Women's suffrage in states of the United States#New York

File:Headquarters_News_Letter_of_NAWSA,_July_15,_1915_'Eastern_Victory'.jpg']]

Emerging from the broader movement for women's rights, the demand for women's suffrage began to gather strength in the 1840s. The Seneca Falls Convention, the first women's rights convention, generated a national debate by endorsing women's suffrage in 1848. By the time of the National Women's Rights Convention of 1851, the right to vote had become a central demand of the movement.{{sfn|Buhle|Buhle|1978|p=90}}

The first national suffrage organizations were established in 1869 when two competing organizations were formed, each campaigning for suffrage at both the state and national levels. The National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA), led by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, was especially interested in national suffrage amendment. The American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA), led by Lucy Stone, tended to work more for suffrage at the state level.{{sfn|Scott|Scott|1982|pp=16–17}} They merged in 1890 as the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA).{{sfn|Scott|Scott|1982|p=22}}

Prospects for a national amendment looked dim at the turn of the century, and progress at the state level had slowed.{{sfn|Scott|Scott|1982|p=24}} In the 1910s, however, the drive for a national amendment was revitalized, and the movement achieved a series of successes at the state level. The newly formed National Woman's Party (NWP), a militant organization led by Alice Paul, focused almost exclusively on the national amendment. The larger NAWSA, under the leadership of Carrie Chapman Catt, also made the suffrage amendment its top priority.{{sfn|Scott|Scott|1982|pp=31–34}} In September 1918, President Wilson spoke before the Senate, asking for the suffrage amendment to be approved. The amendment was approved by Congress in 1919 and by the required number of states a year later.{{sfn|Scott|Scott|1982|pp=43, 45–46}}

File:National Woman Suffrage Publishing Co., Votes for Women a Success 1917 Cornell CUL PJM 1193 01.jpg

On the whole, western states and territories were more favorable to women's suffrage than eastern states. It has been suggested that western areas, faced with a shortage of women on the frontier, "sweetened the deal" in order to make themselves more attractive to women so as to encourage female immigration or that they gave the vote as a reward to those women already there. Susan B. Anthony said that western men were more chivalrous than their eastern brethren.{{sfn|Myres|1982|p=232}} In 1871 Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton toured several western states, with special attention to the territories of Wyoming and Utah where women already had equal suffrage. Their suffragist speeches were often ridiculed or denounced by the opinion makers: the politicians, ministers, and editors. Anthony returned to the West in 1877, 1895, and 1896. By the last trip, at age 76, Anthony's views had gained popularity and respect. Activists concentrated on the single issue of suffrage and went directly to the opinion makers to educate them and to persuade them to support the goal of suffrage.{{Cite journal|last=Beeton|first=Beverly|date=April 1982|title=Susan B. Anthony's Woman Suffrage Crusade in the American Wes|journal=Journal of the West|volume=21|issue=2|pages=5–15}}

By 1920 when women got the vote nationwide, Wyoming women had already been voting for half a century.

{{Main|Women's suffrage in Arizona|Timeline of women's suffrage in Arizona}}

File:Madge Udall in a 1913 woman suffrage parade.jpg

Arizona's early women's rights advocates were members of the WCTU.{{sfn|Osselaer|2009|p=8}} Both Josephine Brawley Hughes and Frances Willard toured the state to recruit members in the mid 1880s.{{sfn|Osselaer|2009|p=8}} The WCTU was successful at influencing the passage of several women's rights measures in the legislature.{{sfn|Osselaer|2009|p=10}} During the 1891 constitutional convention for Arizona, women's suffrage was nearly added to the new constitution, but failed by three votes.{{sfn|Anthony|1902|p=470}} After the convention, Hughes and Mrs. E. D. Garlick formed the Arizona Suffrage Association.{{Cite web|last=Cleere|first=Jan|date=14 March 2015|title=Western Women: Meet crusader Elizabeth Josephine Brawley Hughes|url=https://tucson.com/news/local/western-women-meet-crusader-elizabeth-josephine-brawley-hughes/article_fd20995b-3594-5e5e-9bf9-ef00c2c75aaf.html|access-date=2020-12-13|website=Arizona Daily Star}}{{sfn|Anthony|1902|p=470}} A bill to allow women to vote in school board elections passed in 1897.{{sfn|Osselaer|2009|p=15}} Women's suffrage bills went to the territorial legislature in 1899 and in 1901, but did not pass.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=10}}{{Cite journal|last=Hu|first=Joanna|title=Biographical Sketch of Lida P. Robinson|url=https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1009638294|journal=Biographical Database of NAWSA Suffragists, 1890–1920|via=Alexander Street}} After 1905, the women's suffrage movement stalled in Arizona for several years.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=11}}

As it looked likely for Arizona to become a state, NAWSA started to campaign in the territory in 1909, sending field worker, Laura Clay.{{sfn|Osselaer|2009|p=24}}{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=11}} Clay and Frances Munds lobbied the territorial legislature but women's suffrage bills failed despite their efforts.{{sfn|Osselaer|2009|p=24}} Laura Gregg came to Arizona in 1910 and organized suffrage groups and campaigned.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=12}} Gregg met with thousands of women and organized Mormon women in the state.{{sfn|Osselaer|2009|pp=32–33}} Activists formed the Arizona Equal Suffrage Association (AESA) with Munds as president, and launched a campaign to win the vote.{{sfn|Osselaer|2009|p=26}} During the constitutional convention of 1910, suffragists packed the gallery and Gregg brought a petition of 3,000 signatures in support of equal suffrage.{{sfn|Osselaer|2009|p=39}} Their efforts failed due to fears that if the Arizona Constitution contained women's suffrage, they would not be admitted as a state.{{sfn|Osselaer|2009|p=40}} When Arizona became a state in February 1912, suffragists went into action to get a women's suffrage referendum on the ballot.{{sfn|Osselaer|2009|pp=42–43}} Activists crossed the state and received enough signatures to get suffrage on the ballot.{{sfn|Osselaer|2009|pp=43–44}}{{sfn|De Haan|2004|p=381}} They translated suffrage materials into Spanish.{{sfn|Osselaer|2009|p=36}} Suffragists in the state reached out to progressive organizations for endorsements, winning the support of influential political and civic leaders, and getting help from NAWSA for speakers and funds.{{sfn|De Haan|2004|p=384}}{{sfn|Osselaer|2009|p=44}} AESA sent delegations to the Republican and Democratic state conventions to argue for their support.{{sfn|De Haan|2004|p=383}} The tactics worked and the men voted for woman suffrage in the general election held on 5 November 1912.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=14}}{{sfn|Osselaer|2009|p=49}}

Women first registered to vote in 1913 and participated in the state primary elections in 1914.{{sfn|Osselaer|2009|pp=52, 54}} Arizona ratified the Nineteenth Amendment on February 12, 1920.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=15}}{{Cite web|title=Arizona and the 19th Amendment|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/arizona-and-the-19th-amendment.htm|access-date=2020-12-15|website=U.S. National Park Service}} Native Americans in Arizona were excluded from voting due to their citizenship status.{{sfn|Ferguson-Bohnee|2016|pp=1103-1104}} In 1924, the Indian Citizenship Act made all Native Americans United States citizens.{{sfn|Ferguson-Bohnee|2016|pp=1103–1104}} However, there was disagreement about whether Native Americans in Arizona could now vote.{{sfn|Ferguson-Bohnee|2016|pp=1105, 1107}} In 1928, the Arizona Supreme Court ruled that Native Americans living on reservations could not vote.{{sfn|Ferguson-Bohnee|2016|p=1108}} In 1948, the court reversed that decision.{{sfn|Ferguson-Bohnee|2016|p=1111}} Nevertheless, literacy tests continued to block Native Americans from voting.{{sfn|Ferguson-Bohnee|2016|p=1112}} The Voting Rights Act of 1965 helped enfranchise more Native Americans.{{sfn|Ferguson-Bohnee|2016|p=1112}}

{{Main|Women's suffrage in California|Timeline of women's suffrage in California}}

California's voters granted women's suffrage in 1911, when they adopted Proposition 4. Hundreds of women and men were involved in the California suffrage campaign. Clara Elizabeth Chan Lee was the first Chinese American woman voter in the United States.{{Cite web|last=Alexandra|first=Rae|date=26 August 2020|title=The First Chinese-American Woman to Vote in the US Fought For Immigrants|url=https://www.kqed.org/arts/13884082/the-first-chinese-american-woman-to-vote-in-the-us-fought-for-immigrants|access-date=2021-01-18|website=KQED}} She registered to vote on November 8, 1911 in California.

{{Main|Women's suffrage in Colorado|Timeline of women's suffrage in Colorado}}

The former territorial governor, John Evans, promoted women's suffrage in the territorial legislature in 1868.{{sfn|Brown|1898|p=5}} Women's suffrage was proposed again in the legislature by Governor Edward M. McCook in 1870.{{sfn|Brown|1898|p=5}} A women's suffrage group, the Territorial Woman Suffrage Society was formed in 1876 and went on to address the state constitutional convention.{{sfn|Brown|1898|p=8}} While women did not get equal suffrage from the new constitution, they were granted the right to vote in school board elections.{{Cite web|others=Adapted from Carl Abbott, Stephen J. Leonard, and Thomas J. Noel in Colorado: A History of the Centennial State (2013) University Press of Colorado|title=Women's Suffrage Movement|url=https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/womens-suffrage-movement|website=Colorado Encyclopedia|date=May 6, 2016}} A full suffrage referendum was passed and would be voted on October 2, 1877.{{Cite web|date=7 November 2019|title=The Road to the Vote|url=https://www.historycolorado.org/story/womens-history/2019/11/07/road-vote|access-date=2021-02-15|website=History Colorado}}{{sfn|Beaton|2012|p=55}} Despite the efforts of suffragists from around the country, the referendum was defeated.{{sfn|Beaton|2012|p=55}} Activists continued to fight for equal suffrage, forming new groups,{{sfn|Thompson|1999|pp=54–55}} lobbying the legislature,{{sfn|Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|1901|p=162}} writing about suffrage,{{Cite web|last=Duncan|first=Elizabeth|title=Caroline Nichols Churchill|url=https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/caroline-nichols-churchill|access-date=11 February 2021|website=Colorado Encyclopedia|date=April 9, 2020}} and urging women to exercise their right to vote in school elections.{{Cite journal|last1=Frost|first1=Jennifer|last2=Chomic|first2=Leslie|last3=Goldstein|first3=Marcia|last4=Hunt|first4=Rebecca|last5=Voehringer|first5=Heidi|date=2002|title=Document 9: Caroline Nichols Churchill, 'Women at School Elections', The Colorado Antelope, (March 1881)|url=https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1000674489|journal=Women and Social Movements|volume=2|page=28|via=Alexander Street}}

The Colorado General Assembly passed another referendum for 1893.{{sfn|Brown|1898|p=18}} Suffrage groups in the state started out with only $25 to fund their campaigns.{{sfn|Moore|2020|p=10}} NAWSA sent funds and organizers to Colorado.{{sfn|Moore|2020|p=10}}{{Cite web|last=Rounsville|first=Sarah|title=The Non-Partisan Equal Suffrage Association of Colorado|url=https://www.intermountainhistories.org/items/show/253?tour=25&index=2|access-date=2021-02-10|website=Intermountain Histories}}{{sfn|Anthony|1902|p=514}} Journalist, Minnie Reynolds convinced around 75% of newspapers in the state to support the suffrage effort.{{sfn|Anthony|1902|p=515}} When the referendum passed on November 7, 1893, it made Colorado second state to give women suffrage and the first state where the men voted to give women the right to vote.see facsimile at {{Cite book|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=awh_llmisc&fileName=awh/awh0001/awh0001page.db&recNum=0&itemLink=S?ammem/awhbib:@FIELD(SUBJ+@od1(+women+suffrage++colorado+))|title=An act to submit to the qualified electors of the State the question of extending the right of suffrage to women of lawful age, and otherwise qualified, according to the provisions of Article 7, Section 2, of the constitution of Colorado|date=April 7, 1893|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=2007-12-09}} After women gained equal suffrage, they ran for office and supported reform efforts in the state.{{sfn|Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|1901|p=165}}{{sfn|Beaton|2012|p=104}} Activists from Colorado continued to support women's suffrage efforts in other states and some, like Caroline Spencer, joined the Congressional Union.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=60}}{{Cite web|title=Caroline Spencer, MD|url=https://www.cogreatwomen.org/project/caroline-spencer-md/|access-date=2021-02-17|website=Colorado Women's Hall of Fame}} Colorado ratified the 19th Amendment on December 15, 1919.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=66}} Native American women who lived on reservations, however, were unable to vote in Colorado until 1970.{{Cite web|date=16 August 2020|title=What does Equal Suffrage mean?|url=https://www.historycolorado.org/story/2020/08/16/what-does-equal-suffrage-mean|access-date=2021-02-20|website=History Colorado}}

Idaho approved a constitutional amendment in 1896 with a statewide vote giving women the right to vote. Idaho was one of the first states to allow the amendment.

{{Main|Women's suffrage in Montana|Timeline of women's suffrage in Montana}}

Montana's men voted to end the discrimination against women in 1914, and together they proceeded to elect the first woman to the United States Congress in 1916, Jeannette Rankin.

{{Main|Women's suffrage in Nevada|Timeline of women's suffrage in Nevada}}

{{Main|Women's suffrage in New Mexico|Timeline of women's suffrage in New Mexico}}

New Mexico allowed women to vote in school board elections when the state constitution was written and after it became a state.{{Cite web|title=State-by-State Race to Ratification of the 19th Amendment – Women's History|url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/womenshistory/womens-suffrage-timeline.htm|access-date=2020-09-03|website=U.S. National Park Service}} After this, suffragists in New Mexico continued to fight for a federal suffrage amendment.{{Cite web|last=Strykowski|first=Jason|date=22 May 2020|title='Sphere of Usefulness': New Mexico and women's suffrage|url=https://www.santafenewmexican.com/pasatiempo/sphere-of-usefulness-new-mexico-and-womens-suffrage/article_d3a8babc-6f97-11ea-ab2a-23fc6a5b19dc.html|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Santa Fe New Mexican}}

One after another, western states granted the right of voting to their women citizens, the only opposition being presented by the liquor interests and the machine politicians. In Oregon, Abigail Scott Duniway (1834–1915) was the long-time leader, supporting the cause through speeches and her weekly newspaper The New Northwest, (1871–1887).Ruth Barnes Moynihan, Rebel for Rights: Abigail Scott Duniway (1983) Suffrage was won in 1912 by activists who used the new initiative processes.

{{Main|Women's suffrage in Utah|Timeline of women's suffrage in Utah}}

The prevalence of Mormonism in Utah made the fight for women's suffrage there unique. In 1869 the Utah Territory, controlled by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), gave women the right to vote.{{sfn|Gordon|1996|p=825}} Seraph Young, the niece of Brigham Young, was the first woman to vote under a women's equal suffrage law in the United States, due to a municipal election held on February 14, 1869 (Wyoming had recognized women's right to vote earlier that year, but had not yet held an election).{{Cite web|last=Bickmore White|first=Jean|title=Women's Suffrage in Utah|url=http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/statehood_and_the_progressive_era/womenssuffrageinutah.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223221305/http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/statehood_and_the_progressive_era/womenssuffrageinutah.html|archive-date=23 February 2017|access-date=17 January 2021|website=Utah History to Go}} However, in 1887, Congress disenfranchised Utah women with the Edmunds–Tucker Act, which was designed to weaken the Mormons politically and punish them for polygamy.{{sfn|Gordon|1996|p=847}} At the same time, however, certain activists, particularly Presbyterians and other Protestants convinced that Mormonism was a non-Christian cult that grossly mistreated women, promoted women's suffrage in Utah as an experiment, and as a way to eliminate polygamy.{{sfn|Gordon|1996|pp=815–816}} The LDS Church officially ended its endorsement of polygamy in 1890 and in 1895 Utah adopted a constitution restoring the right of woman suffrage. Congress admitted Utah as a state with that constitution in 1896.{{sfn|Beeton|1978|p=120}}

In 1854, Washington became one of the first territories to attempt granting voting rights to women; the legislative measure was defeated by only one vote. In 1871, the Washington Women's Suffrage Association was formed, largely attributable to a crusade through Washington and Oregon led by Susan B. Anthony and Abigail Scott Duniway. The late nineteenth century saw a seesaw of bills passed by the Territorial Legislature and subsequently overturned by the Territorial Supreme Court, as the competing interests of the suffrage movement and the liquor industry (which was being damaged by the women's vote) battled over the issue. The first successful bill passed in 1883 (overturned in 1887), the next in 1888 (overturned the same year). The women's suffrage movement next hoped to secure the right to vote via voter referendum, first in 1889 (the same year Washington achieved statehood), and again in 1898, but both referendum bids were unsuccessful. A constitutional amendment finally granted women the right to vote in 1910.[http://www.sos.wa.gov/elections/timeline/suffrage.htm The History of Voting and Elections in Washington State]{{cite web |url=http://theautry.org/explore/exhibits/suffrage/suffrage_wa.html |title=WOW Museum: Western Women's Suffrage – Washington |website=theautry.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130044101/http://theautry.org/explore/exhibits/suffrage/suffrage_wa.html |archive-date=2010-01-30}}[http://www.washingtonwomenshistory.org/themes/suffrage/default.aspx Washington State History Society > Women's History Consortium]

{{main|Women's suffrage in Wyoming}}

On December 10, 1869, Territorial Governor John Allen Campbell signed an act of the Wyoming Territorial Legislature granting women the right to vote, the first U.S. state or territory to grant suffrage to women.see facsimile at {{Cite book

|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/displayPhoto.pl?path=/pnp/ppmsca/03000/&topImages=03000r.jpg&topLinks=03000v.jpg,03000u.tif&title=An%20Act%20to%20Grant%20to%20the%20Women%20of%20Wyoming%20Territory%20the%20Right%20of%20Suffrage%20and%20to%20Hold%20Office&displayProfile=0&dir=ammem&itemLink=r?ammem/awhbib:@field(DOCID+@lit(03000))

|title=An Act to Grant to the Women of Wyoming Territory the Right of Suffrage and to Hold Office

|date=December 10, 1869

|access-date=2007-12-09

|publisher=Library of Congress}} On September 6, 1870, Louisa Ann Swain of Laramie, Wyoming became the first woman to cast a vote in a general election.{{cite book |title= Women vote in the West: the Woman Suffrage Movement, 1869–1896 |first= Beverly |last=Beeton |publisher= Garland Science |location= New York |year= 1986 |isbn= 978-0-8240-8251-2 |page= 11}}{{cite book |title= Women and museums: a comprehensive guide |first= Victor J. |last= Danilov |publisher= AltaMira Press|location=Lanham, MD|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7591-0854-7|page=68|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4AWmyJvZwkwC&pg=PA68}} In 1890, Wyoming, with a Republican governor and Democratic legislature, insisted it would not accept statehood without keeping women's suffrage. When the U.S. Congress demanded Wyoming rescind the right of women to vote as a condition of statehood, the Wyoming legislature fired back in a telegram: "We will remain out of the Union one hundred years rather than come in without the women." Congress gave in, and thus, in becoming the 44th state, Wyoming became the first U.S. state in which women could vote.{{Cite web | url=https://www.history.com/news/the-state-where-women-voted-long-before-the-19th-amendment | title=The State Where Women Voted Long Before the 19th Amendment| date=February 26, 2021}}

File:Votes_for_Women_automobile_tour_through_Litchfield_County,_Connecticut_in_August_1911.jpg in August 1911]]

The women's suffrage movement in Connecticut was pioneered by Frances Ellen Burr, a lecturer and writer who led a petition drive for suffrage in the 1860s. She had been part of the women's movement for some time, having attended the National Women's Rights Convention in Cleveland in 1853. Through her efforts, a women's suffrage bill was introduced into the state House of Representatives in 1867. It was defeated by a vote of 111 to 93.Nichols, Carole, "Votes and More for Women: Suffrage and After in Connecticut", [https://books.google.com/books?id=GbYS_dnukX8C&pg=PA5 pp. 5–6], co-published by the Institute for Research in History and the Haworth Press (New York), 1983. Also published as an article in Women & History, No. 5, Spring 1983.

The Connecticut Woman Suffrage Association (CWSA) was formed at the state's first women's suffrage convention at the Robert's Opera House in Hartford on October 28–29, 1869. The convention was organized by a group that included Burr, Isabella Beecher Hooker, Catharine Beecher, and Harriet Beecher Stowe. The meeting was addressed by a number of activists, including Henry Ward Beecher, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Julia Ward Howe and William Lloyd Garrison.[https://ctstatelibrary.org/RG101.html "RG 101, Connecticut Woman Suffrage Association, Inventory of Records"], Connecticut State Library The convention, with its heavy involvement by the influential Beecher family, did not receive the hostile reception that similar conventions had received in other places. The local press reported on the convention in a respectful way, and Stanton, Howe and Anthony were entertained by the governor and his wife at the governor's mansion.Stanton, Anthony, Gage, Harper (1881–1922), History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. 3, [https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu03stanuoft#page/321/mode/2up pp. 321–323]. Chapter XXXII, "Connecticut", pp. 316–338 of this book is an early account of the history of women's suffrage in that state.

At the time of the convention, the national women's movement was in the process of splitting. One wing, associated with Stanton and Anthony, had formed the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA). The other, associated with Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe, had formed the New England Woman Suffrage Association (NEWSA) and would soon form the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). Isabella Beecher Hooker invited both parties to the Hartford convention and tried to heal the breach between them, but was unsuccessful.White, Barbara A (2008), The Beecher Sisters, [https://books.google.com/books?id=C9hQ-IW5JG4C&pg=PA148 p. 148]. Yale University Press. {{ISBN|0-300-09927-4}}. The Beecher family generally opposed Anthony's and Stanton's NWSA (Isabella's brother, Henry Ward Beecher, was the first president of the more moderate AWSAStanton, Anthony, Gage, Harper (1881–1922), History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. 2, [https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu02stanuoft#page/764/mode/2up p. 764]). Isabella, however, was friendly with Anthony and Stanton and served as NWSA's vice president for Connecticut.Gordon, Ann D., ed. (2003). The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony: National Protection for National Citizens, 1873 to 1880, [https://books.google.com/books?id=U3diaaiUZjQC&pg=PA2 p. 2]. Vol. 3 of 6. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. {{ISBN|0-8135-2319-2}}.

Isabella Beecher Hooker was the leading force in the CWSA and led the suffrage movement in that state for the rest of the century.[https://connecticuthistory.org/19th-amendment-the-fight-over-woman-suffrage-in-connecticut/ "19th Amendment: The Fight Over Woman Suffrage in Connecticut"], published by connecticuthistory.org, a project of Connecticut Humanities. The New England Woman Suffrage Association organized affiliated state suffrage societies in most New England states except for Connecticut.DuBois, Ellen Carol (1978). Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an Independent Women's Movement in America, 1848–1869, p. 180. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. {{ISBN|0-8014-8641-6}}. The CWSA recorded a membership of 288 in 1871.

In the 1870s, sisters Julia and Abby Smith, sometimes known as the "Maids of Glastonbury," engaged in a "no taxation without representation" protest. They refused to pay their local taxes because women were not allowed to vote on tax issues. The town seized their property to pay the taxes.Stanton, Anthony, Gage, Harper (1881–1922), Vol. 3, [https://archive.org/stream/historyofwomansu03stanuoft#page/328/mode/2up pp. 328–330].

The movement won a few victories during this period. Married women won the right to control their own property in 1877. Women won the right to vote for school officials in 1893 and on library issues in 1909. The slow pace of progress was discouraging, however, and by 1906, the CWSA was down to 50 members.Jenkins, Jessica D. [https://ctexplored.org/the-long-road-to-womens-suffrage-in-connecticut/ "The Long and Bumpy Road to Women's Suffrage in Connecticut"], Connecticut History, Spring 2016, Vol. 14, No. 2.

In 1909, at time of a nationwide upsurge in the women's suffrage movement, Katharine Houghton Hepburn (mother of Academy Award winning actress Katharine Hepburn) co-founded the Hartford Equal Suffrage League. In 1910, that organization merged with the CWSA, and Hepburn became its president.[http://www.brynmawr.edu/hepburn/about_1899.shtml "Katharine Houghton Hepburn, Class of 1899"], the Katharine Houghton Hepburn Center at Bryn Mawr College Imbued with new energy, the CWSA sponsored a month-long automobile tour in 1911 that established a number of new local chapters. In 1914, it was the main organizer of the state's first suffrage parade, with 2000 participants. By 1917, the organization had 32,000 members.

With Hepburn's support, a branch of a suffrage organization called the Congressional Union was formed in Connecticut in 1915. By 1917, it had become the state branch of the National Woman's Party (NWP), a rival to the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) with which the CWSA was affiliated. Adopting the militant tactics of the NWP, fourteen Connecticut suffragists were arrested between 1917 and 1919 in Washington, D.C. for picketing the White House. Distressed by the NAWSA's reluctance to condemn the harsh treatment of the protesters, Hepburn resigned her post as president of the CWSA in 1917 and joined the NWP, soon becoming a member of its national executive committee. She did not resign her CWSA membership, however, and continued to attend its board meetings.Nichols, [https://books.google.com/books?id=GbYS_dnukX8C&pg=PA18 pp. 18–19]

Such cooperation across rival organizational lines was not uncommon in the Connecticut women's movement. In many other states and at the national level, by contrast, the NWP and the much larger NAWSA tended to be bitter and uncooperative rivals. A representative statement of Connecticut approach was expressed Ruth McIntire Dadourian, the CWSA executive secretary, who said, "I felt that the Woman's Party was really the spearhead and then we could follow through. The more outrageous they were, the better off we were."Quoted in Nichols, [https://books.google.com/books?id=GbYS_dnukX8C&pg=PA20 p. 20]

Controlled by conservative Henry Roraback's Republican Party machine, Connecticut resisted the rapidly increasing pressure across the country to support the proposed Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which would prohibit the denial of the right to vote on the basis of sex. The state legislature, which finally met in a special session called specifically to consider the amendment, ratified it in September 1920, a month after it had already become the law of the land because a sufficient number of other states had ratified it. Its work done, the CWSA dissolved in 1921.

{{Main|Women's suffrage in Maine|Timeline of women's suffrage in Maine}}

File:Votes for Women - Maine Next 1917 Stamp.jpg

Women's suffrage work started in the mid 1850s in Maine. Several prominent suffragists spoke in Maine during that time period and in 1857 a women's rights lecture series was established in Ellsworth.{{sfn|Risk|2009|p=39}}{{Cite news|last1=Day|first1=Lucy H.|last2=Bates|first2=Helen N.|last3=Anthoine|first3=Sara P.|date=2018|title=Historical Sketch of the Maine Woman Suffrage Association|work=League of Women Voters Mrs Wing's Scrapbook|url=https://digitalmaine.com/lwvme/101/|access-date=24 December 2020}} The Ellsworth lecture series was started by Ann F. Jarvis Greely, her sister Sarah Jarvis, and Charlotte Hill.{{Cite web|title=Connecting Ellsworth and the Nation|url=https://mainestatemuseum.org/exhibit/suffrage/the-maine-story/connecting-ellsworth-nation/|access-date=2020-12-17|website=Maine State Museum}} The lectures later led to activism, with women in Maine creating women's suffrage petitions which were sent to the state legislature.{{sfn|Risk|2009|p=47}}{{Cite web|title=Charlotte Hill: Assurance and Radicalism|url=https://mainestatemuseum.org/exhibit/suffrage/the-maine-story/charlotte-hill-assurance-radicalism/|access-date=2020-12-23|website=Maine State Museum}} By the late 1860s the Snow sisters, Lavina, Lucy, and Elvira in Rockland started a women's suffrage club.{{Cite web|last=O'Brien|first=Andy|date=3 January 2019|title=When Maine Suffragists Fought for Their Right to Vote|url=https://freepressonline.com/Content/Features/Andy-O-Brien-Historical-Articles/Article/When-Maine-Suffragists-Fought-for-Their-Right-to-Vote/52/796/62560|access-date=2020-12-23|website=The Free Press}} During the 1870s, Margaret W. Campbell traveled throughout Maine and spoke on women's suffrage.{{Cite web|last=O'Brien|first=Andy|date=10 January 2019|title=Maine Women Continue the Fight for Voting Rights & Fair Treatment|url=https://freepressonline.com/Content/Features/Andy-O-Brien-Historical-Articles/Article/Maine-Women-Continue-the-Fight-for-Voting-Rights-Fair-Treatment-/52/796/62638|access-date=2020-12-29|website=The Free Press|archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111071046/https://freepressonline.com/Content/Features/Andy-O-Brien-Historical-Articles/Article/Maine-Women-Continue-the-Fight-for-Voting-Rights-Fair-Treatment-/52/796/62638|url-status=dead}} The writer, John Neal, called for the creation of a women's suffrage organization and a convention.{{sfn|Risk|2009|pp=71–72}} A convention was held in Augusta in 1873 which featured prominent suffragists and oversaw the creation of the Maine Women's Suffrage Association (MWSA).{{sfn|Risk|2009|p=88}}{{Cite journal|last=Keith|first=Angela M.|title=Biographical Sketch of Adelaide Emerson|url=https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1010113722|journal=Biographical Database of NAWSA Suffragists, 1890–1920|via=Alexander Street}}{{sfn|Anthony|1902|p=689}} During the later half of the 1870s, many Maine suffragists were involved in the WCTU.{{sfn|Risk|2009|pp=65–66, 81–82, 94}} Cordelia A. Quinby continued suffrage work during the slow period that lasted until around 1885.{{sfn|Risk|2009|pp=93, 98}}

During a convention that was jointly held by the New England Woman Suffrage Association (NEWSA) the MWSA was revived and a Unitarian pastor, Henry Blanchard, became the next president.{{sfn|Risk|2009|p=96}}{{sfn|Anthony|1902|p=689}} Petitions on women's suffrage to the state lawmakers resumed.{{sfn|Risk|2009|pp=96–97}} In 1887, the state legislature considered a women's suffrage amendment, but it did not receive enough votes to pass.{{sfn|Anthony|1902|p=691}} Several other women's suffrage bills were considered over the next few years, but were unsuccessful.{{sfn|Risk|2009|p=99}}{{sfn|Anthony|1902|p=691}} In 1891 Hannah Johnston Bailey, who was active in the WCTU, became president of the MWSA.{{sfn|Anthony|1902|p=689}}{{sfn|Craig|1995|pp=7–8}} In the next few years, the MWSA and the WCTU campaigned for women's suffrage and sent petitions to the state legislature.{{sfn|Risk|2009|pp=101–102}}{{sfn|Anthony|1902|p=691}} While activists were unsuccessful in getting women's suffrage passed, they did secure women's rights legislation.{{sfn|Risk|2009|p=152}}

During the next few decades, MWSA continued to steadily work towards women's suffrage and allied the group with NAWSA.{{sfn|Risk|2009|p=162}} Groups such as the Maine Federation of Labor publicly endorsed women's suffrage in Maine in 1906.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=237}} The Socialist Party also came out in favor of women's right to vote and MWSA president, Helen N. Bates publicly thanked them for their stance in 1912.{{Cite web|last=O'Brien|first=Andy|date=17 January 2019|title=They Petitioned, They Protested, They Went to Jail & They Won|url=https://freepressonline.com/Content/Features/Andy-O-Brien-Historical-Articles/Article/They-Petitioned-They-Protested-They-Went-to-Jail-They-Won/52/796/62729|access-date=2020-12-25|website=The Free Press}} In 1913, the Maine chapter of the College Equal Suffrage League was formed and the next year, the Men's Equal Rights League of Maine was organized.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=237}}{{Cite web|last=Burnham|first=Emily|date=2020-08-17|title=Maine was an early battleground in the struggle to secure women's right to vote|url=https://bangordailynews.com/2020/08/17/news/maine-was-an-early-battleground-in-the-struggle-to-secure-womens-right-to-vote/|access-date=2020-12-25|website=Bangor Daily News}} In 1915, Florence Brooks Whitehouse brought the Congressional Union to Maine.

By 1916, suffragists in Maine felt that it was time to heavily campaign for a women's suffrage amendment.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=238}} They held a suffrage school in January 1917 in preparation for the campaign.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=238}} When the bill went to the state legislature, there were more than 1,000 women watching the proceedings. The bill passed and would go to a referendum in September 1917.{{Cite web|title=Referendum at Home, War Abroad|url=https://mainestatemuseum.org/exhibit/suffrage/the-maine-story/referendum/|access-date=2020-12-26|website=Maine State Museum}} Campaign headquarters were set up in Bangor. Suffragist, Deborah Knox Livingston, traveled more than 200,000 miles throughout the state campaigning.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=242}} More than 500 suffrage meetings took place during the last three months of the campaign.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=242}} Despite all the hard work, the voters were against women's suffrage and the amendment failed.{{Cite web|last=Pols|first=Mary|date=29 January 2019|title=A Leader From The Past|url=http://www.mainewomenmagazine.com/a-leader-from-the-past/|access-date=2020-12-25|website=Maine Women Magazine}}

In February 1919, a women's suffrage law to vote for presidential electors passed the state and would go out for a voter referendum on September 13, 1920.{{sfn|Harper|1922|pp=245, 246}} In November of 1919, a special legislative session was called and Maine ratified the Nineteenth Amendment on November 5.{{Cite web|title=Maine and the 19th Amendment|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/maine-and-the-19th-amendment.htm|access-date=2020-12-21|website=U.S. National Park Service}}

{{Main|Women's suffrage in New Jersey|Timeline of women's suffrage in New Jersey}}

New Jersey, on confederation of the United States following the Revolutionary War, placed only one restriction on the general suffrage{{snd}}the possession of at least £50 (about ${{formatnum:{{#expr:({{Inflation|UK|50|1784|r=0}}*1.5496) round -2}}}} adjusted for inflation) in cash or property.{{Cite book|url=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/nj15.htm|title=Constitution of New Jersey, 1776|publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School|access-date=2007-12-09|archive-date=2006-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061129130238/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/nj15.htm|url-status=dead}}[http://www.scc.rutgers.edu/njwomenshistory/notablefacts.htm New Jersey Women's History], Rutgers. Retrieved 22 September 2008. In 1790, the law was revised to include women specifically, and in 1797 the election laws referred to a voter as "he or she".Source, Laws of New Jersey, 1797, "An Act to regulate the election of members of the legislative council and general assembly, sheriffs and coroners, in this State". Courtesy – Special Collections/University Archives, Rutgers University Libraries [https://web.archive.org/web/20080321061202/http://www.scc.rutgers.edu/njwomenshistory/period_2/voting.htm facsimile here] Female voters became so objectionable to professional politicians, that in 1807 the law was revised to exclude them. Later, when New Jersey rewrote its constitution, the 1844 constitution limited a guaranteed right to vote to men. By 1947, all state constitutional provisions that barred women from voting had been rendered ineffective by the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920. The updated constitution of 1947, reflecting this, once again included women as eligible voters{{snd}}as they had been in New Jersey in 1776.

File:Rose-Sanderson-Votes-for-Women.jpeg

Suffragists, knowing that women's suffrage could not succeed without support, put their hope in the Equal Rights Association and pushed for a campaign for universal suffrage. From April until November 1867, women furiously campaigned, distributing thousands of pamphlets and speaking in numerous locations for the cause. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton focused their attentions on New York, while Stone and Blackwell headed to Kansas, where the November election would be taking place.Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, & Anthony, Susan B., & Gage, Matilda Joslyn, History of Women's Suffrage II, Ayer Company Publishers Inc. (1985), 230–232 {{ISBN?}}

During the New York Constitutional Convention, held on June 4, 1867, Horace Greeley, the chairman of the committee on Suffrage and an ardent supporter of women's suffrage over the previous 20 years, betrayed the women's movement and submitted a report in favor of removal of property qualification for free black men, but against women's suffrage. New York legislators supported the report by a vote of 125 to 19.Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, & Anthony, Susan B., The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, Rutgers University Press (2000) 106 {{ISBN?}}

Harriot Stanton Blatch, the daughter of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, focused on New York where she succeeded in mobilizing many working-class women, even as she continued to collaborate with prominent society women. She could organize militant street protests while still working expertly in backroom politics to neutralize the opposition of Sharp Hall politicians who feared the women would vote for prohibition.{{sfn|DuBois|1987|p=36}} New York finally joined the procession in 1917 after Tammany Hall ended its opposition.

{{Main|Women's suffrage in Pennsylvania|Timeline of women's suffrage in Pennsylvania}}

Pennsylvania was a center of women's rights activism and home to many notable activists, including Lucretia Mott and the Grimke Sisters (Sarah Moore Grimke and Angelina Emily Grimke). In 1854, the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society held one of the nation's early women's rights conventions. In 1969, Philadelphia was home to the state's first organized gathering of suffragists.

On October 10, 1871, Carrie S. Burnham tried to vote in a local election.{{Cite web|title=Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia {{!}} Caroline Burnham Kilgore, c. 1883|url=https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/woman-suffrage/caroline-burnham-kilgore-u-penn-archives/|access-date=2020-08-23|website=philadelphiaencyclopedia.org}} When polling officials rejected her ballot, she took her case to court. It rose to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, but was unsuccessful. She argued before the court that she had the right to vote on the grounds that she met the legal definition of a "freeman" and a citizen of the United States; her argument was published in a pamphlet{{Cite web|title=Woman suffrage : the argument of Carrie S. Burnham before Chief Justice Reed, and Associate Justices Agnew, Sharswood and Mercur, of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, in banc, on the third and fourth of April, 1873 ; with an appendix containing the opinion of Hon. George Sharswood and a complete history of the case ; also, a compilation of the laws of Pennsylvania touching the rights of women.|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/04033078/|access-date=2020-08-23|website=Library of Congress}} that same year.

Amending the state constitution to include woman suffrage required a resolution to pass through two sessions of the state legislature and then ratification by the state's voters in the next election.{{Cite web|title=Pennsylvania and the 19th Amendment (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/pennsylvania-women-s-history.htm|access-date=2020-08-23|website=www.nps.gov}} Groups began lobbying for an amendment in 1911, and it passed the legislature in 1913. The state's first suffrage march was held in Perry Square in Erie in 1913, organized by Augusta Fleming and Helen Semple.{{Cite web|title=Women's Suffrage 100 {{!}} PA.GOV|url=https://womenvote.dced.pa.gov/|access-date=2020-08-23|website=womenvote.dced.pa.gov}} It was followed by others throughout the state, including a protest and march in Rittenhouse Square in Philadelphia in 1914.

In 1915, as the measure for state-level woman suffrage was on the ballot in state elections, Katharine Wentworth Ruschenberger and the Pennsylvania Woman Suffrage Association funded the creation of the Justice Bell, a replica of the Liberty Bell whose clapper was secured so that it could not ring out until women won the right to vote. Jennie Bradley Roessing, president of the Pennsylvania Woman Suffrage Association, and Vice President Hannah J. Patterson, drove the Justice Bell to campaign events in all 67 of the state's counties,{{cite journal|title='Rung it Never can be Until All Women are Free': Katharine Wentworth Ruschenberger and the Justice Bell|journal=Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies|date=2020|volume=87|issue=4|page=601|doi=10.5325/pennhistory.87.4.0591|last1=Rofini|s2cid=226524008}} but the referendum was defeated in 1915.

Pennsylvania's women did not get the right to vote until passage of the federal amendment, which was ratified by the Pennsylvania legislature on June 24, 1919, making Pennsylvania the 7th state to ratify it.

{{Main|Women's suffrage in Rhode Island|Timeline of women's suffrage in Rhode Island}}

Norwegian American women, based in the rural upper Midwest, felt that the progressive politics of Norway, which included women's rights, provided a strong foundation for their demands for political equality and inclusion in the U.S. They told their kinswomen they had a cultural duty to promote women's rights, especially through the Scandinavian Woman's Suffrage Association.Anna Peterson, "Making Women's Suffrage Support an Ethnic Duty: Norwegian American Identity Constructions and the Women's Suffrage Movement, 1880–1925," Journal of American Ethnic History, Summer 2011, Vol. 30 Issue 4, pp. 5–23

{{Main|Women's suffrage in Illinois|Timeline of women's suffrage in Illinois}}

File:Illinois ballot for women, 1912.jpg

An early Illinois women's suffrage organization was created by Susan Hoxie Richardson in 1855 in Earlville, Illinois.{{sfn|Sorenson|2004|p=6}} Women in Illinois helped the war effort during the Civil War.{{sfn|Sorenson|2004|p=6}} Through her war work, Mary Livermore became convinced that women needed to vote so that they could enact political reform.{{sfn|Sorenson|2004|p=6}} Livermore organized the first suffrage convention in the state, holding it in Chicago in 1869.{{Cite news|date=1869-02-11|title=Two Opposing Conventions in Conclave this Morning|page=4|work=Chicago Evening Post|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/61868883/chicago-evening-post/|access-date=2020-10-26|via=Newspapers.com}} In the 1870s, suffragists advocated for changing laws to allow women to vote.{{sfn|Sorenson|2004|p=7}} During the 1880s and 1890s there was more organizing and efforts to introduce women's suffrage in the state legislature.{{Cite web|last=Sorensen|first=Mark W.|date=2020-08-19|title=Women's Suffrage in Decatur, Illinois|url=https://suffrage2020illinois.org/2020/08/19/womens-suffrage-in-decatur-illinois/|access-date=2020-10-26|website=Suffrage 2020 Illinois}}{{Cite web|date=2019-05-15|title=Timeline|url=https://suffrage2020illinois.org/resources/timeline/|access-date=2020-10-27|website=Suffrage 2020 Illinois}}{{sfn|Anthony|1902|p=600}} In 1891, a school suffrage bill passed.{{sfn|Anthony|1902|p=600}} That same year, Ellen A. Martin exploited a loophole in the city charter of Lombard, Illinois which allowed her and other women to legally cast ballots.{{sfn|Sorenson|2004|p=8}}{{Cite news|date=1891-04-11|title=The Ladies of Lombard|page=3|work=The Inter Ocean|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50736918/ellen-a-martin-among-women-voting-in/|access-date=2020-10-27|via=Newspapers.com}}

In the 1900s, Illinois suffragists continued to educate, raise awareness, and conduct outreach throughout the state.{{sfn|Harper|1922|pp=145, 146–147}} By the 1910s, women had gained a large amount of political savvy and developed political networks.{{Cite web|last=Lisenmeier|first=Joan|date=2020-08-10|title=Municipal Charter Reform in Chicago: Civic Duty, Women's Role, and Women's Suffrage|url=https://suffrage2020illinois.org/2020/08/10/municipal-charter-reform-in-chicago-civic-duty-womens-role-and-womens-suffrage/|access-date=2020-10-30|website=Suffrage 2020 Illinois}} Grace Wilbur Trout, a leader in the movement organized car rallies and other publicity-raising events.{{Cite web|last1=Eliott|first1=John|last2=Porucznik|first2=Mary Ann|date=September 2020|title=Grace Wilbur Trout|url=https://oprfmuseum.org/people/grace-wilbur-trout|access-date=2020-10-28|website=Oak Park River Forest Museum}}{{sfn|Sorenson|2004|p=9}} She made sure that a local organization was started in every Senate district in the state.{{Cite web|date=2019-05-29|title=Illinois Women Gain the Vote in 1913|url=https://suffrage2020illinois.org/2019/05/29/illinois-women-gain-the-vote-in-1913/|access-date=2020-10-30|website=Suffrage 2020 Illinois}}

The first Black suffrage organization in the state, the Alpha Suffrage Club was founded in 1913.{{Cite web|last1=Cebrzynski|first1=Annie|last2=Osborne|first2=Lori|date=2020-07-06|title=The 1913 Suffrage Parade in Washington D.C. – An Illinois Perspective|url=https://suffrage2020illinois.org/2020/07/06/the-1913-suffrage-parade-in-washington-d-c-an-illinois-perspective/|access-date=2020-10-28|website=Suffrage 2020 Illinois}} Trout, other Illinois suffragists, and Ida B. Wells from the Alpha Suffrage Club, went to the Woman Suffrage Procession in March.{{sfn|Trout|1920|p=153}}{{Cite web|last1=Ansah|first1=Ama|last2=Angel|first2=Morgan|date=16 August 2018|title=Votes for Women means Votes for Black Women|url=https://www.womenshistory.org/articles/votes-women-means-votes-black-women|access-date=2020-10-28|website=National Women's History Museum}} While some suffragists tried to keep Wells from marching with the other suffragists, Wells refused and managed to march in the parade as an integrated unit.{{Cite web|last1=Cebrzynski|first1=Annie|last2=Osborne|first2=Lori|date=2020-07-06|title=The 1913 Suffrage Parade in Washington D.C. – An Illinois Perspective|url=https://suffrage2020illinois.org/2020/07/06/the-1913-suffrage-parade-in-washington-d-c-an-illinois-perspective/|access-date=2020-10-28|website=Suffrage 2020 Illinois}}

In May 1913, a women's suffrage bill was introduced and passed the state Senate.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=153}} After passing the State Senate, the bill was brought up for a vote in the House on June 11, 1913.{{sfn|Sorenson|2004|p=9}} Watching the door to the House chambers, Trout urged members in favor not to leave before the vote, while also trying to prevent "anti" lobbyists from illegally being allowed onto the House floor.{{sfn|Sorenson|2004|p=9}} The bill passed with six votes to spare, 83 to 58.{{sfn|Sorenson|2004|p=9}}{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=156}} On June 26, 1913, Illinois Governor Edward F. Dunne signed the bill.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=157}}

Women in Illinois could now vote for presidential electors and for all local offices not specifically named in the Illinois Constitution.{{sfn|Sorenson|2004|p=9}} But by virtue of this law, Illinois had become the first state east of the Mississippi River to grant women the right to vote for president.{{sfn|Sorenson|2004|p=9}} It was important to show anti-suffragists that women really did want to vote.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=159}} Women's clubs, including the Alpha Suffrage Club, worked together to get women to vote.{{Cite web|last=Madden|first=Rachel|date=2020-02-02|title='For the future benefit of my whole race': Ida B. Wells and the Alpha Suffrage Club|url=https://suffrage2020illinois.org/2020/02/02/for-the-future-benefit-of-my-whole-race-ida-b-wells-and-the-alpha-suffrage-club/|access-date=2020-10-29|website=Suffrage 2020 Illinois}} More than 200,000 women were registered to vote in Chicago alone.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=159}}{{sfn|Trout|1920|p=168}}

When the Nineteenth Amendment was going out to the states for ratification, some states wanted to become the first to ratify.{{Cite web|title=Suffrage 2020 Illinois|url=https://suffrage2020illinois.org/|access-date=2020-10-27|website=Suffrage 2020 Illinois}} On June 10, 1919, Illinois became the first state to the East of the Mississippi to ratify the amendment. It was the seventh state to ratify.{{Cite web|title=Illinois and the 19th Amendment|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/illinois-and-the-19th-amendment.htm|access-date=2021-01-03|website=U.S. National Park Service}}

{{Main|Women's suffrage in Iowa|Timeline of women's suffrage in Iowa}}

File:"Mass Meeting!" poster for women's suffrage meeting in Wakeeney, Kansas June 1894.jpg

In March 1867, the Kansas legislature decided to include two suffrage referendums in that year's November election. If approved by the voters, one would enfranchise African Americans and the other would enfranchise women. The proposal for the referendum on women's suffrage, the first in the U.S., originated with state senator Sam Wood, leader of a rebel faction of the state Republican Party. Wood had moved to Kansas to oppose the extension of slavery into that state.{{sfn|Wood|1892|p=23}}

The American Equal Rights Association (AERA) actively supported both referendums. The AERA, which advocated suffrage for both women and blacks, had been formed in 1866 by abolitionists and women's rights activists. Lucy Stone and her husband Henry Blackwell launched the AERA campaign in Kansas. In April they assisted with the formation of a state organization called the Impartial Suffrage Association, which was led by Charles L. Robinson, a former governor who was Stone's brother's brother-in-law, and Sam Wood.{{sfn|Dudden|2011|pp=109–110}} Olympia Brown arrived in Kansas on July 1 to relieve Stone and Blackwell as leader of the AERA campaign, handling that task almost single-handedly until Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton arrived in September. The AERA could not afford to send more activists because money that had expected to support their campaign had been blocked by Wendell Phillips, a leading abolitionist. Although he supported women's rights, Phillips believed that suffrage for African American men was the key issue of the day, and he objected to mixing the issues of suffrage for blacks and women.{{sfn|Dudden|2011|p=115}}

The AERA had hoped for assistance from the Kansas Republican Party. The Republicans instead decided to support suffrage for black men only and formed an "Anti Female Suffrage Committee" to oppose those who were campaigning for women's suffrage.{{sfn|DuBois|1999|pp=89–90}}{{sfn|Dudden|2011|pp=113, 127}} By the end of summer the AERA campaign had almost collapsed under the weight of Republican hostility, and its finances were exhausted.{{sfn|DuBois|1999|p=92}}

Anthony and Stanton created a storm of controversy by accepting help during the last two and a half weeks of the campaign from George Francis Train, a Democrat, a wealthy businessman and a flamboyant speaker who supported women's rights. Train, however, also openly disparaged the integrity and intelligence of African Americans, supporting women's suffrage partly in the belief that the votes of women would help contain the political power of blacks.{{sfn|DuBois|1999|pp=93–94}} The usual procedure was for Anthony to speak first, declaring that the ability to vote rightfully belonged to both women and blacks. Train would speak next, declaring that it would be an outrage for blacks to vote but not women also.{{sfn|Harper|1899|p=292}} The willingness of Anthony and Stanton to work with Train alienated many AERA members. This was due partly to Train's attitude toward blacks and partly to his harsh attacks on the Republican Party: he made no secret of his desire to blemish its progressive image and create splits within it. Many reformers were loyal to the national Republican Party, which had provided political leadership for the elimination of slavery and was still in the difficult process of consolidating that victory.{{sfn|DuBois|1999|p=100}}

Suffrage for women was defeated in the November election by 19,857 votes to 9,070; suffrage for blacks was defeated 19,421 to 10,483.{{sfn|Dudden|2011|p=130}} The tension created by the failed AERA campaign in Kansas contributed to the growing split in the women's suffrage movement.{{sfn|DuBois|1999|pp=80–81}}

In 1887, suffrage for women was secured for municipal elections. That year, in Argonia, Susanna Salter became the first woman mayor elected in the United States.{{Cite web|title=Susanna Madora Salter|url=https://emilytaylorcenter.ku.edu/pioneer-woman/salter|access-date=2020-08-18|website=Emily Taylor Center for Women and Gender Equality|date=May 22, 2013|archive-date=2017-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023175931/http://emilytaylorcenter.ku.edu/pioneer-woman/salter|url-status=dead}}

A referendum for full suffrage was defeated in 1894, despite the rural syndication of the pro-suffragist The Farmer's Wife newspaper and a better-concerted, but fractured campaign. A third referendum campaign in 1911–1912 gained even greater support, with supporters delivering 100 petitions with 25,000 signatures to Topeka. The fact that Kansas had already banned saloons since 1880 had severely weakened the anti-suffrage opposition by eliminating their traditional voter base of saloon patrons. The 1911–1912 pro-suffrage proposers also conducted a less-perceivably-antagonistic campaign among male voters. The pro-suffrage side finally secured a women's suffrage amendment, and Kansas became the eighth state to allow for full suffrage for women.{{cite web|title=Kansas: Third Time is a Charm|url=http://theautry.org/explore/exhibits/suffrage/suffrage_ks.html|publisher=WOW Museum}} Suffrage was passed in Kansas largely spurred by a speech, the first Kansas state resolution endorsing woman's suffrage, made by Judge Granville Pearl Aikman at a Republican state convention.{{cite news|last=Larsen|first=Belinda|date=January 28, 2014|title=All-woman jury made history in Butler County|work=The Butler County Times-Gazette|url=http://www.butlercountytimesgazette.com/article/20140128/NEWS/140129329|url-status=live|access-date=January 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130015337/http://www.butlercountytimesgazette.com/article/20140128/NEWS/140129329|archive-date=January 30, 2018}} Aikman would go on to appoint the nation's first female bailiff{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=R.H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRxdGwAACAAJ|title=Biographical Sketches of El Dorado Citizens|publisher=Thompson Brothers|year=1930|pages=59–61}} and empanel Kansas' first (the nation's second after San Francisco) all-female jury.{{cite news|date=December 22, 1912|title=First Jury of Women in Kansas|page=53|work=St. Louis Post-Dispatch}}

{{Main|Women's suffrage in Missouri|Timeline of women's suffrage in Missouri}}

File:The Golden Lane, suffragists in St. Louis, June 14, 1916.jpg

Suffragists in Missouri can trace their roots to the Ladies Union Aid Society of St. Louis (LUAS).{{sfn|Van Es|2014|p=24}} Members of this group went on to form the Woman Suffrage Association of Missouri (WSAM) in 1867.{{Cite web|title=Woman Suffrage Association of Missouri Formed|url=https://dynamic.stlouis-mo.gov/history/eventdetail.cfm?Master_ID=480|access-date=2020-09-21|website=St. Louis Historic Preservation}}{{Cite news|date=1867-06-15|title=Female Suffrage Movement Organized for Missouri|page=2|work=Lancaster Excelsior|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/59897014/lancaster-excelsior/|access-date=2020-09-24|via=Newspapers.com}} The group began a petition campaign which was favorably received by members of the Missouri General Assembly, but was eventually unsuccessful.{{Cite news|date=1869-02-07|title=St. Louis, Feb. 5.|page=4|work=The St. Joseph Gazette|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/59898347/the-st-joseph-gazette/|access-date=2020-09-24|via=Newspapers.com}}{{sfn|Morris|1930|pp=68–69}} In 1869, the first state women's suffrage convention was held.{{Cite web|title=Virginia Minor|url=https://historicmissourians.shsmo.org/historicmissourians/name/m/minor/|access-date=2020-09-21|website=Historic Missourians – The State Historical Society of Missouri}}{{Cite news|date=1869-10-08|title=Woman Suffrage|page=2|work=The Missouri Republican|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/59899258/the-missouri-republican/|access-date=2020-09-24|via=Newspapers.com}} Virginia Minor discussed the idea that the Fourteenth Amendment provided women the right to vote.{{Cite web|last=Anderson|first=Caiti|date=2016-04-22|title=Minor v. Happersett: The Supreme Court and Women's Suffrage|url=http://electls.blogs.wm.edu/2016/04/22/minor-v-happersett-the-supreme-court-and-womens-suffrage/|access-date=2020-09-21|website=State of Elections}}{{Cite web|title=Virginia Minor and Women's Right to Vote – Gateway Arch National Park (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/the-virginia-minor-case.htm|access-date=2020-09-21|website=NPS}} In the early 1870s many women inspired by Minor, both Black and white, performed civil disobedience by attempting to vote.{{sfn|Tetrault|2014|p=59}} Minor was denied the right to vote and appealed her case all the way to the Supreme Court of the United States where it was heard as Minor v. Happersett. The court ruled that citizens are not guaranteed the right to vote and ended any hope that suffragists had for getting women's suffrage through judicial measures.

In 1910, the Equal Suffrage League (ESL) was formed with Florence Wyman Richardson as president.{{sfn|Atkinson|1920|pp=300, 301}} Three other state clubs merged to form the Missouri Equal Suffrage Association (MESA).{{sfn|Atkinson|1920|p=302}} During the Woman Suffrage Procession, Missouri was well represented and had an all-female marching band that calmed the rowdy crowd.{{sfn|Van Es|2014|p=28}}{{Cite web|date=2010-11-16|title=Alma Nash & Her Band|url=https://missouriwomen.org/2010/11/16/alma-nash-her-maryville-ladies-marching-band/|access-date=2020-09-21|website=Missouri Women}} During the rest of 1913 and 1914, suffragists held conventions and parade.{{sfn|Atkinson|1920|p=304}}{{Cite journal|last=Shea|first=Neil|date=2017|title=Biographical Sketch of Victoria Clay Haley|url=https://search.alexanderstreet.com/view/work/bibliographic_entity%7Cbibliographic_details%7C3593128|journal=Biographical Database of Black Women Suffragists|via=Alexander Street}}{{sfn|Ingels|1920|p=382}} During the 1916 Democratic National Convention, suffragists held a "walkless, talkless parade."{{Cite web|last=Cooperman|first=Jeannette|date=2020-04-28|title=St. Louis suffragists played a key role in advocating for the 19th Amendment 100 years ago|url=https://www.stlmag.com/api/content/8bbfef86-7a73-11ea-8af9-1244d5f7c7c6/|access-date=2020-09-21|website=St. Louis Magazine}}{{Cite web|title=Missouri and the 19th Amendment|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/missouri-and-the-19th-amendment.htm|access-date=2020-09-21|website=U.S. National Park Service}}{{sfn|Van Es|2014|p=30}} In 1919, women earned the right to vote for presidential electors.{{Cite web|title=Missouri Women: Suffrage to Statecraft|url=https://tam.missouri.edu/MHCTC/exhibit_suffrage.html|access-date=2020-09-22|website=University of Missouri}}{{sfn|Ames|1920|p=342}} The Nineteenth Amendment was ratified by Missouri on July 2, 1919.{{sfn|Gellhorn|1920|p=354}} The League of Women Voters of Missouri was formed in October 1919.{{Cite web|date=2012-04-14|title=History of the Missouri LWV|url=https://lwvmissouri.org/history-of-the-missouri-lwv/|access-date=2020-09-24}}

{{Main|Women's suffrage in North Dakota|Timeline of women's suffrage in North Dakota}}When North Dakota and South Dakota were the same territory, they shared the same history.{{sfn|Anthony|1902|p=544}} Before their entrance as states, the territories granted women the right to vote in school elections in 1897, with further addendums in 1883.{{sfn|Anthony|1902|p=543}}{{Cite web|last=Handy-Marchello|first=Barbara|date=5 August 2020|title=The road to women's voting rights in North Dakota|url=https://www.willistonherald.com/news/education/the-road-to-women-s-voting-rights-in-north-dakota/article_a17a9e54-d746-11ea-a8dc-b7c398b7fc2f.html|access-date=2021-04-11|website=Williston Herald}}{{sfn|Carpenter|McEvers|2020|p=482}}

{{Main|Women's suffrage in Ohio|Timeline of women's suffrage in Ohio}}

File:Women from Woman's Suffrage Association of Montgomery County and Dayton in 1912.jpg

Ohio women's suffrage work was kicked off by the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention.{{Cite web|title=First Women's Rights Movement|url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/First_Women%27s_Rights_Movement|access-date=2020-09-06|website=Ohio History Central}} Elizabeth Bisbee from Columbus was inspired by the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments to start a women's suffrage newspaper that year. The first Ohio Women's Rights Convention took place in Salem, Ohio in April 1850 and was presided over by Betsy Mix Cowles.{{Cite web|title=Ohio and the 19th Amendment|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/ohio-and-the-19th-amendment.htm|access-date=2020-09-04|website=U.S. National Park Service}}{{Cite web|title=Women's Suffrage|url=https://massillonmuseum.org/442|access-date=2020-09-05|website=Massillon Museum}} It was the first women's rights conference held outside of New York and only women were allowed to speak or vote during the convention.{{Cite web|title=Ohio's Connections|url=https://www.ohiosuffragecentennial.com/connections/|access-date=2020-09-12|website=Ohio Suffrage Centennial}} One attendee of the convention, John Allen Campbell, later went onto to grant women equal suffrage in Wyoming. Frances Dana Barker Gage was the president of the next women's rights convention in Ohio, held in Akron in 1851.{{sfn|Cravens|1887|p=7}} One of the speakers was Sojourner Truth who influenced Cleveland attendee, Caroline Severance.{{Cite web|title=Caroline Severance and Women's Rights Associations|url=https://scalar.case.edu/19th-at-100/caroline-severance-and-womens-rights-associations|access-date=2020-09-07|website=19th at 100: Commemorating the Suffrage Struggle and Its Legacies in Northeast Ohio}} At the conference, thousands of signatures were collected in favor of women's suffrage and later delivered to the 1850 Ohio Constitutional Convention.{{sfn|Shilling|1916|pp=167–168}} However, both women and African-Americans continued to be disenfranchised.{{Cite web|title=Ohio Constitutional Convention of 1850–1851|url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ohio_Constitutional_Convention_of_1850-1851|access-date=2020-09-06|website=Ohio History Central}} At the Ohio Women's Rights Convention held in Massillon, Ohio in 1852, the Ohio Woman's Rights Association (OWRA) was formed. Severance served as the first president.{{Cite web|title=Ohio Women's Rights Association|url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ohio_Women%27s_Rights_Association|access-date=2020-09-06|website=Ohio History Central}} The fourth National Women's Rights Convention was held in Cleveland on October 6, 1853 and the sixth was held in Cincinnati in 1855.{{sfn|Little|2005|pp=191, 192}} In 1869, the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) was formed in Cleveland.{{Cite web|date=2018-05-11|title=American Women's Suffrage Assn.|url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/a/american-womens-suffrage-assn|access-date=2020-09-10|website=Encyclopedia of Cleveland History {{!}} Case Western Reserve University}}{{Cite web|last=Morton|first=Marian|title=How Cleveland Women Got the Vote – and What They Did With It|url=http://teachingcleveland.org/category/progressive-eratom-l-johnsonnewton-d-baker-19/how-cleveland-women-got-the-vote/|access-date=2020-09-06|website=Teaching Cleveland Digital|date=June 17, 2016 }} Toledo, Ohio and Dayton, Ohio also formed local suffrage organizations in 1869.{{Cite web|last1=Borchardt|first1=Jackie|last2=Balmert|first2=Jessie|date=14 June 2019|title=100 years ago Ohio ratified the 19th Amendment. Here are 6 women who made suffrage reality|url=https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/politics/2019/06/14/womens-suffrage-six-ohio-women-who-helped-get-women-vote/1330734001/|access-date=2020-09-04|website=The Cincinnati Enquirer}}{{Cite news|last=McCarty|first=Mary|date=18 August 2020|title=The empowering story of how Dayton was at the forefront of women's suffrage movement|url=https://www.dayton.com/local/the-empowering-story-of-how-dayton-was-at-the-forefront-of-womens-suffrage-movement/BW35OO6CHBHCBPMK2ZFASD2WUM/|access-date=2020-09-05|newspaper=Dayton}} In the 1870s, women in South Newbury, Ohio attempted to vote, but were unsuccessful in having their ballots counted. During the 1873 Ohio Constitutional Convention suffragists sent petitions and a committee to influence the delegates.{{sfn|Shilling|1916|p=170}} However, women's suffrage did not make the final cut.{{sfn|Shilling|1916|p=172}} The Ohio Woman Suffrage Association (OWSA) was founded in Painesville, Ohio in 1885.{{Cite web|title=Ohio Woman Suffrage Association|url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ohio_Woman_Suffrage_Association|access-date=2020-09-05|website=Ohio History Central}} In 1888 Louise Southworth began compiling a database of people in Ohio who supported women's suffrage.{{sfn|Anthony|1902|p=878}}

By 1894 women gained the right to vote in school board elections, but not on infrastructure bonds in schools.{{sfn|Upton|1910|pp=93, 188}} Women voted in school elections for the first time in 1895.{{Cite web|last=Bulford|first=Sally Farran|date=8 September 1997|title=Ohio Continues Lead for Women's Rights|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/stories/1997/09/08/editorial2.html|access-date=2020-09-12|website=Columbus Business First}} Harriet Taylor Upton became president of OWSA in 1899. She also served as treasurer for the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA).{{Cite web|last=Dismore|first=David M.|date=3 September 2020|title=Today in Feminist History: The Temporary Halt in Ohio (September 3, 1912)|url=https://msmagazine.com/2020/09/03/today-in-feminist-history-the-temporary-halt-in-ohio-september-3-1912/|access-date=2020-09-05|website=Ms. Magazine}} Upton began to organize women around Ohio and doubled participation of activists in the movement over the course of 1900.{{sfn|Anthony|1902|pp=879, 880}} In 1903, NAWSA moved their national headquarters to Warren, Ohio.{{Cite web|last=Morton|first=Marian J.|title=Elizabeth J. Hauser: The Woman Who Wrote Tom L. Johnson's Autobiography|url=http://teachingcleveland.org/elizabeth-j-hauser-the-woman-who-wrote-tom-l-johnsons-autobiography-by-marian-j-morton/|access-date=2020-09-05|website=Teaching Cleveland Digital}}

During 1912 the next constitutional convention in Ohio was held and women in the state were already energized from California's women's suffrage win.{{sfn|Shilling|1916|p=173}} During the convention, a women's suffrage referendum was passed.{{sfn|Shilling|1916|p=174}} Activists campaigned heavily both for and against the women's suffrage referendum.{{Cite journal|last=von Klenze|first=Henrietta|date=August 1912|title=Suffrage Campaign Among the Germans|url=https://archive.org/details/womanvoter00woma_23/page/20/mode/1up?q=ohio|journal=The Woman Voter|page=21|via=Internet Archive}} Despite the hard work of suffragists, the referendum failed, with most counties opposing women's suffrage.{{sfn|Shilling|1916|p=174}} After the loss, Ohio suffragists regrouped and reorganized. Several new suffrage groups were formed and Ohio women worked in 1914 to get another women's suffrage referendum on the next ballot.{{sfn|Pliley|2008|pp=8–9}} Again there was another large campaign, but the referendum failed.{{sfn|Pliley|2008|p=25}}{{Cite journal|date=August 1912|title=The Little Yellow Wagon|url=https://archive.org/details/womanvoter00woma_23/page/18/mode/2up?q=ohio|journal=The Woman Voter|pages=18–19|via=Internet Archive}}

After the 1914 defeat, Ohio suffragists turned to pursuing municipal election suffrage for women. On June 6, 1916 women East Cleveland, Ohio won the right to vote in city elections.{{Cite web|last=Nickoloff|first=Anne|date=2016-06-07|title=100 years ago today, East Cleveland gave women the right to vote|url=https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2016/06/100_years_ago_today_east_cleve.html|access-date=2020-09-11|website=Cleveland.com}} name=":133"/> In 1917 women in Lakewood, Ohio and Columbus, Ohio won municipal suffrage rights. Briefly, Ohio women earned the right to vote for presidential electors in 1917, but it was repealed after a narrowly decided voter referendum.{{Cite journal|date=29 September 1917|title=The Irrepressible Ohioans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdERAQAAMAAJ&q=suffrage%20ohio|journal=The Woman Citizen|volume=1|issue=18|page=325}}{{sfn|Pliley|2008|p=26}} On June 16, 1919 Ohio ratified the Nineteenth Amendment, becoming the fifth state to ratify.

{{Main|Women's suffrage in South Dakota|Timeline of women's suffrage in South Dakota}}

Women in South Dakota had a shared history with North Dakota until 1889, during which they did get the right to vote in school elections starting in 1887.{{Sfn|Anthony|1902|p=543}} Activists in the state worked steadily over the years to build a case for women's suffrage. However, they did not pass a full equal suffrage amendment until 1918.{{Sfn|Easton|1983|p=225}} South Dakota passed the Nineteenth Amendment on December 4, 1919.{{Sfn|Easton|1983|p=226}}

{{Main|Women's suffrage in Wisconsin|Timeline of women's suffrage in Wisconsin}}

File:Belle_Case_La_Follette_speaking_in_Blue_Mounds,_Wisconsin_in_1915.png speaking in Blue Mounds, Wisconsin in 1915]]

Women's suffrage, and other progressive issues were discussed during the first state constitutional convention in Wisconsin in 1846.{{Cite web|last=Janik|first=Erika|date=2017-10-02|title=Rights For Women, African-Americans, Immigrants: Wisconsin's Radical 1846 Constitution|url=https://www.wpr.org/rights-women-african-americans-immigrants-wisconsins-radical-1846-constitution|access-date=2021-01-05|website=Wisconsin Public Radio}} Early newspapers in Wisconsin supported women's suffrage.{{sfn|Youmans|1921|p=5}} Temperance advocates also toured Wisconsin and discussed the importance of the women's vote.{{sfn|Youmans|1921|p=5}}{{Cite web|title=Timeline of Wisconsin Women's Suffrage|url=https://www.library.wisc.edu/gwslibrarian/bibliographies/womens-suffrage-in-wisconsin-a-centennial-resource-guide/timeline/|access-date=2021-01-06|website=University of Wisconsin-Madison}} The first women's suffrage conference in Wisconsin was held in Janesville in 1867.{{sfn|Youmans|1921|p=8}} Later, the Woman Suffrage Association of Wisconsin (WSAW) was formed in order to lobby the state legislature on two women's suffrage amendment bills that were unsuccessful.{{sfn|Youmans|1921|p=11}} A new organization, the Wisconsin Woman Suffrage Association (WWSA), was organized at the 1869 Milwaukee suffrage convention.{{sfn|Youmans|1921|p=9}}{{sfn|McBride|1993|p=46}} Several chapters of WWSA were formed around the state by 1870.{{sfn|McBride|1993|p=52}} Members of WWSA worked to spread the word about women's suffrage over the next decade.{{sfn|Anthony|1902|p=986}} In 1884 a women's suffrage bill was passed, allowing women to vote for school-related issues.{{Cite web|last=Gordon|first=Scott|date=2018-07-10|title=Wisconsin's Halting Path Toward Black Suffrage|url=https://www.wiscontext.org/wisconsins-halting-path-toward-black-suffrage|access-date=2021-01-05|website=WisContext}} The bill had to pass a second time in 1885, which it did with help from Alura Collins Hollister.{{sfn|Anthony|1902|p=988}} Then it went out for a voter referendum in 1886 which passed.{{sfn|Anthony|1902|p=988}} The vague phrasing of the law and voter suppression efforts taking place during the first time women voted in 1887 led to problems.{{sfn|Anthony|1902|p=989}}{{sfn|Youmans|1921|p=16}}{{Cite web|date=2012-08-03|title=The Woman's Suffrage Movement|url=https://wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS419|access-date=2021-01-17|website=Wisconsin Historical Society}} Olympia Brown took the issue to court and it went as far as the Supreme Court of the United States.{{sfn|Youmans|1921|pp=16–17}}{{sfn|Anthony|1902|pp=990–991}} It was decided that women in Wisconsin could only vote on school-related issues if a separate ballot and separate ballot boxes were created for women to use.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=700}} This eventually happened and women were able to vote for school-related issues again starting on April 1, 1902.{{sfn|Anthony|1902|p=991}}{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=700}}{{sfn|Youmans|1921|p=17}}

The Wisconsin legislature passed another women's suffrage referendum in 1911.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=700}} Multiple suffrage groups campaigned heavily for the referendum to take place on November 4, 1912.{{sfn|Grant|1980|pp=109, 115}} The efforts did not succeed and the referendum was voted down.{{sfn|Grant|1980|p=116}} Suffragists continued to educate and organize after the defeat.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=704}} By 1916, most suffragists in Wisconsin had signed onto the "Winning Plan" supported by NAWSA and Catt.{{sfn|McBride|1988|p=265}} Others became involved with the more militant NWP.{{sfn|Neu|1960|p=285}}{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=705}}{{sfn|McBride|1988|p=269}} As the federal amendment passed, Wisconsin fought to become the first state to ratify.{{sfn|McBride|1988|p=271}} Wisconsin ratified the Nineteenth Amendment one hour after Illinois.{{Cite web|title=Suffrage 2020 Illinois|url=https://suffrage2020illinois.org/|access-date=16 January 2021|website=Suffrage 2020 Illinois}} However, Wisconsin was the first to turn in their ratification paperwork at the State Department.{{Cite web|date=2019-06-05|title=Women's Suffrage in Wisconsin|url=https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/records/Article/CS16091|access-date=2021-01-05|website=Wisconsin Historical Society}}

File:New Southern Citizen cover October 1914.jpg

Southern suffragists are often left out of mainstream histories of the movement. Their work was imbued with the cultural assumptions of their day.{{cite book|last=Whites|first=LeeAnn|title=The Civil War as a Crisis in Gender: Augusta, Georgia, 1860–1890|date=2000|publisher=University of Georgia Press|location=Athens}} Many suffragists in the South{{snd}}both white and black{{snd}}were predominantly clubwomen, highly educated, and often from more elite families. Black women suffragists worked within their local clubs and later with the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs; some also became individual members of a suffrage association when their clubs were denied membership. Many black women educators, active in their teacher associations, would also speak out for voting rights, either for their men who were granted voting rights with the 15th Amendment and sometimes specifying voting rights for black women.{{cite book|last=Terborg-Penn|first=Rosalyn|title=African American Women in the Struggle for the Vote, 1850–1920|url=https://archive.org/details/africanamericanw00terb|url-access=registration|date=1998|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|isbn=9780253333780}} White middle-class women of the South who fought for voting rights were skilled in organizational efforts utilized in memorializing the Lost Cause{{cite book|last=Janney|first=Caroline E.|title=Burying the Dead But Not the Past: Ladies' Memorial Associations and the Lost Cause|date=2008|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|location=Chapel Hill}} through a Ladies' Memorial Association or the United Daughters of the Confederacy.{{cite book|last=Cox|first=Karen L.|title=Dixie's Daughters: The United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Preservation of Confederate Culture|date=2003|publisher=University Press of Florida|location=Gainesville}} In 1906 twelve delegates from states throughout the South came together in Memphis to form the Southern Woman Suffrage Conference. Laura Clay was elected president. This group broke from the NAWSA, which had turned away from its "Southern Strategy" efforts and worked instead to win suffrage at the state and local levels rather than with a federal amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

{{Main|Women's suffrage in Alabama|Timeline of women's suffrage in Alabama}}

File:"Votes for Women" from the Alabama Equal Suffrage Assocation, 1919.jpg

Early women's suffrage work in Alabama began in the 1860s when Priscilla Holmes Drake moved to the state.{{Cite web|last=Worthy|first=Shalis|title=The 19th Amendment and Women's Suffrage: Women's Suffrage in Alabama|url=https://guides.hmcpl.org/19thamendment/womenssuffrageinalabama|access-date=2020-11-06|website=Huntsville-Madison County Public Library}} Drake and her husband were the face of the women's suffrage movement in the state for many years. Many women involved in the temperance movement began to become involved with women's suffrage.{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Carla|date=2020-03-03|title=History professor looks back on four Alabama suffrage leaders and their fight for the vote|url=https://alabamanewscenter.com/2020/03/03/history-professor-looks-back-on-four-alabama-suffrage-leaders-and-their-fight-for-the-vote/|access-date=2020-11-05|website=Alabama NewsCenter}} In 1890s, several women's suffrage groups were organized with the Alabama Woman Suffrage Organization (AWSO) formed in 1893.{{Cite web|title=Alabama Suffragists|url=https://apps.lib.ua.edu/blogs/digitalexhibits/woman-suffrage-in-dixie/alabama-suffragists/|access-date=2020-11-04|website=UA Libraries Digital Exhibits}} Emera Frances Griffin was a suffrage leader during the 1890s. Griffin also testified at the state constitutional convention in 1901 and lobbied state legislators on women's suffrage.{{sfn|Burnes|2020|p=34}}{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=1}} However, after 1901, there was a long hiatus of women's suffrage efforts.{{Cite web|last=Nolan|first=Pamela|date=26 August 2020|title=Celebrating The 19th Amendment – The path to vote: The Alabama Story, Part 4|url=https://www.thegreenvillestandard.com/2020/08/26/celebrating-the-19th-amendment-the-path-to-vote-the-alabama-story-part-4/|access-date=2020-11-06|website=The Greenville Standard}}

In the 1910s several women's suffrage groups were formed again, starting in Selma, Alabama with Mary Partridge.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=2}}{{sfn|Thomas|1992|p=136}} A Birmingham, Alabama suffrage league was started by Pattie Ruffner Jacobs in 1911.{{sfn|Burnes|2020|p=35}}{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=2}} Another state group, the Alabama Equal Suffrage Association (AESA) was formed and affiliated with NAWSA.{{sfn|Yarbrough|2006|p=18}} Both Jacobs and Partridge were involved.{{sfn|Burnes|2020|p=36}} AESA started holding state conventions in 1913.{{sfn|Burnes|2020|p=36}} AESA was able to influence some bills in the state legislature.{{Cite web|last=Burnes|first=Valerie Pope|title=Alabama Equal Suffrage Association|url=http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1150|access-date=2020-11-04|website=Encyclopedia of Alabama}} In 1915, a women's suffrage bill was introduced, but does not pass.{{sfn|Harper|1922|pp=3–4}}{{sfn|Burnes|2020|p=38}}

By 1917, suffragists in Alabama began to feel that their best chance to get the vote was to support the federal suffrage amendment.{{sfn|Burnes|2020|p=39}}{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=5}} In June 1919, AESA started a campaign to promote and support the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=6}} Suffragists from around the state came to Montgomery, Alabama to lobby the legislature.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=8}} However, though the state legislature considered ratifying the amendment, it was eventually rejected on July 17 by the state Senate and rejected by the House in August.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=8}} In April 1920, AESA dissolved and formed the LWV of Alabama.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=9}} Alabama ratified the Nineteenth Amendment on September 8, 1953.{{Cite web|title=Alabama and the 19th Amendment|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/alabama-and-the-19th-amendment.htm|access-date=2020-11-03|website=U.S. National Park Service}}

{{Main|Women's suffrage in Arkansas|Timeline of women's suffrage in Arkansas}}

Early women's suffrage activism came from men in Arkansas. Miles Ledford Langley advocated for women's suffrage at the 1869 state constitutional convention.{{Cite web|last=Taylor|first=Paula Kyzer|date=20 August 2020|title=Women's Suffrage Movement|url=https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/womens-suffrage-movement-4252/|access-date=2020-12-29|website=Encyclopedia of Arkansas}} Educator, James Mitchell, wanted to see women's suffrage happen so that his daughters could have equal rights.{{sfn|Ross|1984|pp=231, 233}} In 1881, Lizzie Dorman Fyler started a state women's suffrage club that lasted until 1885.{{Cite web|last=Rollberg|first=Jeanne Norton|date=24 November 2020|title=Arkansas Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA)|url=https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/arkansas-woman-suffrage-association-7835/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Encyclopedia of Arkansas}} Clara McDiarmid started another women's suffrage group in 1888.{{Cite web|last=Cahill|first=Bernadette|date=13 February 2018|title=Clara Alma Cox McDiarmid (1847–1899)|url=https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/clara-alma-cox-mcdiarmid-8425/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Encyclopedia of Arkansas}} The Woman's Chronicle, which was edited by women and for women also started publication in 1888.{{sfn|Taylor|1956|pp=21–22}} Several women's suffrage measures were considered by the Arkansas General Assembly over the next few decades but were unsuccessful.{{sfn|Taylor|1956|p=29}}

In the 1910s, women's suffrage efforts gained momentum in the state. Socialist women, such as Freda Ameringer were involved in suffrage work.{{sfn|Pierce|2010|p=301}} Several women's suffrage groups were created in during the decade, including the Political Equality League (PEL) and the Arkansas Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA).{{Cite journal|last=Ritter-Maggio|first=Armanda|title=Biographical Sketch of Jean Vernor (Dr. Chester) Jennings|url=https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1010111753|journal=Biographical Database of NAWSA Suffragists, 1890–1920|via=Alexander Street}}{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=18}} Suffragist, Florence Brown Cotnam became the first woman to speak on the floor of the General Assembly in 1915 when she testified about a women's suffrage amendment being considered.{{Cite web|last=Taylor|first=Paula Kyzer|date=8 December 2017|title=Florence Lee Brown Cotnam (1865–1932)|url=https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/florence-lee-brown-cotnam-536/|access-date=2021-01-02|website=Encyclopedia of Arkansas}}{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=23}} While that measure did not pass, Cotnam was able to persuade the Governor to call for a special legislative session in 1917.{{Cite web|last=Henderson|first=CaLee|title=Florence Lee Brown Cotnam (1865–1932)|url=https://ualrexhibits.org/suffrage/florence-lee-brown-cotnam-1865-1932/|access-date=2021-01-02|website=Arkansas Women's Suffrage Centennial Project}} During this session, a bill to allow women to vote in primary elections was passed.{{Cite web|last=Dillard|first=Tom|date=2017-11-12|title=Struggle For Suffrage|url=https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2017/nov/12/struggle-for-suffrage-20171112/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Arkansas Online}} Arkansas became the first state that did not have equal suffrage to pass a primary election law for women.{{Cite web|title=Arkansas Women's Suffrage Timeline|url=http://www.arkansasheritage.com/Programs/commemorative-programs/Womens-Suffrage/timeline|access-date=2020-12-30|website=Arkansas Heritage}} After the passage of the primary election law, women worked to reorganize, make sure that women paid poll taxes, and educate voters.{{sfn|Pierce|2010|p=304}}{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=19}} The first time women could vote was in May 1918 during the primary elections and between 40,000 and 50,000 white women turned out to vote.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=20}} African-American women were barred from voting in the primaries.{{Cite web|last=Jones|first=Kelly Houston|title=African-American Women and the Vote in Arkansas|url=https://ualrexhibits.org/suffrage/african-american-women-and-the-vote-in-arkansas/|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Arkansas Women's Suffrage Centennial Project}} Arkansas ratified the Nineteenth Amendment on July 28, 1919, becoming the twelfth state to ratify the amendment.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=21}}{{Cite web|title=Arkansas and the 19th Amendment|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/arkansas-and-the-19th-amendment.htm|access-date=2021-01-02|website=U.S. National Park Service}}

{{Main|Women's suffrage in Delaware|Timeline of women's suffrage in Delaware}}

File:Delaware_Headquarters_of_the_Congressional_Union,_August_8,_1914.jpg, August 8, 1914]]

At a women's rights convention in 1869, the Delaware Suffrage Association was formed.{{Cite web|last=Boylan|first=Anne M.|date=Summer 2019|title=Delaware Women's Suffrage Timeline|url=https://my.lwv.org/sites/default/files/leagues/wysiwyg/%5Bcurrent-user%3Aog-user-node%3A1%3Atitle%5D/suffrage_timeline_delaware.pdf|access-date=18 November 2020|website=Delaware Historical Society|publisher=League of Women Voters}} Mary Ann Sorden Stuart, a women's rights advocate testified in both the United States Congress and the Delaware General Assembly in the 1870s and 1880s.{{Cite news|last=Frank|first=Bill|date=1978-07-16|title=Crusader|page=15|work=The Morning News|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8474311/mary-sorden-stuart-1/|access-date=2020-11-24|via=Newspapers.com}} In 1888, the Delaware chapter of the WCTU created a "franchise department" to advocate for women's suffrage in the state.{{sfn|Hoffecker|1983|p=150}} In 1895, the Delaware Equal Suffrage Association (DESA) was formed.{{sfn|Anthony|1902|p=564}}{{sfn|Hoffecker|1983|pp=150-151}} DESA educated people in the state on women's suffrage and lobbied legislators.{{Cite web|title=Organizing|url=https://exhibitions.lib.udel.edu/votes-for-delaware-women/home/3-delawares-suffrage-organizations/3a-organizing/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=Votes for Delaware Women}} In 1897, the state held a constitutional convention and activists from NAWSA came to help influence delegates to vote for suffrage.{{sfn|Anthony|1902|pp=563–564}} While it was proposed that the word "male" not be added to the description of a legal voter, the measure did not pass.{{sfn|Anthony|1902|p=564}} In 1900, Delaware did allow some women who paid property taxes to vote for school commissioners.

In 1913, one of the first suffrage parades in the state was held in Arden, Delaware.{{Cite web|title=Parades, Marches, Processions|url=https://exhibitions.lib.udel.edu/votes-for-delaware-women/home/4-getting-the-message-out/4a-parades/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=Votes for Delaware Women}} Also in 1913, Rosalie Gardiner Jones hiked through Delaware on the way to the Woman Suffrage Procession in Washington, D.C.{{Cite web|last=Dixon|first=Mike|date=2015-03-28|title=Delaware Treated to a Spectacle as Suffragists Tramp Across State|url=https://delmarvahistory.wordpress.com/2015/03/28/delaware-treated-to-a-spectacle-as-suffragists-tramp-across-state/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=Reflections on Delmarva's Past}} That year, Mabel Vernon of Wilmington, Delaware opened Congressional Union (later the National Woman's Party) headquarters in the state.{{sfn|Hoffecker|1983|p=152}} Vernon help pioneer new tactics in Delaware to support women's suffrage.{{Cite web|title=Action|url=https://exhibitions.lib.udel.edu/votes-for-delaware-women/home/3-delawares-suffrage-organizations/3b-action/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=Votes for Delaware Women}} Vernon and Florence Bayard Hilles were also a more militant activists, and were part of the Silent Sentinels.{{Cite web|last=Englehart|first=Lora Bilton|date=2020-07-24|title=We Look Back at Delaware's Integral Role in the Fight for Women's Voting Rights|url=https://delawaretoday.com/life-style/people-community/delaware-role-womens-voting-rights-19th-amendment/|access-date=2020-11-22|website=Delaware Today}}{{sfn|Hoffecker|1983|p=152}} One Sentinel, Annie Arniel from Delaware, spent a total of 103 days in jail for her picketing of the White House.{{sfn|Boylan|2020|p=4}}

A petition drive in support of a federal women's suffrage amendment was kicked off in Wilmington in May 1918.{{sfn|Harper|1922|pp=91–92}} Suffrage headquarters were set up in Dover, Delaware by NAWSA organizer, Maria McMahon, in January 1919.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=92}} Activists saw signs that the federal amendment would pass the U.S. Congress.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=93}} The General Assembly called a special session on March 22, 1920 to consider the federal amendment.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=94}} Delaware could have been the 36th and last state to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment.{{Cite web|last=Lindenmuth|first=Janet|date=19 March 2012|title=The 19th Amendment in Delaware|url=https://blogs.lawlib.widener.edu/delaware/2012/03/19/the-19th-amendment-in-delaware/|access-date=2020-11-22|website=Delaware Campus Library Blogs}} The entire country had their eyes on Delaware. Both suffragists and anti-suffragists campaigned heavily in the state and testified at the General Assembly.{{sfn|Harper|1922|pp=95–96}} A personal grudge between a state representative and the governor turned the ratification into a proxy fight.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=97}} The General Assembly was never able to ratify the amendment before the close of the session on June 2.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=100}} Delaware belatedly ratified the Nineteenth Amendment on March 6, 1923.{{Cite web|title=Delaware and the 19th Amendment|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/delaware-and-the-19th-amendment.htm|access-date=2020-11-24|website=U.S. National Park Service}}

{{Main|Women's suffrage in Florida|Timeline of women's suffrage in Florida}}Ella C. Chamberlain was the major force behind women's suffrage in Florida between 1892 and 1897.{{sfn|Anthony|1902|p=577}}{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=113}} She was responsible for a suffrage department in a Tampa, Florida newspaper and was president of the Florida Woman Suffrage Association.{{Cite web|title=Ella Chamberlain|url=https://lowerkeyslwv.org/ella-chamberlain/|access-date=2020-12-02|website=Lower Keys League of Women Voters|date=July 13, 2020}}{{Cite news|last=Chamberlain|first=Mrs. L. P.|date=1892-04-11|title=Woman's Suffrage|page=7|work=The Weekly Tribune|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64460103/the-weekly-tribune/|access-date=2020-12-02|via=Newspapers.com}} After Chamberlain left Florida in 1897, the suffrage movement stalled until around 1912.{{sfn|Taylor|1957a|p=44}} That year, Jacksonville, Florida started the Equal Franchise League of Florida.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=113}}{{sfn|Johnson|1970|p=299}} in 1913, two women attempted to vote in a bond election in Orlando, Florida, but were denied.{{sfn|Taylor|1957a|p=45}}{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=114}} In 1915, the city of Fellsmere, Florida allowed women to vote due to a technicality in the city charter.{{sfn|Taylor|1957a|p=56}} In 1918, several cities also passed municipal suffrage bills.{{sfn|Taylor|1957a|p=58}}{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=120}} Florida did not ratify the Nineteenth Amendment until May 13, 1969.{{Cite web|title=Florida and the 19th Amendment|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/florida-and-the-19th-amendment.htm|access-date=2020-12-02|website=U.S. National Park Service}}

{{Main|Women's suffrage in Georgia (U.S. state)|Timeline of women's suffrage in Georgia (U.S. state)}}

File:Georgia Woman Civic Suffrage Association in parade in Atlanta, Georgia in 1913.jpg

The first women's suffrage group in Georgia was organized by Helen Augusta Howard in the early 1890s.{{sfn|Summerlin|2009|p=28}} The group, the Georgia Woman Suffrage Association (GWSA) opposed taxation without representation.{{Cite news|date=1893-03-02|title=An Ingenious Georgia Idea|page=7|work=Nemaha County Republican|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/61521930/nemaha-county-republican/|access-date=2020-10-21|via=Newspapers.com}} Howard was able to persuade NAWSA to hold their annual convention in Atlanta in 1895, the first time the convention was held outside of Washington, D.C.{{sfn|Summerlin|2009|pp=19, 32}}{{Cite news|date=1895-02-03|title=The Suffrage Convention|page=14|work=The Atlanta Constitution|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/61354206/the-atlanta-constitution/|access-date=2020-10-18|via=Newspapers.com}} GWSA continued to fight for not only equal suffrage, but for other women's rights issues.{{sfn|Summerlin|2009|pp=42–43}} Membership in GWSA grew during the 1910s and when Rebecca Latimer Felton joined in 1912, the group received additional publicity.{{sfn|Summerlin|2009|pp=61–62}} A Men's League for Woman Suffrage and a youth suffrage group were formed in 1913.{{sfn|Summerlin|2009|p=67}}{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=126}} In the next years, activists worked to get women's suffrage measures to pass in the state legislature, but were unsuccessful.{{sfn|Taylor|1959|p=19}}{{sfn|Harper|1922|pp=129–130}} The city of Waycross, Georgia, however, passed a limited suffrage bill in 1917 allowing women to vote in municipal primary elections.{{sfn|Taylor|1959|p=23}} In Atlanta, women won the right to vote in municipal elections in 1919.{{sfn|Taylor|1959|p=23}} In July 1919, the Georgia Legislature considered the Nineteenth Amendment.{{sfn|Taylor|1959|p=24}} On July 24, Georgia became the first state to reject the amendment.{{sfn|Taylor|1959|pp=27–28}}{{Cite web|title=Georgia and the 19th Amendment|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/georgia-and-the-19th-amendment.htm|access-date=2020-10-18|website=U.S. National Park Service}} Even after the Nineteenth Amendment became the law of the land, Georgia did not allow women to vote right away.{{sfn|Taylor|1959|p=28}} Because of voter registration rules, women could not vote in the 1920 presidential election.{{Cite web|last=Pirani|first=Fiza|date=17 August 2020|title=An unfinished movement: Reflecting on 100 years of women's suffrage in Georgia|url=https://www.ajc.com/life/an-unfinished-movement-reflecting-on-100-years-of-womens-suffrage-in-georgia/3MPXEQIG4ZALPMEUKBF3CHLGSQ/|access-date=2020-10-16|website=AJC}} The first time women voted statewide was in 1922.{{Cite web|last=Eltzroth|first=E. Lee|date=5 September 2002|title=Woman Suffrage|url=https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/woman-suffrage|access-date=2020-10-16|website=New Georgia Encyclopedia}} African-American and Native American women were still excluded from voting.{{Cite web|last=Bagby|first=Dyana|date=2019-09-08|title=Atlanta History Center exhibit chronicles women's fight for right to vote|url=https://www.reporternewspapers.net/2019/09/08/atlanta-history-center-exhibit-chronicles-womens-fight-for-right-to-vote/|access-date=2020-10-21|website=Reporter Newspapers}}

In 1838, Kentucky passed the first statewide woman suffrage law (since New Jersey revoked theirs with their new constitution in 1807) – allowing female heads of household to vote in elections deciding on taxes and local boards for the new county "common school" system. The law exempted the cities of Louisville, Lexington and Maysville since they had already adopted a system of public schools.{{cite book|title=Acts of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, December Session, 1837|date=1838|publisher=A.G. Hodges State Printer|location=Frankfort, Ky.|page=282|chapter=898. An Act to Establish a System of Common Schools in the State of Kentucky}} Kentucky was crucial as a gateway to the South for women's rights activists. Lucy Stone came through Louisville in November 1853 – wearing her own version of Amelia Bloomer trousers – earned $600 with thousands packing the halls each night.{{cite book|last1=Kerr|first1=Andrea Moore|title=Lucy Stone: Speaking Out for Equality|date=1995|publisher=Rutgers University Press|location=Brunswick, N.J.}} After the Civil War, when the 13th Amendment was ratified by 2/3 of the states (not including Kentucky) on January 1, 1866, Lexington's Main Street was filled with African Americans in a military parade, followed by Black businesspeople and several hundred children with political speeches at Lexington Fairgrounds (now the University of Kentucky). By March a Black Convention was held in Lexington to discuss equal rights for Blacks. The next year, for July 4, a barbecue organized in Lexington by Black women included speeches made by both Black and by White speakers in favor of black suffrage and ratification of the 14th Amendment. That fall, another Black Convention included a debate on how to gain full civil rights for Blacks, including the right to vote and the right to testify in court against whites.{{cite book|last=Lucas|first=Marion|title=A History of Blacks in Kentucky |volume= 1: From Slavery to Segregation, 1760–1891|date=1992|publisher=The Kentucky Historical Society|location=Frankfort}} From the 11th National Women's Rights Convention and a merger with former abolitionists, the American Equal Rights Association formed to lobby the new federal government and the states for full rights for all citizens. In 1867 Virginia Penny of Louisville was elected Vice-President – her first book, The Employments of Women: A Cyclopaedia of Woman's Work was recently published (1863).{{cite web|last1=Gensemer|first1=Susan H.|title=Penny, Virginia|url=http://www.anb.org/articles/14/14-01170.html|website=American National Biography Online|publisher=American Council of Learned Societies|access-date=24 January 2018}} Also in 1867, the first suffrage association in the South is in Kentucky – Glendale, with 20 members.{{cite book|last1=Fuller|first1=Paul E.|title=Laura Clay and the Woman's Rights Movement|date=1992|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|location=Lexington|page=22}} Also, first in the South, were the two suffrage associations – one in Madison County and the other in Fayette County – started in the 1870s by Mary Barr Clay who has already begun serving in both the national suffrage associations (NWSA and AWSA) as vice-president. In October 1881, the AWSA held its national convention in Louisville, Kentucky – the first such convention south of the Mason-Dixon line. At this convention, the first statewide suffrage association in Kentucky was founded, and Laura Clay was elected president. In July 1887 Mary E. Britton spoke for woman suffrage at the Colored Teachers Association meeting in Danville, Kentucky.

When the NAWSA was formed in 1890, Laura Clay became the main voice for Southern white clubwomen. She led many campaigns through the South and the West on behalf of the NAWSA while she continues to support efforts in Kentucky to proliferate city/county suffrage associations{{snd}}seven of them by 1890. In February 1894 Sallie Clay Bennett (Laura's older sister) spoke on behalf of the NAWSA before the U.S. Senate Committee on Woman Suffrage emphasizing the right of black men and women to vote because all were citizens. Mrs. Bennett wrote a political treatise that was presented to Congress by Senator Lindsay and Rep McCreary on behalf of the NAWSA, "asking Congress to protect white and black women equally with black men against State denial of the right to vote for members of Congress and the Presidential electors in the States..." – writing private letters to every member of Congress and sending copies to editors of newspapers in every state.{{cite web|last=Hollingsworth|first=Randolph|title=Mrs. Sarah Clay Bennett speaks before the U.S. Senate Committee on Woman Suffrage|url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/2289/discussions/150264/mrs-sarah-clay-bennett-speaks-us-senate-committee-woman-suffrage|website=H-Kentucky|publisher=H-Net.org|access-date=24 January 2018}} Eugenia B. Farmer of Covington figured out that the charters for second-class cities in Kentucky were up for renewal and the Kentucky Equal Rights Association (KERA) lobbied successfully in the Kentucky Constitutional Convention to get the legislature to grant those municipalities the right to grant woman suffrage.{{cite book|editor1-last=Anthony|editor1-first=Susan B.|editor2-last=Husted|editor2-first=Ida Harper|title=History of Woman Suffrage|volume= IV: 1883–1900|date=1902|publisher=Susan B. Anthony|location=Rochester, NY|page=669|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbkbAQAAMAAJ&q=farmer&pg=PA669|access-date=25 January 2018}} In March 1894 the Kentucky General Assembly granted school suffrage to women in the cities of Lexington, Covington and Newport; and, Josephine Henry succeeded in her lobbying for the state law for a Married Woman's Property Act. In 1902, because of the fear of an organized bloc of Lexington's African-American women registered to vote for school board members in the Republican Party, the Kentucky legislature revoked this partial suffrage. The Kentucky Association of Colored Women's Clubs formed in 1903 with 112 clubs, and suffrage is a part of the efforts undertaken by their clubs. The newly organized Kentucky Federation of Women's Clubs (whites only) formed and lobbied to regain school suffrage in Kentucky, finally winning it back in 1912 with an added proviso (just for women) of a "literacy" test.

In 1912 Laura Clay stepped down as president of KERA in favor of her distant cousin Madeline McDowell Breckinridge;{{cite book|last1=Hay|first1=Melba Porter|title=Madeline McDowell Breckinridge and the Battle for a New South|date=2009|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|location=Lexington}} and in 1913 Clay was elected to lead a new organization, the Southern States Woman Suffrage Conference, founded to win the vote through state enactment. In August 1918 Laura Clay and Mrs. Harrison G. (Elizabeth Dunster) Foster, formerly a leader of suffrage in Washington, formed the Citizens Committee which formally broke with KERA – and the next year, Laura Clay finally quit working for NAWSA and turned to securing a state suffrage bill in Kentucky.{{cite book|last1=Knott|first1=Claudia|title=The Woman Suffrage Movement in Kentucky, 1879–1920|date=1989|publisher=Ph.D. diss., University of Kentucky|location=Lexington, Ky.}} Presidential suffrage for women in Kentucky is signed into law on March 29, 1920.

In the early days of January 1920, National Woman's Party members Dora Lewis and Mabel Vernon travel to Kentucky to assure success, and on January 6, Kentucky became the 23rd state to ratify the 19th Amendment. On December 15, 1920, the Kentucky Equal Rights Association officially becomes the Kentucky League of Women Voters. Mary Bronaugh of Louisville was the first president of the state chapter.

See more on this state's suffrage history at the [http://networks.h-net.org/kywomansuffrage Kentucky Woman Suffrage Project].

File:The Just Government League of Maryland marching in the Women's suffrage parage, March 3, 1913.jpg

The 19th Amendment, which ensures women the right to vote, was ratified August 18, 1920.{{cite web|last=Mount|first=Steve|title=Ratification of Constitutional Amendments|url=http://www.usconstitution.net/constamrat.html|publisher=U.S. Constitution}} However, Maryland did not ratify the Amendment until March 29, 1941. The Maryland Senate and the Maryland House of Delegates both voted against women's suffrage in 1920.{{cite news |title= Why Maryland Rejects the Suffrage Amendment |work= The New York Times |date=February 20, 1920 |page=14 |id= {{ProQuest|97898542}} }} In the time between the United States and Maryland approving the amendment, women fought very hard for their rights. In Maryland, there were suffragists and suffrage groups all protesting for women's rights.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}

Edith Houghton Hooker, born in Buffalo, New York in 1879, was a suffragist in Maryland.{{cite web|title=Maryland Women's Hall of Fame|url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/hooker.html|publisher=Maryland State Archives}} She graduated from Bryn Mawr College and later enrolled in the Johns Hopkins University Medical School, where she was one of the first women accepted into the program. Hooker was an active member of the suffrage movement.{{cite web|title=Edith Houghton|url=http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/m/o/s/Margo-H-Moser-VA/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-0004.html|publisher=Family Tree Maker}} She and her husband, Donald Russell Hooker, were responsible for establishing the Planned Parenthood Clinic in Baltimore. Hooker also established the Just Government League of Maryland, which brought the question of women's suffrage to the people of Maryland.{{cite web|title=Edith Houghton Hooker (1879–1948): Suffragist, Progressive, and Reformer|url=http://teaching.msa.maryland.gov/000001/000000/000066/html/t66.html|publisher=Maryland State Archives|access-date=June 25, 2004}} Hooker also founded the Maryland Suffrage News.{{cite web|title=Woman Suffrage Memorabilia|date=January 2, 2014 |url=http://womansuffragememorabilia.com/woman-suffrage-memorabilia/suffrage-journals/|publisher=Word Press}} This newspaper was designed to help unite the suffrage organizations scattered across the state in order to bring pressure to the legislature to be more sympathetic to the issues of women, and to serve as a source of information about suffrage to the women of the state because mainstream papers were virtually blind to the existence of the movement. Hooker saw the need for a focus on passing a national amendment, so she did all she could to get the amendment approved.

Henrietta ("Etta") Haynie Maddox was the first woman to graduate from Baltimore Law School in 1901, and later to be admitted to the Maryland bar.{{citation|author=The Honorable Lynn A. Battaglia|title="Where is Justice?" An Exploration of Beginnings|url=http://law.ubalt.edu/downloads/law_downloads/BATTAGLIA%20Article1.pdf|publisher=Maryland Finding Justice Project|year=2010|journal=University of Baltimore Law Forum|volume=41|issue=1|access-date=11 Apr 2016}} However, initially she was not permitted to take the exam.{{citation|author=Maryland Commission for Women|title=Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Etta H. Maddox|url=http://msa.maryland.gov/msa/educ/exhibits/womenshall/html/maddox.html|year=2003|publisher=Maryland State Archives|access-date=11 Apr 2016}} The Maryland Court of Appeals rejected her application on the grounds that the wording of Maryland's law only permitted male citizens to practice law.In re Maddox, 55 L.R.A. 298, 93 Md. 727, 50 A.487 (1901). Therefore, Maddox and several other female attorneys from other states went to Maryland's General Assembly to lobby for women to be admitted to the Maryland bar. In 1902, a bill introduced by Senator Jacob M. Moses was passed, permitting women to practice law in Maryland.Maryland General Assembly, Law Record, Resolutions, Ch. 399 (1902). Maddox passed the bar exam with distinction and in September 1902, she was the first woman to become a licensed lawyer in Maryland.Scheeler, Mary Katherine. Notable Maryland Women: Etta Haynie Maddox, 1860–1933. Edited by Winifred G. Helmes. Cambridge: Tidewater Publishers, 1977. {{ISBN?}}

Women's suffrage in South Carolina began as a movement in 1898, nearly 50 years after the women's suffrage movement began in Seneca Falls, New York. The state's women suffrage movement was concentrated amongst a small group of women, with little-to-no support from the state's legislature.{{Cite journal|last=Taylor|first=Antoinette Elizabeth|date=April 1976|title=South Carolina and the Enfranchisement of Women: The Early Years|journal=The South Carolina Historical Magazine|volume=77|issue=2|pages=115–126|jstor=27567374}}

Virginia Durant Young, was a prominent figure in South Carolina's women's suffrage movement. Young was a temperance campaigner who expanded her efforts to push for votes for women in South Carolina elections.{{Cite book|title=Cultivating a New South: Abbie Holmes Christensen and the Politics of Race and Gender, 1852–1938|last=Tetzlaff|first=Monica Maria|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|year=2002|isbn=9781570034534|location=Columbia, SC|page=[https://archive.org/details/cultivatingnewso00tetz/page/110 110]|url=https://archive.org/details/cultivatingnewso00tetz/page/110}} Among the objections she argued against was a claim that, because polling booths were often located in bars, the act of voting would take women into unpleasant situations.{{cite web|title=OpenLearn Live: 19th February 2016: A Week in South Carolina: Allendale|url=http://www.open.edu/openlearn/whats-on/events/openlearn-live-19th-february-2016#allendale|website=OpenLearn|publisher=The Open University|access-date=20 February 2016}} South Carolina's first women's suffrage movement was closely tied to the temperance movement led by the Women's Christian Temperance Union. Young, with several other suffragists, formed the South Carolina Equal Rights Association (SCERA) in 1890.

In 1892, described as a "staunch male supporter," General Robert R. Hemphill, a state legislator, introduced an amendment for women's suffrage. This amendment was voted down 21 to 14.{{Cite book|title=History of Woman Suffrage, Volume IV|last1=Stanton |first1=Elizabeth Cady |last2=Anthony |first2=Susan B. |last3=Gage |first3=Matilda Joslyn |last4=Harper |first4=Ida|publisher=Susan B. Anthony and Charles Mann Press|year=1883–1900|location=Rochester, New York|page=925}} Over the 1890s a number of laws were revised to extend women more property rights. Virginia Durant Young died in 1906, and with her death came the end of SCERA and other efforts within the state for women's suffrage.

Women's suffrage finally came to South Carolina through the Nineteenth Amendment after the amendment was passed by Congress in 1919. South Carolina accepted the implications of the Nineteenth Amendment, but at the same time passed a law excluding women from jury duty within the state. South Carolina finally ratified the Nineteenth Amendment in 1969.{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/women%C2%92s-suffrage/|title=Women's Suffrage |encyclopedia=South Carolina Encyclopedia|access-date=2018-11-20}}

Suffragist Virginia Durant Young's former home{{snd}}which also served as the office for her newspaper, the Fairfax Enterprise{{snd}}was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 8, 1983.{{Cite web|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/83002183|title=Young, Virginia Durant, House|website=National Park Service NPGallery}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalregister.sc.gov/allendale/S10817703012/|title=Virginia Durant Young House, Allendale County (U.S. Hwy. 278, Fairfax)|website=South Carolina Department of Archives and History}}

Woman suffrage entered the public forum in Tennessee in 1876 when a Mississippi suffragist, Mrs. Napoleon Cromwell, spoke before the male delegates to the state Democratic convention held in Nashville. Her ten-minute speech asked the assembly to adopt a resolution for woman suffrage. Her appeal was based in terms of white supremacy. She reasoned that the white race would not be united unless white women were enfranchised. She pointed out that former male slaves could vote, but the wives, daughters, mothers, and sisters of those present at the convention could not. The delegates applauded but they also laughed, treating her speech as a joke. No resolution was passed.{{cite book|last=Wheeler|first=Marjorie Spruill|title=Votes for Women: The Woman Suffrage Movement in Tennessee, the South, and the Nation|date=1995|publisher=University of Tennessee Press|location=Knoxville}}

After the Women's Christian Temperance Union national convention in Nashville in 1887, and a powerful appeal by suffragist Rev. Anna Howard Shaw, a group of women in Memphis organized the first woman suffrage league in the state in 1889. Lide Meriwether was elected president and she became active in the National American Woman Suffrage Association as a speaker for other states. In 1895 Meriwether persuaded Susan B. Anthony and Carrie Chapman Catt to come to Memphis where they spoke to white and African American groups and were lauded by the Nineteenth Century Club, the Woman's Council, and the Woman's Club.{{sfn|Taylor|1957|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}} By 1897 there were ten new clubs in Tennessee, with the largest still in Memphis. A state convention was organized for Nashville that year with Laura Clay of Kentucky and Frances Griffin of Alabama as featured speakers. This convention then formed the Tennessee Equal Rights Association, electing Lide Meriwether president and Bettie M. Donelson of Nashville, secretary.{{cite book|last1=Meriwether|first1=Elizabeth Avery|title=Recollections of 92 Years, 1824–1916|date=1964|publisher=Tennessee Historical Commission|location=Nashville}} Two separate state associations formed in 1914{{snd}}the Tennessee Equal Suffrage Association and the Tennessee Equal Suffrage Association, Incorporated. They both affiliated with the National American Woman Suffrage Association and in 1918 combined to form the Tennessee Woman Suffrage Association.{{cite journal|last1=Sims|first1=Anastasia|title='Powers that Pray' and 'Powers that Prey': Tennessee and the Fight for Woman Suffrage|journal=Tennessee Historical Quarterly|date=1991|issue=Winter}}

Due to the work by suffragists, in 1919 the Tennessee legislature passed an amendment to the state constitution granting only presidential and municipal suffrage for women. When the Susan B. Anthony amendment came to the Tennessee legislature, thirty-five other states had already ratified it. There was some controversy about the legitimacy of a state constitutional stipulation that a federal amendment could only be voted upon by a legislature that was in place before the amendment was submitted. It took a decision of the U.S. Supreme Court to cause the legislature to reconsider this issue. In addition, Governor Roberts was getting pressure – even from President Woodrow Wilson – to call a special legislative session to consider ratification of the 19th Amendment. Finally, the legislature was called on August 7, 1920. Pro- and anti-suffragist forces came to lobby for their cause.{{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Robert P.|last2=Byrnes|first2=Mark E.|title=The 'Bitterst Fight': The Tennessee General Assembly and the Nineteen Amendment|journal=Tennessee Historical Quarterly|date=2009|issue=Fall}} After several days of hearings and debate, the Tennessee State Senate voted for ratification of the Susan B. Anthony Amendment on August 13. On August 17, the house committee on constitutional convention and amendments urged ratification. Debate followed and eventually the house adopted ratification by a majority of fifty to forty-six.{{cite journal|last1=Casey|first1=Paula F.|title=The Final Battle: Tennessee's Vote for Women Decided the Nation|journal=Tennessee Bar Journal|date=September–October 1995|volume=31|issue=5}} With Tennessee as the thirty-sixth state to ratify, the fight for the Nineteenth Amendment was over.{{cite book|last1=Yellin|first1=Carol Lynn|last2=Sherman|first2=Janann|title=The Perfect 36: Tennessee Delivers Woman Suffrage|date=1998|publisher=Iris Press|location=Tennessee}}

{{Main|Women's suffrage in Texas|Timeline of women's suffrage in Texas}}

File:Tesa are you an american citizen.jpg

Women in Texas did not have any voting rights when Texas was a republic (1836–1846) or after it became a state in 1846.{{Cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/viw01|title=Woman Suffrage |last=Taylor|first=A. Elizabeth |date=2010-08-31|website=tshaonline.org|access-date=2019-08-18}} Suffrage for Texas women was first raised at the Constitutional Convention of 1868-1869 when Republican Titus H. Mundine of Burleson County proposed that the vote be given to all qualified persons regardless of gender. The committee on state affairs approved Burleson's proposal but the convention rejected it by a vote of 52 to 13. The first suffrage organization in Texas was the Texas Equal Rights Association (TERA) which was organized in Dallas in May 1893 by Rebecca Henry Hayes of Galveston and which was active until 1895. TERA had auxiliaries in Beaumont, Belton, Dallas, Denison, Fort Worth, Granger, San Antonio, and Taylor.{{Cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/vit01|title=Texas Equal Suffrage Association |last=Humphrey |first=Janet G.|date=2010-06-15|website=tshaonline.org|access-date=2019-08-18}}

Suffragists in Texas formed the Texas Woman Suffrage Association (TWSA) in 1903Dorothy Brown, "Sixty Five Going on Fifty: A History of the League of Women Voters of Texas, 1903–1969." Manuscript. League of Women Voters files, Austin, 1969. Accessed on www.my.lwv.org/texas/history 4.13.2019. and renamed it the Texas Equal Suffrage Association (TESA) in 1916. The association was the state chapter of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). Annette Finnigan of Houston was the first president. During Finnigan's presidency, TWSA attempted to organize women's suffrage leagues in other Texas cities but found little support. When Finnigan moved from Texas in 1905, the association became inactive.

In April 1913, 100 Texas suffragists met in San Antonio and reorganized TWSA with seven local chapters sending delegates. The delegates elected Mary Eleanor Brackenridge from San Antonio as president. Annette Finnigan, who had returned to Houston in 1909, succeeded Brackenridge as president in 1914, followed by Minnie Fisher Cunningham from Galveston in 1915. By 1917, there were 98 local chapters of TESA throughout Texas. In January 1916, 100 suffragists chartered the state branch of the National Woman's Party (NWP) in Houston.{{Cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/wensq|title=National Woman's Party |last=Brandenstein |first=Sherilyn |date=2010-06-15|website=tshaonline.org|access-date=2019-08-18}} However, most Texas suffragists belonged to the more moderate Texas Equal Suffrage Association.

Texas suffragists publicized their cause through sponsoring lectures and forums, distributing pamphlets, keeping the issue in local newspapers, marching in parades, canvassing their neighborhoods, and petitioning their legislators and congressmen. Many suffragists in Texas used nativist and racist arguments to advocate for women's suffrage. After the United States entered World War I, Texas suffragists also argued for the vote on the basis of their war work and patriotism.Seymour, James. "Fighting on the Homefront: The Rhetoric of Woman Suffrage in World War I" in Debra A. Reid, ed. Seeking Inalienable Rights: Texans and Their Quests for Justice. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2009.

In 1915, Texas suffragists came within two votes in the Texas legislature of achieving an amendment to the state constitution giving women the vote. In March 1918, suffragists led the effort to get women the vote in state primary elections. In seventeen days, TESA and other suffrage organizations registered approximately 386,000 Texas women to vote in the Democratic primary election in July 1918, which was the first time that women in Texas were able to vote. Texas suffragists then turned their attention to lobbying their federal representatives to support the Susan B. Anthony amendment to the federal constitution. Both Texas senators and ten of eighteen U.S. representatives from Texas voted for the federal amendment on June 4, 1919.Taylor, A. Elizabeth. Citizens at Last: The Woman Suffrage Movement in Texas. Austin: Ellen C. Temple, 1987. Later that month, Texas became the first state in the South and the ninth state in the United States to ratify the 19th amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The Texas House approved the federal amendment on June 24, 1919 by a vote of 96 to 21 and the Texas Senate approved it on June 28, 1919 by a voice vote.

{{Main|Women's suffrage in Virginia|Timeline of women's suffrage in Virginia}}

File:Democratic women will please enroll here, Richmond suffragists, 1920.jpg

Women's suffrage in Virginia began 1870 with the founding of the Virginia State Woman Suffrage Association by Anna Whitehead Bodeker.{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/woman_suffrage_in_virginia|title=Women's Suffrage in Virginia|last=McDaid|first=Jennifer Davis|date=October 26, 2018|website=Encyclopedia Virginia, Virginia Foundation for the Humanities|access-date=July 14, 2019}}{{Cite web|url=http://edu.lva.virginia.gov/online_classroom/shaping_the_constitution/people/anna_whitehead_bodeker|title=Anna Whitehead Bodeker (1826–1904)|website=Education @ Library of Virginia|access-date=July 14, 2019|archive-date=2019-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002072151/http://edu.lva.virginia.gov/online_classroom/shaping_the_constitution/people/anna_whitehead_bodeker|url-status=dead}} Bodeker tried to stir up public support for women's suffrage by publishing newspaper articles and inviting nationally known suffragists to speak. However, post-Civil War societal demands to uphold traditional values of womanhood won out, and the Virginia State Woman Suffrage Association shut down less than a decade after its founding. In 1893, Orra Gray Langhorne founded the Virginia Suffrage Society as part of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), but it folded before the turn of the century due to low membership numbers.{{Cite web|url=http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio.asp?b=Langhorne_Orra|title=Dictionary of Virginia Biography: Orra Henderson Moore Gray Langhorne|last=Pollard|first=Frances S.|website=Dictionary of Virginia Biography, Library of Virginia|access-date=July 14, 2019}}

In November 1909, about 20 Richmond-area activists{{snd}}including Lila Meade Valentine, Kate Waller Barrett, Adele Goodman Clark, Nora Houston, Kate Langley Bosher, Ellen Glasgow, Mary Johnston{{snd}}founded the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia.{{Cite journal|last=Graham|first=Sarah Hunter|date=April 1993|title=Woman Suffrage in Virginia: The Equal Suffrage League and Pressure-Group Politics, 1909–1920|journal=The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography|volume=101|issue=2|pages=227–250|jstor=4249352}} A few months after its founding, the Equal Suffrage League of Virginia joined NAWSA. The league had about 100 members in its first year of operation. In 1917, it had more than 15,000. By 1919, the league had 32,000 members and was the largest political organization in the state of Virginia.

The Equal Suffrage League of Virginia educated Virginia's citizens and legislators by canvassing houses, distributing pamphlets, and sending its members on speaking tours around the state. The league also regularly petitioned Virginia's General Assembly to add a women's voting rights amendment to the state constitution, bringing the issue to the floor in 1912, 1914, and 1916; they were defeated each time.{{Cite web|url=http://edu.lva.virginia.gov/changemakers/items/show/103|title=Lila Meade Valentine (1865–1921)|website=Library of Virginia: Changemakers|access-date=July 14, 2019}} Meanwhile, Virginia suffragists encountered strong opposition to their cause by an anti-suffragist movement, headed by the Virginia Association Opposed to Women's Suffrage, that tapped into racial fears and traditional, conservative beliefs about the role of women in society.

When the United States Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment in June 1919, Virginia suffragists lobbied for ratification, but Virginia's politicians refused. However, women of Virginia got the right to vote in August 1920 when the Nineteenth Amendment became law after it was ratified by 36 states.

Virginia wouldn't ratify the Nineteenth Amendment until 1952.

As all of West Virginia is encapsulated by the Southern Appalachian mountains, much of its cultural norms are similar to the rural South, including attitudes about women's roles.{{cite web |title=West Virginia's Suffrage Movement |url=http://www.wvculture.org/history/archives/women/suffrage.html |website=West Virginia Archives & History |access-date=23 April 2020}} As early as 1867, a state senator, Rev. Samuel Young, presented a resolution calling for the right for women to vote. But when the Southern Committee for the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) sought support in West Virginia, they did not hear of any women interested in supporting woman suffrage. Two NAWSA organizers came to the state in the fall of 1895 and helped organize several local clubs and a state convention in Grafton. The West Virginia Equal Suffrage Association (WVSEA) formed in Grafton, West Virginia in November 1895, though this all-white suffrage club was supported by suffragists concentrated primarily in only five cities: Wheeling, Fairmont, Morgantown, Huntington, and Parkersburg.{{cite web |last1=Effland |first1=Anne Wallace |title=A Profile of Political Activists: Women of the West Virginia Woman Suffrage Movement |url=http://www.wvculture.org/history/journal_wvh/wvh49-8.html |website=West Virginia History |publisher=West Virginia Department of Arts, Culture and History |access-date=23 April 2020}} In 1898 the Charleston Woman's Improvement League was organized as a member of the National Association of Colored Women and suffrage was an important part of their work.{{cite web |last1=Bickley |first1=Ancella |title='Lifting as We Climb', Charleston Woman's Improvement League |url=http://www.wvculture.org/goldenseal/winter04/womens.html |website=West Virginia Department of Arts, Culture and History |access-date=23 April 2020}} Though the national Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) had already included winning the franchise in its departmental structure, the West Virginia WCTU did not officially endorse women's suffrage until 1900.{{cite web |last1=Howe |first1=Barbara J. |title=West Virginia Women's Organizations, 1880s–1930 or 'Unsexed Termagants... Help the World Along |url=http://www.wvculture.org/history/journal_wvh/wvh49-7.html |website=West Virginia Department of Arts, Culture and History |access-date=23 April 2020}} Several more attempts in the legislature over the years also met with defeat, though in 1915 the legislature called for a statewide constitutional referendum for woman suffrage. It was soundly defeated in all the counties but two (Brooke and Handcock) where an NAWSA organizer, Eléonore Raoul Greene,{{cite web |last1=Cannon |first1=Joseph |title=Biographical Sketch of Eleonore Raoul Greene |url=https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1010111660 |website=Biographical Database of NAWSA Suffragists, 1890–1920 |publisher=Online Biographical Dictionary of the Woman Suffrage Movement in the United States |access-date=23 April 2020}} had been working to support the effort. When pro-suffrage Governor John J. Cornwell added the federal amendment to the special session of the legislature in February 1920, it was ratified. Lenna Lowe Yost of Basnettville, West Virginia, was WVSEA president and had organized the petition drive as well as the "living petition" of suffragists who greeted and lobbied the legislators as they prepared to vote in the special session. On March 3, the House of Delegates voted for the amendment.{{cite web |last1=Effland |first1=Anne B.W. |title=Women's Suffrage |url=https://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1330 |website=e-WV: The West Virginia Encyclopedia |publisher=West Virginia Humanities Council |access-date=23 April 2020}} However, the state Senate was deadlocked in a tie. Sen. Jesse Bloch of Wheeling returned from a California vacation just in time to break the tie, and with a fifteen to fourteen vote in the Senate on March 10, the legislature sent the ratification bill to the Governor for his signature. West Virginia became the thirty-fourth of the thirty-six states needed to ratify the federal amendment for woman suffrage.

{{Main|Women's suffrage in Alaska|Timeline of women's suffrage in Alaska}}White women in Alaska were able to vote in school board elections in 1904.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=714}}{{sfn|Christen|2019|p=90}} Many white women's rights activists in the state were involved with the WCTU.{{Cite web|last=Lapka|first=Alyssa|date=13 March 2019|title=The Life of Cornelia Templeton Jewett Hatcher|url=https://alaskahistoricalsociety.org/the-life-of-cornelia-templeton-jewett-hatcher/|access-date=2020-11-09|website=Alaska Historical Society}} Cornelia Templeton Hatcher, an active WCTU member also worked towards women's suffrage in the state. Lena Morrow Lewis also campaigned for women's suffrage in Alaska.{{Cite web|title=Lena Morrow Lewis|url=http://alaskawomenshalloffame.org/alumnae/name/lena-lewis/|access-date=2020-11-09|website=Alaska Women's Hall of Fame}} The press of Alaska was favorable towards women's suffrage.{{sfn|Spude|2015|p=217}} Representatives both in the United States Congress and in the Territorial legislature were supportive of legislation for equal suffrage.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=713}}{{Cite web|last1=Beeton|first1=Beverly|last2=Parham|first2=R. Bruce|date=July 2020|title=Votes for Women, Woman Suffrage in Alaska: A Resource List|url=https://alaskahistoricalsociety.org/about-ahs/special-projects/centennial-of-womens-suffrage-alaska/votes-for-women-woman-suffrage-in-alaska-a-resource-list/|access-date=2020-11-09|website=Alaska Historical Society}} On March 21, 1913 a law allowing white and Black women to vote, but largely excluded Alaska Natives.{{Cite web|title=Alaska and the 19th Amendment|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/alaska-and-the-19th-amendment.htm|access-date=2020-11-08|website=U.S. National Park Service}} Because Alaska Natives were generally not considered citizens of the United States, they were not allowed to vote.{{Cite web|title=Citizenship for Native Veterans|url=http://www.nebraskastudies.org/en/1900–1924/native-american-citizenship/citizenship-for-native-veterans/|access-date=2020-11-09|website=Nebraska Studies}} In 1915, the Territorial Legislature passed a law allowing Alaska Natives to vote if they gave up their "tribal customs and traditions."{{Cite web|title=First Territorial Legislature of Alaska|url=https://www.nps.gov/people/first-territorial-legislature-of-alaska.htm|access-date=2020-11-09|website=U.S. National Park Service}} Tillie Paul (Tlingit), who was arrested for helping Charlie Jones (Tlingit) to vote, set a precedent that Alaska Natives could vote.{{Cite web|date=17 September 2020|title=Tillie Paul Tamaree & the Tlingit Community|url=https://www.history.pcusa.org/blog/2020/09/tillie-paul-tamaree-tlingit-community|access-date=2020-11-09|website=Presbyterian Historical Society}}{{Cite news|date=1979-10-19|title=SJ Names Place to Honor Tlingit Woman, Tillie Paul|page=5|work=Daily Sitka Sentinel|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3761301/campus-building-named-for-tillie-paul/|access-date=2020-11-09|via=Newspapers.com}} In 1924, the Indian Citizenship Act was passed.{{Cite web|title=History and Culture: Citizenship Act – 1924|url=http://www.nativepartnership.org/site/PageServer?pagename=airc_hist_citizenshipact|access-date=2020-11-09|website=Northern Plains Reservation Aid}} The next year, Alaska passed a literacy test meant to suppress Alaska Native voters.{{sfn|Cole|1992|p=433}} After years of protest against segregation in Alaska, the Territorial Legislature considered a civil rights bill in 1945.{{sfn|Cole|1992|pp=430, 445}} During the proceedings, the testimony of Elizabeth Peratrovich (Tlingit) helped the bill to pass.{{Cite web|last=Johnson|first=Erik|title=The 19th Amendment, Elizabeth Peratrovich, and the Ongoing Fight for Equal Rights|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/dena-history-peratrovich.htm|access-date=2020-11-11|website=U.S. National Park Service}} The passage of the Alaska Equal Rights Act of 1945 helped end segregation, but Alaska Natives still faced voter discrimination.{{sfn|Tucker|Landreth|Lynch|2017|p=330}}{{sfn|Cole|1992|p=449}} When Alaska became a state, the literacy test became more lenient.{{sfn|Christen|2019|p=98}} In 1970, the state considered suffrage and a referendum passed, ending literacy tests.{{sfn|Christen|2019|p=98}} The Voting Rights Act of 1965 (VRA), modified in 1975, provided help for indigenous people who did not speak English.{{sfn|Alaska Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights|2018|p=1}}{{sfn|Tucker|Landreth|Lynch|2017|p=336}} To the present day, many Alaska Natives face significant barriers to voting.{{sfn|Tucker|Landreth|Lynch|2017|pp=342–343}}

{{Main|Women's suffrage in Hawaii|Timeline of women's suffrage in Hawaii}}

File:First Twelve Women To Register, Honolulu Star-Bulletin, August 30, 1920.png

During the rule of the Hawaiian Kingdom women had different levels of political power and some could vote in the House of Nobles.{{Cite journal|last=Steele|first=Julia|date=October 2020|title=Daughters of Haumea|url=https://hanahou.com/23.4/daughters-of-haumea|journal=Hana Hou!|volume=23|issue=4|access-date=2020-12-31 |archive-date=2022-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515083623/https://hanahou.com/23.4/daughters-of-haumea|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web|last=McGreevy|first=Nora|date=13 August 2020|title=How the 19th Amendment Complicated the Status and Role of Women in Hawai'i|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/how-19th-amendment-complicated-status-and-role-women-hawaii-180975551/|access-date=2020-12-08|website=Smithsonian Magazine}} By 1850, voting in elections was restricted to male citizens.{{cite journal|last=Spaulding|first=Thomas Marshall|year=1930|title=Early Years of the Hawaiian Legislature|journal=Thirty-Eighth Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society for the Year 1929|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|pages=25–33|oclc=2105039|hdl=10524/33}} Before the end of the Hawaiian Kingdom, efforts to support women's suffrage nearly made Hawaii the first nation to give women the right to vote. The provisional government of Hawaii barred women from voting. A suffrage committee of the WCTU attempted to persuade the Hawaii constitutional convention to allow women to vote.{{sfn|Basson|2005|p=581}} However this was rejected because it would increase the number of Native Hawaiians eligible to vote.{{sfn|Basson|2005|p=581}} Hawaii was annexed by the United States in July 1898.{{Cite web|title=Wilhelmina Kekelaokalaninui Widemann Dowsett|url=https://www.nps.gov/people/wilhelmina-kekelaokalaninui-widemann-dowsett.htm|access-date=2020-12-08|website=U.S. National Park Service}} In 1899, members of NAWSA wrote the "Hawaiian Appeal" to the U.S. Congress in which they asked that women be given the same rights as men in the territory.{{sfn|Sneider|1994|p=16}} Susan B. Anthony, one of the writers of the "Hawaiian Appeal" was partially motivated to ensure that women get to vote before Native Hawaiian men were able to vote.{{Cite web|last=Hopkins|first=Ruth|date=14 August 2020|title=Meet Wilhelmina Dowsett, the Influential Native Hawaiian Suffragette|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/who-was-wilhelmina-kekelaokalaninui-widemann-dowsett-feminist|access-date=2020-12-08|website=Teen Vogue}} In the end, suffrage was granted to men who could read and write in either English or Hawaiian and the territorial legislature was prevented from legislating on suffrage matters.{{sfn|Harper|1922|pp=715–716}} Emma Kaili Metcalf Beckley Nakuina and Wilhelmine Kekelaokalaninui Widemann Dowsett began to organize and work for women' suffrage. In 1912, Dowsett founded National Women's Equal Suffrage Association of Hawai'i (WESAH) and Catt helped the group affiliate with NAWSA and served as their representative.{{sfn|Yasutake|2017|p=123}}{{Cite news|date=18 October 1912|title=Suffragists Hold Special Meeting; Plans for Future|work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin|url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014682/1912-10-18/ed-1/seq-5/|access-date=9 December 2020}}{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=716}} In 1915, Delegate from the Territory, Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole, brought a bill to the U.S. Congress on women's suffrage.{{sfn|Harper|1922|pp=715–716}} Hawaiian suffragists and the public believed that Congress would consider their bill, but Kūhiō's bill was ignored.{{Cite news|date=1914-12-30|title=Woman Suffrage for Hawaii More Than Mere Possibility|page=1|work=Honolulu Star-Bulletin|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/65005795/honolulu-star-bulletin/|access-date=2020-12-10|via=Newspapers.com}} He brought the bill forward again in 1916.{{sfn|Harper|1922|p=717}} Almira Hollander Pitman used her influence to speed up congressional action on women's suffrage.{{sfn|Yasutake|2017|p=128}}{{cite news|date=July 30, 1918|title=Mrs. Pitman Get Credit For Bill. Wife of Hilo Man Instrumental In Securing Congressional Action on Hawaii Suffrage Measure|volume=LII|page=8|newspaper=The Hawaiian Gazette|issue=61|location=Honolulu|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1918-07-30/ed-1/seq-8/}}{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0kuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA341|title=Extending the Right of Suffrage to Women: Hearings Before the Committee on Woman Suffrage, House of Representatives, Sixty-fifth Congress, Second Session on H. J. Res 200. January 3, 4, 5, and 7, 1918|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|year=1918|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=341–344|chapter=Statement of Mrs. Benjamin F. Pitman of Boston, Mass}} When Prince Kūhiō brought another bill to Congress in 1917, Pitman successfully advocated for the passage of the bill which would allow the territorial legislation to make their own laws about women's suffrage.{{sfn|Yasutake|2017|p=129}}{{Cite news|date=1918-07-29|title=Mrs. Pitman Gets Credit for Bill|page=7|work=The Honolulu Advertiser|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/65076563/the-honolulu-advertiser/|access-date=2020-12-11|via=Newspapers.com}} The bill passed and was signed in June 1918.{{sfn|Yasutake|2017|p=130}} In May of 1919, suffragists pushed for the territorial legislature to consider women's right to vote.{{sfn|Yasutake|2017|p=131}} Suffragists held rallies and were present during the votes in the legislature.{{sfn|Yasutake|2017|p=131}} However, efforts to pass a bill were unsuccessful.{{Cite news|date=1919-04-02|title=True to Form|page=4|work=The Honolulu Advertiser|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/65007907/the-honolulu-advertiser/|access-date=2020-12-10|via=Newspapers.com}} After the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, the secretary of state ruled that it applied to women in United States territories.{{sfn|Yasutake|2017|p=135}}

• African-American Woman Suffrage Movement
• Anti-suffragism
• League of Women Voters
• List of American suffragists
• List of women's rights activists
• Native Americans and women's suffrage in the United States
• National American Woman Suffrage Association
• Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
• Silent Sentinels (1917 imprisonment of suffragettes at the Occoquan Workhouse)
• Suffrage
• Suffrage Hikes
• Timeline of women's rights (other than voting)
• Timeline of women's suffrage
• Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Refbegin|30em}}

• {{Cite journal |last=Alaska Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights |date=27 March 2018 |title=Alaska Native Voting Rights |url=https://www.usccr.gov/pubs/2018/05-25-AK-Voting-Rights.pdf |journal=Advisory Memorandum |pages=1–17}}
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• {{Cite journal |last=De Haan |first=Amy |date=Winter 2004 |title=Arizona Women Argue for the Vote: The 1912 Initiative Campaign for Women's Suffrage |journal=Journal of Arizona History |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=375–394 |jstor=41690306}}
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• {{Cite journal |last=Easton |first=Patricia O'Keefe |date=Fall 1983 |title=Woman Suffrage in South Dakota: The Final Decade |url=https://www.sdhspress.com/journal/south-dakota-history-13-3/woman-suffrage-in-south-dakota-the-final-decade-1911-1920/ |journal=South Dakota History |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=206–226 |via=South Dakota State Historical Society}}
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• {{Cite journal |last=Ferguson-Bohnee |first=Patty |date=2016 |title=The History of Indian Voting Rights in Arizona: Overcoming Decades of Voter Suppression |url=https://arizonastatelawjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Ferguson_Final.pdf |journal=Arizona State Law Journal |volume=2 |pages=1099–1144}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Gellhorn |first=Edna Fischel |date=1920 |title=Ratification, Schools, and League of Women Voters |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_WhIAAAAYAAJ&dq=missouri+woman+suffrage&pg=PA282 |journal=The Missouri Historical Review |volume=14 |issue=3–4 |pages=349–357}}
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• Humphrey, Janet G. "Texas Equal Suffrage Association." Handbook of Texas Online.  Accessed August 18, 2019. http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/vit01. Uploaded on June 15, 2010. Modified on July 19, 2017. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
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• {{Cite journal |last=Ross |first=Frances Mitchell |date=Autumn 1984 |title=James Mitchell, Spokesman for Women's Equality in Nineteenth Century Arkansas |journal=Arkansas Historical Quarterly |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=222–235 |doi=10.2307/40027710 |jstor=40027710}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Scott |first1=Anne Firor |title=One Half the People: The Fight for Woman Suffrage |last2=Scott |first2=Andrew MacKay |publisher=University of Illinois Press |year=1982 |isbn=0252010051 |location=Urbana, illinois |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=opBMJGm4jc8C}}
• Seymour, James. "Fighting on the Homefront: The Rhetoric of Woman Suffrage in World War I." in Debra A. Reid, ed. Seeking Inalienable Rights: Texans and Their Quests for Justice. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2009. pp. 59–75.
• {{Cite journal |last=Shilling |first=D. C. |date=1916 |title=Woman's Suffrage in the Constitutional Convention of Ohio |url=http://devel-drupal.law.csuohio.edu/lawlibrary/resources/lawpubs/ohioconlaw/documents/Shilling.pdf |journal=Ohio Arch. And Hist. Society Publications |volume=25 |pages=166–175}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Sneider |first=Allison L. |date=1994 |title=The Impact of Empire on the North American Woman Suffrage Movement: Suffrage Racism in an Imperial Context |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4jk7j88j |journal=UCLA Historical Journal |volume=14 |pages=14–32}}
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• {{Cite book |last=Spude |first=Catharine Holder |title=Saloons, Prostitutes, and Temperance in Alaska Territory |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=2015 |isbn=9780806149974 |location=Norman, Oklahoma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yeDBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22women%27s+suffrage%22+alaska&pg=PA217}}
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• {{cite web |last=Taylor |first=A. Elizabeth |title=Woman Suffrage |work=Handbook of Texas Online |access-date=August 18, 2019 |url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/viw01 |date=June 25, 2019 |publisher=Texas State Historical Association}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=A. Elizabeth |date=Spring 1956 |title=The Woman Suffrage Movement in Arkansas |journal=Arkansas Historical Quarterly |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=17–52 |doi=10.2307/40027189 |jstor=40027189}}
• {{cite book |last=Taylor |first=A. Elizabeth |year=1957 |title=The Woman Suffrage Movement in Tennessee |publisher=Bookman Associates |location=New York |oclc=500948}}
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• {{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=A. Elizabeth |date=March 1959 |title=The Last Phase of the Woman Suffrage Movement in Georgia |journal=The Georgia Historical Quarterly |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=11–28 |jstor=40577919}}
• {{Cite book |last=Tetrault |first=Lisa |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/44140 |title=The Myth of Seneca Falls: Memory and the Women's Suffrage Movement, 1848–1898 |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press |year=2014 |isbn=9781469615608 |location=Chapel Hill |url-access=subscription |via=Project MUSE}}
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• {{Cite journal |last1=Tucker |first1=James Thomas |last2=Landreth |first2=Natalie A. |last3=Lynch |first3=Erin Dougherty |date=2017 |title='Why Should I Go Vote Without Understanding What I Am Going to Vote For?' The Impact of First Generation Voting Barriers on Alaska Natives |journal=Michigan Journal of Race and Law |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=327–382 |doi=10.36643/mjrl.22.2.why |s2cid=149117802 |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjrl/vol22/iss2/5/ |doi-access=free}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Jennifer A. |date=1999 |title=From Travel Writer to Newspaper Editor: Caroline Churchill and the Development of Her Political Ideology within the Public Sphere |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3347220 |journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=42–63 |doi=10.2307/3347220 |jstor=3347220 |url-access=registration }}
• {{cite book |last=Underwood |first=James L. |title=The Constitution of South Carolina: The struggle for political equality |year=1986 |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |location=South Carolina |isbn=978-0-87249-978-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/constitutionofso0003unde/page/59 59]–94 |url=https://archive.org/details/constitutionofso0003unde |url-access=registration}}
• {{Cite book |last=Upton |first=Harriet Taylor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KjcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP1 |title=History of the Western Reserve |publisher=The Lewis Publishing Company |year=1910 |editor-last=Cutler |editor-first=Harry Gardner |location=Chicago |author-link=Harriet Taylor Upton}}
• {{Cite thesis |last=Van Es |first=Mark A. |title=Peculiar History of Women's Suffrage in Jasper County, Missouri |date=April 2014 |degree=Master of Arts |publisher=Pittsburg State University |url=https://digitalcommons.pittstate.edu/etd/119/}}
• Ward, Geoffrey C. Not Ourselves Alone: the story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony (1999),
• Wellman, Judith. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IV6rt59asF8C The Road to Seneca Falls], University of Illinois Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-252-02904-6}}
• {{Cite book |last=Wood |first=Margaret L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uC9EAQAAMAAJ |title=Memorial of Samuel N. Wood |publisher=Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Company |year=1892 |location=Kansas City}}
• {{Cite thesis |last=Yarbrough |first=Cynthia J. |title=Finding a Voice: The Woman's Suffrage Movement in the South |date=April 22, 2006 |publisher=University of Tennessee-Knoxville |url=https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj/1033}}
• {{Cite book |last=Yasutake |first=Rumi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04lZDgAAQBAJ |title=Gendering the Trans-Pacific World |publisher=Brill |year=2017 |isbn=9789004336100 |editor-last=Choy |editor-first=Catherine Ceniza |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |chapter=Re-Franchising Women of Hawai'i, 1912–1920 |pages=114–139 |doi=10.1163/9789004336100_008 |editor-last2=Tzu-Chun Wu |editor-first2=Judy |editor-link2=Judy Tzu-Chun Wu}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Youmans |first=Theodora W. |author-link=Theodora W. Youmans |date=September 1921 |title=How Wisconsin Women Won the Ballot |journal=The Wisconsin Magazine of History |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=3–32 |jstor=4630337}}

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• {{cite journal |last=Knobe |first=Bertha Damaris |date=August 1911 |title=Recent Strides Of Woman Suffrage |journal=The World's Work: A History of Our Time |volume=XXII |issue=1 |pages=14733–14745 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHAAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA14733 |access-date=2009-07-10}}

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• [https://www.flickr.com/photos/iminerva/sets/72157604177179029/ UNCG Special Collections and University Archives selections of American Suffragette manuscripts]
• [http://womenshistory.about.com/od/suffrage/a/intl_timeline.htm International Woman Suffrage Timeline: Winning the Vote for Women Around the World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823111624/http://womenshistory.about.com/od/suffrage/a/intl_timeline.htm |date=2016-08-23 }} provided by About.com
• [http://ead.ohiolink.edu/xtf-ead/view?docId=ead/ODa0007.xml Woman's Suffrage Association and League of Women Voters Collection (MS-004)], a manuscripts collection at Dayton Metro Library
• [http://sewallbelmont.org/ The Sewall-Belmont House & Museum--Home of the historic National Woman's Party]
• [https://www.loc.gov/collection/women-of-protest/about-this-collection/ Women of Protest: Photographs from the Records of the National Woman's Party]
• [http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/G-0054/ Oral History Interview with Eulalie Salley] at [http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/ Oral Histories of the American South]

{{Women's suffrage in the United States}}

{{Suffrage| state=expanded}}

{{Voting rights in the United States}}

{{US history}}

{{United States topic

|title = Women's suffrage in the United States by political division

|prefix = Women's suffrage in

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Women's Suffrage In States of The United States}}

Category:History of voting rights in the United States

Category:History of women in the United States

Category:History of women's rights in the United States

Category:Progressive Era in the United States

Category:South Carolina elections

Category:History of women in South Carolina

Category:Women in South Carolina