haliotis

Image:AbaloneInside.jpg inside surface of a red abalone shell from Northern California: The coin is about one inch in diameter.]]

The shells of abalone have a low, open, spiral structure, and are characterized by having several open respiratory pores in a row near the shell's outer edge. The thick inner layer of the shell is composed of nacre, which in many species of abalone is highly iridescent, giving rise to a range of strong, changeable colors, which make the shells attractive to humans as decorative objects, in jewelry, and as a source of colorful mother-of-pearl.

The shell of abalone is convex, rounded to oval shape, and may be highly arched or very flattened. The shell of the majority of species is ear-shaped, presenting a small, flat spire and two to three whorls. The last whorl, known as the body whorl, is auriform, meaning that the shell resembles an ear, giving rise to the common name "ear shell". Haliotis asinina has a somewhat different shape, as it is more elongated and distended. The shell of Haliotis cracherodii cracherodii is also unusual as it has an ovate form, is imperforate, shows an exserted spire, and has prickly ribs.

A mantle cleft in the shell impresses a groove in the shell, in which are the row of holes (known as tremata), characteristic of the genus. These holes are respiratory apertures for venting water from the gills and for releasing sperm and eggs into the water column. They make up what is known as the selenizone which forms as the shell grows. This series of eight to 38 holes is near the anterior margin. Only a small number are generally open. The older holes are gradually sealed up as the shell grows and new holes form. Therefore, the number of tremata is not characteristic for the species. Each species has a number of open holes, between four and 10, in the selenizone. This number is not fixed and can vary within a species and between populations. Abalone have no operculum. The aperture of the shell is very wide and nacreous.

The exterior of the shell is striated and dull. The color of the shell is very variable from species to species, which may reflect the animal's diet. The iridescent nacre that lines the inside of the shell varies in color from silvery white, to pink, red and green-red, to deep blue, green to purple.

The animal shows fimbriated head-lobes. The side-lobes are also fimbriated and cirrated. The rounded foot is very large. The radula has small median teeth, and the lateral teeth are single and beam-like. About 70 uncini are present, with denticulated hooks, the first four very large. The soft body is coiled around the columellar muscle, and its insertion, instead of being on the columella, is on the middle of the inner wall of the shell. The gills are symmetrical and both well developed.{{harvnb|Tryon|1880|p=41}}

These snails cling solidly with their broad muscular foot to rocky surfaces at sublittoral depths, although some species such as Haliotis cracherodii used to be common in the intertidal zone. Abalone reach maturity at a relatively small size. Their fecundity is high and increases with their size (from 10,000 to 11 million eggs at a time). The spermatozoa are filiform and pointed at one end, and the anterior end is a rounded head.{{harvnb|Tryon|1880|p=46}}

The larvae are lecithotrophic. The adults are herbivorous and feed with their rhipidoglossan radula on macroalgae, preferring red or brown algae. Sizes vary from {{cvt|20|mm|in|frac=32}} (Haliotis pulcherrima) to {{cvt|200|mm|in|frac=8}}, while Haliotis rufescens is the largest of the genus at {{cvt|12|in|cm|order=flip}}.{{harvnb|Hoiberg|1993|p=7}}

By weight, about one-third of the animal is edible meat, one-third is offal, and one-third is shell.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

The shell of the abalone is exceptionally strong and is made of microscopic calcium carbonate tiles stacked like bricks. Between the layers of tiles is a clingy protein substance. When the abalone shell is struck, the tiles slide instead of shattering and the protein stretches to absorb the energy of the blow. Material scientists around the world are studying this tiled structure for insight into stronger ceramic products such as body armor.{{harvnb|Lin|Meyers|2005|p=27 & 38}} The dust created by grinding and cutting abalone shell is dangerous; appropriate safeguards must be taken to protect people from inhaling these particles. There is much discussion of this topic online.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}Abalone Toxicity https://orchid.ganoksin.com/t/abalone-toxicity/9357/2Shell Dust Dangers https://www.banjohangout.org/archive/187285

The number of species that are recognized within the genus Haliotis has fluctuated over time, and depends on the source that is consulted. The number of recognized species ranges from 30 to 130. This list finds a compromise using the "WoRMS" database, plus some species that have been added, for a total of 57.{{harvnb|Gofas|Tran|Bouchet|2014}}{{harvnb|Abbott|Dance|2000}} The majority of abalone have not been evaluated for conservation status. Those that have been reviewed tend to show that the abalone in general is declining in numbers, and will need protection throughout the globe.

File:Ass’s ear abalone (Haliotis asinina) S01.jpg|A dorsal view of a live ass's ear abalone, Haliotis asinina

File:Pinkabalone 300.jpg|the pink abalone, Haliotis corrugata

File:Haliotis cracherodii.JPG|The black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii

File:Blacklip abalone.jpg|Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views of the blacklip abalone, Haliotis rubra

File:Whiteabalone 300.jpg|The white abalone, Haliotis sorenseni

File:Haliotis varia f. dohrniana 001.jpg|A shell of Haliotis varia form dohrniana

{{clear}}

Image:Haliotis asinina 01.JPG|Haliotis asinina

Image:Haliotis australis 001.jpg|Haliotis australis

Image:Haliotis clathrata 01.JPG|Haliotis clathrata

Image:Haliotis coccoradiata.jpg|Haliotis coccoradiata

Image:Haliotis corrugata.jpg|Haliotis corrugata

Image:Haliotis cracherodii.jpg|Haliotis cracherodii

Image:Haliotis cyclobates.jpg|Haliotis cyclobates

Image:Haliotis discus discus 01.JPG|Haliotis discus discus

Image:Haliotis diversicolor 01.jpg|Haliotis diversicolor

Image:Haliotis elegans 001.jpg|Haliotis elegans

Image:Haliotis fatui 001.jpg|Haliotis fatui

Image:Haliotis fulgens fulgens 01.JPG|Haliotis fulgens fulgens

Image:Haliotis gigantea f. sieboldii 01.JPG|Haliotis gigantea f. sieboldii

Image:Haliotis glabra 01.JPG|Haliotis glabra

Image:Haliotis iris 01.JPG|Haliotis iris

Image:Haliotis jacnensis 002.jpg|Haliotis jacnensis

Image:Haliotis kamtschatkana assimilis 01.JPG|Haliotis kamtschatkana assimilis (South California).

Image:Haliotis laevigata 01.JPG|Haliotis laevigata (South Australia).

Image:Haliotis madaka 001.jpg|Haliotis madaka

Image:Haliotis mariae 002.jpg|Haliotis mariae

Image:Haliotis marmorata 002.jpg|Haliotis marmorata

Image:Haliotis midae 01.jpg|Haliotis midae

Image:Haliotis ovina ovina 01.JPG|Haliotis ovina

Image:Haliotis parva 001.jpg|Haliotis parva

Image:Haliotis planata 01.JPG|Haliotis planata

Image:Haliotis pulcherrima 001.jpg|Haliotis pulcherrima

Image:Haliotis queketti 001.jpg|Haliotis queketti

Image:Haliotis roei 002.jpg|Haliotis roei

Image:Haliotis rubra P2164176.JPG|Haliotis rubra

Image:Haliotis rufescens 22a.jpg|Haliotis rufescens

Image:Haliotis rugosa 2.jpg|Haliotis rugosa

Image:Haliotis scalaris (staircase abalone) (Quinn's Rocks, Western Australia) 1 (23565526643).jpg|Haliotis scalaris

Image:Haliotis semùiplicata 001.jpg|Haliotis semiplicata

Image:Haliotis sorenseni 001.jpg|Haliotis sorenseni

Image:Haliotis spadicea (blood-spotted abalone) (South Africa) 3 (24139744761).jpg|Haliotis spadicea

Image:Haliotis squamosa 001.jpg|Haliotis squamosa

Image:Haliotis stomatiaeformis 002.jpg|Haliotis stomatiaeformis

Image:Haliotis supertexta 001.jpg|Haliotis supertexta

Image:Haliotis thailandis 002.jpg|Haliotis thailandis

Image:Haliotis tuberculata tuberculata 01.JPG|Haliotis tuberculata (Europe)

Image:Haliotis unilateralis 002.jpg|Haliotis unilateralis

Image:Haliotis varia 01.JPG|Haliotis varia

Image:Haliotis virginea shell 2.jpg|Haliotis virginea

Image:Haliotis walallensis.jpg|Haliotis walallensis

• †Haliotis benoisti Cossmann, 1896 (Aquitaine, France)
• †Haliotis flemingi Powell, 1938 (New Zealand)
• †Haliotis lomaensis Anderson, 1902
• †Haliotis mathesonensis (Eagle, 1996)
• †Haliotis (Marinauris) matihetihensis (Eagle, 1999)
• †Haliotis powelli C. A. Fleming, 1952
• †Haliotis stalennuyi Owen & Berschauer, 2017
• †Haliotis volhynica Eichwald, 1829
• †Haliotis waitemataensis Powell, 1938

Over half of the modern Haliotis species with sufficient data are considered threatened to some extent on the IUCN Red List, with all but one species from the Pacific coast of North America being critically endangered as a consequence of massive historical overharvesting, withering abalone syndrome, and recent marine heatwaves which have caused collapses of both abalone and their habitat. Haliotis species from elsewhere are also threatened by overexploitation and climate change. In addition, abalone as a whole are considered highly vulnerable to ocean acidification due to their accretion of aragonite and dependence on susceptible coralline algae for development, and thus may eventually go extinct unless the rate of ocean acidification is arrested.{{cite journal|last1=Peters|first1=H.|last2=Rogers-Bennett|first2=L.|last3=De Shields|first3=R. M.|date=2021-05-21|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/78771583/78772573|title=Haliotis rufescens|website=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |id=2021: e.T78771583A78772573|publisher=IUCN|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T78771583A78772573.en|access-date=2022-12-24|s2cid=245151062|doi-access=free}}{{Cite web |last=Kerlin |first=Katherine E. |date=2022-12-12 |title=All West Coast Abalones at Risk of Extinction on the IUCN Red List |url=https://www.ucdavis.edu/climate/news/all-west-coast-abalone-added-endangered-iucns-red-list |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=UC Davis |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=First-ever global Red List assessment of abalone underlines urgency of combatting illegal trade - Wildlife Trade News from TRAFFIC |url=https://www.traffic.org/news/first-ever-global-red-list-assessment-of-abalone-underlines-urgency-of-combatting-illegal-trade/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=www.traffic.org |language=en}}{{Cite journal |last1=Byrne |first1=Maria |last2=Ho |first2=Melanie |last3=Wong |first3=Eunice |last4=Soars |first4=Natalie A. |last5=Selvakumaraswamy |first5=Paulina |last6=Shepard-Brennand |first6=Hannah |last7=Dworjanyn |first7=Symon A. |last8=Davis |first8=Andrew R. |date=2010-12-22 |title=Unshelled abalone and corrupted urchins: development of marine calcifiers in a changing ocean |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2404 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=278 |issue=1716 |pages=2376–2383 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2010.2404 |pmid=21177689 |pmc=3119014 |issn=0962-8452}}

{{Main|List of abalone synonyms}}

• Abalone
• Concholepas concholepas
• Pāua

{{Reflist|2}}

{{Reflist|group=nb}}

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Category:Haliotidae

Category:Extant Late Cretaceous first appearances

Category:Gastropod genera

Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus