demographics of the United Kingdom

Roman Britain had an estimated population between 2.8 million and 3 million at the end of the second century AD. At the end of the fourth century, it had an estimated population of 3.6 million, of whom 125,000 consisted of the Roman army and their families and dependents.Joan P. Alcock, [https://books.google.com/books?id=t7KeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT260 A Brief History of Roman Britain, page 260], Hachette UK The urban population of Roman Britain was about 240,000 people at the end of the fourth century. Roman Britain's capital city, Londinium, is estimated to have had a population of about 60,000.{{cite book|author=Will Durant|title=Caesar and Christ: The Story of Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JztghD__8ksC&q=londinium&pg=PT468|date=7 June 2011|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4516-4760-0|pages=468–}}{{cite book |title=London Civic Theatre: City Drama and Pageantry from Roman Times to 1558 |author=Anne Lancashire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QajvxgbH59QC&pg=PA19 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |page=19 |isbn=978-0-5216-3278-2 }}

Following the Roman withdrawal from Britain, Germanic tribes from continental Europe such as the Angles, Saxons and Jutes began a period of significant migration to the southeastern part of the island, notably bringing their language, Old English.{{cite web|title=Anglo-Saxon|date=27 April 2023 |publisher=Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anglo-Saxon}} Nevertheless, the overall population is believed to have fallen precipitously due to political upheavals and plagues.{{cite web|title=Settlers|publisher=Oxford Museum of Natural History|url=http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/settlers/}}{{cite news|last=Wood|first=Michael|title=Viewpoint: The time Britain slid into chaos|work=BBC News|date=25 May 2012|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18159752}} By the time of the compilation of the Domesday Book in the eleventh century, there may have between 1.25 and 2 million people living in England.{{cite web|title=Life in the eleventh century|publisher=Domesday Book Online|url=http://www.domesdaybook.co.uk/life.html#6}} Though the Domesday Book did not count the English population, it has been regarded as one of the first attempts to produce a census of the country.{{cite web|title=Early census-taking in England and Wales|publisher=Office for National Statistics|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011census/howourcensusworks/aboutcensuses/censushistory/earlycensustakinginenglandandwales}}

Between the years of 1086 and 1750, the English population fluctuated in size due to civil war, famines and plagues. By the end of the 13th century, the population was estimated to have reached between four and six million people, but a combination of factors such as widespread famine and disease in the following century collapsed the population dramatically. An agricultural crisis in 1315 to 1322 and the Black Death in 1348 to 1350 collapsed the population by over a third of its pre-existing number, and the growth rate. By 1377, the population was estimated on a poll-tax of all people aged 14 and over, depending on the population amount of those under 14, to be around 2.2 million to 3.1 million.

Periods of instability over the 15th century (such as the Wars of the Roses) caused the population to increase at a slower pace. The general factors behind this were a high mortality rate due to war, fewer marriages within the population, late marriages (keeping fertility levels low) and a net emigration of English people out of the country. However, by the 16th century, this situation has elevated itself due to political stability under the Tudor monarchy and little civil unrest which would have resulted in a higher mortality rate. While this was overturned with the English Civil War in 17th century, it allowed the population to grow at a faster pace, causing the population of England to reach a pre-collapse total of 5.74 million by 1750.{{Cite book |url=https://rd.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-349-75096-2 |title=Focus On People and Migration |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan London |year=2005 |pages= |language=en |chapter=Chapter 1: The UK population past, present and future. |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-75096-2|isbn=978-1-4039-9327-4 |editor1-last=Chappell |editor1-first=Roma }} In Scotland, population growth was not to the same extent as it was in England, which resulted in being significantly lower in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, which is often ascribed to similar factors halting it such as a high mortality rate, especially for infants, and later marriage and childbearing patterns. Ireland on the other hand before the 19th century consistently had rapid population growth, which has been ascribed to higher fertility rates and earlier marriage than England. Furthermore, the Plantation of Ulster in the 17th century also affected the population total of Scotland with an estimated 100,000 Scots migrating to Ulster, additionally, the Jacobite rebellion in 1745 also caused significant emigration. The estimated population total of Scotland in 1691 was 1.23 million.

The impetus to collect population data was reinforced due to food supply concerns and war against France in the late 18th century and the beginning of the early 19th century. In 1800, the Census Act was passed, authorising the first modern census in British history to be conducted.

File:Population development of the UK.svgThe first Census in 1801 revealed that the population of Great Britain was 10.5 million.[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/a-portrait-of-britain-in-2031-395231.html A portrait of Britain in 2031], The Independent, 24 October 2007 Of this, England's population had grown to 8.3 million, Wales' population rested at 0.6 million while Scotland had a population of 1.6 million. In Ireland, the population rested at an estimate of between 4.5 and 5.5 million inhabitants.[http://www.proni.gov.uk/index/exhibitions_talks_and_events/19th_century_emigration_to_the_north_america_online/statistics.htm Statistics | Counting the Emigrants], Public Record Office of Northern Ireland[http://cekern.ucdavis.edu/Custom_Program573/History_and_Lessons_of_Potato_Late_Blight.htm History and Lessons of Potato Late Blight] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509143114/http://cekern.ucdavis.edu/Custom_Program573/History_and_Lessons_of_Potato_Late_Blight.htm |date=9 May 2011 }}, University of California Since 1801, a census has been conducted almost every decade; in Ireland this was conducted for the first time in 1821.

During the Industrial Revolution, the demographic transition started in the United Kingdom, going from a pre-industrial society demographically to an industrialised society. By the 1841 Census, the population of England and Wales was 15.9 million,[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/1841-a-window-on-victorian-britain-6102875.html 1841: A window on Victorian Britain], The Independent, 25 April 2006 having doubled in the space of 40 years, Ireland had 8.2 million[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/learn/features/immig/irish2.html Irish-Catholic Immigration], The Library of Congress and Scotland had 2.6 million. The slightly lower rate of growth for Scotland may be attributed to higher net emigration of Scottish people out of the nation, and two typhus epidemics in 1837 and 1847.

Factors often associated with the beginning of the demographic transition began to change dramatically as well, which contributed to the rapid increase. For example, child mortality decreased dramatically: the proportion of children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5% in 1730–1749 to 31.8% in 1810–1829.Mabel C. Buer, Health, Wealth and Population in the Early Days of the Industrial Revolution, London: George Routledge & Sons, 1926, page 30 {{ISBN|0-415-38218-1}} General mortality was thought to have declined as well, especially after 1850. This, as well as an increased birth rate, caused the English population to sustain itself{{clarify|date=March 2025}} in the second phase of the transition from 1750 to 1870.

In the second half of the 19th century the population of England continued to grow quickly, from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901. This rapid growth was also seen in the other constituent nations. In Wales, the population increased from 0.6 million in 1801 to 2 million in 1901; in Scotland, the population increased from 1.6 million in 1801 to 4.5 million in 1901. In contrast, however, the Great Irish Famine, which began in the 1840s, caused the deaths of 1 million Irish people, and caused well over a million to emigrate.{{cite web |last=Mintz |first=Steven |title=The Irish Potato Famine |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/irish_potato_famine.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823030816/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/irish_potato_famine.cfm |archive-date=23 August 2012 |access-date=31 July 2012 |publisher=Digitalhistory.uh.edu}} Mass emigration became entrenched as a result of the famine, and Ireland's population decreased rapidly, from 8.2 million in 1841 to 3.2 million in 1901.{{cite web |title=Ireland – Population Summary |url=http://homepage.tinet.ie/~cronews/geog/census/popcosum.html |access-date=31 July 2012 |publisher=Homepage.tinet.ie}} However this massive population collapse did not affect Northern Ireland to the same extent, as it was more industrialised and urbanised; and while the population did decline, it had recovered itself by the beginning of the 20th century. This prolonged period of emigration and net population decline in Irish history was not reversed until the middle of the 20th century.

The total fertility rate of the UK population declined from 4.88 children per woman in 1871, to 2.4 by 1921, representing a transition to the third stage of the demographic transition. Traditional means of birth control, such as abstinence and withdrawal, facilitated the collapse of the birth rate; by the 1930s this was also hastened by more modern methods of contraception, which were beginning to gain increased acceptance. From 1840 to 1930 there was a net emigration of English people out of the country, which scaled back population growth.

During the first half of the 20th century, the United Kingdom began to approach the fourth stage of the demographic transition. The deaths of troops in the First World War, coupled with an influenza outbreak, are estimated to have totalled over 900,000 deaths in the United Kingdom. This reduced the male population of the Lost Generation and altered the sex ratio, which slowed the growth rate of the population. By the end of the Second World War, this fourth stage transition had been completed, and there were a low but fluctuating birth rate, a low death rate and a slower population growth rate. The British Nationality Act 1948 allowed many people from the British Empire's colonies to migrate to the country, being classed in nationality as the same as a native of the United Kingdom. This law, while an unintentional side-effect, led to the start of modern immigration to the United Kingdom.

There was also major social change in the United Kingdom throughout the 1960s. Liberalisation of society during the decade led to the Abortion Act 1967, which legalised abortion in the United Kingdom for the first time, and the Divorce Reform Act 1969, which made divorce easier. Between these years, the population fluctuated: from the 1950s onwards the population increased through natural growth, but by the mid-1970s the population decreased due to emigration, which took net migration to a negative, and deaths exceeding births.{{dubious|date=March 2025}} For the first time in 1973, the birth rate of the country fell below replacement level. By the 1980s, the decline of population growth had recovered to an extent due to a reversal of net emigration.

In the 1990s, international migration began to contribute more to population growth, and by 1998 this had overtaken natural increase as the main cause of growth. Liberalisation of immigration rules under the Blair government allowed rapid increase of the number of migrants arriving, quadrupling the number from a net migration rate of 50,000 a year, to 200,000 a year{{when|date=March 2025}}.{{Cite book |last=Somerville |first=Will |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IeA1DwAAQBAJ |title=Immigration Under New Labour |date=26 September 2007 |publisher=Policy Press |isbn=978-1-86134-967-5 |language=en}}

By the beginning of the 21st century, the population of the United Kingdom rested at a total of 59,113,000 people. In each constituent nation, the population of England was 49,449,700, Scotland had a population of 5,064,200, Wales had a population of 2,910,200 and Northern Ireland a population of 1,689,300. Increased international migration which began to rapidly increase at the end of the 20th century also has brought increased ethnic heterogenization to the British population, not only in ethnicity and race, but also in country of birth. In 2001, the White British population was registered to be 88.52% of the total population, but by 2011, this proportion of the population had dropped to 81.88%, with other ethnic groups either rising by 50% of their respective total population in 2001 or doubling entirely.

Such rapid immigration growth boosted population growth in the United Kingdom. In 2011, the population sat at around 63 million people.

{{See also|Countries of the United Kingdom by population|List of cities in the United Kingdom#List of cities|List of urban areas in the United Kingdom}}

File:Total registered deaths over time in the UK.svg

The population of the UK in the last recorded census in 2011 was 63 million, of whom 31 million were male and 32 million female. The 2011 census recorded the population of England as 53.0 million, Scotland as 5.3 million, Wales as 3.1 million, and Northern Ireland as 1.8 million.[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/population-and-household-estimates-for-the-united-kingdom/rft-table-1-census-2011.xls Table 1 2011 Census: Usual resident population by five-year age group and sex, United Kingdom and constituent countries], Accessed 20 December 2012 At the last recorded population estimate, it was estimated that the UK population was at a total of 67,081,234 people.

There are 13 urban areas that exceed 500,000 inhabitants: they are centred on London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Leeds and Bradford, Southampton and Portsmouth, Sheffield, Liverpool, Leicester, Manchester, Belfast, Bristol, Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Nottingham.{{cite web | url=http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx|title=2011 Census – Built-up areas| publisher=ONS | access-date=20 August 2013}}

{{#chart:United Kingdom Total Population.chart}}

{{#chart:United Kingdom Population Change.chart}}

{{efn|Crude migration change (per 1000) is a trend analysis, an extrapolation based average population change (current year minus previous) minus natural change of the current year (see table vital statistics). As average population is an estimate of the population in the middle of the year and not end of the year.}}

class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;" |+Population distribution across the UK ! class="unsortable" rowspan=2| Constituent country ! colspan=2|Population (mid-2020) ! colspan=2|Area ! data-sort-type="number" rowspan=2| Population density (per km2 (per mi2))
Numbers{{cite web |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/latest |title=Population Estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: mid-2020 |publisher=Office for National Statistics}} ! class="unsortable" | % of UK ! data-sort-type="number" | (km2 (mi2)){{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/administrative/the-countries-of-the-uk/index.html |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160108051201/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/administrative/the-countries-of-the-uk/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2016 |title=The Countries of the UK |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=15 October 2017}} ! % of UK
style="text-align:left;" | England | 56,550,138	{{percentage bar|84.3}} | {{cvt|130,309|km2|mi2|abbr=values|0}} | {{percentage bar|53.7}} | {{cvt|434|/km2|/mi2|abbr=values|0}}
style="text-align:left;" | Scotland | 5,466,000	{{percentage bar|8.2}} | {{cvt|77,911|km2|mi2|abbr=values|0}} | {{percentage bar|32.1}} | {{cvt|70|/km2|/mi2|abbr=values|0}}
style="text-align:left;" | Wales | 3,169,586	{{percentage bar|4.7}} | {{cvt|20,736|km2|mi2|abbr=values|0}} | {{percentage bar|8.5}} | {{cvt|153|/km2|/mi2|abbr=values|0}}
style="text-align:left;" | Northern Ireland | 1,895,510	{{percentage bar|2.8}} | {{cvt|13,793|km2|mi2|abbr=values|0}} | {{percentage bar|5.7}} | {{cvt|137|/km2|/mi2|abbr=values|0}}
class="sortbottom" | style="text-align:left;" | United Kingdom | 67,081,234	{{percentage bar|100}} | {{cvt|242,749|km2|mi2|abbr=values|0}}	{{percentage bar|100}} | {{cvt|274|/km2|/mi2|abbr=values|0}}

File:Population of England over time.svg|England

File:Population of Scotland over time.svg|Scotland

File:Population of Wales over time.svg|Wales

File:Population of NI over time.svg|Northern Ireland

File:Population change from 2011 to 2021 UK.svg

The following table shows the total UK population estimated at census dates. Pre 1901 figures include the whole of Ireland, whereas from 1901 onwards only the population of Northern Ireland is included.

class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;" |+ United Kingdom population at census dates{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/AA2010/aa2010final.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629184711/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/AA2010/aa2010final.pdf|url-status=dead|title=National Statistics Online|archive-date=29 June 2011}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/population-and-household-estimates-for-the-united-kingdom/rft-table-1-census-2011.xls|title=UK 2011 Census|website=Ond.gov.uk}}{{cite web|title=UK Population Estimates 1851 to 2014– Office for National Statistics|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/adhocs/004356ukpopulationestimates1851to2014|website=Office for National Statistics|access-date=17 March 2017|date=September 2014}} ! rowspan="2" | Intercensal period ! rowspan="2" | Population at start of period ! colspan="5" | Average annual numbers of ! rowspan="2" | Population density at start of period (per km2)
Overall change ! Births ! Deaths ! Net natural change ! Net migration etc.
1851{{ndash}}1861 | 27,368,800 | 154,910 | {{Unknown}} | {{Unknown}} | {{Unknown}} | {{Unknown}} | 87
1861{{ndash}}1871 | 28,917,900 | 256,680 | {{Unknown}} | {{Unknown}} | {{Unknown}} | {{Unknown}} | 92
1871{{ndash}}1881 | 31,484,700 | 344,980 | {{Unknown}} | {{Unknown}} | {{Unknown}} | {{Unknown}} | 100
1881{{ndash}}1891 | 34,934,500 | 286,790 | {{Unknown}} | {{Unknown}} | {{Unknown}} | {{Unknown}} | 111
1891{{ndash}}1901 | 37,802,400 | 373,580 | {{Unknown}} | {{Unknown}} | {{Unknown}} | {{Unknown}} | 120
1901{{ndash}}1911 | 38,237,000 | 385,000 | 1,091,000 | 624,000 | 467,000 | −82,000 | 156
1911{{ndash}}1921 | 42,082,000 | 195,000 | 975,000 | 689,000 | 286,000 | −92,000 | 172
1921{{ndash}}1931 | 44,027,000 | 201,000 | 824,000 | 555,000 | 268,000 | −67,000 | 180
1931{{ndash}}1951 | 46,038,000 | 213,000 | 793,000 | 603,000 | 190,000 | {{fsp}}22,000 | 188
1951{{ndash}}1961 | 50,225,000 | 258,000 | 839,000 | 593,000 | 246,000 | {{fsp}}12,000 | 205
1961{{ndash}}1971 | 52,807,000 | 312,000 | 962,000 | 638,000 | 324,000 | −12,000 | 216
1971{{ndash}}1981 | 55,928,000 | 42,000 | 736,000 | 666,000 | {{fsp}}69,000 | −27,000 | 229
1981{{ndash}}1991 | 56,357,000 | 108,000 | 757,000 | 655,000 | 103,000 | {{fsp|2}}5,000 | 231
1991{{ndash}}2001 | 57,439,000 | 161,000 | 731,000 | 631,000 | 100,000 | {{fsp}}61,000 | 235
2001{{ndash}}2011 | 59,113,000 | 324,000 | 722,000 | 588,000 | 134,000 | 191,000 | 242
2011{{ndash}}2021 | 63,182,000 | {{N/a}} | {{N/a}} | {{N/a}} | {{N/a}} | {{N/a}} | 259

Population density calculated on:

• Pre–1901: 243,820 km² total land area for the current United Kingdom plus 70,273 km² land area of the current Republic of Ireland.
• Post–1901: its current boundaries.

File:Medium varient of population projections from the UN for the United Kingdom.svg

The UK government first began publishing population projections for the country in the 1920s under the Government Actuary's Department (GAD) which were mainly produced to be used for long-term financial estimates for pensions and other schemes of social insurance.{{Cite web |title=National population projections, background and methodology: 2018-based – Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationprojections/methodologies/nationalpopulationprojectionsbackgroundandmethodology2018based |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}} However, since the Second World War, population projections have taken an expanded role in all areas of influencing government policy. The GAD produced population projections every year from 1955 to 1979 and then switched it to every 2 years up to 1991. The Office for National Statistics took control of producing population projections for the country in 2006.

The British Office for National Statistics' 2016-based National Population Projections indicated that, if recent trends continue, the UK's population would increase by 3.6 million between mid-2016 and mid-2026. This represents an average annual growth rate of 0.5%. Over the same period, the population of England is projected to grow by 5.9%; for Wales, this figure is 3.1%, while for Scotland and Northern Ireland the figures are 3.2% and 4.2% respectively. These projections did not allow for any possible effects of the UK leaving the European Union.[https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationprojections/bulletins/nationalpopulationprojections/2016basedstatisticalbulletin National Population Projections, 2016-based], retrieved 29 October 2017

File:Fertility rate of the United Kingdom from 1541 to 2019.svg

File:TFR of the United Kingdom across the entire country in 2021.svg

Since 1838 it has been compulsory to register a birth or death in the United Kingdom.

Official data on the fertility rate of the country was first made available in 1938,{{Cite book |url=https://rd.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-349-75096-2 |title=Focus On People and Migration |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan London |year=2005 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 5: Fertility and Mortality |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-75096-2|isbn=978-1-4039-9327-4 |editor1-last=Chappell |editor1-first=Roma }} However, it is possible to estimate the total fertility rate (TFR) from 1541 onwards.

The fertility rate of the United Kingdom before the 19th century remained at around 5 children per woman. This rate has been falling since 1870, when the country began into transition into the third stage of the demographic transition.{{Cite book |last=Szreter |first=Simon |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/fertility-class-and-gender-in-britain-18601940/2A2205085264BE13E91217549BD0DE42 |title=Fertility, Class and Gender in Britain, 1860–1940 |date=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-34343-5 |series=Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past Time |location=Cambridge}}{{Cite journal |last=Galor |first=Oded |date=2005 |title=The Demographic Transition and the Emergence of Sustained Economic Growth |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40004992 |journal=Journal of the European Economic Association |volume=3 |issue=2/3 |pages=494–504 |doi=10.1162/jeea.2005.3.2-3.494 |jstor=40004992 |issn=1542-4766}} This transition represents the change in reproductive strategy from how many children a mother 'needs' to how many she 'wants', and a substitution of quality over quantity in the offspring produced.{{Cite journal |last1=Hatton |first1=Timothy J. |last2=Martin |first2=Richard M. |date=1 October 2010 |title=Fertility decline and the heights of children in Britain, 1886–1938 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014498310000318 |journal=Explorations in Economic History |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=505–519 |doi=10.1016/j.eeh.2010.05.003 |hdl=1885/66235 |s2cid=1137234 |issn=0014-4983|hdl-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last=Galor |first=Oded |date=1 January 2012 |title=The demographic transition: causes and consequences |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11698-011-0062-7 |journal=Cliometrica |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–28 |doi=10.1007/s11698-011-0062-7 |issn=1863-2513 |pmc=4116081 |pmid=25089157}} From the 1880s onwards, the birth rate began to decline rapidly from its previous levels. In England the rate declined by 44% between 1875 and 1920.

The decline has been attributed to a number of factors, including biological, technological, societal socio-economic reasons and cultural trends.{{Cite book |last=Teitelbaum |first=Michael S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FuP_AwAAQBAJ |title=The British Fertility Decline: Demographic Transition in the Crucible of the Industrial Revolution |date=14 July 2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-5715-9 |language=en}} The Industrial Revolution led to large scale movements of people to high density urban population centres; income per capita rose significantly especially in the last half of the 19th century, while economic growth improved the livelihoods of the working and middle classes. This growth in the standard of living led also reduced mortality rates (which had been in decline since the early 18th century) and especially in infant mortality. The decline of child labour at the same time meant there was less economic need for a large number of children. Educational standards improved during the same time period, which gave children more economical potential.

The increasing number of women in the workforce in the 19th century also contributed to the birth rate decline.

Improvements in nutrition, which are linked to biological factors such as a decline in lactation, have also been cited as a potential factor in the decline of the fertility rate. Technological developments also began to have an effect; contraceptives became more usable in the latter half of the 19th century due to developments in the production of rubber. Abortion, while illegal, was also used, though the extent is unknown.

A decline in religious adherence during the 19th century (despite a shortage of data) has also been considered as a reason. While there is debate among demographers as to the relative importance of these factors, it is generally accepted that the combined effect was that mothers could begin to invest more time and nurture 'quality' into their offspring rather than having an increased 'quantity' of children, and that this led to the decrease of the total fertility rate.

By 1914, the birthrate was around 2.88 children per woman, but by 1918 this had collapsed by almost 50%{{Cite web |last=Vandenbroucke |first=Guillaume |date= May 2012|title=Optimal fertility during World War I |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/38526/ |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de |language=en}} due to World War One and sank to 2.03 children.{{Cite journal |last=Tomassini |first=Cecilia |date=2005 |title=The demographic characteristics of the oldest old in the United Kingdom |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16025700/ |journal=Population Trends |issue=120 |pages=15–22 |issn=0307-4463 |pmid=16025700}} In the post-World War One period, while the birthrate initially boomed reaching a peak of 3.08 children in 1920, this was followed by a rapid decline and had slumped to historic lows by the 1930s, for the first time in the country's history falling below a replacement level fertility rate. The rate did not recover until the end of the Second World War in 1945.

In the post-World War Two period, the fertility rate of the country boomed once again, reaching levels not seen since the late 19th century. This peaked in 1964, with a TFR of 2.95.{{Cite journal |last1=Shaw |first1=C. |last2=Haskey |first2=J. |date=1999 |title=New estimates and projections of the population cohabiting in England and Wales |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10368842/ |journal=Population Trends |issue=95 |pages=7–17 |issn=0307-4463 |pmid=10368842}}{{cite web |date=22 August 2007 |title=Fertility: UK fertility highest since 1980 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=951 |access-date=22 September 2007 |publisher=Office for National Statistics}} However, by 1973, the fertility rate of the country again dropped below replacement levels, and has continued to decline until the present day.

It is said that the sub-replacement level fertility rate is not viewed by the government as a major issue. Little incentive has been provided to increase the birth rate throughout the UK's post war period. Compared to other countries in Western European, the United Kingdom's rate remains relatively high.

Family planning policies were enacted during the 1970s as a result of the rapid population growth during the 1960s. The 1973 NHS Reorganisation Act is one example: this Act made family planning advice and supplies available to the public. With previous liberalising acts such as the Abortion Act and the Divorce Reform Act, and scientific developments such as increased access to contraceptive methods such as the contraceptive pill, it is generally accepted that these social changes contributed to the decline of the fertility rate below replacement level in the latter half of the 20th century. With these changes also, pre-marital conceptions fell to 1950 levels by the late 1970s. This decline in the birth rate follows a similar pattern to other European countries.

The government's position was explained in 1984 at the UN Conference on Population in Mexico;

The United Kingdom government does not pursue a population policy in the sense of actively trying to influence the overall size of the population, its age structure, or the components of change except in the field of immigration. Nor has it expressed a view about the size of population, or the age structure, that would be desirable... The current level of births has not been the cause of general anxiety. The prevailing view is that decisions about fertility and childbearing are for people themselves to make, but that it is proper for government to provide individuals with the information and the means necessary to make their decisions effective. To this end, the government provides assistance with family planning as part of the National Health Service. The ageing of the population does raise social and economic issues. However, it is believed that these will prove manageable; and also, to a degree, that society will adapt...’

In 2003, Right to Request was setup which allowed the parents of small children to request flexible working times which included shorter working hours for parents to care for their children. However, a report in 2006 found that its impact was negligible as mothers tended to switch employers to get reduced hours regardless.

Migration in the late 1990s and 2000s led to the overall total fertility rate of the country rising by 0.1% between 2004 and 2011.{{Citation |last=Sigle |first=Wendy |title=Fertility and Population Change in the United Kingdom |date=2016 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32997-0_4 |work=Low Fertility, Institutions, and their Policies: Variations Across Industrialized Countries |pages=77–98 |editor-last=Rindfuss |editor-first=Ronald R. |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-32997-0_4 |isbn=978-3-319-32997-0 |access-date=2022-05-31 |editor2-last=Choe |editor2-first=Minja Kim|url-access=subscription }}

In 2012, the UK's total fertility rate (TFR) was 1.92 children per woman,{{cite web |title=Vital Statistics: Population and Health Reference Tables (February 2014 Update): Annual Time Series Data |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/vital-statistics--population-and-health-reference-tables/spring-2014-update/annual-table.xls |access-date=27 April 2014 |publisher=ONS}} below the replacement rate, which in the UK is 2.075.{{cite web |title=Place Analytics |url=http://www.localfutures.com/Home/Our_Network/Intelligence/Future_Drivers/Demographics/default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224224735/http://gt-placeanalytics.co.uk/ |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=7 August 2011}} In 2001, the TFR was at a record low of 1.63, but it then increased every year until it reached a peak of 1.96 in 2008, before decreasing again. In 2012 and 2013, England and Wales's TFR decreased to 1.85.{{cite web |title=Large decrease in number of births, ONS figures show |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-28330429# |work=BBC News|date=16 July 2014 }} In Scotland however TFR was lower: it decreased from 1.75 in 2010 to 1.67 in 2012. Northern Ireland has the highest TFR in the UK, standing at 2.02 in 2010 and 2.03 in 2012.

{{#chart:United Kingdom TFR.chart}}

class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:right" ! colspan="18" |Total fertility rate (TFR) from 1552 to 1899
colspan="18" |Years
1552	1556	1560	1565	1570	1575	1580	1590	1595	1600	1605	1610	1615	1620	1625	1630	1640	1650
style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.12	style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.78	style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.7	style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.31	style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.64	style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.48	style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.62	style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.25	style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.47	style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.63	style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.79	style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.47	style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.51	style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.78	style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.35	style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.45	style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.71	style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.49
colspan="18" |
1660 !1665 !1670 !1675 !1680 !1690 !1695 !1700 !1705 !1710 !1715 !1720 !1725 !1730 !1735 !1740 !1750 !1755
3.83 |4.1 |3.97 |3.75 |3.97 |4.29 |4.37 |4.39 |4.37 |3.79 |4.25 |4.16 |4.51 |4.28 |4.94 |4.58 |4.73 |4.64
colspan="18" |
1760 !1765 !1770 !1775 !1780 !1785 !1790 !1795 !1797 !1799 !1800 !1801 !1802 !1803 !1804 !1805 !1806 !1807
4.56 |4.81 |4.98 |4.96 |4.9 |5.09 |5.35 |5.21 |5.4 |5.11 |4.97 |4.6 |5.3 |5.61 |5.65 |5.55 |5.49 |5.45
colspan="18" |
1808 !1809 !1810 !1811 !1812 !1813 !1814 !1815 !1816 !1817 !1818 !1819 !1820 !1821 !1822 !1823 !1824 !1825
5.4 |5.24 |5.36 |5.43 |5.31 |5.45 |5.46 |6.02 |5.73 |5.69 |5.54 |5.45 |5.4 |5.55 |5.69 |5.54 |5.42 |5.38
colspan="18" |
1826 !1827 !1828 !1829 !1830 !1831 !1832 !1833 !1834 !1835 !1836 !1837 !1838 !1839 !1840 !1841 !1842 !1843
5.36 |5.07 |5.23 |4.85 |4.83 |4.78 |4.78 |5 |4.89 |4.83 |4.86 |4.79 |4.78 |4.93 |4.9 |4.89 |4.83 |4.82
colspan="18" |
1844 !1845 !1846 !1847 !1848 !1849 !1850 !1851 !1852 !1853 !1854 !1855 !1856 !1857 !1858 !1859 !1860 !1861
4.83 |4.75 |4.9 |4.58 |4.71 |4.78 |4.85 |4.94 |4.94 |4.78 |4.89 |4.85 |4.94 |4.9 |4.79 |4.97 |4.86 |4.88
colspan="18" |
1862 !1863 !1864 !1865 !1866 !1867 !1868 !1869 !1870 !1871 !1872 !1873 !1874 !1875 !1876 !1877 !1878 !1879
4.92 |4.94 |4.96 |4.94 |4.92 |4.94 |4.97 |4.82 |4.88 |4.85 |4.89 |4.94 |4.93 |4.92 |4.9 |4.89 |4.88 |4.81
colspan="18" |
1880 !1881 !1882 !1883 !1884 !1885 !1886 !1887 !1888 !1889 !1890 !1891 !1892 !1893 !1894 !1895 !1896 !1897
4.75 |4.68 |4.62 |4.55 |4.47 |4.39 |4.32 |4.24 |4.16 |4.11 |4.06 |4 |3.95 |3.9 |3.84 |3.79 |3.73 |3.68
colspan="18" |
1898 !1899 | colspan="16" rowspan="2" |
3.62 |3.58

File:Mean age of mother by birth order in England and Wales.svg|Mean age of mother by birth order in England and Wales

File:Mean age of parents at birth in the UK over time.svg|Mean age of parents at birth in England and Wales

File:Stillbirth rate per 1,000 live births and stillbirths in England and Wales.svg|Stillbirth rate in England and Wales

File:Live births per 1000 women by age group of women in England and Wales.svg|Live births by age group in England and Wales

File:Percentage of women childless by age 30 in England and Wales.svg|Percentage of women childless by age 30 in England and Wales by mother's year of birth

File:Average number of children by year of birth of mothers in England and Wales.svg|Average number of children by year of birth of the mothers in England and Wales

File:Percentage of births born outside of wedlock in England and Wales.svg|Percentage of births born outside of wedlock in England and Wales

File:Conception rate per 1000 women in age group in England and Wales.svg|Conception rate per 1000 women by age groups in England and Wales

File:Teenage conception rate in England and Wales.svg|Teenage conception rate per 1000 women in England and Wales

File:Total live births over time in the United Kingdom.svg

The first available data on when a mother gives birth for the first time was in 1920.

The reduction of the total fertility rate of the United Kingdom has also had an effect on the mean age in which a mother gives birth to her first child.

The age in which a mother gives birth to her first child has changed depending on the time period, but since the 1970s the age in which someone gives birth has been trending upwards.

class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+Mean age of childbearing !Year !Mean age of childbearing

1920 |25.6

1941 |23.8

1959 |25.7

1960 |27.8

1965 |27.1

1970 |26.3

1975 |26.5

1980 |26.9

1985 |27.3

1990 |27.7

2018 |29

The reduction of the fertility rate has also had an effect on the general family size of mothers in the United Kingdom, with the two being interlinked with each other. The family size of the average UK family can be estimated for a "completed family size" (CFS), which is an estimate of the amount of children a woman has birthed by the end of her childbearing years.

Family size within the UK has shifted towards two or one children in recent decades, rather than in the past when larger family sizes were more prominent and sought after. This pattern is similar to other European countries, where couples are having fewer children. Increasingly, there are also more couples who are completely childless; this has been increasing since the 1950s.{{Cite journal |last=Gillespie |first=Rosemary |date=1 January 1999 |title=Voluntary childlessness in the United Kingdom |journal=Reproductive Health Matters |volume=7 |issue=13 |pages=43–53 |doi=10.1016/S0968-8080(99)90111-8 |issn=0968-8080|doi-access=free }}

class="wikitable" |+Development of family size distribution (percentages) ! rowspan="2" |No. of children ! colspan="9" |Years
1920 !1925 !1930 !1935 !1940 !1945 !1950 !1955 !1960
0 |21 |17 |13 |12 |11 |10 |14 |17 |21
1 |21 |22 |18 |15 |13 |13 |12 |12 |12
2 |27 |28 |30 |32 |37 |43 |43 |40 |35
3 |16 |17 |19 |21 |22 |21 |20 |20 |21
4 or more |15 |16 |20 |20 |17 |13 |11 |11 |11
Average family size (Completed family size of all women) !2 !2.12 !2.35 !2.42 !2.36 !2.17 !2.03 !2.02 !1.95

{{See also|List of British regions by life expectancy}}

File:Life expectancy in the United Kingdom.svg

File:Life expectancy by WBG -United Kingdom -diff.png

Life expectancy has increased in the United Kingdom since the 18th century due to precipitate declines in child mortality, see below, and from relatively minor improvements in healthcare. A life expectancy of 40, the historical norm, does not mean that person is likely to die at 40 years old but rather when he or she is very old or very young; much in line with a bathtub curve.

At the start of the 20th century, the life expectancy at birth was only 45.6 years.

By 1950, life expectancy at birth had risen to 68.6 years. During the latter half of the century, further factors influenced the increase of life expectancy: diseases and the improvement of healthcare in the 1950s, decline in smoking in the mid-1970s and improvements in treating heart disease in the 1990s contributed to its decline.{{Cite web |last1=Marshall |first1=Louise |last2=Finch |first2=David |last3=Cairncross |first3=Liz |last4=Bibby |first4=Jo |date=November 2019 |title=Mortality and life expectancy trends in the UK: stalling progress |url=https://www.yhphnetwork.co.uk/media/47212/mortality-and-life-expectancy-trends-in-the-uk-the-health-foundation-2019.pdf}}

At the start of the 21st century, the life expectancy at birth was 77.8 years.

In 2011 the life expectancy at birth of the UK was around 80.4 years, but the rate of increase has been stalling.{{Cite journal |last1=Leon |first1=David A |last2=Jdanov |first2=Dmitry A |last3=Shkolnikov |first3=Vladimir M |date=2019-11-01 |title=Trends in life expectancy and age-specific mortality in England and Wales, 1970–2016, in comparison with a set of 22 high-income countries: an analysis of vital statistics data |journal=The Lancet Public Health |language=en |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=e575–e582 |doi=10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30177-X |pmid=31677776 |s2cid=207892521 |issn=2468-2667|doi-access=free |hdl=10037/17628 |hdl-access=free }}{{Cite news |date=2017-07-18 |title=Life expectancy rises 'grinding to halt' in England |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-40608256 |access-date=2022-07-06}} Potential factors behind this may be austerity measures imposed in the beginning of the 2010s,{{Cite web |date=2020-02-25 |title=Austerity blamed for life expectancy stalling for first time in century |url=http://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/feb/24/austerity-blamed-for-life-expectancy-stalling-for-first-time-in-century |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=The Guardian |language=en}} which coincidentally since then mortality rates have slowed down in decline{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Georgina |date=2019-03-29 |title=FactCheck: is austerity reducing life expectancy? |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/factcheck-is-austerity-reducing-life-expectancy |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=Channel 4 News |language=en-GB}} or older people dying off at faster rates than expected. On the topic of austerity measures, Professor Richard Faragher has said that "It is possible to have high or rising life expectancy during austerity, as is the case in Japan. Similarly, you can have rising life expectancy despite high levels of inequality – this was the case in Britain from 1900–1950." but noted that austerity measures to social services like the NHS, especially social care support for the elderly may be causing a stalling of life expectancy increase due to a decreased quality of life for older generations.

class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" ! colspan="18" |Life expectancy from 1543 to 2015
colspan="18" |Years{{cite web |title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations |url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919061238/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ |archive-date=19 September 2016 |access-date=15 July 2017}}{{cite web |title=Life expectancy |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?year=1810 |access-date=28 August 2018 |website=Our World in Data}}
1543 !1548 !1553 !1558 !1563 !1568 !1573 !1578 !1583 !1588 !1593 !1603 !1608 !1613 !1618 !1623 !1628 !1633
33.9 |38.8 |39.6 |22.4 |36.7 |39.7 |41.1 |41.6 |42.7 |37.1 |38.1 |38.5 |39.6 |36.8 |40.3 |33.4 |39.7 |39.7
colspan="18" |
1638 !1643 !1648 !1653 !1658 !1663 !1668 !1673 !1678 !1683 !1688 !1693 !1698 !1703 !1713 !1718 !1723 !1728
34.0 |36.3 |39.7 |39.1 |33.0 |33.3 |33.5 |37.4 |32.4 |31.3 |35.9 |36.5 |38.1 |38.5 |36.9 |35.8 |35.5 |25.3
colspan="18" |
1733 !1738 !1743 !1748 !1753 !1758 !1763 !1768 !1773 !1778 !1783 !1788 !1793 !1798 !1803 !1808 !1813 !1818
36.3 |35.3 |34.3 |36.5 |39.8 |38.1 |35.4 |36.2 |39.1 |37.7 |35.8 |39.0 |37.9 |38.9 |40.0 |40.6 |41.3 |40.8
colspan="18" |
1823 !1828 !1833 !1838 !1842 !1843 !1844 !1845 !1846 !1847 !1848 !1849 !1850 !1851 !1852 !1853 !1854 !1855
40.5 |41.4 |40.9 |40.6 |41.0 |41.6 |41.2 |42.2 |40.2 |38.5 |39.9 |37.7 |42.8 |41.0 |40.4 |40.0 |39.5 |40.7
colspan="18" |
1856 !1857 !1858 !1859 !1860 !1861 !1862 !1863 !1864 !1865 !1866 !1867 !1868 !1869 !1870 !1871 !1872 !1873
42.5 |40.9 |39.5 |40.4 |41.9 |41.6 |42.1 |40.4 |39.6 |39.8 |40.1 |42.0 |41.7 |41.3 |40.6 |41.1 |42.7 |43.3
colspan="18" |
1874 !1875 !1876 !1877 !1878 !1879 !1880 !1881 !1882 !1883 !1884 !1885 !1886 !1887 !1888 !1889 !1890 !1891
42.1 |41.5 |42.7 |43.7 |42.0 |43.5 |43.0 |45.1 |44.0 |44.0 |43.6 |44.6 |44.6 |45.1 |46.3 |45.9 |44.1 |44.4
colspan="18" |
1892 !1893 !1894 !1895 !1896 !1897 !1898 !1899 !1900 !1901 !1902 !1903 !1904 !1905 !1906 !1907 !1908 !1909
45.6 |44.7 |48.3 |45.4 |47.1 |46.4 |46.1 |45.2 |45.6 |46.9 |48.3 |49.5 |48.1 |49.9 |49.6 |50.6 |51.0 |51.7
colspan="18" |
1910 !1911 !1912 !1913 !1914 !1915 !1916 !1917 !1918 !1919 !1920 !1921 !1922 !1923 !1924 !1925 !1926 !1927
53.3 |51.2 |54.3 |53.4 |53.2 |51.2 |54.2 |54.2 |47.3 |54.3 |57.3 |58.1 |57.0 |59.3 |58.1 |58.4 |59.6 |59.0
colspan="18" |
1928 !1929 !1930 !1931 !1932 !1933 !1934 !1935 !1936 !1937 !1938 !1939 !1940 !1941 !1942 !1943 !1944 !1945
59.9 |57.6 |60.8 |60.0 |60.5 |60.6 |61.3 |62.0 |61.8 |62.3 |63.2 |63.6 |60.9 |61.4 |64.0 |64.0 |64.8 |65.8
colspan="18" |
1946 !1947 !1948 !1949 !1950 | colspan="13" rowspan="2" |
66.3 |66.3 |68.4 |68.1 |68.6
colspan="18" |
colspan="3" |1950–55 ! colspan="3" |1955–60 ! colspan="3" |1960–65 ! colspan="3" |1965–70 ! colspan="3" |1970–75 ! colspan="3" |1975–80
colspan="3" |69.4 | colspan="3" |70.6 | colspan="3" |71.0 | colspan="3" |71.7 | colspan="3" |72.3 | colspan="3" |73.0
colspan="3" |1980–85 ! colspan="3" |1985–90 ! colspan="3" |1990–95 ! colspan="3" |1995–2000 ! colspan="3" |2000–05 ! colspan="3" |2005–10
colspan="3" |74.2 | colspan="3" |75.1 | colspan="3" |76.3 | colspan="3" |77.2 | colspan="3" |78.4 | colspan="3" |79.7
colspan="3" |2010–15 | colspan="15" rowspan="2" |
colspan="3" |81.0

File:First-World-Infant-Mortality-Trends.jpg

Infant mortality has been on the decline since the Second Industrial Revolution, although the majority of the decline came around from the start to the end of the 20th century.{{Cite journal |last=Galley |date=2021-12-31 |title=Infant Mortality in England, 1538–2000: Decline in the Twentieth Century |journal=Local Population Studies |volume=107 |issue=1 |pages=122–196 |doi=10.35488/lps107.2021.122|doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 |s2cid=250470810 |doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last=Galley |first=Chris |date=2021-06-30 |title=Infant Mortality in England, 1538–2000: Stability and the Beginnings of Change, 1837–1910 |journal=Local Population Studies |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=98–209 |doi=10.35488/lps106.2021.98|doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 |s2cid=237806062 |doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last=HATTON |first=TIMOTHY |date=Jan 2011 |title=Infant mortality and the health of survivors: Britain, 1910–50 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2010.00572.x? |journal=The Economic History Review|volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=951–972 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2010.00572.x |pmid=22069806 |s2cid=8797147 |url-access=subscription }} In raw terms for example, infant mortality in England sat around 151 deaths to 1000 live births in 1901 but by the end of the century it had plummeted down to only 6 deaths per 1000 births.

There are two general lines of thought which are usually taken from into analysing the decline of infant mortality rates, the first line of thought comes from social historians, who ascribe the decline of infant mortality to social phenomenons of the time such as the need for a healthy population for the sake of the nation's fighting capabilities and political issues surrounding women.{{Cite journal |last1=Woods |first1=R.I. |last2=Watterson |first2=P.A. |last3=Woodward |first3=JH. |date=1988-11-01 |title=The Causes of Rapid Infant Mortality Decline in England and Wales, 1861–1921 Part I |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000143516 |journal=Population Studies |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=343–366 |doi=10.1080/0032472031000143516 |issn=0032-4728 |pmid=11613879|url-access=subscription }} The second line of thought comes from demographers themselves which more or less ascribe the decline of infant mortality itself more to the general decline of mortality altogether in the society than any particular reason why.

Physical unfitness during the Boer War came into national prominence as many recruits came back to be too medically unfit for service. With this, In 1904, the Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee on Physical Deterioration was published{{Cite journal |date=1904 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45161539 |journal=The Journal of State Medicine |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=561–568 |jstor=45161539 |issn=0368-4407|title=Recommendations of the Inter-Departmental Committee on Physical Deterioration }} which listed large amounts of details of the failings of the British population, and for that matter government, in sustaining a healthy population.

The current rate of infant mortality in the United Kingdom is roughly around 3.82 deaths per 1,000 live births.

{{Main|Ageing of the United Kingdom}}

File:UK population pyramid from 1950 to 2020.gif

File:UK population pyramid projections up to 2100.gif

Interlinked with fertility and mortality, The age structure of the United Kingdom has varied with how rates of fertility and mortality have changed throughout the country's history. Due to the transition to an industrialised society, the United Kingdom has also undergone a 'demographic transition': that is to say, that it has gone from a high birth rate, high mortality rate society to a low birth rate, low mortality rate society over the space of two centuries.

Before the 18th century, the United Kingdom retained an age structure universal to societies in the first stage of the transition theory, with high fertility rates and high mortality rates, in the late 18th century, the Industrial Revolution began, kickstarting the country's transition into the second phase: mortality rates declined but birth rates stayed at the same level; by 1870, the country had begun to transition into the third phase: the birth rate began to decline from around near 5 children per woman to below replacement level in the 1930s. The fourth phase of the transition began in the 1960s, when the fertility rate rose, and peaked during the middle of the decade, and then collapsed by 1973 to a below replacement level rate. Since then, the rate has not risen to an above replacement level fertility rate; this has resulted in a population which is currently ageing: in 2007, for the first time in the country's history, there were more people over the age of 60 than there were under the age of 16.{{Cite journal |last=Stockdale |first=Aileen |date= May 2011|title=A review of demographic ageing in the UK: opportunities for rural research: A Review of Demographic Ageing in the UK |journal=Population, Space and Place |language=en |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=204–221 |doi=10.1002/psp.591|doi-access=free }}

Peaks and bands within the population represent different periods in which people were born, for example, a large peak of people in particularly for those aged 70–74 born following the Second World War and a wide band for those aged 50–59, born during the 1960s baby boom. Those aged 80 upwards would have been born in the 1930s baby dearth when the birth rate was below replacement level. On the younger band of the population there is a noticeable gap between the ages of 14 and 20, this due to at the beginning of the 21st century a lower number of children being born (and a subsequent lower TFR), however in the years following the birth rate rose during the 2010s and a 'broadening' of the pyramid began for those in the younger years leading to more children in those age cohorts. In relation to the sex ratio of the country, in the higher ages of the population, there are more women than men reflecting the higher life expectancies of women in the population, in the lower ages there are more men than women because there are slightly more boys than girls born each year.[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_292378.pdf 2011 Census: Population Estimates for the United Kingdom, 27 March 2011], Ons.gov.uk, Accessed 21 December 2012[http://www.bluenomics.com/data#!data/demographics_and_society/population_age_structure/population_by_age/population_by_age_annual_of_total%7Cchart/line$countries=united_kingdom&sorting=list//title Structure of Population by Age] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117072912/http://www.bluenomics.com/data#!data/demographics_and_society/population_age_structure/population_by_age/population_by_age_annual_of_total%7Cchart/line$countries=united_kingdom&sorting=list//title|date=17 November 2014}} Bluenomics In relation to the older age brackets, In 2015, there were estimated to be over half a million people (556,270) aged 90 and over living in the UK, up from 194,670 people in 1985,{{cite web |title=Estimates of the very old (including centenarians), UK – Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/ageing/bulletins/estimatesoftheveryoldincludingcentenarians/2002to2015#over-half-a-million-people-were-aged-90-and-over-in-uk-in-2015 |access-date=16 September 2017 |website=Ons.gov.uk |language=en}} and there were estimated to be 14,570 centenarians (people aged 100 or over) and 850 people aged 105 or over.{{cite web |title=Estimates of the very old (including centenarians), UK – Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/ageing/bulletins/estimatesoftheveryoldincludingcentenarians/2002to2015#there-were-14570-centenarians-in-2015 |access-date=16 September 2017 |website=Ons.gov.uk |language=en}} The Office for National Statistics has also wrote in their mid-2016 report on population projections that the median age of the British population was 40 years of age,[https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/mid2016 Population Estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: Mid-2016], Office for National Statistics and this will continue to rise as more people in the population age and a below-replacement level fertility level not refilling the population. This will make the number of people aged 85 and over double from 1.6 million in mid-2016 to 3.2 million in mid-2041.{{cite web |title=National Population Projections, 2016-based – Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationprojections/bulletins/nationalpopulationprojections/2016basedstatisticalbulletin |access-date=29 October 2017 |website=Ons.gov.uk}}

The demographic ageing of the population is not evenly spread geographically, as people in rural areas are typically of a higher age than those living in metropolitan areas such as Greater London for example.

{{Pie chart

|value1=17.63

|label1=0 – 14 years

|label2=15 – 24 years

|label3=25 – 54 years

|label4=55 – 64 years

|label5=65+ years

|value2=11.49|value3=39.67|value4=12.73|value5=18.48

|caption=Age structure of the population in 2020

|radius=100}}

File:England Population pyramid estimate 2020.svg|alt=|{{Flag icon|England}} England (2020 estimate)

File:Scotland Population pyramid estimate 2020.svg|alt=|{{Flag icon|Scotland}} Scotland (2020 estimate)

File:Wales Population pyramid estimate 2020.svg|alt=|{{Flag icon|Wales}} Wales (2020 estimate)

File:Northern Ireland Population pyramid estimate 2020.svg|alt=|Northern Ireland (2020 estimate)

File:Under 15s across the UK.svg|Under 15 years old{{legend|#eff3ff|Less than 15%}}{{legend|#bdd7e7|15 to 18%}}{{legend|#6baed6|18 to 20%}}{{legend|#2171b5|Above 20%}}

File:Working age population distributed across the UK 2021.svg|16 to 64 years old (working age){{legend|#f1eef6|Less than 60%}}{{legend|#d7b5d8|60 to 65%}}{{legend|#df65b0|65 to 70%}}{{legend|#ce1256|Above 70%}}

File:Above the age of 65 years old across the UK.svg|Above the age of 65 years old{{legend|#f2f0f7|5 to 15%}}{{legend|#cbc9e2|15 to 20%}}{{legend|#9e9ac8|20 to 25%}}{{legend|#6a51a3|25% and above}}

File:Median age of the United Kingdom overtime and projections.svg

File:Population density_UK_2011_census.png

class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;" |+ Age structures 1976–2019{{citation|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/articles/overviewoftheukpopulation/july2017|author= Office for National Statistics |title= Article: Overview for UK population: July 2017}}{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/articles/overviewoftheukpopulation/january2021|title = Overview of the UK population – Office for National Statistics}} ! scope="col" | Ages ! scope="col" | 1976 ! scope="col" | 1986 ! scope="col" | 1999 ! scope="col" | 2016 ! scope="col" | 2019

0–15 years (%) | 24.5 | 20.5 | 20.4 | 18.9 | 19.0

16–64 years (%) | 61.2 | 64.1 | 63.8 | 63.1 | 62.5

65 years and over (%) | 14.2 | 15.4 | 15.8 | 18.0 | 18.5

class="wikitable" |+Median age of the population (projected){{Cite journal |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah |author1-link=Hannah Ritchie |last2=Roser |first2=Max |author2-link=Max Roser |date=20 September 2019 |title=Age Structure |url=https://ourworldindata.org/age-structure |journal=Our World in Data}} !Median age !1950 !1960 !1971 !1981 !1991 !2000 !2010 !2020 !2030 !2040 !2050 !2060 !2070 !2080 !2090 !2100

Total |34.9 |35.6 |34.1 |34.5 |35.8 |37.6 |39.6 |40.6 |42.4 |43.8 |43.9 |44.7 |45.5 |46.0 |46.7 |47.7

Male | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |39.6 | – | – | – | – |– |– |– |–

Female | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |41.7 | – | – | – | – |– |– |– |–

The United Kingdom is one of the most densely populated countries in Europe; in 2020 it was the 8th most densely populated country.{{Cite web |date=16 September 2020 |title=European Countries By Population Density |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/european-countries-by-population-density.html |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}

The current largest metropolitan areas are listed below:{{Largest Urban Areas of the United Kingdom}}

File:Population of UK cities over time.svg

Rapid urbanisation began with the onset of the Industrial Revolution in the mid to late 18th century, shifting jobs and more importantly people away from rural Britain's dominance at the time which was primarily agricultural, to manufacturing jobs within urban areas which started to spring up. In 1750, an estimated total of around only 1 million people lived in some sort of urban area such as a town or city,{{Cite journal |last1=Quirk |first1=Joel |last2=Richardson |first2=David |date=2010-12-01 |title=Religion, Urbanisation and Anti-Slavery Mobilisation in Britain, 1787–1833 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13825577.2010.517298 |journal=European Journal of English Studies |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=263–279 |doi=10.1080/13825577.2010.517298 |s2cid=144274555 |issn=1382-5577|url-access=subscription }} which was around 1/6th of the estimated total population but a century later this had risen to 8 million people in 1850, equating to just over half of the nation.

While this mass urbanisation affected pre-existing cities to a large degree such as London, smaller and 'newer' towns were in particular effected by the re-distribution of the population and exploded in raw population growth. Cities such as Birmingham, Bristol, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Sheffield and Newcastle for example had an explosive expansion in population numbers around the middle of the 19th century due to the industrial expansion of said cities bringing jobs and again people in for work.{{Cite web |last=White |first=Matthew |title=The rise of cities in the 18th century |url=https://www.bl.uk/restoration-18th-century-literature/articles/the-rise-of-cities-in-the-18th-century |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=British Library |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610100331/https://www.bl.uk/restoration-18th-century-literature/articles/the-rise-of-cities-in-the-18th-century |url-status=dead }} London during the 19th century become noted as the 'premier city' of the world, being the most populated city from 1825 to 1900{{Cite web |title=What Were the Largest Cities Throughout History? |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/largest-cities-throughout-history-4068071 |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en}} and being the first city in Europe and one of the first in the world to reach the figure of one million inhabitants,{{Cite web |last=Watson |first=C. |date=2008 |title=TRENDS IN WORLD URBANISATION |s2cid=32442081 |language=en}} and then 5 million inhabitants. This urbanisation in the 19th century has had two phases. This mass influx of the population into the cities resulted in a centralisation of the population into the inner city areas however by the time of the late 19th century and early 20th century when technological advancements in transport kicked off allowing cities to expand their 'peripherals' from the inner areas to create large scale 'city regions' of their own. London in particular during the 19th century had the majority of its population within the city living in the inner centre, however by the 20th century a massive expansion of 'Outer London' began which slowly became larger in population size by the middle of the century than Inner London.

By the end of the 20th century the figure of urbanisation was 80% of the country.{{Citation |last=Herbert |first=David |title=Towns and cities |date=1982 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003071105-10/towns-cities-david-herbert |work=The changing geography of the United Kingdom |pages=190–212 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781003071105-10 |isbn=978-1-003-07110-5 |s2cid=225136347 |access-date=2022-06-08|url-access=subscription }} Importance in population size however of the capital declined during the latter half of the 20th century. By the end of the 20th century, London's ranking on the most populated cities of the world had fallen down to not even being in the top 20.

The current classification of an 'urban' area, also termed as a 'built-up area' (BUA){{Cite web |title=2011 rural/urban classification – Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/methodology/geography/geographicalproducts/ruralurbanclassifications/2011ruralurbanclassification |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}} in the 2011 census, is a settlement which takes variables from both numerical population numbers and population density; in population numbers this is roughly more than or 10,000 people living in an area.{{Cite journal |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah |last2=Roser |first2=Max |date=2018-06-13 |title=Urbanization |url=https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization |journal=Our World in Data}}{{Cite web |title=The Rural-Urban Definition |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/the-rural-urban-definition |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}} Anything below that is classified as 'rural', having several levels of distinction to define a rural town and fringe, village or hamlet which is usually taken from population density figures. These areas are then defined within 'output areas' (OA's) themselves, which are geographic areas of the United Kingdom. The population which resides within classified 'urban' areas was 84.4% of total population in 2022 and the annual rate of urbanisation change is estimated to be around 0.8% between 2020 and 2025.

Sources:{{cite web|title=United Kingdom population mid-year estimate|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/timeseries/ukpop/pop|website=Office for National Statistics|access-date=6 March 2018}}{{Cite web |title=Births in England and Wales - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/livebirths/bulletins/birthsummarytablesenglandandwales/2023 |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}{{Cite web |title=Annual deaths and mortality rates, 1838 to 2020 (provisional) - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/adhocs/12735annualdeathsandmortalityrates1938to2020provisional |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}{{multiple image

| height = 200

| footer =

| image1 = Crude birth rate and death rate over time in England and Wales.svg

| width1 = 150

| caption1 = Crude birth rate and death rate over time in England and Wales

| image2 = Births and deaths over time in England and Wales.svg

| width2 = 150

| caption2 = Births and deaths over time in England and Wales

| image3 = Marriages and divorces over time in England and Wales.svg

| width3 = 150

| caption3 = Marriages and divorces over time in England and Wales

| header = Vital statistics in England and Wales

}}

class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
! style="width:70pt;"| Average population (Mid-year){{Cite web |title=UK Population Estimates 1851 to 2014 - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/adhocs/004356ukpopulationestimates1851to2014 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}} ! style="width:70pt;"| Live births ! style="width:70pt;"| Deaths ! style="width:70pt;"| Natural change ! style="width:70pt;"| Crude birth rate (per 1000){{Cite web |title=The demographic transition |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/the-demographic-transition |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Our World in Data}} ! style="width:70pt;"| Crude death rate (per 1000) ! style="width:70pt;"| Natural change (per 1000) ! style="width:70pt;"| Crude migration change (per 1000) ! style="width:70pt;"| Total Fertility Rate{{efn|In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.}}{{citation |author=Max Roser |title=Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries |date=2014 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=GBR |work=Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705121623/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=GBR |access-date=7 August 2018 |archive-date=5 July 2019 |url-status=dead}}{{Cite web |title=United Kingdom: fertility rate 1800-2020 {{!}} Statista |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1033074/fertility-rate-uk-1800-2020/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250119233014/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1033074/fertility-rate-uk-1800-2020/ |archive-date=2025-01-19 |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Statista |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2020-08-12 |title=Children born per woman - Our World in Data |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?tab=chart&country=GBR |access-date=2025-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812011554/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?tab=chart&country=GBR |archive-date=12 August 2020 }}
1838 | 15,287,699 | style="color:red;" | 463,787 | 342,760 | 121,027 | 30.34 | 22.42 | 7.92 | | style="color:blue;" |4.78
1839 | 15,514,255 | 492,574 | 338,984 | 153,590 | 31.74 | 21.85 | 9.89 | -0.10 | style="color:blue;" |4.93
1840 | 15,730,813 | 502,303 | 359,687 | 142,616 | 31.93 | 22.86 | 9.07 | −0.02 | style="color:blue;" |4.85
1841 | 15,929,492 | 512,158 | 343,847 | 168,311 | 32.15 | 21.59 | 10.56 | 1.41 | style="color:blue;" |4.89
1842 | 16,130,326 | 517,739 | 349,519 | 168,220 | 32.11 | 21.67 | 10.44 | 0.76 | style="color:blue;" |4.83
1843 | 16,332,228 | 527,325 | 346,445 | 180,880 | 32.26 | 21.21 | 11.05 | 0.26 | style="color:blue;" |4.82
1844 | 16,535,174 | 540,763 | 356,933 | 183,830 | 32.70 | 21.59 | 11.11 | −0.30 | style="color:blue;" |4.83
1845 | 16,739,136 | 543,521 | 349,366 | 194,155 | 32.47 | 20.87 | 11.60 | −0.31 | style="color:blue;" |4.82
1846 | 16,944,092 | 572,625 | 390,315 | 182,310 | 33.79 | 23.03 | 10.76 | −0.16 | style="color:blue;" |4.90
1847 | 17,150,018 | 539,965 | 423,304 | 116,661 | 31.48 | 24.68 | 6.80 | −0.13 | style="color:blue;" |4.58
1848 | 17,356,882 | 563,059 | 399,833 | 163,226 | 32.44 | 23.04 | 9.40 | −0.18 | style="color:blue;" |4.71
1849 | 17,564,656 | 578,159 | 440,839 | 137,320 | 32.92 | 25.10 | 7.82 | −0.09 | style="color:blue;" |4.78
1850 | 17,773,324 | 593,422 | 368,995 | 224,427 | 33.40 | 20.76 | 12.64 | −0.08 | style="color:blue;" |4.76
1851 | 17,982,849 | 615,865 | 395,396 | 220,469 | 34.26 | 21.99 | 12.27 | −0.10 | style="color:blue;" |4.94
1852 | 18,193,206 | 624,012 | 407,135 | 216,877 | 34.30 | 22.38 | 11.92 | −0.11 | style="color:blue;" |4.94
1853 | 18,404,368 | 612,391 | 421,097 | 191,294 | 33.27 | 22.88 | 10.39 | −0.09 | style="color:blue;" |4.78
1854 | 18,616,310 | 634,405 | 437,905 | 196,500 | 34.08 | 23.52 | 10.56 | −0.05 | style="color:blue;" |4.89
1855 | 18,829,000 | 635,043 | 425,703 | 209,340 | 33.73 | 22.61 | 11.12 | −0.03 | style="color:blue;" |4.88
1856 | 19,043,412 | 657,453 | 390,506 | 266,947 | 34.54 | 20.51 | 14.03 | −0.06 | style="color:blue;" |4.94
1857 | 19,256,516 | 663,071 | 419,815 | 243,256 | 34.44 | 21.80 | 12.64 | −0.04 | style="color:blue;" |4.90
1858 | 19,471,291 | 655,481 | 449,656 | 205,825 | 33.66 | 23.09 | 10.57 | −0.03 | style="color:blue;" |4.79
1859 | 19,686,701 | 689,881 | 440,781 | 249,100 | 35.04 | 22.39 | 12.65 | −0.03 | style="color:blue;" |4.97
1860 | 19,902,713 | 684,048 | 422,721 | 261,327 | 34.38 | 21.24 | 13.14 | −0.01 | style="color:blue;" |4.89
1861 | 20,119,314 | 696,406 | 435,114 | 261,292 | 34.61 | 21.63 | 12.98 | −0.08 | style="color:blue;" |4.88
1862 | 20,371,013 | 712,684 | 436,566 | 276,118 | 34.99 | 21.43 | 13.56 | −0.02 | style="color:blue;" |4.92
1863 | 20,625,855 | 727,417 | 473,837 | 253,580 | 35.28 | 22.97 | 12.31 | −0.05 | style="color:blue;" |4.94
1864 | 20,883,889 | 740,275 | 495,531 | 244,744 | 35.44 | 23.73 | 11.71 | −0.08 | style="color:blue;" |4.96
1865 | 21,145,151 | 748,069 | 490,909 | 257,160 | 35.39 | 23.22 | 12.17 | −0.12 | style="color:blue;" |4.93
1866 | 21,409,684 | 753,870 | 500,689 | 253,181 | 35.22 | 23.39 | 11.83 | −0.06 | style="color:blue;" |4.92
1867 | 21,677,525 | 768,349 | 471,073 | 297,276 | 35.45 | 21.73 | 13.72 | −0.11 | style="color:blue;" |4.94
1868 | 21,948,713 | 786,858 | 480,622 | 306,236 | 35.85 | 21.90 | 13.95 | −0.12 | style="color:blue;" |4.97
1869 | 22,223,299 | 773,381 | 494,828 | 278,553 | 34.82 | 22.27 | 12.55 | −0.02 | style="color:blue;" |4.82
1870 | 22,501,316 | 792,787 | 514,902 | 277,885 | 35.24 | 22.88 | 12.36 | −0.09 | style="color:blue;" |4.91
1871 | 22,788,466 | 797,428 | 514,879 | 282,549 | 35.00 | 22.59 | 12.41 | −0.05 | style="color:blue;" |4.85
1872 | 23,096,500 | 825,907 | 492,265 | 333,642 | 35.76 | 21.32 | 14.44 | −0.08 | style="color:blue;" |4.89
1873 | 23,408,600 | 829,778 | 492,520 | 337,258 | 35.44 | 21.04 | 14.40 | −0.10 | style="color:blue;" |4.94
1874 | 23,724,800 | 854,956 | 526,632 | 328,324 | 36.04 | 22.20 | 13.84 | −0.12 | style="color:blue;" |4.93
1875 | 24,045,400 | 850,607 | 546,453 | 304,154 | 35.38 | 22.73 | 12.65 | −0.18 | style="color:blue;" |4.91
1876 | 24,370,300 | 887,968 | 510,315 | 377,653 | 36.45 | 20.94 | 15.51 | −0.04 | style="color:blue;" |4.90
1877 | 24,699,500 | 888,200 | 500,496 | 387,704 | 35.96 | 20.26 | 15.70 | −0.05 | style="color:blue;" |4.89
1878 | 25,033,300 | 891,906 | 539,872 | 352,034 | 35.62 | 21.56 | 14.06 | −0.06 | style="color:blue;" |4.88
1879 | 25,371,500 | 880,389 | 526,255 | 354,134 | 34.71 | 20.74 | 13.97 | −0.08 | style="color:blue;" |4.81
1880 | 25,714,300 | 881,643 | 528,624 | 353,019 | 34.29 | 20.56 | 13.73 | −0.03 | style="color:blue;" |4.85
1881 | 26,046,100 | 883,642 | 491,935 | 391,707 | 33.92 | 18.89 | 15.03 | −0.08 | style="color:blue;" |4.68
1882 | 26,334,900 | 889,014 | 516,654 | 372,360 | 33.75 | 19.62 | 14.13 | −0.05 | style="color:blue;" |4.62
1883 | 26,626,900 | 890,722 | 522,997 | 367,725 | 33.45 | 19.64 | 13.81 | −0.07 | style="color:blue;" |4.55
1884 | 26,922,200 | 906,750 | 530,828 | 375,922 | 33.68 | 19.72 | 13.96 | −0.08 | style="color:blue;" |4.47
1885 | 27,220,700 | 894,270 | 522,750 | 371,520 | 32.86 | 19.20 | 13.66 | −0.11 | style="color:blue;" |4.54
1886 | 27,522,500 | 903,760 | 537,276 | 366,484 | 32.83 | 19.52 | 13.31 | −0.09 | style="color:blue;" |4.42
1887 |36,599,100 |1,041,937 |629,287 |412,650 |31.9 |19.1 |11.3 | −2.78 | style="color:blue;" |4.24
1888 |36,881,300 |1,034,144 |605,899 |428,245 |31.2 |18.1 |11.6 | −1.50 | style="color:blue;" |4.16
1889 |37,178,900 |1,039,166 |615,033 |424,133 |31.1 |18.2 |11.4 | −1.32 | style="color:blue;" |4.11
1890 |37,484,800 |1,021,361 |665,758 |355,603 |30.2 |19.5 |9.5 |2.06 | style="color:blue;" | 4.06
1891 |37,802,400 |1,071,382 |696,490 |374,892 |31.4 |20.2 |9.9 | −2.10 | style="color:blue;" |4.00
1892 |38,134,100 |1,053,205 |661,273 |391,932 |30.4 |19.0 |10.3 | −1.96 | style="color:blue;" |3.95
1893 |38,490,300 |1,073,011 |673,722 |399,289 |30.7 |19.2 |10.4 | −1.79 | style="color:blue;" |3.90
1894 |38,859,100 |1,045,631 |593,808 |451,823 |29.6 |16.6 |11.6 | −0.83 | style="color:blue;" |3.84
1895 |39,221,100 |1,080,527 |676,110 |404,417 |30.3 |18.7 |10.3 | −1.06 | style="color:blue;" | 3.79
1896 |39,599,100 |1,076,812 |620,108 |456,704 |29.6 |17.1 |11.5 | −0.59 | style="color:blue;" |3.73
1897 |39,987,300 |1,082,889 |645,630 |437,259 |31.9 |19.1 |10.9 | −0.92 | style="color:blue;" |3.68
1898 |40,380,800 |1,086,212 |654,812 |431,400 |29.3 |17.5 |10.6 |1.06 | style="color:blue;" |3.62
1899 |40,774,300 |1,091,106 |685,510 |405,596 |29.1 |18.2 |9.9 | −1.04 | style="color:blue;" |3.58
1900 | 41,154,600 | 1,089,487 | 695,867 | 393,620 | style="color:blue;" |26.5 | 16.9 | 9.6 | −1.02 | style="color:blue;" | 3.53
1901 | 41,538,200 | 1,092,781 | 655,646 | 437,135 | 26.3 | 15.8 | 10.5 | −1.2 | style="color:blue;" | 3.49
1902 | 41,892,700 | 1,103,483 | 636,650 | 466,833 | 26.3 | 15.2 | 11.1 | −2.6 | style="color:blue;" | 3.44
1903 | 42,246,600 | 1,113,086 | 613,726 | 499,360 | 26.3 | 14.5 | 11.8 | −3.4 | style="color:blue;" | 3.40
1904 | 42,611,400 | 1,109,542 | 651,301 | 458,241 | 26 | 15.3 | 10.8 | −2.2 | style="color:blue;" | 3.35
1905 | 42,980,800 | 1,092,108 | 617,516 | 474,592 | 25.4 | 14.4 | 11 | −2.3 | style="color:blue;" | 3.30
1906 | 43,361,100 | 1,098,475 | 629,955 | 468,520 | 25.3 | 14.5 | 10.8 | −2.0 | style="color:blue;" | 3.24
1907 | 43,737,800 | 1,077,851 | 625,271 | 452,580 | 24.6 | 14.3 | 10.3 | −1.6 | style="color:blue;" | 3.19
1908 | 44,123,800 | 1,102,345 | 621,427 | 480,918 | 25 | 14.1 | 10.9 | −2.1 | style="color:blue;" | 3.14
1909 | 44,519,500 | 1,073,781 | 614,910 | 458,871 | 24.1 | 13.8 | 10.3 | −1.3 | style="color:blue;" | 3.07
1910 | 44,915,900 | 1,051,240 | 578,091 | 473,149 | 23.4 | 12.9 | 10.5 | −1.6 | style="color:blue;" | 2.99
1911 | 42,189,800 | 1,033,395 | 620,828 | 412,567 | 24.5 | 14.7 | 9.8 | style="color: red"|−70.5 | style="color:blue;" | 2.92
1912 | 42,373,600 | 1,025,828 | 580,977 | 444,851 | 24.2 | 13.7 | 10.5 | −6.1 | style="color:blue;" | 2.90
1913 | 42,582,300 | 1,032,286 | 600,554 | 431,732 | 24.2 | 14.1 | 10.1 | −5.2 | style="color:blue;" | 2.93
1914 | 42,956,900 | 1,032,734 | 611,970 | 420,764 | 24 | 14.2 | 9.8 | −1.9 | style="color:blue;" | 2.88
1915 | 41,361,500 | 956,877 | 666,322 | 290,555 | 23.1 | 16.1 | 7 | −44.1 | style="color:blue;" | 2.59
1916 | 40,536,300 | 922,085 | 599,621 | 322,464 | 22.7 | 14.8 | 8 | −28.0 | style="color:blue;" | 2.60
1917 | 39,780,700 | 790,736 | 589,416 | 201,320 | 19.9 | 14.8 | 5.1 | −23.7 | style="color:blue;" | 2.10
1918 | 39,582,000 | 787,427 | style="color:red;" |715,246 | 72,181 | 19.9 | style="color:red;" |18.1 | 1.8 | −6.8 | 2.03
1919 | 42,944,100 | 826,202 | 602,188 | 224,014 | 19.2 | 18.1 | 5.2 | 79.7 | style="color:blue;" | 2.31
1920 | 43,646,400 | style="color:blue;" |1,126,849 | 555,326 | style="color:blue;" |571,523 | 19.2 | 14 | style="color:blue;" |13.1 | 3.3 | style="color:blue;" | 3.08
1921 | 43,904,100 | 1,001,725 | 544,140 | 457,585 | 22.8 | 12.4 | 10.4 | −4.5 | style="color:blue;" | 2.69
1922 | 44,331,500 | 924,740 | 579,480 | 345,260 | 20.9 | 13.1 | 7.8 | 1.9 |style="color:blue;" | 2.44
1923 | 44,563,100 | 900,130 | style="color:blue;" |526,858 | 373,272 | 20.2 | 11.8 | 8.4 | −3.2 | style="color:blue;" | 2.38
1924 | 44,885,600 | 865,329 | 563,891 | 301,438 | 19.3 | 12.6 | 6.7 | 0.5 | style="color:blue;" | 2.28
1925 | 45,040,000 | 842,405 | 558,132 | 284,273 | 18.7 | 12.4 | 6.3 | −2.9 | style="color:blue;" | 2.20
1926 | 45,217,600 | 825,174 | 536,411 | 288,763 | 18.2 | 11.9 | 6.4 | −2.5 | style="color:blue;" | 2.15
1927 | 45,432,000 | 777,520 | 568,655 | 208,865 | 17.1 | 12.5 | 4.6 | 0.1 | 2.01
1928 | 45,622,200 | 783,052 | 543,664 | 239,388 | 17.2 | 11.9 | 5.2 | −1.0 | 2.01
1929 | 45,731,000 | 761,963 | 623,231 | 138,732 | 16.7 | 13.6 | 3 | −0.6 | 1.95
1930 | 45,888,900 | 769,239 | 536,860 | 232,379 | 16.8 | 11.7 | 5.1 | −1.6 | 1.95
1931 | 46,073,600 | 749,974 | 573,908 | 176,066 | 16.3 | 12.5 | 3.8 | 0.2 | 1.89
1932 | 46,335,000 | 730,079 | 567,986 | 162,093 | 15.8 | 12.3 | 3.5 | 2.2 | 1.83
1933 | 46,520,000 | 691,560 | 579,467 | 112,093 | 14.9 | 12.5 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 1.72
1934 | 46,666,000 | 711,483 | 558,072 | 153,411 | 15.2 | 12 | 3.3 | −0.2 | 1.76
1935 | 46,869,500 | 711,426 | 561,324 | 150,102 | 15.2 | 12 | 3.2 | 1.2 | 1.75
1936 | 47,081,300 | 720,129 | 580,942 | 139,187 | 15.3 | 12.3 | 3 | 1.5 | 1.77
1937 | 47,288,600 | 723,779 | 597,798 | 125,981 | 15.3 | 12.6 | 2.7 | 1.7 | 1.79
1938 | 47,494,100 | 735,573 | 559,598 | 175,975 | 15.5 | 11.8 | 3.7 | 0.6 | 1.84
1939 | 47,547,700 | 726,632 | 581,857 | 144,775 | 15.3 | 12.2 | 3.0 | −1.9 | 1.84
1940 | 46,026,200 | 701,875 | 673,253 | 28,622 | 15.2 | 14.6 | 0.6 | −32.6 | 1.74
1941 | 44,870,400 | 695,726 | 627,378 | 68,348 | 15.5 | 14.0 | 1.5 | −26.6 | 1.72
1942 | 44,323,000 | 771,851 | 562,356 | 209,495 | 17.4 | 12.7 | 4.7 | −16.9 | 1.93
1943 | 48,261,000 | 810,524 | 585,582 | 224,942 | 16.8 | 12.1 | 4.7 |style="color: blue"| 84.1 | 2.03
1944 | 48,261,600 | 878,298 | 573,570 | 303,728 | 18.2 | 11.9 | 6.3 | 6.3 | style="color:blue;" | 2.25
1945 | 48,668,900 | 795,868 | 567,027 | 228,841 | 16.4 | 11.7 | 4.7 | 3.7 | 2.05
1946 | 48,987,800 | 955,266 | 573,361 | 381,905 | 19.5 | 11.7 | 7.8 | −1.2 | style="color:blue;" | 2.47
1947 | 49,538,700 | 1,025,427 | 600,728Polio outbreak. {{cite book|last1=Smallman-Raynor|first1=M. R.|last2=Cliff|first2=A. D.|title=Poliomyelitis : a world geography: emergence to eradication|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=019924474X|pages=317–18}} | 424,699 | 20.7 | 12.1 | 8.6 | 2.6 | style="color:blue;" | 2.69
1948 | 50,033,200 | 905,182 | 546,002 | 359,180 | 18.1 | 10.9 | 7.2 | 2.8 | style="color:blue;" | 2.39
1949 | 50,331,000 | 855,298 | 589,876 | 265,422 | 17 | 11.7 | 5.3 | 0.7 | style="color:blue;" | 2.26
1950 | 50,381,500{{Cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/adhocs/004356ukpopulationestimates1851to2014|title=UK Population Estimates 1851 to 2014 – Office for National Statistics|website=Ons.gov.uk|access-date=8 March 2022}} | 818,421 | 590,136 | 228,285 | 16.2 | 11.7 | 4.5 | −3.5 | 2.08
1951 | 50,286,900 | 796,645 | 632,786 | 163,859 | 15.8 | 12.6 | 3.3 | −5.2 | style="color:blue;" | 2.10
1952 | 50,429,200 | 792,917 | 573,806 | 219,111 | 15.7 | 11.4 | 4.3 | −1.5 | style="color:blue;" | 2.15
1953 | 50,592,900 | 804,269 | 577,220 | 227,049 | 15.9 | 11.4 | 4.5 | −1.3 | style="color:blue;" | 2.20
1954 | 50,764,900 | 794,769 | 578,400 | 216,369 | 15.7 | 11.4 | 4.3 | −0.9 | style="color:blue;" | 2.26
1955 | 50,946,100 | 789,315 | 595,916 | 193,399 | 15.5 | 11.7 | 3.8 | −0.2 | style="color:blue;" | 2.33
1956 | 51,183,500 | 825,137 | 597,981 | 227,156 | 16.1 | 11.7 | 4.4 | 0.3 | style="color:blue;" | 2.40
1957 | 51,430,200 | 851,466 | 591,200 | 260,266 | 16.6 | 11.5 | 5.1 | −0.3 | style="color:blue;" | 2.48
1958 | 51,652,500 | 870,497 | 604,040 | 266,457 | 16.9 | 11.7 | 5.2 | −0.9 | style="color:blue;" | 2.55
1959 | 51,956,300 | 878,561 | 606,115 | 272,446 | 16.9 | 11.7 | 5.2 | 0.7 | style="color:blue;" | 2.63
1960 | 52,372,500 | 918,286 | 603,328 | 314,958 | 17.5 | 11.5 | 6.0 | 2.0 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 2.71
1961 | 52,807,400 | 944,365 | 631,788 | 312,577 | 17.9 | 12.0 | 5.9 | 2.4 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 2.78
1962 | 53,291,800 | 975,635 | 636,051 | 339,584 | 18.3 | 11.9 | 6.4 | 2.8 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 2.87
1963 | 53,624,900 | 990,160 | 654,288 | 335,872 | 18.5 | 12.2 | 6.3 | 0 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 2.90
1964 | 53,990,800 | 1,014,672 | 611,130 | 403,542 | 18.8 | 11.3 | 7.5 | −0.7 | style="color:blue;" | 2.95
1965 | 54,349,500 | 997,275 | 627,798 | 369,477 | 18.3 | 11.6 | 6.8 | −0.2 | style="color: blue"| 2.88
1966 | 54,642,700 | 979,587 | 643,754 | 335,833 | 17.9 | 11.8 | 6.1 | −0.7 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 2.80
1967 | 54,959,000 | 961,800 | 616,710 | 345,090 | 17.5 | 11.2 | 6.3 | −0.5 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 2.69
1968 | 55,213,500 | 947,231 | 655,998 | 291,233 | 17.2 | 11.9 | 5.3 | −0.7 | style="color: blue"| 2.61
1969 | 55,460,600 | 920,256 | 659,537 | 260,719 | 16.6 | 11.9 | 4.7 | −0.2 | style="color: blue"| 2.51
1970 | 55,632,200 | 903,907 | 655,385 | 248,522 | 16.2 | 11.8 | 4.5 | −1.4 | style="color: blue"| 2.44
1971 | 55,928,000 | 901,648 | 645,078 | 256,570 | 16.1 | 11.5 | 4.6 | 0.7 | style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 2.40
1972 | 56,096,000 | 833,984 | 673,938 | 160,046 | 14.9 | 12.0 | 2.9 | 0.1 | style="color: blue"| 2.20
1973 | 56,223,000 | 779,545 | 669,692 | 109,853 | 13.9 | 11.9 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 2.03
1974 | 56,235,000 | 737,138 | 667,359 | 69,779 | 13.1 | 11.9 | 1.2 | −1.0 | 1.92
1975 | 56,225,000 | 697,518 | 662,477 | 35,041 | 12.4 | 11.8 | 0.6 | −0.8 | 1.81
1976 | 56,216,000 | 675,526 | 680,799 | style="color: red"| {{hyphen}}5,273 | 12.0 | 12.1 | style="color: red"| {{hyphen}}0.1 | −0.1 | 1.74
1977 | 56,189,000 | 657,038 | 655,143 | 1,895 | 11.7 | 11.7 | 0.0 | −0.5 | 1.69
1978 | 56,178,000 | 686,952 | 667,177 | 19,775 | 12.2 | 11.9 | 0.4 | −0.6 | 1.75
1979 | 56,240,000 | 734,572 | 675,576 | 58,996 | 13.1 | 12.0 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 1.86
1980 | 56,329,000 | 753,708 | 661,519 | 92,189 | 13.4 | 11.7 | 1.6 | 0 | 1.90
1981 | 56,357,000 | 730,712 | 657,974 | 72,738 | 13.0 | 11.7 | 1.3 | −0.8 | 1.82
1982 | 56,290,000 | 718,999 | 662,081 | 56,918 | 12.8 | 11.8 | 1.0 | −2.2 | 1.78
1983 | 56,315,000 | 721,238 | 659,101 | 62,137 | 12.8 | 11.7 | 1.1 | −0.7 | 1.77
1984 | 56,409,000 | 729,401 | 644,918 | 84,483 | 12.9 | 11.4 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.77
1985 | 56,554,000 | 750,520 | 670,656 | 79,864 | 13.3 | 11.9 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.79
1986 | 56,683,000 | 754,805 | 660,735 | 94,070 | 13.3 | 11.7 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 1.78
1987 | 56,804,000 | 775,405 | 644,342 | 131,063 | 13.7 | 11.3 | 2.3 | −0.2 | 1.81
1988 | 56,916,000 | 787,303 | 649,178 | 138,125 | 13.8 | 11.4 | 2.4 | −0.4 | 1.82
1989 | 57,076,000 | 777,036 | 657,733 | 119,303 | 13.6 | 11.5 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 1.79
1990 | 57,237,500 | 798,364 | 641,799 | 156,565 | 13.9 | 11.2 | 2.7 | 0.1 | 1.83
1991 | 57,438,700 | 792,269 | 646,181 | 146,088 | 13.8 | 11.3 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 1.82
1992 | 57,584,500 | 780,779 | 634,238 | 146,541 | 13.6 | 11.0 | 2.5 | 0 | 1.79
1993 | 57,713,900 | 761,526 | 658,194 | 103,332 | 13.2 | 11.4 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 1.76
1994 | 57,862,100 | 750,480 | 626,222 | 124,258 | 13.0 | 10.8 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 1.74
1995 | 58,024,800 | 731,882 | 641,712 | 90,170 | 12.6 | 11.1 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.71
1996 | 58,164,400 | 733,163 | 638,879 | 94,284 | 12.6 | 11.0 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 1.73
1997 | 58,314,200 | 726,622 | 632,517 | 94,105 | 12.5 | 10.8 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 1.72
1998 | 58,474,900 | 716,888 | 627,592 | 89,296 | 12.3 | 10.7 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.71
1999 | 58,684,400 | 699,976 | 629,476 | 70,500 | 11.9 | 10.7 | 1.2 | 2.4 | 1.68
2000 | 58,886,100 | 679,029 | 610,579 | 68,450 | 11.5 | 10.4 | 1.2 | 2.2 | 1.64
2001 | 59,113,000 | 669,123 | 604,393 | 64,730 | 11.3 | 10.2 | 1.1 | 2.8 | 1.63
2002 | 59,365,700 | 668,777 | 608,045 | 60,732 | 11.3 | 10.2 | 1.0 | 3.3 | 1.63
2003 | 59,636,700 | 695,549 | 612,085 | 83,464 | 11.7 | 10.3 | 1.4 | 3.2 | 1.70
2004 | 59,950,400 | 715,996 | 584,791 | 131,205 | 11.9 | 9.8 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 1.77
2005 | 60,413,300 | 722,549 | 582,964 | 139,585 | 12.0 | 9.6 | 2.3 | 5.4 | 1.76
2006 | 60,827,100 | 748,563 | 572,224 | 176,339 | 12.3 | 9.4 | 2.9 | 3.9 | 1.82
2007 | 61,319,100 | 772,245 | 574,687 | 197,558 | 12.6 | 9.4 | 3.2 | 4.9 | 1.87
2008 | 61,823,800 | 794,383 | 579,697 | 214,686 | 12.8 | 9.4 | 3.5 | 4.7 | 1.96
2009 | 62,260,500 | 790,204 | 559,617 | 230,587 | 12.7 | 9.0 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 1.89
2010 | 62,759,500 | 807,721 | 561,666 | 246,055 | 12.9 | 8.9 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 1.92
2011 | 63,285,100 | 807,776 | 552,232 | 255,544 | 12.8 |style="color:blue;" | 8.7 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 1.91
2012 | 63,705,000 | 812,970 | 569,024 | 243,946 | 12.8 | 8.9 | 3.8 | 2.8 | 1.92
2013 | 64,105,700 | 778,803 | 575,458 | 203,345 | 12.1 | 9.0 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 1.83
2014 | 64,596,800 | 776,352 | 570,341 | 206,011 | 12.0 | 8.8 | 3.2 | 4.5 | 1.82
2015 | 65,110,000 | 777,165 | 602,782 | 174,383 | 11.9 | 9.3 | 2.7 | 5.2 | 1.80
2016 | 65,648,100 | 774,835 | 595,659 | 179,176 | 11.8 | 9.1 | 2.7 | 5.5 | 1.79
2017 | 66,040,200 | 755,066 | 607,172 | 147,894 | 11.4 | 9.2 | 2.2 | 3.7 | 1.74
2018 | 66,435,600 | 731,213 | 616,014 | 115,199 | 11.0 | 9.3 | 1.7 | 4.2 | 1.68
2019 | 66,796,800 | 712,699 | 604,707 | 107,992 | 10.7 | 9.1 | 1.6 | 3.8 | 1.63
2020 | 67,081,234 | 681,560 | 689,629 | style="color:red;" | {{hyphen}}8,069 | 10.2 | 10.3 | style="color:red;" | {{hyphen}}0.1 | 4.4 | 1.56
2021 | 67,026,292 | 694,685 | 666,659 | 28,026 | 10.3 | 9.9 | 0.4 | −1.2 | 1.54{{Cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/livebirths/datasets/birthcharacteristicsinenglandandwales|title=Vital statistics in the UK: births, deaths and marriages – Office for National Statistics|website=Ons.gov.uk|access-date=19 January 2022}}
2022 | 67,596,300 | 673,141 | 657,278{{cite web |title=Deaths registered monthly in England and Wales – 2022 edition |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/datasets/monthlyfiguresondeathsregisteredbyareaofusualresidence |website=Office for National Statistics |access-date=4 September 2023}}{{cite web |title=Vital Events Reference Tables 2022 |url=https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/vital-events/general-publications/vital-events-reference-tables/2022 |website=National Records of Scotland |date=31 May 2013 |access-date=4 September 2023 |archive-date=4 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904011834/https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/vital-events/general-publications/vital-events-reference-tables/2022 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |title=Monthly deaths |url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/publications/monthly-deaths |website=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency |date=12 January 2017 |access-date=4 September 2023}} | 15,863 | 10.0 | 9.7 | 0.3 | 8.3 | 1.49{{cite web | url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/livebirths/bulletins/birthsummarytablesenglandandwales/2022refreshedpopulations#fertility-rates | title=Births in England and Wales – Office for National Statistics }}
2023 | style="color:blue;" | 68,265,200{{Cite web |title=Population estimates for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland – Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/annualmidyearpopulationestimates/mid2023#main-points |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}} | 656,847 | 660,772 | style="color:red;" | −3,925 | style="color:red;" |9.7 | 9.7 | style="color:red;" | −0.0 |10.0 | style="color:red;" | 1.42
2024 | | | | | | | | |1.44(e)

In 2023, 208,877 (31.8%) of all live births were to non-UK-born mothers in England and Wales. 37.3% of live births were to parents where either one or both were born outside the UK.{{Cite web |title=Births by parents' country of birth, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/livebirths/bulletins/parentscountryofbirthenglandandwales/2023#data-on-births |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}

{{Cite web |title=Births in England and Wales – Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/livebirths/bulletins/birthsummarytablesenglandandwales/2023 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}

class="wikitable sortable" |+ 2023 !Regions !TFR

Northern Ireland |1.68

West Midlands |1.58

East of England |1.53

South East |1.48

Yorkshire and the Humber |1.47

North West |1.46

East Midlands |1.45

North East |1.44

Wales |1.42

South West |1.36

London |1.34

Scotland |1.26

{{Hidden begin

|title= Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 27.III.2011): {{Cite web |title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=unstats.un.org}}

|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;

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class="wikitable" ! width="80pt"|Age Group ! width="80pt"|Male ! width="80pt"|Female ! width="80pt"|Total ! width="80pt"|%
align="right" | Total | align="right" | 31,028,143 | align="right" | 32,154,035 | align="right" | 63,182,178 | align="right" | 100
align="right" | 0–4 | align="right" | 2,002,494 | align="right" | 1,911,459 | align="right" | 3,913,953 | align="right" | 6.19
align="right" | 5–9 | align="right" | 1,799,999 | align="right" | 1,716,616 | align="right" | 3,516,615 | align="right" | 5.57
align="right" | 10–14 | align="right" | 1,878,838 | align="right" | 1,790,488 | align="right" | 3,669,326 | align="right" | 5.81
align="right" | 15–19 | align="right" | 2,040,725 | align="right" | 1,955,727 | align="right" | 3,996,452 | align="right" | 6.33
align="right" | 20–24 | align="right" | 2,164,141 | align="right" | 2,133,057 | align="right" | 4,297,198 | align="right" | 6.80
align="right" | 25–29 | align="right" | 2,145,054 | align="right" | 2,161,286 | align="right" | 4,306,340 | align="right" | 6.82
align="right" | 30–34 | align="right" | 2,059,312 | align="right" | 2,066,137 | align="right" | 4,125,449 | align="right" | 6.53
align="right" | 35–39 | align="right" | 2,082,310 | align="right" | 2,112,167 | align="right" | 4,194,477 | align="right" | 6.64
align="right" | 40–44 | align="right" | 2,283,902 | align="right" | 2,341,733 | align="right" | 4,625,635 | align="right" | 7.32
align="right" | 45–49 | align="right" | 2,293,572 | align="right" | 2,349,528 | align="right" | 4,643,100 | align="right" | 7.35
align="right" | 50–54 | align="right" | 2,028,748 | align="right" | 2,065,706 | align="right" | 4,094,454 | align="right" | 6.48
align="right" | 55–59 | align="right" | 1,785,598 | align="right" | 1,828,480 | align="right" | 3,614,078 | align="right" | 5.72
align="right" | 60–64 | align="right" | 1,868,912 | align="right" | 1,939,062 | align="right" | 3,807,974 | align="right" | 6.03
align="right" | 65–69 | align="right" | 1,463,355 | align="right" | 1,554,125 | align="right" | 3,017,480 | align="right" | 4.78
align="right" | 70–74 | align="right" | 1,162,621 | align="right" | 1,300,124 | align="right" | 2,462,745 | align="right" | 3.90
align="right" | 75–79 | align="right" | 903 433 | align="right" | 1,102,586 | align="right" | 2,006,019 | align="right" | 3.17
align="right" | 80–84 | align="right" | 615 163 | align="right" | 883 733 | align="right" | 1,498,896 | align="right" | 2.37
align="right" | 85–89 | align="right" | 324 063 | align="right" | 594 280 | align="right" | 918 343 | align="right" | 1.45
align="right" | 90–94 | align="right" | 104 072 | align="right" | 264 353 | align="right" | 368 425 | align="right" | 0.58
align="right" | 95–99 | align="right" | 19 756 | align="right" | 73 195 | align="right" | 92 951 | align="right" | 0.15
align="right" | 100+ | align="right" | 2 075 | align="right" | 10 193 | align="right" | 12 268 | align="right" | 0.02
width="50"|Age group ! width="80pt"|Male ! width="80"|Female ! width="80"|Total ! width="50"|Per cent
align="right" | 0–14 | align="right" | 5,681,331 | align="right" | 5,418,563 | align="right" | 11,099,894 | align="right" | 17.57
align="right" | 15–64 | align="right" | 20,752,274 | align="right" | 20,952,883 | align="right" | 41,705,157 | align="right" | 66.01
align="right" | 65+ | align="right" | 4,594,538 | align="right" | 5,782,589 | align="right" | 10,377,127 | align="right" | 16.42

{{Hidden end}}

{{Hidden begin

|title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (30.VI.2020) (Excluding Channel Islands (Guernsey and Jersey) and Isle of Man, shown separately, if available. Data refer to usual resident population.):

|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;

}}

class="wikitable" ! width="80pt"|Age Group ! width="80pt"|Male ! width="80pt"|Female ! width="80pt"|Total ! width="80pt"|%
align="right" | Total | align="right" | 33,145,709 | align="right" | 33,935,525 | align="right" | 67,081,234 | align="right" | 100
align="right" | 0–4 | align="right" | 1,941,390 | align="right" | 1,840,940 | align="right" | 3,782,330 | align="right" | 5.64
align="right" | 5–9 | align="right" | 2,125,958 | align="right" | 2,021,455 | align="right" | 4,147,413 | align="right" | 6.18
align="right" | 10–14 | align="right" | 2,073,515 | align="right" | 1,971,599 | align="right" | 4,045,114 | align="right" | 6.03
align="right" | 15–19 | align="right" | 1,893,268 | align="right" | 1,790,412 | align="right" | 3,683,680 | align="right" | 5.49
align="right" | 20–24 | align="right" | 2,132,032 | align="right" | 2,001,126 | align="right" | 4,133,158 | align="right" | 6.16
align="right" | 25–29 | align="right" | 2,280,809 | align="right" | 2,195,821 | align="right" | 4,476,630 | align="right" | 6.67
align="right" | 30–34 | align="right" | 2,263,511 | align="right" | 2,258,464 | align="right" | 4,521,975 | align="right" | 6.74
align="right" | 35–39 | align="right" | 2,179,535 | align="right" | 2,224,565 | align="right" | 4,404,100 | align="right" | 6.57
align="right" | 40–44 | align="right" | 2,032,071 | align="right" | 2,059,472 | align="right" | 4,091,543 | align="right" | 6.10
align="right" | 45–49 | align="right" | 2,126,397 | align="right" | 2,177,570 | align="right" | 4,303,967 | align="right" | 6.42
align="right" | 50–54 | align="right" | 2,269,897 | align="right" | 2,346,120 | align="right" | 4,616,017 | align="right" | 6.88
align="right" | 55–59 | align="right" | 2,216,617 | align="right" | 2,294,234 | align="right" | 4,510,851 | align="right" | 6.72
align="right" | 60–64 | align="right" | 1,888,526 | align="right" | 1,967,292 | align="right" | 3,855,818 | align="right" | 5.75
align="right" | 65–69 | align="right" | 1,624,419 | align="right" | 1,730,962 | align="right" | 3,355,381 | align="right" | 5.00
align="right" | 70–74 | align="right" | 1,606,864 | align="right" | 1,757,042 | align="right" | 3,363,906 | align="right" | 5.01
align="right" | 75–79 | align="right" | 1,114,488 | align="right" | 1,289,271 | align="right" | 2,403,759 | align="right" | 3.58
align="right" | 80–84 | align="right" | 759 183 | align="right" | 967 040 | align="right" | 1,726,223 | align="right" | 2.57
align="right" | 85–89 | align="right" | 420 012 | align="right" | 629 854 | align="right" | 1,049,866 | align="right" | 1.57
align="right" | 90–94 | align="right" | 162 110 | align="right" | 308 580 | align="right" | 470 670 | align="right" | 0.70
align="right" | 95–99 | align="right" | 32 420 | align="right" | 91 300 | align="right" | 123 710 | align="right" | 0.18
align="right" | 100+ | align="right" | 2 700 | align="right" | 12 420 | align="right" | 15 120 | align="right" | 0.02
width="50"|Age group ! width="80pt"|Male ! width="80"|Female ! width="80"|Total ! width="50"|Per cent
align="right" | 0–14 | align="right" | 6,140,863 | align="right" | 5,833,994 | align="right" | 11,974,857 | align="right" | 17.85
align="right" | 15–64 | align="right" | 21,282,650 | align="right" | 21,315,062 | align="right" | 42,597,712 | align="right" | 63.50
align="right" | 65+ | align="right" | 5,722,196 | align="right" | 6,786,469 | align="right" | 12,508,665 | align="right" | 18.65

{{Hidden end}}

Parents’ country of birth:{{cite web | url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/livebirths/datasets/parentscountryofbirth | title=Parents' country of birth – Office for National Statistics }}

class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" ! rowspan="2" | Place of birth of parent ! colspan="14" | Number of births by place of birth of father (% of total births) ! colspan="14" | Number of births by place of birth of mother (% of total births)
2010 ! 2011 ! 2012 ! 2013 ! 2014 ! 2015 ! 2016 ! 2017 ! 2018 ! 2019 ! 2020 ! 2021 ! 2022 ! 2023 ! 2010 ! 2011 ! 2012 ! 2013 ! 2014 ! 2015 ! 2016 ! 2017 ! 2018 ! 2019 ! 2020 ! 2021 ! 2022 ! 2023
Total	723 165 (100)	723 913 (100)	729 674 (100)	698 512 (100)	695 233 (100)	697 852 (100)	696 271 (100)	679 106 (100)	657 076 (100)	640 370 (100)	613 936 (100)	624 828 (100)	605 479 (100)	591 072 (100)	723 165 (100)	723 913 (100)	729 674 (100)	698 512 (100)	695 233 (100)	697 852 (100)	696 271 (100)	679 106 (100)	657 076 (100)	640 370 (100)	613 936 (100)	624 828 (100)	605 479 (100)	591 072 (100)
{{flag|United Kingdom}}	511 264 (70.70)	510 370 (70.50)	512 136 (70.19)	487 046 (69.73)	482 314 (69.37)	481 227 (68.96)	476 354 (68.42)	462 923 (68.17)	448 411 (68.24)	434 113 (67.79)	413 208 (67.30)	427 313 (68.39)	402 503 (66.48)	384 404 (65.04)	541 321 (74.85)	539 364 (74.51)	540 572 (74.08)	513 411 (73.50)	507 587 (73.01)	505 588 (72.45)	499 974 (71.81)	486 417 (71.63)	471 476 (71.75)	456 328 (71.26)	434 024 (70.70)	445 055 (71.23)	422 109 (69.71)	403 057 (68.19)
Total outside United Kingdom	169 393 (23.42)	171 702 (23.72)	175 639 (24.07)	172 139 (24.64)	175 118 (25.19)	179 795 (25.76)	183 764 (26.39)	180 951 (26.65)	174 579 (26.57)	173 119 (27.03)	168 742 (27.49)	168 476 (26.96)	173 197 (28.60)	178 700 (30.23)	181 827 (25.14)	184 529 (25.49)	189 079 (25.91)	185 075 (26.50)	187 610 (26.99)	192 227 (27.55)	196 254 (28.19)	192 651 (28.37)	185 569 (28.24)	184 003 (28.73)	179 881 (29.30)	179 726 (28.76)	183 309 (30.28)	187 975 (31.80)
Not Stated	42 508 (5.88)	41 841 (5.78)	41 899 (5.74)	39 327 (5.63)	37 801 (5.44)	36 830 (5.28)	36 153 (5.19)	35 232 (5.19)	34 086 (5.19)	33 138 (5.17)	31 986 (5.21)	29 039 (4.65)	29 779 (4.92)	27 968 (4.73)	17 (0.00)	20 (0.00)	23 (0.00)	26 (0.00)	36 (0.00)	37 (0.00)	43 (0.00)	38 (0.00)	31 (0.00)	39 (0.00)	31 (0.01)	47 (0.01)	61 (0.01)	40 (0.01)
Total outside United Kingdom detail :																											|
{{flag|EU}}	41 269 (5.71)	43 335 (5.99)	46 418 (6.36)	47 607 (6.82)	50 512 (7.27)	55 334 (7.93)	57 858 (8.31)	58 565 (8.62)	57 540 (8.76)	55 626 (8.69)	52 325 (8.52)	51 720 (8.28)	47 423 (7.83)	42 630 (7.21)	52 699 (7.29)	55 058 (7.61)	58 911 (8.07)	60 448 (8.65)	64 067 (9.22)	69 070 (9.90)	71 669 (10.29)	71 472 (10.52)	69 775 (10.62)	67 645 (10.56)	63 732 (10.38)	62 992 (10.08)	58 037 (9.59)	51 855 (8.77)
Germany	4 368 (0.60)	4 298 (0.59)	4 187 (0.57)	3 957 (0.57)	3 988 (0.57)	3 972 (0.57)	3 875 (0.56)	3 687 (0.54)	3 653 (0.56)	3 198 (0.50)	3 107 (0.51)				5 328 (0.74)	5 108 (0.71)	5 064 (0.69)	4 838 (0.69)	4 708 (0.68)	4 667 (0.67)	4 560 (0.65)	4 245 (0.63)	3 917 (0.60)	3 816 (0.60)	3 609 (0.59)	3 511 (0.56)	3 154 (0.52)
New EU	25 758 (3.56)	27 962 (3.86)	30 695 (4.21)	31 992 (4.58)	34 139 (4.91)	38 009 (5.45)	39 985 (5.74)	40 636 (5.98)	39 933 (6.08)	38 490 (6.01)	35 651 (5.81)	34 666 (5.55)	31 515 (5.20)	27 333 (4.62)	34 194 (4.73)	37 063 (5.12)	40 821 (5.59)	42 523 (6.09)	45 344 (6.52)	49 642 (7.11)	51 962 (7.46)	51 863 (7.64)	50 840 (7.74)	48 716 (7.61)	45 034 (7.34)	43 823 (7.01)	39 896 (6.59)	34 739 (5.88)
Romania			3 867 (0.53)	4 387 (0.63)	5 414 (0.78)	7 856 (1.13)	10 684 (1.53)	12 856 (1.89)	14 269 (2.17)	15 211 (2.38)	14 791 (2.41)	15 099 (2.42)	14 651 (2.42)	12 884 (2.18)			4 406 (0.60)	4 956 (0.71)	6 102 (0.88)	8 734 (1.25)	11 721 (1.68)	13 717 (2.02)	15 196 (2.31)	16 069 (2.51)	15 713 (2.56)	15 894 (2.54)	15 518 (2.56)	13 717 (2.32)
Poland	15 619 (2.16)	16 150 (2.23)	16 432 (2.25)	16 436 (2.35)	16 950 (2.44)	17 704 (2.54)	16 956 (2.44)	15 610 (2.30)	13 838 (2.11)	12 041 (1.88)	10 542 (1.72)	9 458 (1.51)	7 613 (1.26)	6 344 (1.07)	19 762 (2.73)	20 495 (2.83)	21 156 (2.90)	21 275 (3.05)	22 122 (3.18)	22 928 (3.29)	22 382 (3.21)	20 779 (3.06)	18 765 (2.86)	16 737 (2.61)	14 633 (2.38)	13 373 (2.14)	11 107 (1.83)	9 420 (1.59)
Lithuania						3 512 (0.50)		3 454 (0.51)								|3 788 (0.52)	4 535 (0.62)	4 595 (0.66)	4 786 (0.69)	4 872 (0.70)	4 912 (0.71)	4 803 (0.71)	4 517 (0.69)	4 133 (0.65)	3 619 (0.59)	3 499 (0.56)
Rest of Europe (non EU)	7 392 (1.02)	7 276 (1.01)	7 705 (1.06)	7 608 (1.09)	8 185 (1.18)	8 776 (1.26)	9 289 (1.33)	9 552 (1.41)	9 697 (1.48)	10 553 (1.65)	10 765 (1.75)	11 346 (1.82)	11 557 (1.91)	12 175 (2.06)	7 548 (1.04)	7 537 (1.04)	7 890 (1.08)	7 959 (1.14)	8 562 (1.23)	9 208 (1.32)	9 930 (1.43)	10 385 (1.53)	10 599 (1.61)	11 418 (1.78)	11 574 (1.89)	11 974 (1.92)	12 053 (1.99)	12 573 (2.13)
Albania												3 344 (0.54)	3 768 (0.62)	4 377 (0.74)												|3 260 (0.52)	3 515 (0.58)	3 891 (0.66)
Africa	40 816 (5.64)	39 746 (5.49)	39 026 (5.35)	37 563 (5.38)	37 067 (5.33)	36 876 (5.28)	36 667 (5.27)	35 459 (5.22)	33 741 (5.14)	33 375 (5.21)	32 197 (5.24)	31 800 (5.09)	35 053 (5.79)	38 950 (6.59)	39 828 (5.51)	38 523 (5.32)	37 837 (5.19)	36 264 (5.19)	35 030 (5.04)	34 960 (5.01)	34 437 (4.95)	32 875 (4.84)	31 158 (4.74)	30 753 (4.80)	29 660 (4.83)	29 150 (4.67)	32 315 (5.34)	36 623 (6.20)
North Africa	4 939 (0.68)	4 650 (0.64)	4 504 (0.62)	4 632 (0.66)	4 737 (0.68)	4 760 (0.68)	4 762 (0.68)	4 669 (0.69)	4 669 (0.71)	4 874 (0.76)	4 808 (0.78)	4 531 (0.73)	4 720 (0.78)	4 713 (0.80)	3 839 (0.53)	3 562 (0.49)	3 488 (0.48)	3 661 (0.52)	3 733 (0.54)	3 853 (0.55)	3 901 (0.56)	3 907 (0.58)	3 945 (0.60)	4 145 (0.65)	4 270 (0.70)	4 006 (0.64)	4 256 (0.70)	4 262 (0.72)
Western Africa	14 240 (1.97)	14 336 (1.98)	14 546 (1.99)	14 314 (2.05)	14 508 (2.09)	14 350 (2.06)	14 383 (2.07)	13 733 (2.02)	13 246 (2.02)	12 992 (2.03)	12 689 (2.07)	12 828 (2.05)	15 696 (2.59)	19 753 (3.34)	13 217 (1.83)	13 067 (1.81)	13 344 (1.83)	12 906 (1.85)	12 613 (1.81)	12 472 (1.79)	12 254 (1.76)	11 381 (1.68)	10 809 (1.65%)	10 625 (1.66)	10 468 (1.71)	10 487 (1.68)	13 313 (2.20)	17 644 (2.99)
Nigeria	8 129 (1.12)	8 335 (1.15)	8 628 (1.18)	8 397 (1.20)	8 467 (1.22)	8 339 (1.19)	8 208 (1.18)	7 821 (1.15)	7 494 (1.14)	7 201 (1.12)	7 124 (1.16)	7 492 (1.20)	10 042 (1.66)	13 815 (2.34)	7 332 (1.01)	7 476 (1.03)	7 685 (1.05)	7 267 (1.04)	7 030 (1.01)	6 829 (0.98)	6 635 (0.95)	6 074 (0.89)	5 769 (0.88)	5 634 (0.88)	5 575 (0.91)	5 907 (0.95)	8 458 (1.40)	12 312 (2.08)
Ghana	3 487 (0.48)	3 346 (0.46)					3 545 (0.51)		3 405 (0.52)	3 366 (0.53)	3 241 (0.53)	3 085 (0.49)	3 418 (0.56)	3 798 (0.64)	3 566 (0.49)													|3 363 (0.57)
Central Africa	2 468 (0.34)	2 271 (0.31)	2 228 (0.31)	2 196 (0.31)	2 212 (0.32)	2 212 (0.32)	2 216 (0.32)	2 248 (0.33)	2 126 (0.32)	2 033 (0.32)	1 926 (0.31)	1 805 (0.29)	1 950 (0.32)	1 874 (0.32)	2 599 (0.36)	2 364 (0.33)	2 356 (0.32)	2 288 (0.33)	2 275 (0.33)	2 343 (0.34)	2 247 (0.32)	2 245 (0.33)	2 117 (0.32%)	2 075 (0.32)	1 890 (0.31)	1 838 (0.29)	1 848 (0.31)	1 781 (0.30)
Eastern Africa	14 427 (1.99)	13 930 (1.92)	13 172 (1.81)	12 280 (1.76)	11 656 (1.68)	11 719 (1.68)	11 510 (1.65)	11 145 (1.64)	10 350 (1.58)	10 224 (1.60)	9 529 (1.55)	9 340 (1.49)	9 514 (1.57)	9 540 (1.61)	15 417 (2.13)	14 800 (2.04)	14 149 (1.94)	13 305 (1.90)	12 586 (1.81)	12 499 (1.79)	12 371 (1.78)	11 899 (1.75)	11 017 (1.68%)	10 759 (1.68)	10 013 (1.63)	9 751 (1.56)	9 895 (1.63)	10 029 (1.70)
Somalia	5 311 (0.73)	5 171 (0.71)	4 877 (0.67)	4 540 (0.65)	4 334 (0.62)	4 286 (0.61)	4 346 (0.62)	4 139 (0.61)	3 635 (0.55)	3 586 (0.56)	3 289 (0.54)	3 168 (0.51)	3 039 (0.50)		5 882 (0.81)	5 654 (0.78)	5 300 (0.73)	4 897 (0.70)	4 696 (0.68)	4 636 (0.66)	4 621 (0.66)	4 390 (0.65)	3 765 (0.57)	3 698 (0.58)	3 347 (0.55)			|
Southern Africa	4 633 (0.64)	4 465 (0.62)	4 477 (0.61)	4 051 (0.58)	3 887 (0.56)	3 767 (0.54)	3 736 (0.54)	3 612 (0.53)	3 305 (0.50)	3 208 (0.50)	3 204 (0.52)	3 238 (0.52)	3 127 (0.52)	3 038 (0.51)	4 675 (0.65)	4 651 (0.64)	4 425 (0.61)	4 032 (0.58)	3 765 (0.54)	3 743 (0.54)	3 613 (0.52)	3 395 (0.50)	3 231 (0.49)	3 113 (0.49)	2 985 (0.49)	3 018 (0.48)	2 952 (0.49)	2 883 (0.49)
South Africa	4 485 (0.62)	4 325 (0.60)	4 337 (0.59)	3 885 (0.56)	3 744 (0.54)	3 618 (0.52)	3 559 (0.51)	3 473 (0.51)	3 178 (0.48)						4 456 (0.62)	4 430 (0.61)	4 231 (0.58)	3 824 (0.55)		3 537 (0.51)								|
The Americas and the Caribbean	10 865 (1.50)	10 673 (1.47)	10 861 (1.49)	10 196 (1.46)	10 541 (1.52)	10 360 (1.48)	10 606 (1.52)	10 236 (1.51)	10 061 (1.53)	10 030 (1.57)	9 844 (1.60)	10 169 (1.63)	10 259 (1.69)	10 056 (1.70)	11 494 (1.59)	11 286 (1.56)	11 317 (1.55)	10 933 (1.57)	11 191 (1.61)	11 346 (1.63)	11 441 (1.64)	11 102 (1.63)	11 097 (1.69)	10 927 (1.71)	10 912 (1.78)	11 439 (1.83)	11 487 (1.90)	11 294 (1.91)
North America	3 648 (0.50)	3 680 (0.51)	3 710 (0.51)	3 465 (0.50)	3 728 (0.54)	3 596 (0.52)	3 711 (0.53)	3 482 (0.51)	3 461 (0.53)	3 407 (0.53)	3 329 (0.54)	3 468 (0.56)	3 236 (0.53)	3 231 (0.55)	4 604 (0.64)	4 518 (0.62)	4 567 (0.63)	4 382 (0.63)	4 586 (0.66)	4 564 (0.65)	4 633 (0.67)	4 429 (0.65)	4 476 (0.68)	4 338 (0.68)	4 206 (0.69)	4 583 (0.73)	4 257 (0.70)	4 316 (0.73)
United States Of America																						|3 271 (0.48)	3 333 (0.51)	3 240 (0.51)	3 145 (0.51)	3 446 (0.55)	3 200 (0.53)	3 229 (0.55)
Central America	233 (0.03)	252 (0.03)	221 (0.03)	249 (0.04)	243 (0.03)	284 (0.04)	284 (0.04)	254 (0.04)	274 (0.04)	279 (0.04)	279 (0.05)	342 (0.05)	383 (0.06)	415 (0.07)	343 (0.05)	373 (0.05)	345 (0.05)	365 (0.05)	403 (0.06)	414 (0.06)	402 (0.06)	410 (0.06)	428 (0.07)	412 (0.06)	427 (0.07)	494 (0.08)	513 (0.08)	565 (0.10)
South America	2 427 (0.34)	2 363 (0.33)	2 461 (0.34)	2 438 (0.35)	2 624 (0.38)	2 698 (0.39)	2 935 (0.42)	2 930 (0.43)	3 027 (0.46)	3 095 (0.48)	3 245 (0.53)	3 414 (0.55)	3 651 (0.60)	3 583 (0.61)	3 378 (0.47)	3 282 (0.45)	3 285 (0.45)	3 301 (0.47)	3 419 (0.49)	3 594 (0.52)	3 799 (0.55)	3 823 (0.56)	3 813 (0.58)	3 939 (0.62)	4 117 (0.67)	4 238 (0.68)	4 509 (0.74)	4 409 (0.75)
Caribbean	4 557 (0.63)	4 378 (0.60)	4 469 (0.61)	4 044 (0.58)	3 946 (0.57)	3 782 (0.54)	3 676 (0.53)	3 570 (0.53)	3 299 (0.50)	3 249 (0.51)	2 991 (0.49)	2 945 (0.47)	2 989 (0.49)	2 827 (0.48)	3 169 (0.44)	3 113 (0.43)	3 120 (0.43)	2 885 (0.41)	2 783 (0.40)	2 774 (0.40)	2 607 (0.37)	2 440 (0.36)	2 380 (0.36)	2 238 (0.35)	2 162 (0.35)	2 124 (0.34)	2 208 (0.36)	2 004 (0.34)
Middle East and Asia	65 060 (9.00)	66 963 (9.25)	67 999 (9.32)	65 764 (9.41)	65 634 (9.44)	65 419 (9.37)	66 259 (9.52)	64 234 (9.46)	60 879 (9.27)	61 081 (9.54)	61 258 (9.98)	61 002 (9.76)	66 899 (11.05)	72 936 (12.34)	66 348 (9.17)	68 534 (9.47)	69 667 (9.55)	66 324 (9.50)	65 725 (9.45)	64 748 (9.28)	65 961 (9.47)	64 126 (9.44)	60 431 (9.20)	60 881 (9.51)	61 760 (10.06)	61 854 (9.90)	67 342 (11.12)	73 691 (12.47)
Middle East	8 035 (1.11)	7 967 (1.10)	7 926 (1.09)	8 049 (1.15)	8 392 (1.21)	8 753 (1.25)	9 229 (1.33)	9 578 (1.41)	9 801 (1.49)	9 693 (1.51)	9 452 (1.54)	9 687 (1.55)	10 302 (1.70)	10 622 (1.80)	6 657 (0.92)	6 793 (0.94)	6 781 (0.93)	6 773 (0.97)	7 073 (1.02)	7 409 (1.06)	7 883 (1.13)	8 269 (1.22)	8 433 (1.28)	8 600 (1.34)	8 387 (1.37)	8 676 (1.39)	9 255 (1.53)	9 651 (1.63)
Central Asia	166 (0.02)	161 (0.02)	190 (0.03)	185 (0.03)	220 (0.03)	188 (0.03)	193 (0.03)	189 (0.03)	223 (0.03)	179 (0.03)	210 (0.03)	222 (0.04)	219 (0.04)	265 (0.04)	296 (0.04)	360 (0.05)	375 (0.05)	364 (0.05)	376 (0.05)	422 (0.06)	403 (0.06)	397 (0.06)	432 (0.07)	363 (0.06)	415 (0.07)	368 (0.06)	352 (0.06)	394 (0.07)
Eastern Asia	4 019 (0.56)	4 030 (0.56)	4 493 (0.62)	3 724 (0.53)	4 118 (0.59)	3 724 (0.53)	3 912 (0.56)	3 457 (0.51)	3 104 (0.47)	3 016 (0.47)	2 721 (0.44)	2 419 (0.39)	2 657 (0.44)	2 813 (0.48)	5 931 (0.82)	5 928 (0.82)	6 541 (0.90)	5 605 (0.80)	6 072 (0.87)	5 538 (0.79)	5 836 (0.84)	5 346 (0.79)	4 765 (0.73)	4 614 (0.72)	4 129 (0.67)	3 871 (0.62)	4 075 (0.67)	4 042 (0.68)
China																3 611 (0.50)			3 882 (0.56)		3 596 (0.52)							|
Southern Asia	48 722 (6.74)	50 693 (7.00)	51 472 (7.05)	50 389 (7.21)	49 602 (7.13)	49 468 (7.09)	49 799 (7.15)	48 143 (7.09)	45 047 (6.86)	45 482 (7.10)	46 059 (7.50)	45 924 (7.35)	50 645 (8.36)	55 707 (9.42)	46 737 (6.46)	48 817 (6.74)	49 302 (6.76)	47 755 (6.84)	46 485 (6.69)	45 795 (6.56)	46 409 (6.67)	44 953 (6.62)	42 007 (6.39)	42 556 (6.65)	44 008 (7.17)	44 170 (7.07)	48 645 (8.03)	54 152 (9.16)
India	12 799 (1.77)	14 181 (1.96)	13 991 (1.92)	13 662 (1.96)	13 639 (1.96)	13 798 (1.98)	14 007 (2.01)	13 715 (2.02)	12 968 (1.97)	13 569 (2.12)	14 631 (2.38)	15 452 (2.47)	18 013 (2.97)	21 750 (3.68)	13 575 (1.88)	14 892 (2.06)	14 621 (2.00)	14 044 (2.01)	13 735 (1.98)	13 780 (1.97)	13 883 (1.99)	13 476 (1.98)	12 675 (1.93)	13 108 (2.05)	14 404 (2.35)	15 260 (2.44)	17 745 (2.93)	21 513 (3.64)
Pakistan	19 091 (2.64)	19 612 (2.71)	20 280 (2.78)	20 068 (2.87)	19 601 (2.82)	19 236 (2.76)	19 131 (2.75)	18 513 (2.73)	17 334 (2.64)	17 519 (2.74)	17 140 (2.79)	16 375 (2.62)	17 393 (2.87)	18 227 (3.08)	17 840 (2.47)	18 434 (2.55)	19 091 (2.62)	18 578 (2.66)	17 943 (2.58)	17 342 (2.49)	17 367 (2.49)	17 099 (2.52)	15 996 (2.43)	16 320 (2.55)	16 460 (2.68)	15 791 (2.53)	16 654 (2.75)	17 715 (3.00)
Bangladesh	9 105 (1.26)	9 027 (1.25)	9 033 (1.24)	8 776 (1.26)	8 534 (1.23)	8 699 (1.25)	8 876 (1.27)	8 286 (1.22)	7 754 (1.18)	7 371 (1.15)	7 244 (1.18)	7 184 (1.15)	7 435 (1.23)	8 160 (1.38)	8 360 (1.16)	8 371 (1.16)	8 224 (1.13)	7 982 (1.14)	7 783 (1.12)	7 752 (1.11)	8 106 (1.16)	7 426 (1.09)	7 027 (1.07)	6 774 (1.06)	6 767 (1.10)	6 790 (1.09)	7 007 (1.16)	7 889 (1.33)
Afghanistan										3 232 (0.50)	3 275 (0.53)	3 345 (0.54)	4 254 (0.70)	3 818 (0.65)													|3 875 (0.64)	3 388 (0.57)
Sri Lanka	3 717 (0.51)	3 698 (0.51)	3 745 (0.51)	3 530 (0.51)	3 509 (0.50)										3 511 (0.49)													|
South East Asia	4 048 (0.56)	4 040 (0.56)	3 860 (0.53)	3 374 (0.48)	3 237 (0.47)	3 226 (0.46)	3 075 (0.44)	2 831 (0.42)	2 660 (0.40)	2 661 (0.42)	2 769 (0.45)	2 711 (0.43)	3 041 (0.50)	3 499 (0.59)	6 650 (0.92)	6 561 (0.91)	6 592 (0.90)	5 774 (0.83)	5 641 (0.81)	5 519 (0.79)	5 365 (0.77)	5 117 (0.75)	4 725 (0.72)	4 681 (0.73)	4 755 (0.77)	4 714 (0.75)	4 955 (0.82)	5 405 (0.91)
Antarctica and Oceania	3 991 (0.55)	3 709 (0.51)	3 630 (0.50)	3 401 (0.49)	3 179 (0.46)	3 030 (0.43)	3 085 (0.44)	2 905 (0.43)	2 661 (0.40)	2 454 (0.38)	2 353 (0.38)	2 439 (0.39)	2 006 (0.33)	1 953 (0.33)	3 910 (0.54)	3 591 (0.50)	3 457 (0.47)	3 147 (0.45)	3 035 (0.44))	2 895 (0.41)	2 816 (0.40)	2 691 (0.40)	2 509 (0.38)	2 379 (0.37)	2 243 (0.37)	2 317 (0.37)	2 075 (0.34)	1 939 (0.33)
Australasia	3 707 (0.51)	3 434 (0.47)	3 344 (0.46)	3 124 (0.45)	2 903 (0.42)	2 788 (0.40)	2 861 (0.41)	2 667 (0.39)	2 439 (0.37)	2 257 (0.35)	2 182 (0.36)	2 251 (0.36)	1 820 (0.30)	1 768 (0.30)	3 660 (0.51)	3 350 (0.46)	3 232 (0.44)	2 921 (0.42)	2 800 (0.40)	2 695 (0.39)	2 602 (0.37)	2 499 (0.37)	2 335 (0.36)	2 219 (0.35)	2 101 (0.34)	2 185 (0.35)	1 921 (0.32)	1 790 (0.30)
Other Oceania	284 (0.04)	274 (0.04)	286 (0.04)	277 (0.04)	276 (0.04)	242 (0.03)	224 (0.03)	238 (0.04)	222 (0.03)	197 (0.03)	171 (0.03)	188 (0.03)	186 (0.03)	185 (0.03)	249 (0.03)	239 (0.03)	223 (0.03)	226 (0.03)	235 (0.03)	200 (0.03)	214 (0.03)	192 (0.03)	174 (0.03)	160 (0.02)	142 (0.02)	132 (0.02)	154 (0.03)	149 (0.03)