh literature, the revival of eisteddfodau. There was a thriving economy a renewed interest in Welsh language, and music, non-conformist Christianity and the emergence of strong national identity, along with the founding of many national institutions.{{cite book |last1=Morgan |first1=Kenneth O. |title=Kenneth O. Morgan : My Histories |date=2015 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff |isbn=978-1783163236}}{{rp|95}} However the period also saw the publication of a report on education that became known as the Treachery of the Blue Books. The report blamed Welsh language and non conformism for poor educational standards and led to a requirement for bilingual education.{{cite book |last1=Brooks |first1=Simon |title=Why Wales Never Was: The Failure of Welsh Nationalism |date=1 June 2017 |publisher=University of Wales Press |isbn=978-1-78683-014-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tb2rDwAAQBAJ&q=Why+Wales+Never+Was:+The+Failure+of+Welsh |access-date=12 December 2024 }}{{rp|2}} This fed the rise of the Welsh nationalist movement, expressed in the Cymru Fydd movement, which advocated for greater autonomy and recognition of Welsh identity within the United Kingdom.{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=J. G. |title=Alfred Thomas's National Institution (Wales) Bills of 1891–92 |journal=Welsh History Review |date=1 January 1990 |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=218 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/f89689abf1ce5c56184975743e87cddc/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1820145 |access-date=23 June 2020}} Calls for devolution grew over the course of a century, and in 1998 the Government of Wales Act created a devolved Welsh assembly for the first time, now renamed the Senedd or Welsh Parliament.{{cite web |title=History of devolution |url=https://senedd.wales/how-we-work/history-of-devolution/ |website=senedd.wales |publisher=Senedd Cymru |access-date=12 December 2024}}

{{Main|Politics of Wales}}

{{See also|Politics of the United Kingdom|Welsh devolution}}

File:Senedd.JPG, designed by Richard Rogers, opened on St David's Day 2006.]]

Wales is a country that is part of the sovereign state of the United Kingdom. ISO 3166-2:GB formerly defined Wales as a principality, with England and Scotland defined as countries and Northern Ireland as a province.{{cite web |url=https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/archive/pdf/en/iso_3166-2_newsletter_ii-3_2011-12-13.pdf |title=ISO 3166-2 NEWSLETTER |author= |date=15 December 2011 |website=International Organization for Standardization |access-date=22 June 2024}} However, this definition was raised in the Welsh Assembly in 2010 and the then Counsel General for Wales, John Griffiths, stated, 'Principality is a misnomer and that Wales should properly be referred to as a country.'{{cite news |date=3 July 2010 |title=UN report causes stir with Wales dubbed'Principality' |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/un-report-causes-stir-wales-1906214 |work=WalesOnline |access-date=22 June 2024}} In 2011, ISO 3166-2:GB was updated and the term 'principality' was replaced with 'country'. UK Government toponymic guidelines state that, 'though there is a Prince of Wales, this role is deemed to be titular rather than exerting executive authority, and therefore Wales is described as a country rather than a principality.'{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/toponymic-guidelines/toponymic-guidelines-for-map-and-other-editors-united-kingdom-of-great-britain-and-northern-ireland--2#fnref:23 |title=Toponymic guidelines for map and other editors, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |author= |date=May 2024 |website=gov.uk |publisher=HM Government |access-date=22 June 2024}}

In the House of Commons – the 650-member lower house of the UK Parliament – there are 32 members of Parliament (MPs) who represent Welsh constituencies. At the 2024 general election, 27 Labour and Labour Co-op MPs were elected, along with 4 Plaid Cymru MPs and 1 Liberal Democrat MP from Wales.{{cite web|last1=Jones|first1=Ciaran|title=These are the 40 MPs who have been elected across Wales|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/general-election-2017-40-mps-13157234|website=Wales Online|date=9 June 2017}}{{cite news |last=Masters |first=Adrian |url=https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2024-07-04/general-election-overnight-results-and-analysis-from-wales |title=General Election overnight results and analysis from Wales |work=ITV News |date=5 July 2024 |access-date=16 July 2024}} The Wales Office is a department of the UK government responsible for Wales, whose minister, the Secretary of State for Wales (Welsh secretary), sits in the UK cabinet.{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/office-of-the-secretary-of-state-for-wales/about|title=About us|website=GOV.UK|date=7 October 2024 }}

Wales has a devolved, unicameral legislature known as the Senedd (Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament) which holds devolved powers from the UK Parliament via a reserved powers model.{{Cite web |title=Powers |url=https://senedd.wales/how-we-work/our-role/powers |access-date=27 May 2022 |website=senedd.wales }}

For the purposes of local government, Wales has been divided into 22 council areas since 1996. These "principal areas"Part 1, Local Government (Wales) Act 1994 are responsible for the provision of all local government services.{{cite web |title=Local Authorities |url=http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/localgovernment/localauthorities/?lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530004428/http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/localgovernment/localauthorities/?lang=en |archive-date=30 May 2014 |access-date=9 September 2010 |publisher=Welsh Government}}

{{Main|2 = Welsh Government|3 = Senedd}}

File:First Minister meeting with First Minister of Wales - 52943408033.jpg in Edinburgh, 2023]]

Following devolution in 1997, the Government of Wales Act 1998 created a Welsh devolved assembly, the National Assembly for Wales, with the power to determine how Wales's central government budget is spent and administered.{{cite book |last1=Wyn Jones |first1=Richard |title=Wales says yes : devolution and the 2011 Welsh referendum |date=2012 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff |isbn=978-0-7083-2485-1}} Eight years later, the Government of Wales Act 2006 reformed the National Assembly for Wales and allowed further powers to be granted to it more easily. The Act also created a system of government with a separate executive, the Welsh Government, drawn from and accountable to the legislature, the National Assembly. Following a successful referendum in 2011, the National Assembly was empowered to make laws, known as Acts of the Assembly, on all matters in devolved subject areas, without requiring the UK Parliament's approval of legislative competence. It also gained powers to raise taxes.{{cite book |last1=McAllister |first1=Laura |last2=Campbell |first2=Rosie |last3=Childs |first3=Sarah |last4=Clements |first4=Rob |last5=Farrell |first5=David |last6=Renwick |first6=Alan |last7=Silk |first7=Paul |title=A parliament that works for Wales |date=2017 |publisher=National Assembly for Wales |location=Cardiff |url=https://senedd.wales/media/eqbesxl2/a-parliament-that-works-for-wales.pdf |ref={{harvid|Expert Panel on Assembly Electoral Reform 2017}}|access-date=2 April 2023}}{{rp|33–34}} In May 2020, the National Assembly was renamed "Senedd Cymru" or "the Welsh Parliament", commonly known as the Senedd in both English and Welsh.{{Cite web |title=Senedd Cymru and Welsh Parliament names become law |url=https://senedd.wales/senedd-now/news/senedd-cymru-and-welsh-parliament-names-become-law/ |date=11 May 2020 |access-date=22 June 2024 |website=Welsh Parliament }}

Devolved areas of responsibility include agriculture, economic development, education, health, housing, local government, social services, tourism, transport and the Welsh language.{{cite web |title=Making laws for Wales |url=http://www.assemblywales.org/abthome/making-laws-for-wales.htm |access-date=6 October 2010 |publisher=National Assembly for Wales |year=2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922170818/http://assemblywales.org/abthome/making-laws-for-wales.htm |archive-date=22 September 2010 }}; {{cite web |title=Schedule 5 to the Government of Wales Act 2006 (as amended) |url=http://www.assemblywales.org/bus-home/bus-legislation/bus-legislation-guidance/bus-legislation-guidance-documents/legislation_fields/schedule-5.htm |access-date=6 October 2010 |publisher=National Assembly for Wales |year=2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120052232/http://assemblywales.org/bus-home/bus-legislation/bus-legislation-guidance/bus-legislation-guidance-documents/legislation_fields/schedule-5.htm |archive-date=20 November 2010 }} The Welsh Government also promotes Welsh interests abroad.{{cite web|url= https://www.iwa.wales/agenda/2019/02/expanding-wales-international-footprint/|first=Owain|last=Richards|title=Expanding Wales' international footprint|publisher=IWA|date=8 February 2019|access-date=3 April 2023}}

{{Main|2 = Welsh law|3 = Law of the United Kingdom|4 = English law}}

File:The Old Court House Ruthin Wales.jpg, Denbighshire, built 1401, following Owain Glyndŵr's attack on the town|alt=A half timbered building of two floors, with four sets of leaded windows to the front aspect and one set to the side. The build has a steep, slate roof, with a single chimney placed left of centre. Steps and a ramp lead up to its single visible entrance]]

File:Laws of Hywel Dda (f.4.r) Judge cropped.jpg]]By tradition, Welsh Law was compiled during an assembly held at Whitland around 930 by Hywel Dda, king of most of Wales between 942 and his death in 950. The 'law of Hywel Dda' ({{langx|cy|Cyfraith Hywel}}), as it became known, codified the previously existing folk laws and legal customs that had evolved in Wales over centuries. Welsh Law emphasised the payment of compensation for a crime to the victim, or the victim's kin, rather than punishment by the ruler.{{cite web |title=History and Development of the Welsh Language in the Courts |url=http://www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk/cms/12003.htm#1 |access-date=7 October 2010 |publisher=Her Majesty's Courts Service |date=11 June 2007 |website=Her Majesty's Courts Service website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606124550/http://www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk/cms/12003.htm#1 |archive-date=6 June 2011 }}; Davies (2008) p. 450; Davies (1994) p. 86 Other than in the Marches, where March law was imposed by the Marcher Lords, Welsh Law remained in force in Wales until the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284. Edward I of England annexed the Principality of Wales following the death of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, and Welsh Law was replaced for criminal cases under the Statute. Marcher Law and Welsh Law (for civil cases) remained in force until Henry VIII of England annexed the whole of Wales under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 (often referred to as the Acts of Union of 1536 and 1543), after which English law applied to the whole of Wales.{{cite web |title=History and Development of the Welsh Language in the Courts |url=http://www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk/cms/12003.htm#1 |access-date=7 October 2010 |publisher=Her Majesty's Courts Service |date=11 June 2007 |website=Her Majesty's Courts Service website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606124550/http://www.hmcourts-service.gov.uk/cms/12003.htm#1 |archive-date=6 June 2011 }}Davies (1994) p. 225 The Wales and Berwick Act 1746 provided that all laws that applied to England would automatically apply to Wales (and the Anglo-Scottish border town of Berwick) unless the law explicitly stated otherwise; this Act was repealed with regard to Wales in 1967. English law has been the legal system of England and Wales since 1536.Davies (1994) p. 263

English law is regarded as a common law system, with no major codification of the law and legal precedents are binding as opposed to persuasive. The court system is headed by the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom which is the highest court of appeal in the land for criminal and civil cases. The Senior Courts of England and Wales is the highest court of first instance as well as an appellate court. The three divisions are the Court of Appeal, the High Court of Justice, and the Crown Court. Minor cases are heard by magistrates' courts or the County Court. In 2007 the Wales and Cheshire Region (known as the Wales and Cheshire Circuit before 2005) came to an end when Cheshire was attached to the North-Western England Region. From that point, Wales became a legal unit in its own right, although it remains part of the single jurisdiction of England and Wales.Davies (2008) p. 453

The Senedd has the authority to draft and approve laws outside of the UK Parliamentary system to meet the specific needs of Wales. Under powers approved by a referendum held in March 2011, it is empowered to pass primary legislation, at the time referred to as an Act of the National Assembly for Wales but now known as an Act of Senedd Cymru in relation to twenty subjects listed in the Government of Wales Act 2006 such as health and education. Through this primary legislation, the Welsh Government can then also enact more specific subordinate legislation.{{cite web |title=Subordinate legislation |url=https://law.gov.wales/constitution-government/how-welsh-laws-made/subordinate-legislation/?lang=en#/constitution-government/how-welsh-laws-made/subordinate-legislation |website=law.gov.wales |publisher=Welsh Government |access-date=16 July 2020 |date=13 February 2015 |archive-date=19 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619065644/https://law.gov.wales/constitution-government/how-welsh-laws-made/subordinate-legislation/?lang=en#/constitution-government/how-welsh-laws-made/subordinate-legislation |url-status=dead }}

Wales is served by four regional police forces: Dyfed-Powys Police, Gwent Police, North Wales Police, and South Wales Police.{{cite news|title=Two of the four Welsh police forces 'require improvement' in the way they prevent and investigate crime|url=http://www.itv.com/news/wales/2016-02-18/two-of-the-four-welsh-police-forces-require-improvement-in-the-way-they-prevent-and-investigate-crime/|work=ITV News|date=18 February 2016|access-date=29 February 2016}} There are five prisons in Wales: four in the southern half of the country, and one in Wrexham. Wales has no women's prisons: female inmates are imprisoned in England.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/north_east/8545805.stm|title=MPs urge UK government to build north Wales prison|work=BBC News|date=3 March 2010|access-date=31 December 2010}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.hmprisonservice.gov.uk/adviceandsupport/prison_life/femaleprisoners/|title=Female Prisoners|website=hmprisonservice.gov.uk|author=HM Prison Service|date=21 September 2000|access-date=31 December 2010|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110206184958/http://www.hmprisonservice.gov.uk/adviceandsupport/prison_life/femaleprisoners/|archive-date=6 February 2011}}

==Geography and natural history==

{{Main|Geography of Wales}}

{{See also|List of settlements in Wales by population|List of towns in Wales|List of cities in Wales}}

{{See also|Natural resources of Wales}}

File:Yr Wyddfa (Snowdon) from Crib Goch, Parc Cenedlaethol Eryri National Park, Cymru (Wales) 09.jpg ({{langx|cy|Yr Wyddfa}}) Gwynedd, the highest mountain in Wales]]

Wales is a generally mountainous country on the western side of central southern Great Britain.{{Cite book |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/social-trends-rd/the-official-yearbook-of-the-united-kingdom/2005-edition/the-official-yearbook-of-the-united-kingdom---2005-edition.pdf |publisher=Office for National Statistics |year=2004 |title=UK 2005 – The Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |pages=2 & 30|access-date=10 February 2012 |isbn=978-0-11-621738-7}} It is about {{convert|170|mi}} north to south.{{cite web |url=http://www.visitwales.co.uk/about-wales-guide-to-wales-culture-people-and-language/welsh-geography/ |title=Geography: About Wales |publisher=Welsh Government|year=2010|access-date=3 October 2010|website=Visit Wales website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028210819/http://www.visitwales.co.uk/about-wales-guide-to-wales-culture-people-and-language/welsh-geography/|archive-date=28 October 2010|url-status=dead}} The oft-quoted "size of Wales" is about {{convert|20779|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.{{cite web |url=http://eulis.eu/service/countries-profile/england-and-wales/ |publisher=European Land Information Service |title=England and Wales |access-date=2 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720161018/http://eulis.eu/service/countries-profile/england-and-wales/ |archive-date=20 July 2011 }} Wales is bordered by England to the east and by sea in all other directions: the Irish Sea to the north and west, St George's Channel and the Celtic Sea to the southwest and the Bristol Channel to the south.{{cite hansard |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1974/dec/16/celtic-sea#S5CV0883P0-06989|title=Celtic Sea |house=House of Commons |date=16 December 1974 |volume=883 |column=317W}}{{cite web |url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition + corrections |year=1971|publisher=International Hydrographic Organization |access-date=28 December 2020|page=42 [corrections to page 13]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho-ohi.net/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S23_1953.pdf|archive-date=8 October 2011}} Wales has about {{convert|1680|mi}} of coastline (along the mean high water mark), including the mainland, Anglesey and Holyhead.{{cite web |url=http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749 |title=How long is the UK coastline? |first=Giles |last=Darkes |date=January 2008 |access-date=6 October 2015 |publisher=The British Cartographic Society |archive-date=22 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522042745/http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749 |url-status=dead }} Over 50 islands lie off the Welsh mainland, the largest being Anglesey, in the north-west.{{cite web|title=Discover Welsh islands with unique scenery, wildlife and heritage |url=https://www.visitwales.com/inspire-me/holidays/escape-welsh-islands |publisher=VisitWales |access-date=15 May 2020}}

Much of Wales's diverse landscape is mountainous, particularly in the north and central regions. The mountains were shaped during the last ice age, the Devensian glaciation. The highest mountains in Wales are in Snowdonia ({{lang|cy|Eryri}}), of which five are over {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The highest of these is Snowdon ({{lang|cy|Yr Wyddfa}}), at {{convert|1085|m|ft|abbr=on}}.{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/aug/02/mount-snowdon-cafe|work=The Guardian |date=2 August 2009|title=High tea: Mount Snowdon's magical mountaintop cafe |access-date=28 September 2010 |location=London |first=Jonathan |last=Glancey}}{{cite web |url =http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2010/09/22/mountain-upgraded-to-super-status-91466-27315826/ |title = Mountain upgraded to 'super' status |access-date = 30 September 2010 |date = 22 September 2010 |publisher = Media Wales Ltd |website=WalesOnline website}} The 14 Welsh mountains, or 15 if including Carnedd Gwenllian{{spaced ndash}}often discounted because of its low topographic prominence{{spaced ndash}}over {{convert|3000|ft|m|abbr=off}} high are known collectively as the Welsh 3000s and are located in a small area in the north-west.{{cite web|url=http://www.welsh3000s.co.uk/|publisher=welsh3000s.co.uk |title=The Welsh 3000s Challenge |access-date=28 September 2010}} The highest outside the 3000s is Aran Fawddwy, at {{convert|905|m|ft|abbr=off}}, in the south of Snowdonia.{{cite web|url=http://www.snowdoniaguide.com/aran_fawddwy.html|publisher=snowdoniaguide.com |title=Aran Fawddwy |access-date=2 October 2010}} The Brecon Beacons ({{lang|cy|Bannau Brycheiniog}}) are in the south (highest point Pen y Fan, at {{convert|886|m|ft|abbr=off}}),Nuttall, John & Anne (1999). The Mountains of England & Wales – Volume 1: Wales (2nd edition ed.). Milnthorpe, Cumbria: Cicerone. {{ISBN|978-1-85284-304-5}}. and are joined by the Cambrian Mountains in Mid Wales (highest point Pumlumon, at {{convert|752|m|ft|abbr=off}}).{{cite web|title=Ordnance Survey|url=https://www.bing.com/maps/?mkt=en-gb&v=2&cp=52.4675~-3.7828&lvl=12&sp=Point.52.4675_-3.7828_Plynlimon&sty=s|access-date=6 June 2020}}

File:Map of Wales.svg}}]]

Wales has three national parks: Snowdonia, Brecon Beacons, and Pembrokeshire Coast ({{lang|cy|Arfordir Penfro}}). It has five Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty: Anglesey, the Clwydian Range and Dee Valley, the Gower Peninsula, the Llŷn Peninsula, and the Wye Valley.{{cite web |url=http://wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/consmanagement/aonb/?lang=en |publisher=Welsh Government |website=Welsh Government website |title=Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty |access-date=6 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625232127/http://wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/consmanagement/aonb/?lang=en |archive-date=25 June 2012 }} The Gower Peninsula was the first area in the United Kingdom to be designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, in 1956. As of 2019, the coastline of Wales had 40 Blue Flag beaches, three Blue Flag marinas and one Blue Flag boat operator.{{cite web|title=All of Wales' Blue Flag beaches in 2019|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/travel/wales-blue-flag-beaches-2019-16271891|last=Knapman|first=Joshua|date=14 May 2019|website=walesonline|access-date=15 May 2020}} The south and west coasts of Wales, along with the Irish and Cornish coasts, are frequently blasted by Atlantic westerlies/south-westerlies that, over the years, have sunk and wrecked many vessels. In 1859 over 110 ships were destroyed off the coast of Wales in a hurricane that saw more than 800 lives lost across Britain.Davies (2008) p.778 The greatest single loss occurred with the sinking of the Royal Charter off Anglesey in which 459 people died.{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/sites/history/pages/tomparryllandudnopier.shtml |publisher=BBC |date=28 April 2006 |title=Stormy Weather |access-date=26 September 2010 |website=BBC North West Wales website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126035354/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/sites/history/pages/tomparryllandudnopier.shtml |archive-date=26 January 2011 }} The 19th century saw over 100 vessels lost with an average loss of 78 sailors per year.Davies (2008) p.814 Wartime action caused losses near Holyhead, Milford Haven and Swansea. Because of offshore rocks and unlit islands, Anglesey and Pembrokeshire are still notorious for shipwrecks, most notably the Sea Empress oil spill in 1996.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/06/uk_the_sea_empress_disaster/html/1.stm |publisher=BBC |year= 2000|title=In detail: The Sea Empress disaster|access-date=26 September 2010 |work=BBC News website}}

The first border between Wales and England was zonal, apart from around the River Wye, which was the first accepted boundary.Davies (2008) p. 75 Offa's Dyke was supposed to form an early distinct line but this was thwarted by Gruffudd ap Llewellyn, who reclaimed swathes of land beyond the dyke. The Act of Union 1536 formed a linear border stretching from the mouth of the Dee to the mouth of the Wye. Even after the Act of Union, many of the borders remained vague and moveable until the Sunday Closing (Wales) Act 1881, which forced local businesses to decide which country they fell within to accept either the Welsh or English law.

{{main|Geology of Wales}}

The earliest geological period of the Palaeozoic era, the Cambrian, takes its name from the Cambrian Mountains, where geologists first identified Cambrian remnants.{{cite web |url=http://palaeos.com/paleozoic/cambrian/cambrian.htm |publisher=palaeos.com |date=11 April 2002 |title=The Cambrian Period of the Paleozoic Era: 542 to 488 Million Years Ago |access-date=2 October 2010 |archive-date=26 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126092715/http://palaeos.com/Paleozoic/Cambrian/Cambrian.htm |url-status=dead }}{{cite journal|doi=10.1144/GSL.JGS.1852.008.01-02.20|last=Sedgwick |first=A. |year=1852|title=On the classification and nomenclature of the Lower Paleozoic rocks of England and Wales|journal=Q. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. |volume=8|issue=1–2 |pages=136–138|bibcode=1852QJGS....8..136S |s2cid=130896939 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2432137 |issn=0370-291X}} In the mid-19th century, Roderick Murchison and Adam Sedgwick used their studies of Welsh geology to establish certain principles of stratigraphy and palaeontology. The next two periods of the Palaeozoic era, the Ordovician and Silurian, were named after ancient Celtic tribes from this area.{{cite web|url=http://palaeos.com/paleozoic/silurian/silurian.htm|publisher=palaeos.com|date=11 April 2002|title=The Silurian: The Silurian Period of the Paleozoic Era: 444 to 416 Mya|access-date=10 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309135815/http://palaeos.com/paleozoic/silurian/silurian.htm|archive-date=9 March 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://palaeos.com/paleozoic/ordovician/ordovician.htm|publisher=palaeos.com|date=11 April 2002|title=The Ordovician: The Ordovician Period of the Paleozoic Era: 488 to 444 million years ago|access-date=10 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307063915/http://palaeos.com/paleozoic/ordovician/ordovician.htm|archive-date=7 March 2012}}

{{main|Climate of Wales}}

{{climate chart

|Wales

|1.3|6.5|158.6

|1.1|6.6|114

|2.4|8.6|118.8

|3.4|11|85.9

|6|14.5|80.7

|8.6|16.8|86.2

|10.9|19.1|78.4

|10.7|18.8|106

|8.8|16.2|124

|6.5|12.8|153.2

|3.7|9.3|156.8

|2.2|7.4|173.3

|source=[http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/areal/wales.html Met Office]

|float=right

}}

File:Milvus milvus R(ThKraft).jpg, considered one of the national symbols of Wales and voted the nation's favourite bird{{cite web |date=3 July 2019 |title=National symbols of Wales |url=https://www.wales.com/about/culture/national-symbols-wales |access-date=5 September 2022 |website=Wales }}]]

Wales lies within the north temperate zone. It has a changeable, maritime climate and is one of the wettest countries in Europe.{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/regional-climates/wl/ |publisher=Met Office |year=2010|title=Met Office: Regional Climate: Wales|access-date=26 September 2010 |website=Met Office website}}Davies (2008) pp. 148–150 Welsh weather is often cloudy, wet and windy, with warm summers and mild winters.

{{cite web|url=http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0200wales/tm_objectid=14140027&method=full&siteid=50082&headline=soggiest-city-in-britain-pays-high-price-for-rain-name_page.html|title=Soggiest city in Britain pays high price for rain|publisher=Media Wales Ltd|last=Turner |first=Robert|access-date = 26 September 2010|date = 26 July 2010}}

• Highest maximum temperature: {{convert|37.1|°C|0|abbr=on}} at Hawarden, Flintshire on 18 July 2022.{{cite news |title=Heatwave latest: Wales sees hottest day on record, provisional figures show |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-62184978 |access-date=18 July 2022}}
• Lowest minimum temperature: {{convert|-23.3|°C|0|abbr=on}} at Rhayader, Radnorshire (now Powys) on 21 January 1940.{{cite web |title=Wales: climate |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/wl/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113130422/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/wl/ |archive-date=13 January 2012 |access-date=9 September 2010 |publisher=Met Office}}
• Maximum number of hours of sunshine in a month: 354.3 hours at Dale Fort, Pembrokeshire in July 1955.{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/wl/|title=Met Office:Regional Climate: Wales|year=2009|publisher=Met Office|access-date=6 October 2009|website=Met Office website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113130422/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/wl/|archive-date=13 January 2012}}
• Minimum number of hours of sunshine in a month: 2.7 hours at Llwynon, Brecknockshire in January 1962.
• Maximum rainfall in a day (0900 UTC – 0900 UTC): {{convert|211|mm}} at Rhondda, Glamorgan, on 11 November 1929.{{Cite news|title=Digital Archive of Extreme UK Rainfall Events|url=http://www.hydro-gis.co.uk/pdf_files/digital_archive_flyer.pdf|publisher=Hydro-GIS Ltd.|access-date=2 October 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312105749/http://www.hydro-gis.co.uk/pdf_files/digital_archive_flyer.pdf|archive-date=12 March 2012}}
• Wettest spot – an average of {{convert|4473|mm|0}} rain a year at Crib Goch in Snowdonia, Gwynedd (making it also the wettest spot in the United Kingdom).

{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/3354276/The-wetter-the-better.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128075059/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/3354276/The-wetter-the-better.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 2012|title=The wetter, the better|newspaper=The Independent|last=Clark|first=Ross|date=28 October 2006|access-date=2 September 2009|location=London}}

{{Main|Biodiversity of Wales}}

Wales's wildlife is typical of Britain with several distinctions. Because of its long coastline, Wales hosts a variety of seabirds. The coasts and surrounding islands are home to colonies of gannets, Manx shearwater, puffins, kittiwakes, shags and razorbills. In comparison, with 60 per cent of Wales above the 150m contour, the country also supports a variety of upland-habitat birds, including raven and ring ouzel.{{cite web |url=http://www.ecologymatters.co.uk/pdf/Wales_Ring_Ouzel_paper.pdf |title=Wales Ring Ouzel Survey 2006 |publisher=Ecology Matters Ltd. |last=Green |first=Mick |year=2007 |access-date=6 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311210912/http://www.ecologymatters.co.uk/pdf/Wales_Ring_Ouzel_paper.pdf |archive-date=11 March 2012 }}{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/north_east/4644626.stm |title=Black ravens return to the roost |publisher=BBC |date=24 January 2006 |access-date=6 September 2010}} Birds of prey include the merlin, hen harrier and the red kite, a national symbol of Welsh wildlife.{{cite web |url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/news/details.asp?view=print&id=tcm:9-176206 |title=Red kite voted Wales' Favourite Bird |publisher=Royal Society for the Protection of Birds |date=11 October 2007 |access-date=6 September 2010 |archive-date=23 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823014457/http://www.rspb.org.uk/news/details.asp?view=print&id=tcm:9-176206 |url-status=dead }} In total, more than 200 different species of bird have been seen at the RSPB reserve at Conwy, including seasonal visitors.{{cite web|url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/reserves/guide/c/conwy/about.aspx |title=About Conwy |publisher=RSPB.org.uk |date=16 April 2010 |access-date=6 September 2010}} Larger mammals, including brown bears, wolves and wildcats, died out during the Norman period. Today, mammals include shrews, voles, badgers, otters, stoats, weasels, hedgehogs and fifteen species of bat. Two species of small rodent, the yellow-necked mouse and the dormouse, are of special Welsh note being found at the historically undisturbed border area.Davies (2008) p. 533 The pine marten, which has been sighted occasionally, has been reintroduced in parts of Wales since 2015, having previously not been officially recorded since the 1950s.{{cite news |title=Pine marten spotted on Anglesey after 30 years |work=BBC News |date=12 July 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-62137570 |access-date=2 December 2022}} The polecat was nearly driven to extinction in Britain, but hung on in Wales and is now rapidly spreading. Feral goats can be found in Snowdonia.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/nov/13/conservationandendangeredspecies.uknews |title=Goats have roamed Snowdonia for 10,000 years; now they face secret cull |first=John|last=Vidal|work=guardian.co.uk |date=13 November 2006 |access-date=14 August 2011 |location=London}} In March 2021, Natural Resources Wales (NRW) granted a licence to release up to six beavers in the Dyfi Valley, the first official beaver release in Wales.{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=30 March 2021|last=Grug|first=Mari|title=Licensed beavers released in Wales for the first time|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-56565050|access-date=31 March 2021}}

Believed to be home to some of Wales's rarest land invertebrates, some 2,500 disused coal tips are the subject of study by the Welsh Government; the tips are home to a wide variety of other wildlife.{{cite news|work=BBC News|title=Coal tip repairs threaten rare wildlife, ecologists warn|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-66632770|first1=Steffan |last1=Messenger |first2=Gavin |last2=Fischer|date=29 August 2023|access-date=29 August 2023}}

The waters of south-west Wales of Gower, Pembrokeshire and Cardigan Bay attract marine animals, including basking sharks, Atlantic grey seals, leatherback turtles, dolphins, porpoises, jellyfish, crabs and lobsters. Pembrokeshire and Ceredigion, in particular, are recognised as an area of international importance for bottlenose dolphins, and New Quay has the only summer residence of bottlenose dolphins in the whole of the UK. Freshwater fish of note include char, eel, salmon, shad, sparling and Arctic char, while the gwyniad is unique to Wales, found only in Bala Lake. Wales is known for its shellfish, including cockles, limpet, mussels and periwinkles. Herring, mackerel and hake are the more common of the country's marine fish.Davies (1994) pp. 286–288 The north facing high grounds of Snowdonia support a relict pre-glacial flora including the iconic Snowdon lily – Gagea serotina – and other alpine species such as Saxifraga cespitosa, Saxifraga oppositifolia and Silene acaulis. Wales has a number of plant species not found elsewhere in the UK, including the spotted rock-rose Tuberaria guttata on Anglesey and Draba aizoides on the Gower.{{Cite book |title=Atlas of the British Flora|editor1-last=Perring |editor1-first=E. H. |editor2-last=Walters |editor2-first=S. M. |year=1990 |publisher=BSBI |location= Melksham, Great Britain|isbn=978-0-901158-19-2 |page=43}}

{{Main|Economy of Wales}}

File:Profile of Wales.png

File:This is Trade and Investment. This is Wales. Welsh Government video.webm

Over the last 250 years, Wales has been transformed from a predominantly agricultural country to an industrial, and then to a post-industrial economy.Davies (2008), pp. 233, 697; {{Cite book |last=Day |first=Graham |url=https://archive.org/details/makingsensewales00dayg |title=Making sense of Wales |publisher=University of Wales Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7083-1771-6 |location=Cardiff |page=[https://archive.org/details/makingsensewales00dayg/page/n96 87] |url-access=limited}} In the 1950s, Wales's GDP was twice as big as Ireland's; by the 2020s, Ireland's economy was four times that of Wales. Since the Second World War, the service sector has come to account for the majority of jobs, a feature typifying most advanced economies.Davies (2008), p. 233–234 in 2018, according to OECD and Eurostat data, gross domestic product (GDP) in Wales was £75 billion, an increase of 3.3 per cent from 2017. GDP per head in Wales in 2018 was £23,866, an increase of 2.9 per cent on 2017. This compares to Italy's GDP/capita of £25,000, Spain £22,000, Slovenia £20,000 and New Zealand £30,000.{{Cite web |last=Barry |first=Mark |date=4 January 2021 |title=The Environment, Tax and Wales |url=https://swalesmetroprof.blog/2021/01/04/the-environment-tax-and-wales/#_edn25 |access-date=13 January 2021 |website=swalesmetroprof.blog}}{{Cite news |last=Lloyd |first=Dai |date=14 November 2020 |title=Wales is not a global anomaly – it can be independent just like every other nation |publisher=Nation Cymru |url=https://nation.cymru/opinion/wales-is-not-a-global-anomaly-it-can-be-independent-just-like-every-other-nation/ |access-date=13 January 2021}} In the three months to December 2017, 72.7 per cent of working-age adults were employed, compared to 75.2 per cent across the UK as a whole.{{Cite web |title=Llywodraeth Cymru {{!}} Welsh Government |url=http://gov.wales/statistics-and-research/key-economic-statistics |access-date=24 February 2018 |website=gov.wales}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} For the 2018–19 fiscal year, the Welsh fiscal deficit accounts for 19.4 per cent of Wales's estimated GDP.{{Cite news |date=2 July 2019 |title=Shortfall in public finances in Wales due to lower revenues, report finds |work=Cardiff University |url=https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/news/view/1523654-shortfall-in-public-finances-in-wales-due-to-lower-revenues,-report-finds |access-date=23 April 2020}}

In 2019, Wales was a net exporter of electricity. It produced 27.9 TWh of electricity while only consuming 14.7 TWh.{{Cite book |url=https://www.gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2021-01/energy-generation-in-wales-2019.pdf |title=Energy Generation in Wales 2019 |publisher=Regen; Welsh Government |quote=Wales is a net exporter of electricity, having consumed approximately 14.7 TWh (1) of electricity in 2019, while generating approximately 27.9 TWh.}} In 2021, the Welsh government said that more than half the country's energy needs were being met by renewable sources, 2 per cent of which was from 363 hydropower projects.{{cite news |last=Duggan |first=Craig |date=2 March 2021 |title=Climate change: Private hydropower schemes 'on cliff edge' |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-56242378 |access-date=2 March 2021}}

By UK law, Wales contributes to items that do not directly benefit Wales e.g. over £5 billion for HS2 "which will damage the Welsh economy by £200m pa", according to the UK and Welsh Government's transport adviser Mark Barry. Wales also pays more in military costs than most similar-sized countries e.g. Wales pays twice the amount Ireland spends on the military.{{Cite news |last=Barry |first=Mark |date=7 January 2020 |title=Wales and HS2… |url=https://swalesmetroprof.blog/2020/01/07/wales-and-hs2/ |access-date=13 January 2021 |newspaper=Mark Barry}} The UK government spends £1.75bn per year on the military in Wales, which is almost as much as Wales spends on education every year (£1.8 billion in 2018/19) and five times as much as the total amount spent on the police in Wales (£365 million).{{cite web |title=IISS Military Balance 2020 |url=https://www.iiss.org/-/media/images/comment/military-balance-blog/2020/02/new-defence-budgets-and-expenditure-2019.jpg?h=586&la=en&mw=865&w=865&hash=FFC0A4DBDC2F9F9DF53D890823D6F0073CA75ABF |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies |access-date=20 January 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803180459/https://www.iiss.org/-/media/images/comment/military-balance-blog/2020/02/new-defence-budgets-and-expenditure-2019.jpg?h=586&la=en&mw=865&w=865&hash=FFC0A4DBDC2F9F9DF53D890823D6F0073CA75ABF |url-status=dead }}

From the middle of the 19th century until the post-war era, the mining and export of coal was the dominant industry. At its peak of production in 1913, nearly 233,000 men and women were employed in the South Wales coalfield, mining 56 million tons of coal.{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=South Wales coalfield timeline |url=http://www.agor.org.uk/cwm/timeline.asp |access-date=11 September 2010 |publisher=University of Wales Swansea}} Cardiff was once the largest coal-exporting port in the world and, for a few years before the First World War, handled a greater tonnage of cargo than either London or Liverpool.{{cite news|title= Coal Exchange to 'stock exchange'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/6586105.stm |publisher=BBC|access-date=11 October 2008|date=26 April 2007|work=BBC News website}}; {{Cite web |date=18 April 2007 |title=Coal and Shipping Metropolis of the World |url=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/1911/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105222219/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/1911/ |archive-date=5 January 2009 |access-date=11 October 2008 |website=Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales website |publisher=Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales}} In the 1920s, over 40 per cent of the male Welsh population worked in heavy industry.{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Phil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oXtL_7xFssC&pg=PA31 |title=The psychology of distance: Wales: one nation |date=September 2003 |publisher=Institute of Welsh Affairs |isbn=978-1-86057-066-7 |series=Papurau Gregynog |volume=3 |location=Cardiff |publication-date=2003 |page=31 |author-link=Phil Williams (Welsh politician)}} According to Phil Williams, the Great Depression "devastated Wales", north and south, because of its "overwhelming dependence on coal and steel". From the mid-1970s, the Welsh economy faced massive restructuring with large numbers of jobs in heavy industry disappearing and being replaced eventually by new ones in light industry and in services. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Wales was successful in attracting an above average share of foreign direct investment in the UK.{{Cite web |last=Massey |first=Glenn |date=August 2009 |title=Review of International Business Wales |url=http://wales.gov.uk/docs/det/publications/091013reviewofibwen.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091204133015/http://wales.gov.uk/docs/det/publications/091013reviewofibwen.pdf |archive-date=4 December 2009 |access-date=11 September 2010 |publisher=Welsh Government |page=10}} Much of the new industry was essentially of a "branch (or "screwdriver") factory" type where a manufacturing plant or call centre is in Wales but the most highly-paid jobs in the company are elsewhere.{{Cite web |title=A Review of Local Economic and Employment Development Policy Approaches in OECD Countries |url=http://wales.gov.uk/docs//dfm/research/090617oecden.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110222124621/http://wales.gov.uk/docs//dfm/research/090617oecden.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2011 |access-date=11 September 2010 |website=OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Programme |publisher=OECD |page=8}}{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=Wales A Vibrant Economy |url=http://wales.gov.uk/deet/publications/bande/wave/wavee.pdf?lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216020108/http://wales.gov.uk/deet/publications/bande/wave/wavee.pdf?lang=en |archive-date=16 December 2010 |access-date=2 October 2010 |publisher=Welsh Government |pages=12, 22, 40, 42}}

Poor-quality soil in much of Wales is unsuitable for crop-growing, so livestock farming has been the focus of farming. About 78 per cent of the land surface is used for agriculture.{{Cite web |title=Area of agricultural land, by type of crop and grass (Thousand Hectares) |url=http://www.statswales.wales.gov.uk/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=2829 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303114602/http://www.statswales.wales.gov.uk/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=2829 |archive-date=3 March 2012 |access-date=2 October 2010 |website=StatsWales}} Total agricultural area (2004): 1633.5 thousand hectares (16,335 km²), Wales area 20,779 km² The Welsh landscape, with its three national parks and Blue Flag beaches, attracts large numbers of tourists, who bolster the economy of rural areas.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/8672318.stm |title=Tourism hope over record 45 beach flags in Wales |publisher=BBC|date=11 May 2010|access-date=7 September 2010|work=BBC News website}}; {{Cite web |title=Tourism – Sector Overview Wales |url=http://www.gowales.co.uk/en/graduate/workingInWales/keyIndustryProfiles/tourism/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409072132/http://www.gowales.co.uk/en/graduate/workingInWales/keyIndustryProfiles/tourism/index.html |archive-date=9 April 2010 |access-date=7 September 2010 |website=GO Wales website |publisher=GO Wales}} Wales, like Northern Ireland, has relatively few high value-added employment in sectors such as finance and research and development, attributable in part to a comparative lack of "economic mass" (i.e. population) – Wales lacks a large metropolitan centre. The lack of high value-added employment is reflected in lower economic output per head relative to other regions of the UK: in 2002 it stood at 90 per cent of the EU25 average and around 80 per cent of the UK average. In June 2008, Wales made history by becoming the first nation to be awarded Fairtrade status.{{Cite web |date=6 June 2008 |title=Welsh Government | Written – Wales – the world's first 'Fair Trade Nation' |url=http://wales.gov.uk/about/cabinet/cabinetstatements/2008/wft/?lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122150728/http://wales.gov.uk/about/cabinet/cabinetstatements/2008/wft/?lang=en |archive-date=22 January 2010 |access-date=19 June 2010 |website=Welsh Government website |publisher=Welsh Government}}

The pound sterling is the currency used in Wales. Numerous Welsh banks issued their own banknotes in the 19th century: the last bank to do so closed in 1908. Since then the Bank of England has had a monopoly on the issue of banknotes in Wales.{{Cite web |last=Carradice |first=Phil |title=The collapse of the Welsh banks |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/waleshistory/2010/03/collapse_of_welsh_banks.html#more/ |access-date=30 September 2010 |website=BBC Cymru Wales website |publisher=BBC }}; {{cite web |url=http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/about/scottish_northernireland.htm |title=The Bank of England's Role in Regulating the Issue of Scottish and Northern Ireland Banknotes |publisher=Bank of England |year=2010 |access-date=30 September 2010 |website=Bank of England website |archive-date=4 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204061720/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/about/scottish_northernireland.htm |url-status=dead }} The Commercial Bank of Wales, established in Cardiff by Sir Julian Hodge in 1971, was taken over by the Bank of Scotland in 1988 and absorbed into its parent company in 2002.{{Cite web |title=Commercial Bank of Wales, Carmarthen Branch, Papers |url=http://www.archiveswales.org.uk/anw/get_collection.php?inst_id=30&coll_id=1738&expand= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716085038/http://www.archiveswales.org.uk/anw/get_collection.php?inst_id=30&coll_id=1738&expand= |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=8 September 2010 |publisher=Archives Wales}} The Royal Mint, which issues the coinage circulating through the whole of the UK, has been based at a single site in Llantrisant since 1980.{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=www.royalmint.gov.uk |url=http://www.royalmint.com/Corporate/History/OurHistory.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012035225/http://www.royalmint.com/Corporate/History/OurHistory.aspx |archive-date=12 October 2010 |access-date=26 September 2010 |website=Royal Mint website |publisher=Royal Mint}} Since decimalisation, in 1971, at least one of the coins in circulation emphasises Wales such as the 1995 and 2000 one pound coin (above). As at 2012, the last designs devoted to Wales saw production in 2008.{{Cite web |date=10 February 2012 |title=The New Designs Revealed |url=http://www.royalmint.com/newdesigns/designsRevealed.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080522150734/http://www.royalmint.com/newdesigns/designsRevealed.aspx |archive-date=22 May 2008 |access-date=11 October 2008 |website=Royal Mint website |publisher=Royal Mint}}

During 2020, and well into 2021, the restrictions and lockdowns necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic affected all sectors of the economy and "tourism and hospitality suffered notable losses from the pandemic" across the UK.{{Cite web |date=18 March 2021 |title=Covid-19 impact on the Tourism and Hospitality Sector, an insight from the latest Economic Commentary |url=https://fraserofallander.org/covid-19-impact-on-the-tourism-and-hospitality-sector-an-insight-from-the-latest-economic-commentary/ |publisher=University of Strathclyde |quote=... health and economic crisis ... In particular, tourism and hospitality suffered notable losses from the pandemic.}} As of 6 April 2021, visitors from "red list" countries were still not allowed to enter unless they were UK residents. Restrictions will "likely be in place until the summer", one report predicted, with June being the most likely time for tourism from other countries to begin a rebound.{{Cite news |title=Travel to the UK during Covid-19: What you need to know before you go |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/uk-travel-covid-19/index.html |access-date=8 April 2021 |quote=It is too early to say which countries will be on the green list when non-essential international travel resumes}} On 12 April 2021, many tourist facilities were still closed in Wales but non-essential travel between Wales and England was finally permitted. Wales also allowed non-essential retail stores to open.{{cite news |date=13 April 2021 |title=Covid lockdown eases: Celebrations as pub gardens and shops reopen |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-56710858 |work=BBC News}} 

{{Main|Transport in Wales}}

• The M4 motorway running from West London to South Wales links Newport, Cardiff and Swansea. Responsibility for the section of the motorway within Wales, from the Second Severn Crossing to Pont Abraham services, sits with the Welsh Government.{{Cite web |title=Responsibilities of the Minister for Economy, Transport and North Wales |url=https://gov.wales/ken-skates-ms#section-15156 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721124617/https://gov.wales/ken-skates-ms#section-15156 |archive-date=21 July 2020 |access-date=21 July 2020 |publisher=Welsh Government}}
• The A55 expressway has a similar role along the North Wales coast, connecting Holyhead and Bangor with Wrexham and Flintshire. It also links to northwest England, principally Chester.{{Cite web |title=One of the most important roads in Wales |url=https://www.roads.org.uk/motorway/a55 |access-date=21 July 2020 |publisher=Roads.org.uk}}
• The main north-south Wales link is the A470, which runs from Cardiff to Llandudno.{{Cite web |last=Owen |first=Cathy |date=6 June 2014 |title=The A470 is Britain's favourite road |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/a470-britains-favourite-road-yes-7228725 |publisher=Wales Online}}

File:Rail network of Wales 2021.svg Rail transport in Wales includes the Wales & Borders franchise, which is overseen by the Welsh Government with most passenger services operated by Transport for Wales Rail.{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=Transport for Wales – Design of Wales and Borders Rail Service Including Metro |url=https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/consultations/2018-01/170228-tw-consultation-document-en.pdf |access-date=16 July 2020 |publisher=Welsh Government}} The Cardiff region has its own urban rail network. Beeching cuts in the 1960s mean that most of the remaining network is geared toward east–west travel connecting with the Irish Sea ports for ferries to Ireland.{{Cite web |title=Ferry connections |url=https://tfwrail.wales/ferry-connections |access-date=21 July 2020 |publisher=Transport for Wales}} Services between north and south Wales operate through the English cities of Chester and Hereford and towns of Shrewsbury, Gobowen for Oswestry and along the Welsh Marches Line, with trains on the Heart of Wales Line from Swansea to Llandovery, Llandrindod and Knighton, connecting with the Welsh Marches line at Craven Arms. Trains in Wales are mainly diesel-powered but the South Wales Main Line branch of the Great Western Main Line used by services from London Paddington to Cardiff has undergone electrification, although the programme experienced significant delays and cost overruns.{{Cite web |last=Barry |first=Sion |date=19 March 2020 |title=Final bill for electrifying the Great Western Mainline from South Wales to London £2bn over original budget |url=https://www.business-live.co.uk/economic-development/final-bill-electrifying-great-western-17948591 |access-date=21 July 2020 |publisher=Business Live}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/cardiffonline/cardiff-news/2011/01/25/business-leaders-back-electric-railway-demand-91466-28047043/ |title=Business leaders back electric railway demand| publisher=WalesOnline.co.uk. |date= 25 January 2011| access-date=7 June 2012}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/rail/pi/rail-electrification.pdf|publisher=Department for Transport|title=Britain's Transport Infrastructure, Rail Electrification|access-date=7 June 2012|year=2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100408232230/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/rail/pi/rail-electrification.pdf|archive-date=8 April 2010}}{{page needed|date=May 2020}} Many of the Valley Lines are also undergoing electrification, under the South Wales Metro project.{{cite web|url=https://tfw.wales/projects/metro/south-wales-metro|title=TfW South Wales Metro|access-date=4 May 2025}} A North-South railway has been suggested to better link North and South Wales.{{cite web |last=Crump |first=Eryl |date=21 March 2020 |title=Campaigners want these two railway lines reopened to link North and South Wales |url=https://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/campaigners-want-reopen-two-gwynedd-17948401 |access-date=31 October 2022 |website=North Wales Live }}{{Cite web |date=21 July 2022 |title=Plan to outline rail link between the south of Wales and Aberystwyth by 2027 |url=https://nation.cymru/news/north-south-wales-rail-link/ |access-date=31 October 2022 |website=Nation.Cymru }}{{cite web |date=18 September 2021 |title=New Welsh Government rail map raises campaigners' hope for a north-south railway |url=https://nation.cymru/news/new-welsh-government-rail-map-raises-campaigners-hope-for-a-north-south-railway/ |access-date=31 October 2022 |website=Nation.Cymru }}

Cardiff Airport is the international airport of Wales. Providing links to European, African and Asian destinations,{{cite web|url=https://www.travelandtourworld.com/news/article/egypt-portugal-canary-islands-turkey-spain-and-more-are-among-the-new-destinations-added-by-tui-for-summer-2026-at-cardiff-airport/|title=TUI adds more flights for 2026|access-date=4 May 2025}} it is about {{convert|12|mi}} southwest of Cardiff city centre, in the Vale of Glamorgan. Intra-Wales flights used to run between Anglesey (Valley) and Cardiff, and were operated since 2017 by Eastern Airways;{{cite news |last=Harding |first=Nick |date=11 March 2017 |title=Eastern Airways take over Cardiff to Anglesey route |work=UK Aviation News |url=https://ukaviation.news/eastern-airways-take-cardiff-anglesey-route/ |access-date=16 July 2020}} as of 2022, those flights are no longer available. Other internal flights operate to northern England, Scotland and Northern Ireland.{{Cite web |title=Cardiff Airport-Destinations |url=https://www.cardiff-airport.com/destinations/ |access-date=21 July 2020 |publisher=Cardiff Airport – maes awyr caerdydd}} Wales has four commercial ferry ports. Regular ferry services to Ireland operate from Holyhead, Pembroke Dock and Fishguard. The Swansea to Cork service was cancelled in 2006, reinstated in March 2010, and withdrawn again in 2012.{{Cite news |date=10 March 2010 |title=Revived Swansea-Cork ferry service sets sail |work=BBC News website |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/8561187.stm |access-date=19 June 2010}}; {{cite news|title=Swansea-Cork ferry: Fastnet Line to close service with loss of 78 jobs|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-16854680|access-date=15 April 2012 |date=2 February 2012 |publisher=BBC |work=BBC News website}}

{{Main|Education in Wales|History of education in Wales}}

{{See also|List of universities in Wales|List of further education colleges in Wales|Lists of schools in Wales}}

File:Llanbedr Pont Steffan.jpg ({{lang|cy|Prifysgol Cymru, Y Drindod Dewi Sant}}). Founded in 1822, it is the oldest degree-awarding institution in Wales.{{Citation |title=Lampeter, University of Wales |date=1 May 2008 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2008/may/01/universityguide.highereducation63 |work=The Guardian |access-date=17 October 2014}}]] A distinct education system has developed in Wales.Davies (2008) p. 238 Formal education before the 18th century was the preserve of the elite. The first grammar schools were established in Welsh towns such as Ruthin, Brecon and Cowbridge. One of the first successful schooling systems was started by Griffith Jones, who introduced the circulating schools in the 1730s; these are believed to have taught half the country's population to read.Davies (2008) p. 239 In the early 19th century, English became the usual language of instruction at schools in Wales. While the country's working class was largely Welsh-speaking at the time, Welsh public opinion wished for children to learn English.{{Sfn|Johnes|2024|pp=280, 293–296}}{{Sfn|Johnes|2024|pp=37–38}} Many schools used corporal punishment to stop children from speaking Welsh in the first half of the 19th century;{{Sfn|Johnes|2024|pp=51–52}} the practice declined in the second half of the century.{{Sfn|Johnes|2024|p=66}}{{Sfn|Johnes|2024|pp=125,134}} The British government never prohibited the use of Welsh at schools but it treated English as the assumed language of instruction.{{Sfn|Johnes|2024|pp=97–98, 181}} More Welsh was gradually used at schools in Welsh-speaking areas in the mid to late 19th century{{Sfn|Johnes|2024|pp=96–97}}{{Sfn|Johnes|2024|pp=160–162}} and teaching of the language began to receive moderate government support from the late 19th century.{{Sfn|Johnes|2024|p=181}}

The University College of Wales opened in Aberystwyth in 1872. Cardiff and Bangor followed, and the three colleges came together in 1893 to form the University of Wales. The Welsh Intermediate Education Act of 1889 created 95 secondary schools. The Welsh Department for the Board of Education followed in 1907, which gave Wales its first significant educational devolution. A resurgence in Welsh-language schools in the latter half of the 20th century at nursery and primary level saw attitudes shift towards teaching in the medium of Welsh.Davies (2008) p. 240 Welsh is a compulsory subject in all of Wales's state schools for pupils aged 5–16 years old.{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Megan |title=Welsh-medium education and Welsh as a subject |url=http://www.assembly.wales/research%20documents/rs16-048/16-048-english-web.pdf |access-date=26 February 2018 |website=National Assembly for Wales}} While there has never been an exclusively Welsh-language college, Welsh-medium higher education is delivered through the individual universities and has since 2011 been supported by the Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol (Welsh-language National College) as a delocalised federal institution. In 2021–2022, there were 1,470 maintained schools in Wales.{{Cite web |title=Schools by local authority, region and type of school |url=https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Education-and-Skills/Schools-and-Teachers/Schools-Census/Pupil-Level-Annual-School-Census/Schools/schools-by-localauthorityregion-type |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=statswales.gov.wales}} In 2021–22, the country had 471,131 pupils taught by 25,210 full-time equivalent teachers.{{Cite web |title=Pupils by Assembly constituency and sector |url=https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Education-and-Skills/Schools-and-Teachers/Schools-Census/Pupil-Level-Annual-School-Census/Pupils/pupils-by-assemblyconstituency-sector |access-date=3 December 2022 |website=statswales.gov.wales}}{{Cite web |title=Full-time equivalent teachers by Assembly constituency and category |url=https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Education-and-Skills/Schools-and-Teachers/teachers-and-support-staff/School-Staff/fteteachers-by-assemblyconstituency-category |access-date=3 December 2022 |website=statswales.gov.wales |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203180711/https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Education-and-Skills/Schools-and-Teachers/teachers-and-support-staff/School-Staff/fteteachers-by-assemblyconstituency-category |url-status=dead }}

{{Main|Healthcare in Wales}}

File:University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park - Cardiff - geograph.org.uk - 1736088.jpg, Cardiff]]

Public healthcare in Wales is provided by NHS Wales ({{lang|cy|GIG Cymru}}), through seven local health boards and three all-Wales trusts. It was originally formed as part of the NHS structure for England and Wales by the National Health Service Act 1946, but with powers over the NHS in Wales coming under the Secretary of State for Wales in 1969.{{cite web|url=http://www.wales.nhs.uk/nhswalesaboutus/historycontext/1960s |title=health in Wales – 1960s |publisher=NHS Wales |access-date=8 September 2010 |website=NHS Wales website|date=23 October 2006 }} Responsibility for NHS Wales passed to the Welsh Assembly under devolution in 1999, and is now the responsibility of the Minister for Health and Social Services.{{cite web|title=Edwina Hart MBE AM|url=http://wales.gov.uk/about/cabinet/cabinetm/edwinahart;jsessionid=QJJfMMhBDBQpMsbkHp2J50txLztJBrC2xfT9NzQxGrm245RLn6Th!82924164?lang=en|publisher=Welsh Government|access-date=12 September 2010|website=Welsh Government website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113053257/http://wales.gov.uk/about/cabinet/cabinetm/edwinahart;jsessionid=QJJfMMhBDBQpMsbkHp2J50txLztJBrC2xfT9NzQxGrm245RLn6Th!82924164?lang=en|archive-date=13 January 2012}} Historically, Wales was served by smaller 'cottage' hospitals, built as voluntary institutions.Davies (2008), p.361 As newer, more expensive, diagnostic techniques and treatments became available, clinical work has been concentrated in newer, larger district hospitals. In 2006, there were seventeen district hospitals in Wales. NHS Wales directly employs over 90,000 staff, making it Wales's biggest employer.{{cite web |title=Staff directly employed by the NHS: as at 30 June 2022 |url=https://gov.wales/staff-directly-employed-nhs-30-june-2022 |access-date=3 December 2022 |website=GOV.WALES |date=23 November 2022 }} The National Survey for Wales in 2021–22 reported that 72 per cent of adults surveyed had good or very good general health, 19 per cent had fair general health and 8 had bad or very bad general health.{{cite web |title=Adult general health and illness – additional variables, 2020–21 onwards |url=https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/National-Survey-for-Wales/Population-Health/Adult-general-health-and-illness/generalhealthandillness-additional-by-year |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=statswales.gov.wales}} The survey recorded that 46 per cent of Welsh adults had a long-standing illness, such as arthritis, asthma, diabetes or heart disease.{{Cite web |title=Adult general health and illness (National survey for Wales): April 2021 to March 2022 |url=https://www.gov.wales/adult-general-health-and-illness-national-survey-wales-april-2021-march-2022 |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=GOV.WALES |date=3 August 2022 }} The survey also reported that 13 per cent of the adult population were smokers, 16 per cent admitted drinking alcohol above weekly recommended guidelines, while 56 per cent undertook the recommended 150 minutes of physical activity each week.{{Cite web |title=Adult lifestyles – additional variables, 2020–21 onwards |url=https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/National-Survey-for-Wales/Population-Health/Adult-Lifestyles/adultlifestyles-additional-from-202021 |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=statswales.gov.wales}} According to the survey, 30 per cent of adults in Wales reported to have eaten at least 5 portions of fruit or vegetables the previous day and 36 per cent reported a healthy weight.{{cite web |title=Adult lifestyle (National Survey for Wales): April 2021 to March 2022 |url=https://www.gov.wales/adult-lifestyle-national-survey-wales-april-2021-march-2022 |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=GOV.WALES |date=19 July 2022 }}

{{Main|Demographics of Wales}}

{{historical populations

| title = Population of Wales

| 1536

| 278,000

| 1620

| 360,000

| 1770

| 500,000

| 1801

| 587,000

| 1851

| 1,163,000

| 1911

| 2,421,000

| 1921

| 2,656,000

| 1939

| 2,487,000

| 1961

| 2,644,000

| 1991

| 2,811,865

| 2001

| 2,910,200

| 2011

|3,063,456

| 2021

| 3,107,500

| footnote = Estimated (pre-1801);
census (post-1801){{cite book |first=John |last=Davies |title=A History of Wales|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ogTq2KRuu9IC&pg=PT257 258–259, 319] |date=1993 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0-14-192633-9}}; {{Cite web |title=200 Years of the Census in ... Wales: Census 2001 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/bicentenary/pdfs/wales.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319202324/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/bicentenary/pdfs/wales.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2009}}
2001 census{{Cite web |title=Census 2001: Population by area, ethnicity and gender |url=https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Equality-and-Diversity/Ethnicity/Census-2001/Population-by-Area-Ethnicity-Gender |access-date=28 June 2022 |website=statswales.gov.wales |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925114446/https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Equality-and-Diversity/Ethnicity/Census-2001/Population-by-Area-Ethnicity-Gender |url-status=dead }}
2021 census{{Cite web |date=28 June 2022 |title=Population and household estimates, Wales: Census 2021 – Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/populationandhouseholdestimateswales/census2021 |access-date=28 June 2022 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}

}}

The population of Wales doubled from 587,000 in 1801 to 1,163,000 in 1851 and had reached 2,421,000 by 1911. Most of the increase came in the coal mining districts, especially Glamorganshire, which grew from 71,000 in 1801 to 232,000 in 1851 and 1,122,000 in 1911.Brian R. Mitchell and Phyllis Deane, Abstract of British Historical Statistics (Cambridge, 1962) pp 20, 22 Part of this increase can be attributed to the demographic transition seen in most industrialising countries during the Industrial Revolution, as death rates dropped and birth rates remained steady. However, there was also large-scale migration into Wales during the Industrial Revolution. The English were the most numerous group, but there were also considerable numbers of Irish and smaller numbers of other ethnic groups,{{Cite web |title=Industrial Revolution |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/storyofwelsh/content/industrialrevolution.shtml |access-date=17 October 2009 |publisher=BBC}}; {{cite web|author=LSJ Services [Wales] Ltd |url=http://www.therhondda.co.uk/living/population.html |title=Population therhondda.co.uk. Retrieved 9 May 2006 |publisher=Therhondda.co.uk |access-date=17 October 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080520075715/http://www.therhondda.co.uk/living/population.html |archive-date = 20 May 2008}} including Italians, who migrated to South Wales.{{Cite web |title=BBC Wales – History – Themes – Italian immigration |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/migration_italian.shtml |access-date=17 October 2009 |publisher=BBC}} Wales also received immigration from various parts of the British Commonwealth of Nations in the 20th century, and African-Caribbean and Asian communities add to the ethnocultural mix, particularly in urban Wales. Many of these self-identify as Welsh.{{Cite web |title=Socialist Unity | Debate & analysis for activists & trade unionists |url=http://www.socialistunity.com/?p=1587 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018050201/http://www.socialistunity.com/?p=1587 |archive-date=18 October 2011 |access-date=10 October 2016}}

The population in 1972 stood at 2.74 million and remained broadly static for the rest of the decade. However, in the early 1980s, the population fell due to net migration out of Wales. Since the 1980s, net migration has generally been inward, and has contributed more to population growth than natural change.{{Cite web |title=Wales's Population: A Demographic Overview 1971–2005 |url=http://new.wales.gov.uk/docrepos/40382/40382313/statistics/population/pop-2007/wales-pop2005/wales-pop2005-e1.pdf?lang=en |access-date=29 August 2017 |website=New.wales.gov.uk}}{{dead link|date=November 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} The resident population of Wales in 2021 according to the census was 3,107,500 (1,586,600 female and 1,521,000 male), an increase of 1.4 per cent over 2011. A decreased change from the 5 per cent increase between 2001 and 2011.{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=2011 Census: Population Estimates for the United Kingdom, 27 March 2011 |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_292378.pdf |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=Office for National Statistics}} Wales accounted for 5.2 per cent of the population of England and Wales in 2021. Wales has seven cities: Cardiff, Newport, Swansea, Wrexham, Bangor, St Asaph and St Davids. (The last two of these have city status in the United Kingdom despite their small populations.){{Cite web |date=19 June 2019 |title=This is Wales: Cities in Wales |url=https://www.wales.com/about/location-climate/welsh-cities |access-date=4 May 2020}} Wrexham, north Wales's largest settlement, became Wales's newest and seventh city in September 2022.{{cite web |title=Record number of city status winners announced to celebrate Platinum Jubilee |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/record-number-of-city-status-winners-announced-to-celebrate-platinum-jubilee |access-date=28 June 2022 |website=GOV.UK }}; {{cite web |date=5 September 2022 |title=Crown Office {{!}} The Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/4154400 |access-date=5 September 2022 |website=www.thegazette.co.uk |publisher=The London Gazette |quote=THE QUEEN has been pleased by Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the Realm dated 1 September 2022 to ordain that the County Borough of Wrexham shall have the status of a City.}}

{{Largest cities

| nonav = y

| country = Wales

| stat_ref = Office for National Statistics 2011 Census{{United Kingdom district population citation}}

| list_by_pop = List of towns and cities in Wales by population

| div_name = Council area

| div_link =

| city_1 = Cardiff | div_1 = Cardiff Council{{!}}City & County of Cardiff | pop_1 = 335,145 | img_1 = Cardiff Castle and Millennium Stadium.jpg

| city_2 = Swansea | div_2 = City and County of Swansea Council{{!}}City & County of Swansea | pop_2 = 239,000 | img_2 = Meridian Tower Swansea Skyline.jpg

| city_3 = Newport, Wales{{!}}Newport | div_3 = Newport City Council{{!}}Newport City | pop_3 = 128,060 | img_3 = Newportciviccentre.jpg

| city_4 = Wrexham | div_4 = Wrexham County Borough | pop_4 = 61,603 | img_4 = Wrexham - geograph.org.uk - 163421.jpg

| city_5 = Barry, Wales{{!}}Barry | div_5 = Vale of Glamorgan | pop_5 = 54,673

| city_6 = Neath | div_6 = Neath Port Talbot | pop_6 = 50,658

| city_7 = Cwmbran | div_7 = Torfaen | pop_7 = 46,915

| city_8 = Bridgend | div_8 = Bridgend County Borough| pop_8 = 46,757

| city_9 = Llanelli | div_9 = Carmarthenshire | pop_9 = 43,878

| city_10 = Merthyr Tydfil | div_10 = Merthyr Tydfil | pop_10 = 43,820

| city_11 = Caerphilly | div_11 = Caerphilly County Borough | pop_11 = 41,402

| city_12 = Port Talbot | div_12 = Neath Port Talbot | pop_12 = 37,276

| city_13 = Pontypridd | div_13 = Rhondda Cynon Taf | pop_13 = 30,457

| city_14 = Aberdare | div_14 = Rhondda Cynon Taf | pop_14 = 29,748

| city_15 = Colwyn Bay| div_15 = Conwy County Borough | pop_15 = 29,405

| city_16 = Pontypool| div_16 = Torfaen | pop_16 = 28,334

| city_17 = Penarth| div_17 = Vale of Glamorgan | pop_17 = 27,226

| city_18 = Rhyl| div_18 = Denbighshire | pop_18 = 25,149

| city_19 = Blackwood, Wales{{!}}Blackwood| div_19 = Caerphilly County Borough | pop_19 = 24,042

| city_20 = Maesteg | div_20 = Bridgend County Borough | pop_20 = 18,888

}}

{{Main|Languages of Wales}}

{{see also|Welsh language|Welsh-speaking population}}File:Welsh speakers in the 2011 census.pngWelsh is an official language in Wales as legislated by the Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011.{{cite web |title=Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/mwa/2011/1/contents |access-date= |work=legislation.gov.uk |publisher=The National Archives |quote=The Welsh language has official status in Wales. }} Both Welsh and English are also official languages of the Senedd.{{cite web |title=Official Languages Scheme |url=https://senedd.wales/NAfW%20Documents/About%20the%20Assembly%20section%20documents/ols/ols-en.pdf |website=Senedd.Wales}} The proportion of the Welsh population able to speak the Welsh language fell from just under 50 per cent in 1901 to 43.5 per cent in 1911, and continued to fall to 18.9 per cent in 1981.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/|title=Home - Office for National Statistics|website=www.ons.gov.uk}} The results of the 2001 Census showed an increase in the number of Welsh speakers to 21 per cent of the population aged 3 and older, compared with 18.7 per cent in 1991 and 19 per cent in 1981. This compares with a pattern of steady decline indicated by census results during the 20th century. In the 2011 census it was recorded that the proportion of people able to speak Welsh had dropped from 20.8 per cent to 19 per cent (still higher than 1991). Despite an increase in the overall size of the Welsh population this still meant that the number of Welsh speakers in Wales dropped from 582,000 in 2001 to 562,000 in 2011. However this figure was still higher than the 508,000 people (or 18.7 per cent of the population) who said they could speak Welsh in the 1991 census.{{Cite web |title=Welsh Government {{!}} 2011 Census: First Results on the Welsh Language |url=http://wales.gov.uk/topics/statistics/headlines/population2012/121211/?lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007223211/http://wales.gov.uk/topics/statistics/headlines/population2012/121211/?lang=en |archive-date=7 October 2013}}

According to the 2021 census, the Welsh-speaking population of Wales aged three or older was 17.8 per cent (538,300 people) and nearly three-quarters of the population in Wales said they had no Welsh language skills.{{cite web |title=Welsh language in Wales (Census 2021) |url=https://gov.wales/welsh-language-wales-census-2021-html |access-date=6 December 2022 |website=GOV.WALES |date=6 December 2022 }} Other estimates suggest that 29.7 per cent (899,500) of people aged three or older in Wales could speak Welsh in June 2022.{{cite web |title=Welsh language data from the Annual Population Survey: July 2021 to June 2022 |url=https://gov.wales/welsh-language-data-annual-population-survey-july-2021-june-2022 |access-date=28 October 2022 |website=GOV.WALES |date=25 October 2022 }}

English is spoken by almost all people in Wales and is the main language in most of the country. Code-switching is common in all parts of Wales and is known by various terms, though none is recognised by professional linguists.Davies (2008) p. 262 "Wenglish" is the Welsh dialect of the English language. It has been influenced significantly by Welsh grammar and includes words derived from Welsh.Davies (1994) p. 623; {{Cite news |last=Hill |first=Claire |date=2 October 2006 |title=Why butty rarely leaves Wales |work=WalesOnline website |publisher=Media Wales Ltd |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/tm_objectid=17853095&method=full&siteid=50082&headline=why-butty-rarely-leaves-wales-name_page.html |access-date=15 November 2010}} Northern and western Wales retain many areas where Welsh is spoken as a first language by the majority of the population, and English learnt as a second language. Although monoglotism in young children continues, life-long monoglotism in Welsh no longer occurs.Davies (2008) p. 940

Since Poland joined the European Union, Wales has seen a significant increase in Polish immigrants. This has made Polish the most common main language in Wales after English and Welsh, at 0.7 per cent of the population.{{cite web |title=What do the 2021 Census results tell us so far? |url=https://research.senedd.wales/research-articles/what-do-the-2021-census-results-tell-us-so-far/ |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=research.senedd.wales }}

{{main|Religion in Wales}}

File:StDavidsCathedral Tower&SouthTransept.JPG, Pembrokeshire]]

Forms of Christianity have dominated religious life in what is now Wales for more than 1,400 years.L. Alcock, Kings and Warriors, Craftsmen and Priests in Northern Britain AD 550–850 (Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland), {{ISBN|0-903903-24-5}}, p. 63.Lucas Quensel von Kalben, "The British Church and the Emergence of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom", in T. Dickinson and D. Griffiths, eds, Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History, 10: Papers for the 47th Sachsensymposium, York, September 1996 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), {{ISBN|086054138X}}, p. 93.

The 2021 census recorded that 46.5 per cent had "No religion", more than any single religious affiliation and up from 32.1 per cent in 2011.{{cite web |title=Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion in Wales (Census 2021) |url=https://gov.wales/ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-wales-census-2021-html |access-date=29 November 2022 |website=GOV.WALES |date=29 November 2022 }} The largest religion in Wales is Christianity, with 43.6 per cent of the population describing themselves as Christian in the 2021 census. The patron saint of Wales is Saint David ({{lang|cy|Dewi Sant}}), with Saint David's Day ({{lang|cy|Dydd Gŵyl Dewi Sant}}) celebrated annually on 1 March.{{Cite web |title=Catholic Encyclopedia: St. David |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04640b.htm |access-date=22 May 2015 |publisher=New Advent}} The early 20th century saw a religious revival, the 1904–1905 Welsh Revival, which started through the evangelism of Evan Roberts and brought large numbers of converts, sometimes whole communities, to non-Anglican Christianity.Davies (2008), p. 739

The Church in Wales with 56,000 adherents has the largest attendance of the denominations.{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Faith in Wales, Counting for Communities |url=http://www.gweini.org.uk/download/English%2003_03%20comp%20smaller.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024162623/http://www.gweini.org.uk/download/English%2003_03%20comp%20smaller.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2013 |access-date=6 September 2010 |page=21}} It is a province of the Anglican Communion, and was part of the Church of England until disestablishment in 1920 under the Welsh Church Act 1914. The first Independent Church in Wales was founded at Llanvaches in 1638 by William Wroth. The Presbyterian Church of Wales was born out of the Welsh Methodist revival in the 18th century and seceded from the Church of England in 1811.{{Cite web |title=Glamorgan Archives, Glamorgan Presbyterian Church Marriage registers |url=http://www.archiveswales.org.uk/anw/get_collection.php?inst_id=33&coll_id=76790&expand= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427122509/http://www.archiveswales.org.uk/anw/get_collection.php?inst_id=33&coll_id=76790&expand= |archive-date=27 April 2016 |access-date=9 September 2010 |publisher=Archives Wales}} The second largest attending faith in Wales is Roman Catholic, with an estimated 43,000 adherents.

Non-Christian religions are small in Wales, making up approximately 2.7 per cent of the population.{{Cite news |date=11 December 2012 |title=Statistical bulletin: 2011 Census: Key Statistics for Wales, March 2011 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-unitary-authorities-in-wales/stb-2011-census-key-statistics-for-wales.html#tab---Religion |access-date=11 December 2012}} Islam is the largest, with 24,000 (0.8 per cent) reported Muslims in the 2011 census. There are also communities of Hindus and Sikhs, mainly in the south Wales cities of Newport, Cardiff and Swansea, while the largest concentration of Buddhists is in the western rural county of Ceredigion.{{Cite web |title=Religion in Britain |url=http://www.diversiton.com/religion/census/britain.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424025633/http://www.diversiton.com/religion/census/britain.asp |archive-date=24 April 2015 |access-date=21 September 2010 |publisher=diversiton.com}} Judaism was the first non-Christian faith to be established in Wales since Roman times, though by 2001 the community had declined to approximately 2,000{{Cite web |date=15 June 2006 |title=History of religion: Multicultural Wales |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/religion/sites/timeline/pages/religion_in_wales_15.shtml |access-date=19 June 2010 |publisher=BBC}} and as of 2019 only numbers in the hundreds.{{Cite news |last=Prior |first=Neil |date=20 July 2019 |title=Recording Wales' disappearing Jewish history |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-49030675 |access-date=19 November 2019}}

{{Main|Demographics of Wales#Ethnicity}}

File:Shirley Bassey (1971).jpg|195x195px]]

The 2021 census showed that 93.8 per cent of the population of Wales identified as "White", compared to 95.6 per cent in 2011. 90.6 per cent of the population identified as "White: Welsh, English, Scottish, Northern Irish or British" in 2021. The second-highest ethnicity in 2021 was "Asian, Asian Welsh or Asian British" at 2.9 per cent of the population, compared to 2.3 per cent in 2011. 1.6 per cent of the population identified as "Mixed or multiple ethnic groups", compared to 1.0 per cent in 2011; 0.9 per cent of the population identified as "Black, Black Welsh, Black British, Caribbean or African", compared to 0.6 per cent in 2011; and 0.9 per cent identified as "Other ethnic group" compared to 0.5 per cent in 2011. The local authorities with the highest proportions of "high-level" ethnic groups other than "White" were mainly urban areas including Cardiff, Newport and Swansea. 5.3 per cent of households in Wales were multiple ethnic group households, up from 4.2 per cent in 2011.{{cite web |title=Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion in Wales (Census 2021) |url=https://gov.wales/ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-wales-census-2021-html |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=GOV.WALES |date=29 November 2022 }}

In 2021, the first statue of a named, non-fictional woman outdoors was raised for Wales's first black headteacher, Betty Campbell. In 2023, Patti Flynn (a contemporary of Shirley Bassey, both of Tiger Bay, Cardiff) became the first black Welsh woman to be awarded a purple plaque.{{cite news |date=24 March 2023 |title=Cardiff: Patti Flynn first black woman awarded purple plaque |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-65039113 |access-date=25 May 2023}}

In 2024, Vaughan Gething was elected First Minister of Wales becoming the first black head of government in Europe having previously served as Secretary for Finance.{{cite news |date=16 March 2024 |title=Who is Vaughan Gething, Wales' first minister? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-68336716 |access-date=24 November 2024 |work=BBC News }}

{{Main|Welsh national identity}}

The 2021 census showed that 55.2 per cent identified as "Welsh only" and 8.1 per cent identified as "Welsh and British", giving the combined proportion of 63.3 per cent for people identifying as Welsh.{{cite web |title=Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion in Wales (Census 2021) |url=https://gov.wales/ethnic-group-national-identity-language-and-religion-wales-census-2021-html |access-date=30 November 2022 |website=GOV.WALES |date=29 November 2022 }} The Welsh Annual Population Survey showed that the proportion of people who identified as Welsh versus another identity was 62.3 per cent in 2022, compared to 69.2 per cent in 2001.{{Cite web |title=National identity by year and identity |url=https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Equality-and-Diversity/National-Identity/nationalidentity-by-year-identity |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=statswales.gov.wales |archive-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815164250/https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Equality-and-Diversity/National-Identity/nationalidentity-by-year-identity |url-status=dead }} A 2022 YouGov poll found that 21 per cent considered themselves Welsh not British, 15 per cent more Welsh than British, 24 per cent equally Welsh and British, 7 per cent more British than Welsh, 20 per cent British and not Welsh, and 8 per cent other; a total of 67 per cent thus considered themselves Welsh to some degree.{{cite web |title=YouGov / The Sunday Times Survey Results |url=https://docs.cdn.yougov.com/7lxb647ksn/SundayTimes_StateOfTheUnion_220819%20%28Wales%29.pdf |website=YouGov}}

{{Main|Culture of Wales}}

Wales has a distinctive culture including its own language, customs, holidays and music. There are four UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Wales: The Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd; Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal; the Blaenavon Industrial Landscape; and The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales.{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage List |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/ |access-date=28 June 2022 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre }}

{{main|Welsh mythology}}

Remnants of native Celtic mythology of the pre-Christian Britons was passed down orally by the cynfeirdd (the early poets).{{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Christopher Allen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QI_-cR_nZYsC&pg=PA258 |title=The Britons |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-631-22260-6 |pages=258–261 |author-link=Christopher Snyder (historian) |access-date=26 November 2010}} Some of their work survives in later medieval Welsh manuscripts: the Black Book of Carmarthen and the Book of Aneirin (both 13th-century); the Book of Taliesin and the White Book of Rhydderch (both 14th-century); and the Red Book of Hergest (c. 1400). The prose stories from the White and Red Books are known as the Mabinogion.Davies (2008) p. 525 Poems such as Cad Goddeu (The Battle of the Trees) and mnemonic list-texts like the Welsh Triads and the Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain, also contain mythological material.{{Cite book |last=Ford |first=Patrick K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DeaGo-Qkf2kC&pg=PA183 |title=The Mabinogi and Other Medieval Welsh Tales |publisher=University of California Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-520-25396-4 |edition=2nd |location=Berkeley and Los Angeles |page=183 |access-date=26 November 2010}}; {{Cite book |last=Koch |first=John Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&pg=PA1324 |title=Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-85109-440-0 |location=Santa Barbara |pages=359 & 1324 |author-link=John T. Koch |access-date=26 November 2010}}; {{Cite book |last=White |first=Donna R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yDVykkOOP6QC&pg=PA123 |title=A century of Welsh myth in children's literature |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-313-30570-2 |location=Westport, CT |page=123 |access-date=26 November 2010}} These texts include the earliest forms of the Arthurian legend and the traditional history of post-Roman Britain. Other sources of Welsh folklore include the 9th-century Latin historical compilation Historia Britonum (the History of the Britons) and Geoffrey of Monmouth's 12th-century Latin chronicle {{Lang|la|Historia Regum Britanniae}} (the History of the Kings of Britain), and later folklore, such as The Welsh Fairy Book by W. Jenkyn Thomas.{{Cite book |last=Koch |first=John Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&pg=PA927 |title=Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-85109-440-0 |location=Santa Barbara |pages=925–927 |author-link=John T. Koch |access-date=26 November 2010}}; {{Cite book |last=Koch |first=John Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&pg=PA760 |title=Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-85109-440-0 |location=Santa Barbara |pages=759–760 |author-link=John T. Koch |access-date=26 November 2010}}

{{Main|Literature of Wales (Welsh language)|List of Welsh writers|Literature of Wales (English language)}}

File:Black Book of Carmarthen (f.4.r).jpg.]]

Wales has one of the oldest unbroken literary traditions in EuropeDavies (2008) p. 464 going back to the sixth century and including Geoffrey of Monmouth and Gerald of Wales, regarded as among the finest Latin authors of the Middle Ages. The earliest body of Welsh verse, by poets Taliesin and Aneirin, survive not in their original form, but in much-changed, medieval versions. Welsh poetry and native lore and learning survived through the era of the Poets of the Princes ({{circa|1100}}–1280) and then the Poets of the Gentry ({{circa|1350}}–1650). The former were professional poets who composed eulogies and elegies to their patrons while the latter favoured the cywydd metre.Davies (2008) pp. 688–689 The period produced one of Wales's greatest poets, Dafydd ap Gwilym.Davies (2008) p. 191 After the Anglicisation of the gentry the tradition declined.

Despite the extinction of the professional poet, the integration of the native elite into a wider cultural world did bring other literary benefits.Davies (2008) p. 465 Renaissance scholars such as William Salesbury and John Davies brought humanist ideals from English universities. In 1588 William Morgan became the first person to translate the Bible into Welsh. From the 16th century the proliferation of the 'free-metre' verse became the most important development in Welsh poetry, but from the middle of the 17th century a host of imported accentual metres from England became very popular. By the 19th century the creation of a Welsh epic, fuelled by the eisteddfod, became an obsession with Welsh-language writers.Davies (2008) p. 466 The output of this period was prolific in quantity but unequal in quality.{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=David |title=A Short History of Modern Wales |publisher=John Murray |year=1961 |location=London |page=121}} Initially excluded, religious denominations came to dominate the competitions, with bardic themes becoming scriptural and didactic.

Developments in 19th-century Welsh literature include Lady Charlotte Guest's translation into English of the Mabinogion, one of the most important medieval Welsh prose works of Celtic mythology. 1885 saw the publication of Rhys Lewis by Daniel Owen, credited as the first novel written in the Welsh language. The 20th century saw a move from the verbose Victorian Welsh style, with works such as Thomas Gwynn Jones's Ymadawiad Arthur. The First World War had a profound effect on Welsh literature with a more pessimistic style championed by T. H. Parry-Williams and R. Williams Parry. The industrialisation of south Wales saw a further shift with the likes of Rhydwen Williams who used the poetry and metre of a bygone rural Wales but in the context of an industrial landscape. The inter-war period is dominated by Saunders Lewis, for his political and reactionary views as much as his plays, poetry and criticism.

The careers of some 1930s writers continued after World War Two, including those of Gwyn Thomas, Vernon Watkins, and Dylan Thomas, whose most famous work Under Milk Wood was first broadcast in 1954. Thomas was one of the most notable and popular Welsh writers of the 20th century and one of the most innovative poets of his time.Davies (2008) p. 861 The attitude of the post-war generation of Welsh writers in English towards Wales differs from the previous generation, with greater sympathy for Welsh nationalism and the Welsh language. The change is linked to the nationalism of Saunders Lewis and the burning of the Bombing School on the Llŷn Peninsula in 1936.The Pocket Guide, p. 122. In poetry R. S. Thomas (1913–2000) was the most important figure throughout the second half of the 20th century. He "did not learn the Welsh language until he was 30 and wrote all his poems in English".Los Angeles Times, "Obituary", 27 September 2000 Major writers in the second half of the 20th century include Emyr Humphreys (1919–2020), who during his long writing career published over twenty novels,Emyr Humphreys: Conversations and Reflections, ed. M. Wynn Thomas. University of Wales Press: Cardiff, 2002, p. 8. and Raymond Williams (1921–1988).{{Cite web |last=Maurice Cowling |date=1 February 1990 |title=Raymond Williams in retrospect |url=https://newcriterion.com/issues/1990/2/raymond-williams-in-retrospect |access-date=3 May 2020 |publisher=New Criterion}}

File:National Library of Wales.jpg, Aberystwyth]]

Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales was founded by royal charter in 1907 as the National Museum of Wales. It operates at seven sites: National Museum Cardiff, St Fagans National History Museum, Big Pit National Coal Museum, National Wool Museum, National Slate Museum, National Roman Legion Museum, and the National Waterfront Museum. Entry to all sites is free.{{cite web|url=https://museum.wales/corporate/|title=About us|publisher=Museum Wales|access-date=6 April 2023}} The National Library of Wales, based in Aberystwyth, houses important collections of printed works, including the Sir John Williams Collection and the Shirburn Castle collection,Davies (2008) p. 594 as well as art collections including portraits and photographs, ephemera and Ordnance Survey maps.

{{Main|Welsh art}}

{{See also|Architecture of Wales}}

Works of Celtic art have been found in Wales.{{Cite web |title=Celtic Art in Iron Age Wales, NMOW |url=https://museum.wales/articles/2007-05-03/Celtic-Art-in-Iron-Age-Wales/ |access-date=9 May 2020 |publisher=Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales}} In the Early Medieval period, the Celtic Christianity of Wales was part of the Insular art of the British Isles. A number of illuminated manuscripts from Wales survive, including the 8th-century Hereford Gospels and Lichfield Gospels. The 11th-century Ricemarch Psalter (now in Dublin) is certainly Welsh, made in St David's, and shows a late Insular style with unusual Viking influence.{{Cite book |last1=Moody |first1=Theodore William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJSDj1dDvNUC&pg=PA540 |title=A New History of Ireland: Prehistoric and early Ireland |last2=Cróinín |first2=Dáibhí Ó. |last3=Martin |first3=Francis X. |last4=Byrne |first4=Francis John |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-821737-4 |location=London |page=540 |author-link=Theodore William Moody |author-link2=Dáibhí Ó Cróinín |author-link3=F. X. Martin |author-link4=Francis John Byrne |access-date=21 November 2010}}; {{Cite book |last=Walsh |first=Alexander |url=https://runeberg.org/irescan/0032.html |title=Scandinavian Relations with Ireland during the Viking Period |publisher=Talbot Press |year=1922 |isbn=978-1-152-77368-4 |location=Dublin |page=20 |access-date=21 November 2010}}

Some Welsh artists of the 16th–18th centuries tended to leave the country to work, moving to London or Italy. Richard Wilson (1714–1782) is arguably the first major British landscapist; although more notable for his Italian scenes, he painted several Welsh scenes on visits from London. By the late 18th century, the popularity of landscape art grew and clients were found in the larger Welsh towns, allowing more Welsh artists to stay in their homeland. Artists from outside Wales were also drawn to paint Welsh scenery, at first because of the Celtic Revival.{{Cite web |title=NMOW, Art in 18th Century Britain |url=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/2249/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125090402/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/2249/ |archive-date=25 January 2010 |access-date=22 June 2010 |publisher=Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales}}; {{Cite web |title=NMOW, Welsh Artists of the 18th Century |url=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/2261/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125090429/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/2261/ |archive-date=25 January 2010 |access-date=19 June 2010 |publisher=Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales}}

File:The Bard (1774).jpeg (1742–1803).]]

An Act of Parliament in 1857 provided for the establishment of a number of art schools throughout the United Kingdom, and the Cardiff School of Art opened in 1865. Graduates still very often had to leave Wales to work, but Betws-y-Coed became a popular centre for artists, and its artists' colony helped to form the Royal Cambrian Academy of Art in 1881.{{Cite web |title=Royal Cambrian Academy |url=http://www.rcaconwy.org/our_history-5.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523004755/http://www.rcaconwy.org/our_history-5.aspx |archive-date=23 May 2011 |access-date=19 June 2010 |publisher=Royal Cambrian Academy of Art}}; {{Cite news |date=27 October 2020 |title=Rare chance to see work by Betws-y-Coed artists' colony |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/northwestwales/hi/people_and_places/arts_and_culture/newsid_9131000/9131480.stm |access-date=9 May 2020}} The sculptor Sir William Goscombe John made works for Welsh commissions, although he had settled in London. Christopher Williams, whose subjects were mostly resolutely Welsh, was also based in London. Thomas E. Stephens{{Cite web |title=Charles Davenport Lockwood 1877–1949 |url=http://www.stamfordhistory.org/dav_lockwood.htm |access-date=30 September 2010 |publisher=stamfordhistory.org}} and Andrew Vicari had very successful careers as portraitists, based respectively in the United States and France.{{Cite news |date=16 November 2001 |title=I am the king of painters |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/nov/16/arts.highereducation |access-date=30 September 2010}}

Welsh painters gravitated towards the art capitals of Europe. Augustus John and his sister Gwen John lived mostly in London and Paris. However, the landscapists Sir Kyffin Williams and Peter Prendergast lived in Wales for most of their lives, while remaining in touch with the wider art world. Ceri Richards was very engaged in the Welsh art scene as a teacher in Cardiff and even after moving to London; he was a figurative painter in international styles including Surrealism. Various artists have moved to Wales, including Eric Gill, the London-Welshman David Jones, and the sculptor Jonah Jones. The Kardomah Gang was an intellectual circle in Swansea, centred on the poet Dylan Thomas and the poet and artist Vernon Watkins, which also included the painter Alfred Janes.{{Cite news |date=11 February 2006 |title=Dylan Thomas and the Kardomah set |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/dylan-thomas-and-the-kardomah-set-6109407.html |access-date=16 July 2020}}

South Wales had several notable potteries, one of the first important sites being the Ewenny Pottery in Bridgend, which began producing earthenware in the 17th century.Davies (2008) pp. 701–702 In the 18th and 19th centuries, with more scientific methods becoming available, more refined ceramics were produced: this was led by the Cambrian Pottery (1764–1870, also known as "Swansea pottery"), and later Nantgarw Pottery near Cardiff, which was in operation from 1813 to 1820 making fine porcelain, and then utilitarian pottery from 1833 until 1920. Portmeirion Pottery, founded in 1960 by Susan Williams-Ellis (daughter of Clough Williams-Ellis, creator of the Italianate village of Portmeirion, Gwynedd) is based in Stoke-on-Trent, England.{{Cite news |last=Cooper |first=Emmanuel |date=28 January 2008 |title=Obituary-Susan Williams-Ellis |work=The Guardian website |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2008/jan/28/2 |access-date=29 November 2010}}

{{Main|Welsh national identity|National symbols of Wales}}

File:Welsh Dragon (Y Ddraig Goch).svg, a popular symbol in Wales.]]

Wales is regarded as a modern Celtic nation which contributes to its national identity,{{cite web |title=Who were the Celts? |url=https://museum.wales/articles/1341/Who-were-the-Celts/ |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=Museum Wales }}{{cite book |last=Koch |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&q=celtic+nation |title=Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia |publisher=ABL-CIO |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-85109-440-0 |pages=xx, 300, 421, 495, 512, 583, 985 |access-date=24 November 2011}} with Welsh artists regularly appearing at Celtic festivals.{{cite web |title=Success for BBC Cymru Wales at Celtic Media Festival 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2022/success-for-bbc-wales-at-celtic-media-festival-2022/ |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=www.bbc.com }}; {{cite web |title=Explore Celtic culture in new S4C programme from Inter-Celtic Festival of Lorient {{!}} Arts Council of Wales |url=https://arts.wales/news-jobs-opportunities/explore-celtic-culture-new-s4c-programme-inter-celtic-festival-lorient |access-date=26 September 2022 |website=arts.wales }} The red dragon is the principal symbol of national identity and pride, personifying the fearlessness of the Welsh nation.{{cite web |date=3 July 2019 |title=National symbols of Wales |url=https://www.wales.com/about/culture/national-symbols-wales |access-date=6 September 2022 |website=Wales }} The dragon is first referenced in literature as a symbol of the people in the Historia Brittonum. Vortigern ({{Langx|cy|Gwrtheyrn}}), King of the Celtic Britons, is interrupted while attempting to build a fort at Dinas Emrys. He is told by Ambrosius{{Efn|"{{langx|la|Ambrosius vocor, id est, Embreis Guletic.|lit="I am called Ambrosius, that is Embreis Guletic"}}.{{Cite book |url=https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/histbrit.html |title=Historia Brittonum |location=42 |access-date=26 September 2022}} Embreis Guletic is probably Emrys Gwledig.}} to dig up two dragons beneath the castle. He discovers a red dragon representing the Celtic Britons, and a white dragon representing Anglo-Saxons. Ambrosius prophesies that the Celtic Britons will reclaim the island and push the Anglo-Saxons back to the sea.Historia Brittonum by Nennius (translated by J. A. Giles)

As an emblem, the red dragon of Wales has been used since the reign of Cadwaladr, King of Gwynedd from around 655 AD, and appears prominently on the national flag of Wales, which became an official flag in 1959.{{cite news |date=6 July 2019 |title=Wales history: Why is the red dragon on the Welsh flag? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-47389680 |access-date=6 September 2022}} The banner of Owain Glyndŵr is associated with Welsh nationhood; it was carried into battle by Welsh forces during Glyndŵr's battles against the English, and includes four lions on red and gold.{{Cite web |title=BBC Wales – History – Themes – Welsh flag: Banner of Owain Glyndwr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/flag_owainglyndwr.shtml |access-date=29 July 2022 |website=www.bbc.co.uk}} The standard is similar to the arms of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (Llywelyn the Last), the last Prince of Wales before the conquest of Wales by Edward I of England. The design may also be influenced by the arms of Glyndŵr's parents, both of whom had lions in their arms. Owain Glyndŵr Day is celebrated on 16 September in Wales and there have been calls to make it a national bank holiday.{{cite web |last=WalesOnline |date=15 September 2004 |title=Flying the flag to remember Glyndŵr |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/flying-flag-remember-glyndwr-2422875 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=WalesOnline }}{{cite news |title=Calls for 'Glyndwr Day' on anniversary |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/926973.stm |access-date=20 September 2022 |work=BBC News}}{{Cite web |title=Glyndŵr Day is worthy of a new national holiday |url=https://www.thenational.wales/news/19582497.glyndwr-day-worthy-new-national-holiday/ |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=The National Wales |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202155519/https://www.thenational.wales/news/19582497.glyndwr-day-worthy-new-national-holiday/ |url-status=dead }} The Prince of Wales's feathers is also used in Wales: it consists of three white feathers emerging from a gold coronet, and the German motto Ich dien (I serve). Several Welsh representative teams, including the Welsh rugby union, and Welsh regiments in the British Army, including the Royal Welsh, use the badge or a stylised version of it.{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Nino |date=25 November 2018 |title=The uncomfortable truth about the three feathers symbol embraced by Wales |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/uncomfortable-truth-three-feathers-symbol-15451660 |access-date=12 August 2022 |website=WalesOnline}}{{cite web|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30076214|title=Royal Welch Fusiliers badge|publisher=Imperial War Museum|access-date=4 April 2023}}{{efn|Wales is not separately represented on the Union Jack as, at the time of the flag's creation, Wales was considered part of England.{{cite web |last=Deacon |first=Thomas |date=12 September 2018 |title=Why Wales isn't represented on the Union Jack |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/wales-isnt-represented-union-jack-15138001 |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=WalesOnline}}}}

On 1 March, Welsh people celebrate Saint David's Day, commemorating the death of the country's patron saint in 589.{{cite book |last1=Bergsagel |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmpsCwAAQBAJ&dq=st+david+welsh+identity&pg=PA307 |title=Of Chronicles and Kings: National Saints and the Emergence of Nation States in the High Middle Ages |last2=Riis |first2=Thomas |last3=Hiley |first3=David |date=9 December 2015 |publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press |isbn=978-87-635-4260-9 |pages=307 }} It is not a recognised bank holiday although there have been calls to make it so.{{cite web |last=Mosalski |first=Ruth |date=15 February 2022 |title=10,000 want St David's Day to be a bank holiday but UK gov says no |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/st-davids-day-bank-holiday-23099964 |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=WalesOnline }}{{cite news |date=1 March 2006 |title=Poll backs St David's Day holiday |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/4760362.stm |access-date=22 February 2022}}{{cite web |title=Should patron saint's days be bank holidays? {{!}} YouGov |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2018/04/23/brits-support-patron-saints-days-bank-holidays-ind |access-date=23 February 2022 |website=yougov.co.uk }} The day is celebrated by schools and cultural societies across Wales, and customs include the wearing of a leek or a daffodil, which are two national emblems of Wales. Children also wear the national costume.{{cite web |title=St David's Day |url=https://museum.wales/articles/1183/St-Davids-Day/ |access-date=2 December 2022 |website=Museum Wales }} The origins of the leek can be traced to the 16th century, while the daffodil became popular in the 19th century, encouraged by David Lloyd George.Davies (2008) p. 189 This is attributed to confusion (or association) between the Welsh for leeks, {{lang|cy|cennin}}, and that for daffodils, {{lang|cy|cennin Pedr}} or St. Peter's leeks. A report in 1916 gave preference to the leek, which has appeared on British pound coins. Other Welsh festivals include Mabsant when parishes would celebrate the patron saint of their local church, although this is now rarely observed,{{Cite web |date=7 September 2007 |title=The forgotten festivals of Wales |url=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/1913/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122162419/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/1913/ |archive-date=22 January 2011 |access-date=3 October 2010 |website=Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales website |publisher=Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales}} and a more modern celebration, Dydd Santes Dwynwen (St Dwynwen's Day), observed on 25 January in a similar way to St Valentine's Day.{{Cite web |date=6 May 2007 |title=St. Dwynwen's Day-Diwrnod Santes Dwynwen January 25th |url=http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/Wales-History/StDwynwen.htm |access-date=29 November 2010 |website=Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales website |publisher=Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales}}

"{{lang|cy|Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau}}" ({{langx|en|Land of My Fathers}}) is the de facto, national anthem of Wales and is played at events such as football or rugby matches involving the Wales national team, as well as the opening of the Senedd and other official occasions.{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Welsh National Anthem: History: About Wales |url=http://www.visitwales.co.uk/about-wales-guide-to-wales-culture-people-and-language/welsh-history/welsh-national-anthem/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101202124/http://www.visitwales.co.uk/about-wales-guide-to-wales-culture-people-and-language/welsh-history/welsh-national-anthem/ |archive-date=1 January 2011 |access-date=21 October 2010 |website=Visit Wales website |publisher=Welsh Government}}; {{cite news |date=1 December 2008 |title=The anthem in more recent years |work=BBC Cymru Wales website |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/6586105.stm |access-date=21 October 2010}} "{{lang|cy|Cymru am byth}}" ("Wales forever") is a popular Welsh motto.{{Cite news |date=6 February 2015 |title=Cymru am byth! The meaning behind the Welsh motto |work=WalesOnline |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/fun-stuff/cymru-am-byth-meaning-behind-8592076 |access-date=22 March 2016}} Another Welsh motto "Y Ddraig Goch Ddyry Cychwyn" ("the red dragon inspires action") has been used on the Royal Badge of Wales when it was created in 1953.{{cite web |title=BBC – Wales – History – Themes – Welsh Flag: An official emblem |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/flag_officialemblem.shtml |access-date=6 September 2022 |website=www.bbc.co.uk}}

{{Main|Sport in Wales}}

File:Millennium Stadium (aerial view).jpg, Cardiff]]

More than 50 national governing bodies regulate and organise their sports in Wales.{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=NGB websites: About us: Sport Wales – Chwaraeon Cymru |url=http://www.sportwales.org.uk/about-us/how-we-can-help/working-in-partnership/national-governing-bodies-of-sport/ngb-websites.aspx?lang=en& |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310074525/http://www.sportwales.org.uk/about-us/how-we-can-help/working-in-partnership/national-governing-bodies-of-sport/ngb-websites.aspx?lang=en& |archive-date=10 March 2012 |access-date=29 November 2010 |website=Sport Wales website |publisher=Sport Wales}} Most of those involved in competitive sports select, organise and manage individuals or teams to represent their country at international events or fixtures against other countries. Wales is represented at major world sporting events such as the FIFA World Cup, Rugby World Cup, Rugby League World Cup and the Commonwealth Games. At the Olympic Games, Welsh athletes compete alongside those of Scotland, England and Northern Ireland as part of a Great Britain team. Wales has hosted several international sporting events.{{cite news |date=1 July 2015 |title=How Wales became a magnet for major sports events |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/33342995 |access-date=14 September 2015 |website=BBC Sport |publisher=BBC}} These include the 1958 Commonwealth Games,{{Cite web |title=1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games |url=http://www.thecgf.com/games/intro.asp?yr=1958 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414195235/http://thecgf.com/games/intro.asp?yr=1958 |archive-date=14 April 2017 |access-date=14 September 2015 |publisher=Commonwealth Games Federation}} the 1999 Rugby World Cup, the 2010 Ryder Cup and the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final.{{Cite web |date=3 June 2017 |title=Highlights: Juventus 1–4 Real Madrid |url=http://www.itv.com/champions-league/highlights-juventus-1-4-real-madrid |access-date=26 June 2017 |publisher=ITV plc}}

Although football has traditionally been the more popular sport in North Wales, rugby union is seen as a symbol of Welsh identity and an expression of national consciousness.Davies (2008) p. 782 The Wales national rugby union team takes part in the annual Six Nations Championship and has also competed in every Rugby World Cup, hosting the tournament in 1999. The five professional sides that replaced the traditional club sides in major competitions in 2003 were replaced in 2004 by the four regions: Cardiff Blues, Dragons, Ospreys and Scarlets.{{Cite news |date=3 April 2003 |title=Questions facing Wales' regional plans |work=BBC Sport website |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/welsh/2913753.stm |access-date=2 October 2010}}; {{Cite news |date=1 June 2004 |title=WRU axe falls on Warriors |work=BBC Sport website |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/welsh/3754959.stm |access-date=2 October 2010}} The Welsh regional teams play in the United Rugby Championship,{{Cite web |title=Pro14 Clubs |url=https://www.pro14.rugby/clubs |access-date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813115816/https://www.pro14.rugby/clubs |url-status=dead }} the Heineken Champions Cup if they qualify{{Cite web |title=Heineken Champions Cup |url=https://www.epcrugby.com/champions-cup/clubs/ |access-date=4 May 2020}} and the European Rugby Challenge Cup, again dependent on qualification.{{Cite news |last=Nick Verier |date=10 April 2014 |title=European Rugby Statement |publisher=The Rugby Paper |url=https://www.therugbypaper.co.uk/featured-post/15722/european-rugby-statement/ |access-date=4 May 2020}} Rugby league in Wales dates back to 1907. A professional Welsh League existed from 1908 to 1910.{{Cite book |last1=Lush |first1=Peter |title=Tries in the Valley: A History of Rugby League in Wales |last2=Farrar, Dave |publisher=London League Publications |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-9526064-3-7 |location=London |page=19}}

Wales has had its own football league, the Welsh Premier League, since 1992.{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Alun |title=A Brief History of the League |url=http://www.welshpremier.com/History.ink |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720112816/http://www.welshpremier.com/History.ink |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=23 November 2010 |publisher=Welsh Premier League}} For historical reasons, five Welsh clubs play in the English football league system: Cardiff City, Swansea City, Newport County, Wrexham, and Merthyr Town.{{Cite web |date=5 November 2010 |title=The Cardiff and Swansea Derby |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/waleshistory/2010/11/the_cardiff_and_swansea_derby.html |access-date=23 November 2010 |website=BBC Cymru Wales website |publisher=BBC}} The country has produced a considerable number of footballers who have played at international level.{{Cite web |date=13 October 2014 |title=Gareth Bale: Ryan Giggs says winger can be Wales' greatest |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/29607612 |access-date=14 September 2015 |website=BBC Sport |publisher=BBC}} At UEFA Euro 2016, the Wales national team achieved their best ever finish, reaching the semi-finals.{{Cite web |title=UEFA 2016 |url=https://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2017905_fr.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709115842/http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/euro/2016/2017905_fr.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2016 |access-date=30 April 2020}}

In international cricket, Wales and England field a single representative team, administered by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB), called the England cricket team, or simply 'England'.{{Cite web |title=What we do at the ECB |url=http://www.ecb.co.uk/ecb/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624020944/http://www.ecb.co.uk/ecb/ |archive-date=24 June 2014 |access-date=23 November 2010 |publisher=England and Wales Cricket Board}} Occasionally, a separate Wales team play limited-overs competitions. Glamorgan County Cricket Club is the only Welsh participant in the England and Wales County Championship.{{Cite web |title=History of Welsh county cricket |url=http://www.glamorgancricket.com/detail-item.php?int_id=54&str_page_name=13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328032604/http://www.glamorgancricket.com/detail-item.php?int_id=54&str_page_name=13 |archive-date=28 March 2009 |access-date=23 November 2010 |publisher=Glamorgan Cricket }} Wales has produced notable participants of individual sports including snooker,{{Cite web |title=Snooker |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/sport/community/pages/snooker.shtml |access-date=23 November 2010 |website=BBC Wales south east |publisher=BBC}} track and field,{{Cite news |year=2009 |title=Colin Jackson, Record breaking 110m hurdler |work=BBC Wales south east |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/halloffame/sport/colin_jackson.shtml |access-date=23 November 2010}}; {{Cite news |date=29 March 2010 |title=Paralympian Tanni Grey-Thompson becomes people's peer |work=BBC News website |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/wales/8593755.stm |access-date=23 November 2010}} cycling,{{Cite web |date=15 January 2013 |title=Nicole Cooke Retires |url=http://www.cardiffajaxcycling.co.uk/news/nicole-cooke-retire/ |access-date=16 February 2017 |publisher=Cardiff Ajax Cycling Club}}{{Cite web |date=29 July 2018 |title=Geraint Thomas seals maiden Tour de France title with Paris procession |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/jul/29/geraint-thomas-seals-tour-de-france-title-paris-team-sky-chris-froome |access-date=31 July 2018 |website=Guardian}} and boxing.{{Cite web |title=Joe Calzaghe, Wales's greatest ever boxer? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/halloffame/sport/joe_calzaghe.shtml |access-date=23 November 2010 |website=BBC Wales south east |publisher=BBC}}{{Cite news |last=Davies |first=Sean |date=25 March 2008 |title=Wales' boxing world champions |work=BBC Sport website |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/boxing/7313653.stm |access-date=23 November 2010}}

{{Main|Media in Wales}}

{{see also|List of newspapers in Wales|Radio in Wales|Television in Wales}}

File:Filming "Torchwood" in Cardiff (2).jpg and Torchwood, have been filmed in Wales.]]

Wales became the UK's first digital television nation in 2010.{{Cite web |last=Turner |first=Helen |date=1 April 2010 |title=Celebration for UK's first digital country |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2010/04/01/celebration-for-uk-s-first-digital-country-91466-26152342/ |access-date=25 November 2010 |website=WalesOnline website |publisher=Media Wales Ltd}} BBC Cymru Wales is the national broadcaster,{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=About BBC Cymru Wales |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/info/ |access-date=30 September 2010 |website=BBC website |publisher=BBC}} producing both television and radio programmes in Welsh and English.{{Cite web |title=About the BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/cymruwales/about |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=www.bbc.co.uk}} It has also produced programmes such as Life on Mars, Doctor Who and Torchwood for BBC's network audience across the United Kingdom.{{Cite web |date=18 March 2008 |title=Bafta TV award nominees announced |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/2008/03/18/bafta-tv-award-nominees-announced-91466-20639892/ |access-date=30 September 2010 |website=WalesOnline website |publisher=Media Wales Ltd}} ITV, the UK's main commercial broadcaster, has a Welsh-orientated service branded ITV Cymru Wales.{{Cite web |date=30 June 2014 |title=ITV begins broadcasting from new Wales HQ in Cardiff Bay |url=https://www.itv.com/news/wales/2014-06-30/itv-begins-broadcasting-from-new-wales-hq-in-cardiff-bay/ |access-date=15 May 2020 |website=ITV News}} S4C began broadcasting in 1982. Its output was mostly in Welsh at peak hours, but shared English-language content with Channel 4 at other times. Since the digital switchover the channel has broadcast exclusively in Welsh.{{Cite web |last1=ap Dyfrig |first1=Rhodri |last2=Jones |first2=George |year=2006 |title=The Welsh Language in the Media |url=http://www.aber.ac.uk/~merwww/images/MonograffCymraeg231006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611232439/http://www.aber.ac.uk/~merwww/images/MonograffCymraeg231006.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2011 |access-date=25 November 2010 |website=Mercator Institute for Media, Languages and Culture |publisher=Aberystwyth University |pages=13–14}} BBC Radio Cymru is the BBC's Welsh-language radio service, which broadcasts throughout Wales. A number of independent radio stations broadcast in the Welsh regions, predominantly in English. In 2006, several regional radio stations broadcast in Welsh: output ranged from two two-minute news bulletins each weekday (Radio Maldwyn) to over 14 hours of Welsh-language programmes weekly (Swansea Sound) to essentially bilingual stations such as Heart Cymru and Radio Ceredigion.{{cite web |last1=ap Dyfrig |first1=Rhodri |last2=Jones |first2=George |year=2006 |title=The Welsh Language in the Media |url=http://www.aber.ac.uk/~merwww/images/MonograffCymraeg231006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611232439/http://www.aber.ac.uk/~merwww/images/MonograffCymraeg231006.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2011 |access-date=25 November 2010 |website=Mercator Institute for Media, Languages and Culture |publisher=Aberystwyth University |pages=16–18}}

Most of the newspapers sold and read in Wales are national newspapers available throughout Britain. The Western Mail is Wales's only print national daily newspaper.{{cite news |date=28 August 2010 |title=Concern over newspapers' decline in Wales |work=BBC News website |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-11111396 |access-date=25 November 2010}} Wales-based regional daily newspapers include the Daily Post (which covers North Wales), the South Wales Evening Post (Swansea), the South Wales Echo (Cardiff), and the South Wales Argus (Newport). Y Cymro is a Welsh-language newspaper, published weekly.{{cite web |last1=ap Dyfrig |first1=Rhodri |last2=Jones |first2=George |year=2006 |title=The Welsh Language in the Media |url=http://www.aber.ac.uk/~merwww/images/MonograffCymraeg231006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611232439/http://www.aber.ac.uk/~merwww/images/MonograffCymraeg231006.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2011 |access-date=25 November 2010 |website=Mercator Institute for Media, Languages and Culture |publisher=Aberystwyth University |pages=22–23}} Wales on Sunday is the only Welsh Sunday newspaper that covers the whole of Wales.{{Cite web |last=Luft |first=Oliver |date=12 November 2010 |title=Wales on Sunday to unveil redesign this weekend |url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=46290 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616120311/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=46290 |archive-date=16 June 2011 |access-date=25 November 2010 |website=Press Gazette website |publisher=Press Gazette}} The Books Council of Wales is the Welsh-Government-funded body tasked with promoting Welsh literature in Welsh and English.{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Alun Ffred AC/AM |date=4 March 2010 |title=Remit letter for the Welsh Books Council 2010–11 |url=http://wales.gov.uk/docs/drah/publications/20100304welshbookscouncilremitlettereng.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222124627/http://wales.gov.uk/docs/drah/publications/20100304welshbookscouncilremitlettereng.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2011 |access-date=25 November 2010 |publisher=Welsh Government}} The BCW provides publishing grants for qualifying English- and Welsh-language publications.{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=What is the Welsh Books Council? |url=http://www.cllc.org.uk/hafan-home?diablo.lang=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703202341/http://www.cllc.org.uk/hafan-home?diablo.lang=eng |archive-date=3 July 2017 |access-date=25 November 2010 |website=Welsh Books Council website |publisher=Welsh Books Council}} Around 650 books are published each year, by some of the dozens of Welsh publishers.{{Cite web |last1=ap Dyfrig |first1=Rhodri |last2=Jones |first2=George |year=2006 |title=The Welsh Language in the Media |url=http://www.aber.ac.uk/~merwww/images/MonograffCymraeg231006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611232439/http://www.aber.ac.uk/~merwww/images/MonograffCymraeg231006.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2011 |access-date=25 November 2010 |website=Mercator Institute for Media, Languages and Culture |publisher=Aberystwyth University |page=34}}{{Cite web |date=22 November 2010 |title=Y Fasnach Lyfrau Ar-Lein – Welsh Book Trade Info |url=http://www.wbti.org.uk/directorydetails.html?id=10100 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001123042/http://www.wbti.org.uk/directorydetails.html?id=10100 |archive-date=1 October 2011 |access-date=25 November 2010 |website=Welsh Books Council website |publisher=Welsh Books Council}} Wales's main publishing houses include Gomer Press, Gwasg Carreg Gwalch, Honno, the University of Wales Press and Y Lolfa. Journals with a Welsh focus include Cambria (a Welsh affairs magazine published bi-monthly in English),{{Cite news |date=24 October 2005 |title=Phone fault hits Welsh magazine |work=BBC News website |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/4371472.stm |access-date=25 November 2010}} Planet, and Poetry Wales.{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=About |url=http://poetrywales.co.uk/wp/about/ |access-date=25 November 2010 |website=Poetry Wales website |publisher=Poetry Wales}}; {{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Planet: The International Magazine for Wales |url=http://www.planetmagazine.org.uk/html/newsite/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413110021/http://www.planetmagazine.org.uk/html/newsite/index.htm |archive-date=13 April 2010 |access-date=25 November 2010 |website=Poetry Wales website |publisher=Poetry Wales}} Welsh-language magazines include the current affairs titles Golwg ("View"), published weekly, and Barn ("Opinion"), published monthly. Y Wawr ("The Dawn") is published quarterly by Merched y Wawr, the national organisation for women. Y Traethodydd ("The Essayist"), a quarterly publication by the Presbyterian Church of Wales, first appeared in 1845 and is the oldest Welsh publication still in print.

{{Main|Welsh cuisine}}

File:Cawl Cymreig.jpg, a traditional meat and vegetable dish from Wales.|179x179px]]

Traditional Welsh dishes include laverbread (made from Porphyra umbilicalis, an edible seaweed), bara brith (fruit bread), cawl (a lamb stew), cawl cennin (leek soup), and Welsh cakes.{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=Cai |title=Top 10 foods to try in Wales |url=https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/top-10-foods-try-wales |access-date=8 August 2020 |website=BBC Good Food |publisher=BBC}} Cockles are sometimes served as a traditional breakfast with bacon and laverbread.{{Cite news |last=Turner |first=Robin |date=3 November 2004 |title=laverbread |work=WalesOnline website |publisher=Media Wales Ltd |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/tm_objectid=14828141&method=full&siteid=50082&headline=laverbread-name_page.html |access-date=27 November 2010}} Although Wales has its own traditional food and has absorbed much of the cuisine of England, Welsh diets now owe more to the countries of India, China and the United States. Chicken tikka masala is the country's favourite dish, while hamburgers and Chinese food outsell fish and chips as takeaways.Davies (2008) p.293

{{Main|Music of Wales|List of festivals in Wales}}

File:Sir Tom Jones at The Queen's Birthday Party (cropped-2).jpg]]

Wales, "the land of song", is notable for its solo artists, its male voice choirs and its harpists.{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=Wales: Cultural life: Music, literature and film |encyclopedia=Britannica |edition=Online}} The annual National Eisteddfod is the country's main performance festival. The Llangollen International Eisteddfod provides an opportunity for the singers and musicians of the world to perform. The Welsh Folk Song Society publishes collections of historical songs and tunes.{{Cite web |title=Welsh Folk Song Society |url=http://www.canugwerin.com/en/publications.php |access-date=22 January 2015 |publisher=canugwerin.com |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235049/http://www.canugwerin.com/en/publications.php |url-status=dead }} Traditional instruments of Wales include the telyn deires (triple harp), fiddle, crwth (bowed lyre) and the pibgorn (hornpipe).Davies (2008) pp. 179, 281, 353, 677 Male voice choirs emerged in the 19th century, formed as the tenor and bass sections of chapel choirs, and embraced the popular secular hymns of the day.Davies (2008), p. 532. Welsh congregations and choirs were known for singing in a rousing four-voice style, becoming characteristic of the country.{{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=Geraint H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sriBkaHhpREC&dq=wales+land+of+song&pg=PA209 |title=A Concise History of Wales |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-82367-8 |page=209 }} Many of the historic choirs survive in modern Wales, singing a mixture of traditional and popular songs.

The BBC National Orchestra of Wales performs in Wales and internationally. The Welsh National Opera is based at the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff Bay, while the National Youth Orchestra of Wales was the first of its type in the world.{{cite news |date=3 August 2010 |title=Music Preview: National Youth Orchestra of Wales |work=WalesOnline website |publisher=Media Wales Ltd |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/showbiz-and-lifestyle/music-in-wales/2010/08/03/music-preview-national-youth-orchestra-of-wales-91466-26982123/ |access-date=26 September 2010}} Wales has a tradition of producing notable singers in both the classical and pop arenas,{{cite web |title=Wales' finest: 15 of the best Welsh musicians |url=https://www.classicfm.com/discover-music/latest/gallery-wales/ |access-date=8 August 2020 |publisher=Classic FM |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803124013/https://www.classicfm.com/discover-music/latest/gallery-wales/ |url-status=dead }} as well as some popular bands.{{Cite web |last=Heatley |first=Michael |date=April 2017 |title=Badfinger: bad breaks, dumb luck and sheer tragedy |url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/badfinger-bad-breaks-dumb-luck-tragedy-peter-ham |access-date=8 August 2020 |publisher=Classic Rock Magazine}}{{Cite web |title=Manic Street Preachers |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/music/sites/manic-street-preachers/ |access-date=8 August 2020 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}{{Cite web |title=The best Welsh bands of all time |url=https://www.radiox.co.uk/features/x-lists/best-welsh-bands/ |access-date=8 August 2020 |publisher=Radio X}} The Welsh folk music scene has enjoyed a resurgence in the 21st century.{{cite news |last=Aaron |first=Martin |date=24 October 2013 |title=Ten of the best: A history of Welsh folk music tradition |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-24557218 |access-date=21 July 2020}}

{{see also|Cinema of Wales|List of Welsh television series}}

File:Catherine Zeta-Jones VF 2012 Shankbone 2.jpg, born in Swansea]]

The earliest surviving Welsh plays are two medieval miracle plays, Y Tri Brenin o Gwlen ("The three Kings from Cologne") and Y Dioddefaint a'r Atgyfodiad ("The Passion and the Resurrection").Davies (2008) p. 222 A recognised Welsh tradition of theatre emerged during the 18th century, in the form of an interlude, a metrical play performed at fairs and markets.Davies (2008) p. 223 Drama in the early 20th century thrived, but the country established neither a Welsh National Theatre nor a national ballet company. After the Second World War, the substantial number of amateur theatre companies reduced by two-thirds.Davies (2008) p. 224 Competition from television in the mid-20th century led to greater professionalism in the theatre. Plays by Emlyn Williams and Alun Owen and others were staged, while Welsh actors, including Richard Burton and Anthony Hopkins, were establishing international reputations.{{Cite news |title=Actor Sir Anthony Hopkins inspires students at old college |work=BBC News |date=5 October 2016 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-37563350 |access-date=4 November 2020}}{{Cite news |last=Price |first=Karen |date=22 January 2010 |title=Movers and shakers revitalising our arts – Cont. |work=WalesOnline website |publisher=Media Wales Ltd |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/showbiz/movers-shakers-revitalising-arts-1941085 |access-date=27 November 2010}} Wales has also produced some well-known comedians.{{Cite news |date=18 April 2012 |title=Why so funny? – The top 10 Welsh comedians |work=WalesOnline website |publisher=Media Wales Ltd |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/funny---top-10-welsh-2048196 |access-date=14 February 2016}}

{{see also|Welsh dance|Welsh stepdance}}

File:Traditional Welsh dance and dress, Senedd, St David's Day 2009 Gwisgoedd a dawnsio traddodiadol Gymreig, Senedd, Dydd Gŵyl Dewi 2009 (3678719264).jpg

Traditional dances include Welsh folk dancing and clog dancing. The first mention of dancing in Wales is in a 12th-century account by Giraldus Cambrensis, but by the 19th century traditional dance had all but died out due to religious opposition.Davies (2008) p. 192 In the 20th century a revival was led by Lois Blake (1890–1974). Clog dancing was preserved and developed by Hywel Wood (1882–1967) and others who perpetuated the art on local and national stages.Davies (2008) p. 193 The Welsh Folk Dance Society was founded in 1949. Contemporary dance grew out of Cardiff in the 1970s. The National Dance Company Wales, formed in 1983, is now resident at the Wales Millennium Centre.{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Mike |date=22 February 2013 |title=30th birthday celebrations for National Dance Company Wales |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/showbiz-and-lifestyle/showbiz/2013/02/22/30th-birthday-celebrations-for-national-dance-company-wales-91466-32856193/ |access-date=28 February 2013 |publisher=walesonline.co.uk}}

{{Portal|Wales}}

• List of movements in Wales
• Outline of Wales

{{Notelist}}

Citations

{{Reflist}}

Sources

• Census 2001, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090319202324/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/bicentenary/pdfs/wales.pdf 200 Years of the Census in ... Wales (2001)]
• {{Cite book|last=Davies|first=John|author-link=John Davies (historian)|title=A History of Wales| publisher=Penguin| year=1994| location=London|isbn = 978-0-14-014581-6}}
• {{cite book |editor1-first=John |editor1-last=Davies |editor2-first=Nigel |editor2-last=Jenkins |editor2-link=Nigel Jenkins |editor3-first=Menna |editor3-last=Baines|editor4-first=Peredur I. |editor4-last=Lynch|editor4-link=Peredur Lynch|title=The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales |year=2008 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff |isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6 }}
• {{Cite book |last=Johnes |first=Martin |url=https://www.uwp.co.uk/app/uploads/9781837721818_WEB.pdf |title=Welsh Not: Elementary Education and the Anglicisation of Nineteenth-Century Wales |publisher=University of Wales Press |year=2024 |isbn=9781837721818}}

{{Sister project links|Wales|s=Category:Wales|b=no|voy=Wales}}

• [https://senedd.wales/en/Pages/Home.aspx/ Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament]
• [https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/ BBC Wales]
• {{osmrelation|58437}}
• [http://www.visitwales.com/ VisitWales.com]. The official international guide to places to stay and things to do in Wales.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20071119123113/http://www.gtj.org.uk/ Gathering the Jewels – Welsh Heritage and Culture]
• [https://www.geograph.org.uk/browser/#!/country+%22Wales%22/display=plus/pagesize=100/sort=random/image=991 Photographs of Wales] on Geograph Britain and Ireland
• [https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal Further historical information and sources at GENUKI]

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Category:Regions of Europe with multiple official languages