illegal immigration

In Europe, the Platform for International Cooperation on Undocumented Migrants (PICUM) launched its international "Words Matter"{{Cite web|url=https://picum.org/words-matter/|title = Words Matter: Illegal vs Undocumented Migrants • PICUM}} campaign in 2014 to promote the use of the terms undocumented or irregular migrants instead of illegal.{{Cite web|title=Words matter • PICUM|url=https://picum.org/words-matter/|access-date=2020-10-07|website=PICUM}}{{Cite web|url=http://picum.org/Documents/WordsMatter/Words_Matter_Terminology_FINAL_March2017.pdf|title=Wayback Machine|website=picum.org}}{{Cite web|title=Vijf stappen richting een menselijk migratiebeleid|url=https://www.mo.be/analyse/vijf-wijsheden-richting-een-menselijk-migratiebeleid|access-date=2020-10-07|website=MO*|language=nl}}{{Cite web|title=PICUM: International Migrants' Day – Stop using the term 'illegal migrant' {{!}} Social Platform|url=https://www.socialplatform.org/news/picum-international-migrants-day-stop-using-the-term-illegal-migrant/|access-date=2020-10-07|website=socialplatform.org|date=18 December 2014}} Depending on jurisdiction, culture, or context, alternatives to illegal aliens or illegal immigrants can include irregular migrants, undocumented immigrants, undocumented persons, and unauthorized immigrants.{{cite news|last1=Hiltner|first1=Stephen|date=10 March 2017|title=Illegal, Undocumented, Unauthorized: The Terms of Immigration Reporting|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/10/insider/illegal-undocumented-unauthorized-the-terms-of-immigration-reporting.html|url-status=live|access-date=10 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310171926/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/10/insider/illegal-undocumented-unauthorized-the-terms-of-immigration-reporting.html|archive-date=10 March 2017}}{{cite web|date=14 January 2015|title=Key Migration Terms|url=https://www.iom.int/key-migration-terms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112042555/https://www.iom.int/key-migration-terms|archive-date=12 January 2018|access-date=11 January 2018}}

In some contexts the term illegal immigrants is shortened, often pejoratively,{{cite web|date=13 December 2011|title=Illegals|url=https://keller.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/13/llegals/?_r=0|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525114202/https://keller.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/13/llegals/?_r=0|archive-date=25 May 2017|access-date=16 March 2017}} to illegals.{{cite web|title=Crimes by Illegals are Buried in Amnesty Push|url=http://www.rushlimbaugh.com/daily/2013/07/25/crimes_by_illegals_are_buried_in_amnesty_push|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714220220/http://www.rushlimbaugh.com/daily/2013/07/25/crimes_by_illegals_are_buried_in_amnesty_push|archive-date=14 July 2014|access-date=4 June 2014}}{{cite news|last=Bazelon|first=Emily|date=23 August 2015|title=The Unwelcome Return of 'Illegals'|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/23/magazine/the-unwelcome-return-of-illegals.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818140913/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/23/magazine/the-unwelcome-return-of-illegals.html|archive-date=18 August 2015}}{{cite web|last1=Dinan|first1=Stephen|title=121 murders attributed to illegals released by Obama administration|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jun/15/121-murders-attributed-illegal-immigrants-released/?page=all|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811040145/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jun/15/121-murders-attributed-illegal-immigrants-released/?page=all|archive-date=11 August 2015|access-date=21 August 2015|website=The Washington Times}}

Irregular migration is a related term that is sometimes used, e.g. by the International Organization for Migration; however, because of the word migration, this term describes a somewhat wider concept, including illegal emigration.

Some news associations have in their style guide discontinued or discouraged the term illegal immigrant, except in quotations. These organizations presently include the Associated Press (US),[http://blog.ap.org/2013/04/02/illegal-immigrant-no-more/ Illegal Immigrant no more] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822002138/http://blog.ap.org/2013/04/02/illegal-immigrant-no-more/ |date=22 August 2013 }} Associated Press Blog, 2013 April 2 Press Association (UK), European Journalism Observatory,{{cite web|last=Nazhmidinova|first=Rukhshona|title=User Generated Racism: Russia's media and migrants|url=http://en.ejo.ch/8244/ethics_quality/user-generated-racism-russias-media-migrants#more-8244|publisher=The European Journalism Observatory|access-date=5 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505202900/http://en.ejo.ch/8244/ethics_quality/user-generated-racism-russias-media-migrants#more-8244|archive-date=5 May 2014|url-status=live|date=20 November 2013}} European Journalism Centre,{{cite web|title=How journalism can rid migration of its sour reputation|url=http://ejc.net/magazine/article/how-journalism-can-rid-migration-of-its-sour-reputation#.U2eXWIGSxA0|publisher=European Journalism Centre|access-date=5 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505180957/http://ejc.net/magazine/article/how-journalism-can-rid-migration-of-its-sour-reputation#.U2eXWIGSxA0|archive-date=5 May 2014|url-status=dead}} Association of European Journalists, Australian Press Council,{{cite web|title='Asylum seekers', 'illegal immigrants' and entry without a visa|url=http://www.presscouncil.org.au/advisory-guidelines/|work=Advisory Guidelines 2011|publisher=Australian Press Council|access-date=5 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801075645/http://www.presscouncil.org.au/advisory-guidelines/|archive-date=1 August 2015|url-status=live}} and Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance (AU).{{cite web|last=Romano|first=Angela|title=Missing the Boat? A paper delivered to 'Reporting on Asylum Seekers and Refugees: A Walkley Media Forum' convened by the Media Entertainment & Arts Alliance, 19 June 2007|url=http://eprints.qut.edu.au/14110/1/14110.pdf|work=Proceedings Reporting on Asylum Seekers and Refugees: A Walkley Media Forum, Regatta Hotel, Brisbane, Australia.|publisher=Queensland University of Technology|access-date=5 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505181446/http://eprints.qut.edu.au/14110/1/14110.pdf|archive-date=5 May 2014|url-status=live}} Related terms that describe actions are not similarly discouraged. Most commonly they use the alternative term, undocumented immigrant. For example, the Associated Press continues to use the term illegal immigration, whereby illegal describes the action rather than the person.

On the other hand, The New York Times said described undocumented immigrant as a "term preferred by many immigrants and their advocates, but it has a flavor of euphemism and should be used with caution outside the quotation". Newsweek questions the use of the phrase undocumented immigrants as a method of euphemistic framing, namely, "a psychological technique that can influence the perception of social phenomena".{{cite web|title=You Say 'Illegal Alien.' I Say 'Undocumented Immigrant.' Who's Right?|website=Newsweek|url=http://www.newsweek.com/you-say-illegal-alien-i-say-undocumented-immigrant-whos-right-750644|access-date=24 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325231936/http://www.newsweek.com/you-say-illegal-alien-i-say-undocumented-immigrant-whos-right-750644|archive-date=25 March 2018|url-status=live|date=18 December 2017}} Newsweek also suggests that persons who enter a country unlawfully cannot be entirely "undocumented", as they "just lack the certain specific documents for legal residency and employment", while "[m]any have driver's licences, debit cards, library cards, and school identifications which are useful documents in specific contexts but not nearly so much for immigration". For example, in the US, youths brought into the country illegally are granted access to public K-12 education and benefits regardless of citizenship status;{{cite journal|last=Gonzales|first=Roberto G.|year=2011|title=Learning to Be Illegal: Undocumented Youth and Shifting Legal Contexts in the Transition to Adulthood|journal=American Sociological Review|volume=76|issue=4|pages=602–619|doi=10.1177/0003122411411901|s2cid=144786714|url=http://www.asanet.org/images/journals/docs/pdf/asr/Aug11ASRFeature.pdf|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000648/http://www.asanet.org/images/journals/docs/pdf/asr/Aug11ASRFeature.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}} therefore the youths are not entirely undocumented, since they are documented for educational purposes.

Title 8 of the US Code is the portion of United States law that contains legislation on citizenship, nationality, and immigration. Defining the legal term alien as "any person, not a citizen or national of the United States",{{Cite web|title=8 U.S. Code § 1101 – Definitions|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1101|access-date=19 December 2019|website=LII / Legal Information Institute}} The terminology used in Title 8 includes illegal alien (33 times), unauthorized alien (21 times), undocumented alien (18 times), illegal immigrant (6 times), undocumented person (2 times), and others.{{Cite web|date=14 October 2019|title="Illegal Alien" Is One of Many Correct Legal Terms for "Illegal Immigrant"|url=https://www.cato.org/blog/illegal-alien-one-many-correct-legal-terms-illegal-immigrant|access-date=15 October 2019|website=Cato Institute}} An analysis by PolitiFact, however, concluded that the term illegal alien "occurs scarcely, often undefined or part of an introductory title or limited to apply to certain individuals convicted of felonies".{{Cite web|title=Is 'illegal alien' a term in federal law?|url=https://www.politifact.com/texas/statements/2018/may/09/steve-mccraw/illegal-alien-legal-term-federal-law/|access-date=26 February 2019|website=@politifact}}

In the United States, while overstaying a visa is a civil violation handled by the immigration court, entering (including re-entering) the US without approval from an immigration officer is a crime; specifically a misdemeanor on the first offense. Illegal reentry after deportation is a felony offense. This is the distinction between the larger group referred to as unauthorized immigrants and the smaller subgroup referred to as criminal immigrants.{{cite web |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/02/24/politics/undocumented-immigrants-not-necessarily-criminal/index.html |title=Are undocumented immigrants committing a crime? Not necessarily |first=Laura |last=Jarrett |date=24 February 2017 |quote=Under federal law, it is a crime for anyone to enter into the US without the approval of an immigration officer – it's a misdemeanor offense that carries fines and no more than six months in prison. Many foreign nationals, however, enter the country legally every day on valid work or travel visas, and end up overstaying for a variety of reasons. But that's not a violation of federal criminal law – it's a civil violation that gets handled in immigration court proceedings.
So although there are more than 11 million unauthorized immigrants living in the US, they haven't all committed a crime just by being in the country. |access-date=11 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704035122/https://www.cnn.com/2017/02/24/politics/undocumented-immigrants-not-necessarily-criminal/index.html |archive-date=4 July 2018 |url-status=live }}{{failed verification|bolded terminology is not contained in cited source – July 2018|date=July 2018}}

Democratic Senator and Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer has spoken out against the term undocumented, stating that "Illegal immigration is wrong – plain and simple" and that proponents of the term were "not serious" about combatting illegal immigration.{{Cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/erbe/2009/06/25/schumers-right-illegal-immigration-is-just-plain-wrong|title=Schumer's Right: Illegal Immigration Is Just Plain Wrong|access-date=29 November 2021|date=25 June 2009|work=U.S. News & World Report}}

During president Joe Biden's term, government websites used the term "non-citizen" instead of "alien", although this was reverted in January of 2025.{{Cite web |last=Bruce |first=Graeme |date=January 27, 2025 |title=Trump brings swift changes to U.S. government websites |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/trump-changes-websites-1.7440915 |access-date=January 29, 2025 |website=cbc.ca}}

File:Asylum seeker entering Canada from Roxham Road, Champlain, NY.jpg seeker that has illegally crossed from the United States to Canada is being detained.]]

In Canada, as in the US, illegal immigrant is a commonly used term. However, there is confusion and deep dissent among many about what the term means under the law and what circumstances, and what it implies socially.{{cite news |last1=Hopper |first1=Tristan |title=Irregular or illegal? The fight over what to call the thousands of migrants streaming into Canada |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/irregular-or-illegal-the-fight-over-what-to-call-the-thousands-of-migrants-streaming-into-canada |newspaper=Nationalpost |publisher=Postmedia |access-date=27 May 2021}} Irregular is a term used by government authorities to refer to migrants who enter Canada outside of official border crossings ("points of entry"). Entrance into Canada outside of a POE is considered unlawful, but not a criminal offence, or a civil offence under the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, SC 2001, c. 27.{{cite web |title=Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (S.C. 2001, c. 27) |url=https://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/i-2.5/ |website=Justice Laws |date=21 June 2019 |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=27 May 2021}}

The Government of Canada{{cite web |title=Irregular border crossings and asylum in Canada |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/campaigns/irregular-border-crossings-asylum.html |website=Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada |date=19 July 2018 |publisher=Government of Canada |access-date=27 May 2021}} and the Immigration and Refugee Board use the term irregular to refer to these crossings.{{cite web |title=Irregular border crosser statistics |url=https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/statistics/Pages/Irregular-border-crosser-statistics.aspx |website=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada |date=13 October 2017 |publisher=Government of Canada}} The Liberal Party of Canada and the New Democratic Party typically use the term irregular, while the Conservative Party of Canada typically uses the term illegal.{{cite web |title=Illegal or irregular? What's the proper term for Canada's border crossers? |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/illegal-or-irregular-what-s-the-proper-term-for-canada-s-border-crossers-1.4071533 |website=CTV News |date=28 August 2018 |publisher=BellMedia |access-date=27 May 2021}} The use of the term undocumented is increasingly prevalent among individual MPs and MLAs in Canada, and was also used in a NDP policy document{{cite web |title=Redefining Canada's Place in the World |url=https://www.ndp.ca/sites/default/files/ndp-con2021-resolutions-section-04-en-v8.pdf |website=Canada's NDP}} as well as by Ontario NDP leader Andrea Horwath in a 2018 platform document.{{cite web |title=Change for the Better |url=https://www.ontariondp.ca/sites/default/files/Change-for-the-better.pdf |website=Ontario NDP |access-date=27 May 2021}} Conservative MP Dave Epp referred to "undocumented workers" in a 2020 interview with the CBC wherein he called for an end to the use of contract migrant labour by Canadian agriculture businesses, in part because many such workers are undocumented and therefore vulnerable to exploitation and unsafe working conditions.{{cite web |title=Local MP calls for government action to stop undocumented workers on farms |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/dave-epp-undocumented-farm-workers-leamington-kingsville-1.5638665 |website=CBC |access-date=27 May 2021}}

{{See also|Immigration#Push and pull factors of immigration}}

Some examples do show that increases in poverty, especially when associated with immediate crises, can increase the likelihood of illegal migration. The 1994 economic crisis in Mexico, after the start of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), was associated with widespread poverty and a lower valuation for the peso relative to the dollar.{{cite web|url=http://www.epriee.ncl.ac.uk/dipietro.pdf |access-date=12 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050217070854/http://www.epriee.ncl.ac.uk/dipietro.pdf |archive-date=17 February 2005|title=Trade, Legal, and Illegal Immigration|publisher=University of Westminster|author=Giorgio di Pietro}}{{dubious|date=March 2012}} Accessed 11 December 2009 It also marked the start of a massive swell in Mexican immigration, in which net illegal migration to the U.S. increased every year from the mid-1990s until the mid-2000s.

There are also examples where natural disasters and population growth can amplify poverty-driven migration flows.{{cite news|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=59616|title=Ethiopia: High population growth could slow development|date=11 July 2006|access-date=4 March 2012|work=IRIN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611185946/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=59616|archive-date=11 June 2011|url-status=live}}

Many leave their country fleeing gender-based violence, such as honor crime or forced marriage, especially from conflicts area.{{cite web |last1=Anja |first1=Parish |title=Gender-Based Violence against Women: Both Cause for Migration and Risk along the Journey |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/gender-based-violence-against-women-both-cause-migration-and-risk-along-journey |website=Migration policy institute|date=6 September 2017 }} Women in illegal situations are especially at risk of sexual exploitation or rape.

Some illegal immigrants seek to live with relatives who already live in a country that they are not allowed to enter, such as a spouse or other family members.{{cite news|first=N. C.|last=Aizenman|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/27/AR2006082700771.html|title=Young Migrants Risk All to Reach U.S.|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=28 August 2006|access-date=3 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011224915/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/27/AR2006082700771.html|archive-date=11 October 2007|url-status=live}}{{cite web|first=Rosario|last=Vital|url=http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=b2579269c3c901ad0ae85bd42dd2920d|title=Love Unites Them, La Migra Separates Them|work=New America Media|date=30 November 2006|access-date=3 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927174848/http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=b2579269c3c901ad0ae85bd42dd2920d|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=usurped}}{{cite news|first=Lily|last=Galili|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=533868|title=After such respect, such humiliation: A former soccer star from Lod was accused recently of harboring an illegal alien – his wife of four years|work=Haaretz|date=31 January 2005|access-date=4 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621155221/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=533868|archive-date=21 June 2009|url-status=live}}

Having a family who has immigrated or being from a community with many immigrants is a much better predictor of one's choice to immigrate than poverty. Family reunification visas may be applied for by legal residents or naturalized citizens to bring their family members into a destination state legally, but these visas may be limited in number and subject to yearly quotas. This may result in family members entering illegally to reunify. From studying Mexican migration patterns, Douglas Massey finds that the likelihood that a Mexican national will emigrate illegally to the US increases dramatically if they have one or more family members already residing in the United States, legally or illegally.

File:20101009 Arrested refugees immigrants in Fylakio detention center Thrace Evros Greece restored.jpg detention centre, Evros, northern Greece]]

Unauthorised arrival into another country may be prompted by the need to escape civil war or repression in the country of origin. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights upheld by the United Nations guarantees the right of asylum,{{cite web | last=Nations | first=United | title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights | publisher=United Nations | date=10 December 1948 | url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights | access-date=15 May 2023}} and as such, asylum seekers are typically treated differently from undocumented immigrants. In practice, however, many asylum seekers are subjected to exceedingly long waiting periods, isolated and unsafe detention facilities, and a high probability of being denied. This has led some authors to suggest that the ideal of asylum has eroded in recent years in the Global North.{{cite web | title=The Death of Asylum | website=University of Minnesota Press | date=4 November 2019 | url=https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/the-death-of-asylum | access-date=15 May 2023}}{{cite book | last1=Jacobsen | first1=C.M. | last2=Karlsen | first2=M.A. | last3=Khosravi | first3=S. | title=Waiting and the Temporalities of Irregular Migration | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-000-22525-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXMCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT159 | access-date=16 May 2023 | page=159}}

According to the 1951 Refugee Convention refugees should be exempted from immigration laws and should expect protection from the country they entered.{{cite web|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/o_c_ref.htm|title=Convention relating to the Status of Refugees|date= 28 July 1951|publisher=United Nations|access-date=19 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725074145/http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/o_c_ref.htm |archive-date=25 July 2009 }}

{{See also|Denaturalization}}

In a 2012 news story, the CSM reported, "The estimated 750,000 Rohingya, one of the most miserable and oppressed minorities in the world, are deeply resentful of their almost complete absence of civil rights in Myanmar. In 1982, the military junta stripped the Rohingya of their Myanmar citizenship, classing them as illegal immigrants and rendering them stateless."{{cite news |author=Peter Ford |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2012/0612/Why-deadly-race-riots-could-rattle-Myanmar-s-fledgling-reforms |title=Why deadly race riots could rattle Myanmar's fledgling reforms |newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor |date=12 June 2012 |access-date=6 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105222644/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2012/0612/Why-deadly-race-riots-could-rattle-Myanmar-s-fledgling-reforms |archive-date=5 January 2015 |url-status=live }}

In some countries, people born on national territory (henceforth not "immigrants") do not automatically obtain the nationality of their birthplace, and may have no legal title of residency.{{cite web |url=http://149.101.23.2/graphics/publicaffairs/factsheets/948.htm |title=Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 |access-date=28 November 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070503023041/http://149.101.23.2/graphics/publicaffairs/factsheets/948.htm |archive-date=3 May 2007 }}

With a pattern of persecution of Christians in Iran, Iranian converts to Christianity from Islam face the death penalty.{{cite web |last1=Jervis |first1=Rick |title=Iranian Christians feared death in Iran. Then the US deported them to Panama. |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2025/02/20/iranian-christians-asylum-seekers-deported-panama/79217451007/ |publisher=USA TODAY |access-date=February 21, 2025 |date=February 20, 2025}} Peyman Malaz, chief operating officer of the PARS Equality Center, noted that "Those who arrive at the [Mexico–United States] border are often the most persecuted and desperate, such as Iranian Christians". Matthew Soerens, U.S. Director of Church Mobilization for World Relief, noted that in 2024, "30,000 of the 100,000 refugees resettled in the U.S. were Christians fleeing persecution."

If deported back to Iran, converts to Christianity from Islam face the death penalty given the pattern of persecution of Christians there.{{cite web |last1=Eisner |first1=Annie |title=She Fled Iran Because of Her Christian Faith. Then the U.S. Sent Her to a Death Trap |url=https://relevantmagazine.com/justice/she-fled-iran-because-of-her-christian-faith-then-the-u-s-sent-her-to-a-death-trap |website=RELEVANT |date=February 26, 2025}}

Families want to have better lives for their children and to succeed. The article "Learning to be Illegal" discusses the safety the children have in K-12 schooling. The children are guaranteed education in a safe environment.

{{Further|Human migration#Theories for migration for work in the 21st century}}

Aside from illegal immigration status, illegal immigration is related to other effects.{{cite report|url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/migration-exploitation-illegal-labor-domestic-servitude-sex|title=Spheres of Exploitation: Thwarting Actors Who Profit from Illegal Labor, Domestic Servitude, and Sex Work|author=Meghan Benton|date=January 2014|publisher=Migration Policy Institute}}

{{Main|Unreported employment|Informal economy}}

Illegal employment of aliens{{cite web | title=8 U.S. Code § 1324a - Unlawful employment of aliens | website=LII / Legal Information Institute | date=6 November 1986 | url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1324a | access-date=9 April 2025}} has been found to be enabled by low employer sanctions and rare law enforcement in particular for subcontractors and gig economy.{{cite journal | last1=Boswell | first1=Christina | last2=Straubhaar | first2=Thomas | title=The illegal employment of foreign workers: An overview | journal=Intereconomics | publisher=Heidelberg: Springer | volume=39 | issue=1 | date=2004 | issn=0020-5346 | pages=4–7 | doi=10.1007/BF03032198 | hdl=10419/41823 | url=https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/41823 | access-date=9 April 2025| hdl-access=free }}{{Cite web |last=Maurer |first=Roy |date=2019-09-24 |title=Do Employers Face Consequences for Hiring Unauthorized Workers? |url=https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/hr-topics/talent-acquisition/pages/do-employers-face-consequences-hiring-unauthorized-workers.aspx |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=SHRM}} The search for employment is central to illegal international migration.{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollettinoadapt.it/old/files/document/3468INTERNATIONAL_LA.pdf|title=International labor migration and employment in the Arab region: Origins, consequences and the way forward|last=International Labor Office|date=2009|website=ILO in the Arab States|publisher=International Labor Organization|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811223540/http://www.bollettinoadapt.it/old/files/document/3468INTERNATIONAL_LA.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2016|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Exploitation of labour}}

Illegal employment makes it easier for corporations to take advantage of wage labour. If an employer does not maintain proper safety standards, refuses to pay, or creates overall precarious working conditions, looking for remedies or redress would also mean the risk of having to disclose illegal immigration status.{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Michael R. |date=2008 |title=Illegal Immigration and Moral Obligation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40441477 |journal=Public Affairs Quarterly |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=29–41 |jstor=40441477 |issn=0887-0373}} Employers sometimes pay less than the legal minimum wage or have unsafe working conditions, relying on the reluctance of illegal workers to report the violations to the authorities.{{cite journal|last1=Flynn|first1=Michael|last2=Eggerth|first2=Donald|last3=Jacobson|first3=Jeffrey|title=Undocumented Status as a Social Determinant of Occupational Safety and Health: The Workers' Perspective|journal=American Journal of Industrial Medicine|date=2015|volume=58|issue=11|pages=1127–1137|doi=10.1002/ajim.22531|pmid=26471878|pmc=4632487}} Another consequence on labor is the lack of regulations and fairness programs leading to an increased barrier to employment for women{{Cite journal |last1=Borgas |first1=George |last2=Cassidy |first2=Hugh |date=2019 |title=The wage penalty to undocumented immigration |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/gborjas/files/labourecon2020.pdf |journal=Labour Economics |volume=61 |via=scholar.harvard.edu}} or handicapped persons. Unfair and unjust, the exploitation of undocumented immigrants' labor can go unpunished.{{Cite journal |last1=RANGEL |first1=DAVID E. |last2=PECK |first2=ELIZABETH |date=2022 |title=A Qualitative Examination of Work, Families, and Schools in Low-Income Latinx Communities During Strict Immigration Enforcement |journal=RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=184–199 |doi=10.7758/RSF.2022.8.5.09 |jstor=48680301 |pmid=36644781 |pmc=9835101 |s2cid=251071372 |issn=2377-8253|doi-access=free }}

According to data from the U.S. Census Bureau, undocumented immigrants in the United States often work in dangerous industries such as agriculture and construction.{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/2009/04/14/a-portrait-of-unauthorized-immigrants-in-the-united-states/|title=A Portrait of Unauthorized Immigrants in the United States|last1=Passel|first1=Jeffrey S.|last2=Cohn|first2=D’Vera|date=14 April 2009|website=Pew Research Center's Hispanic Trends Project|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205171826/http://www.pewhispanic.org/2009/04/14/a-portrait-of-unauthorized-immigrants-in-the-united-states/|archive-date=5 December 2016|url-status=live}} A recent study suggests that the complex web of consequences resulting from illegal immigrant status limits illegal workers' ability to stay safe at work.{{Cite journal|last1=Flynn|first1=Michael A.|last2=Eggerth|first2=Donald E.|last3=Jacobson|first3=C. Jeffrey|date=1 September 2015|title=Undocumented status as a social determinant of occupational safety and health: The workers' perspective|journal=American Journal of Industrial Medicine|volume=58|issue=11|pages=1127–1137|doi=10.1002/ajim.22531|issn=1097-0274|pmc=4632487|pmid=26471878 }} In addition to physical danger at work, the choice to immigrate for work often entails work-induced lifestyle factors which impact the physical, mental and social health of immigrants and their families.{{cite journal|last1=Flynn|first1=Michael|last2=Carreon|first2=Tania|last3=Eggerth|first3=Donald|last4=Johnson|first4=Antoinette|title=Immigration, Work, and Health: A Literature Review of Immigration Between Mexico and the United States|journal=Revista DeTrabajo Social UNAM|date=2014|volume=7|issue=6|pages=129–149|pmid=28260831|pmc=5334002}}

{{Main|Human Trafficking}}

Research at San Diego State University estimates that there are 2.4 million victims of human trafficking among illegal Mexican immigrants in the United States.{{Cite web |url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/240223.pdf |title=Looking for a Hidden Population: Trafficking of Migrant Laborers in San Diego County |access-date=1 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729070836/https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/240223.pdf |archive-date=29 July 2016 |url-status=live }} Some workers are smuggled into the United States and Canada by human traffickers.{{cite web|url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/09/23_16691.shtml|title=Modern slavery thriving in the U.S.|first=Janet|last=Gilmore|date=23 September 2004|work=UC Berkeley News|access-date=4 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018163408/http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/09/23_16691.shtml|archive-date=18 October 2016|url-status=live}}

People have been kidnapped or tricked into slavery to work as laborers, after entering the country, for example in factories. Those trafficked in this manner often face additional barriers to escaping slavery, since their status as undocumented immigrants makes it difficult for them to gain access to help or services. For example, Burmese women trafficked into Thailand and forced to work in factories or as prostitutes may not speak the language and may be vulnerable to abuse by police due to their undocumented immigrant status.{{cite book |last = Bales |first = Kevin |author-link = Kevin Bales |title = Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy |url = https://archive.org/details/disposablepeople00bale_0 |url-access = registration |publisher = University of California Press |year= 1999 |isbn = 978-0-520-22463-6 }}

{{Main|Sex trafficking}}

Since the fall of the Iron Curtain, Western Europe is being confronted with a serious problem related to the sexual exploitation of undocumented immigrants (especially from Eastern Europe), for prostitution.{{cite web|url=http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/ukraine/eeeu.htm|title=Eastern Europe Exports Flesh to the EU: The Natashi Trade|first=Francois|last=Loncle|date=December 2001|access-date=4 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051225080438/http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/ukraine/eeeu.htm|archive-date=25 December 2005|url-status=live}}

In the United States, human trafficking victims often pass through the porous border with Mexico. To curb the spread of sex slavery and other predation on unauthorized immigrants, then California Attorney General Kamala Harris and Mexico Attorney General Marisela Morales Ibáñez signed an accord in 2012 to expand prosecutions of criminals typically members of transnational gangs who engage in the trafficking of human beings between the two countries.{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/01/human-trafficking-victims_n_1929297.html|title=Human Trafficking Victims Often Undocumented Immigrants, Transnational Initiatives Launch To Curb Growing Trend|newspaper =Huffington Post|access-date=11 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129072023/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/01/human-trafficking-victims_n_1929297.html|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=live|date=October 2012}}

{{Further|Economic results of migration|Economic migrant}}

Based on data from the Immigration Policy Center, there are currently about nine million illegal immigrants in the U.S. There are about half a million more illegal immigrants every year. In addition, The United States spends about $3.8 billion on border enforcement each year.{{Cite web |title=Alexander Street, a ProQuest Company |url=https://video.alexanderstreet.com/watch/immigration-law |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=video.alexanderstreet.com}}

Research on the economic effects of illegal immigration is scant, but existing studies suggest that the effects can be positive for the native population,{{Cite journal|last=Palivos|first=Theodore|date=4 June 2008|title=Welfare effects of illegal immigration|journal=Journal of Population Economics|volume=22|issue=1|pages=131–144|doi=10.1007/s00148-007-0182-3|s2cid=154625546|issn=0933-1433|url=http://aphrodite.uom.gr/econwp/pdf/immigration1.pdf|access-date=13 July 2019|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212040457/http://aphrodite.uom.gr/econwp/pdf/immigration1.pdf|url-status=dead}}{{Cite journal|last=Liu|first=Xiangbo|date=1 December 2010|title=On the macroeconomic and welfare effects of illegal immigration|journal=Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control|volume=34|issue=12|pages=2547–2567|doi=10.1016/j.jedc.2010.06.030|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/15469/1/MPRA_paper_15469.pdf}} and for public coffers.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/41645|title=The Impact of Unauthorized Immigrants on the Budgets of State and Local Governments|date=6 December 2007|access-date=28 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722162216/https://www.cbo.gov/publication/41645|archive-date=22 July 2016|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://voxeu.org/article/effects-legalising-undocumented-immigrants|title=Understanding the effects of legalising undocumented immigrants|last1=Monras|first1=Joan|last2=Vázquez-Grenno|first2=Javier|date=15 May 2018|website=VoxEU.org|access-date=16 May 2018|last3=Elias|first3=Ferran|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517152629/https://voxeu.org/article/effects-legalising-undocumented-immigrants|archive-date=17 May 2018|url-status=live}} One 2015 study states that, "increasing deportation rates and tightening border control weakens low-skilled labor markets, increasing unemployment of native low-skilled workers. Legalization, instead, decreases the unemployment rate of low-skilled natives and increases income per native." This is because the presence of illegal immigrants reduces the labor costs of employers, providing them more opportunities to create more jobs.{{Cite journal|last1=Chassamboulli|first1=Andri|last2=Peri|first2=Giovanni|author2-link=Giovanni Peri|date=1 October 2015|title=The labor market effects of reducing the number of illegal immigrants |journal=Review of Economic Dynamics|volume=18|issue=4|pages=792–821|doi=10.1016/j.red.2015.07.005|s2cid=16242107|url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/38v6c3b3|hdl=10419/295514|hdl-access=free}}

A 2013 study by the liberal think tank Center for American Progress found that granting citizenship to people who immigrated illegally would boost the U.S. economy: doing so would raise the incomes of illegal immigrants by a quarter (increasing U.S. GDP by approximately $1.4 trillion over a 10-years);{{Cite web|url=https://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/EconomicEffectsCitizenship-6.pdf|title=The Economic Effects of Granting Legal Status and Citizenship to Undocumented Immigrants|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=14 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914090655/https://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/EconomicEffectsCitizenship-6.pdf|url-status=dead}} a 2016 study found that "legalization would increase the economic contribution of the unauthorized population by about 20%, to 3.6% of private-sector GDP";{{Cite journal|last1=Edwards|first1=Ryan|last2=Ortega|first2=Francesc|date=2017 |title=The Economic Contribution of Unauthorized Workers: An Industry Analysis |journal=Regional Science and Urban Economics |volume=67 |pages=119–134 |doi=10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2017.09.004 |bibcode=2017RSUE...67..119E |hdl=10419/149225|s2cid=7870192|url=https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/149225/1/dp10366.pdf}} and a 2019 working paper by the University of Cyprus found that "all types of immigrants generate a larger surplus to US firms than natives do".{{Cite report|last1=Chassamboulli|first1=Andri|last2=Peri|first2=Giovanni|author2-link=Giovanni Peri|date=2018|title=The Economic Effect of Immigration Policies: Analyzing and Simulating the U.S. Case|doi=10.3386/w25074|s2cid=240281198|url=http://papers.econ.ucy.ac.cy/RePEc/papers/06-19.pdf}}

According to economist George Borjas, immigrants may have caused the decline of real wages of US workers without a high school degree by 9% between 1980 and 2000 due to increased competition.{{cite journal|first=George|last=Borjas|title=The Labor Demand Curve is Downward Sloping: Reexamining the Impact of Immigration on the Labor Market|journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics|volume=118|number=4|pages=1335–1374|year=2003 |doi=10.1162/003355303322552810|citeseerx=10.1.1.183.1227}} Other economists, such as Gordon Hanson, criticized these findings.{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/ImmigrationCSR26.pdf|title=The Economic Logic of Illegal Immigration. Report to the Council on Foreign Relations|last=Hanson|first=Gordon H.|date=April 2007|work=Council on Foreign Relations (CSR No. 26)|access-date=11 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523094508/http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/ImmigrationCSR26.pdf|archive-date=23 May 2010|url-status=live}} Douglas Massey argues that developed countries need unskilled immigrant labor to fill undesirable jobs, which citizens do not seek regardless of wages.{{cite book|last1=Massey|first1=Douglas|title=Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Mexican Immigration in an Era of Economic Integration|last2=Durand|first2=Jorge|last3=Malone|first3=Nolan J.|publisher=Russell Sage Foundation|year=2003|location=New York}} Massey argues that this may refute claims that undocumented immigrants are "lowering wages" or stealing jobs from native-born workers and that it instead shows that undocumented immigrants "take jobs that no one else wants".

A paper by Spanish economists found that, upon granting work permits to the undocumented immigrant population in Spain, the fiscal revenues increased by around €4,189 per newly legalized immigrant. The paper found that the wages of the immigrants increased after receiving work permits. At the same time, some low-skilled natives had worse labor market outcomes and high-skilled natives had improved labor market outcomes.

Since the decline of working-class blue-collar jobs in manufacturing and industry, younger native-born generations have acquired higher education. In the US, only 12% of the labor force has less than a high school education, but 70% of illegal workers from Mexico lack a high school degree.

Support for this claim can be seen in a Pew Hispanic Center poll of over 3,000 undocumented immigrants from Mexico in the US, which found that 79% would voluntarily join a temporary worker program that allowed them to work legally for several years but then required them to leave.{{cite web|first=Roberto|last=Suro|title=Survey of Mexican Migrants, Part One: Attitudes about Immigration and Major Demographic Characteristics|work=Pew Hispanic Center|date=2 March 2005|url=http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/41.pdf|access-date=11 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211132206/http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/41.pdf|archive-date=11 December 2009|url-status=live}} From this, it is assumed that the willingness to take undesirable jobs is what gives undocumented immigrants their employment. Evidence for this may be seen in the average wages of illegal day laborers in California, which was between $10 and $12 per hour according to a 2005 study, higher than many entry-level white-collar or service jobs.{{cite web|first1=Abel Jr.|last1=Valenzuela|first2=Nik|last2=Theodore|first3=Edwin|last3=Meléndez|first4=Ana Luz|last4=Gonzalez|title=On the Corner: Day Labor in the US|work=UCLA Center for the Study of Urban Poverty|date=January 2006|access-date=11 December 2009|url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/issr/csup/uploaded_files/Natl_DayLabor-On_the_Corner1.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010012928/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/issr/csup/uploaded_files/Natl_DayLabor-On_the_Corner1.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2009}}

Research{{which|date=September 2018}} indicates that the advantage to firms employing undocumented immigrants increases as more firms in the industry do so, further increases with the breadth{{clarify|reason=What is market breadth?|date=September 2018}} of a firm's market, and also with the labor intensity of the firm's production process. However, the advantage decreases with the skill level of the firm's workers, meaning that illegal immigrants do not provide as much competitive advantage when a high-skilled workforce is required.{{Cite web |url=http://www.frbatlanta.org/documents/pubs/wp/wp1202a.pdf |title=Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Does Employing Undocumented Workers Give Firms a Competitive Advantage?, November 2012 |access-date=8 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412073407/http://www.frbatlanta.org/documents/pubs/wp/wp1202a.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2013 |url-status=live }}

Illegal immigrants usually have no or very limited access to public health systems, proper housing, education and banks. For instance, the current international human rights framework stipulates in various documents that the right to health and access to healthcare is fundamental and independent of a person's legal status. However, on a domestic level, many States in Europe have established the right to health as a welfare right, making it subject to citizenship or other administrative requirements.{{Cite book |last=da Costa Leite Borges Danielle |first=Caterina Francesca Guidi |title=Borders across Healthcare: Moral Economies of Healthcare and Migration in Europe |publisher=Berghahn Books |pages=21–41}} Whether it's due to the danger behind disclosing their status or because of the inherently unfair social infrastructures, these barriers are present in all types of services, from social security to health.

File:Central american migrants mexico.jpg in southern Mexico from Central America]]

Each year there are several hundred deaths along the Mexico–United States borderUnited States Government Accounting Office. [http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06770.pdf GAO-06-770] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070201014145/http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06770.pdf |date=1 February 2007 }}, August 2006. of immigrants crossing the border illegally. Death by exposure occurs in the deserts of Southwestern United States during the hot summer season.{{cite news | author=Evelyn Nieves | work=The New York Times | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9806E7D6103BF935A3575BC0A9649C8B63 | date=6 August 2002 | title=Illegal Immigrant Death Rate Rises Sharply in Barren Areas. | access-date=16 February 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213211619/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9806E7D6103BF935A3575BC0A9649C8B63 | archive-date=13 February 2009 | url-status=live }} In 2016 there were approximately 8,000 migrant deaths, with about 63% of deaths occurring within the Mediterranean.{{Cite web|url=https://missingmigrants.iom.int/latest-global-figures|title=Missing Migrants Project|website=missingmigrants.iom.int|access-date=24 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016024233/http://missingmigrants.iom.int/latest-global-figures|archive-date=16 October 2017|url-status=live}}

In some regions, people that are still en route to their destination country are also sometimes kidnapped, for example for ransom. In some instances, they are also tortured, raped, and killed if the requested ransom does not arrive. One case in point is the Eritrean migrants that are en route to Israel. A large number of them are captured in North Sinai (Egypt) and Eastern Sudan and held in the buildings in North Sinai.{{cite web|url=http://asmarino.com/alewana/2038-close-the-torture-houses-in-north-sinai-and-egypt|title=Close the Torture Houses in North Sinai and Egypt|work=[AI] Asmarino Independent|date=13 March 2014 |access-date=31 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704101108/http://asmarino.com/alewana/2038-close-the-torture-houses-in-north-sinai-and-egypt|archive-date=4 July 2014|url-status=live}}Sound of torture documentary

File:Office of CBP Air and Marine helicopter and boats.jpg]]

File:HMRC Vigilant BB.jpg, one of several customs cutters of the UK Border Force, and capable of speeds up to 26 knots, departing Portsmouth Naval Base]]

Immigrants from countries that do not have automatic visa agreements, or who would not otherwise qualify for a visa, often cross the borders illegally in some areas such as the Mexico–United States border, the Mona Channel between the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, the Strait of Gibraltar, Fuerteventura, and the Strait of Otranto. Because these methods are illegal, they are often dangerous. Would-be immigrants have been known to suffocate in shipping containers,{{Cite news|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/three-illegal-migrants-die-in-shipping-container-1.209697|title=Three undocumented migrants die in shipping container|date=11 November 2000|access-date=3 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013191646/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/three-illegal-migrants-die-in-shipping-container-1.209697|archive-date=13 October 2007|url-status=live}} boxcars,{{cite web|work=Siskind Susser Bland|url=http://www.visalaw.com/98aug/33aug98.html|title=At least 52 immigrants die of heat crossing from Mexico|access-date=3 October 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927023001/http://www.visalaw.com/98aug/33aug98.html|archive-date=27 September 2007}} and trucks,{{cite news|url=http://english.people.com.cn/english/200103/06/eng20010306_64193.html|work=People's Dailt Online|date=6 March 2001|title=Ninth on Trial in Dutch Court for Murder and Illegal Immigration|access-date=4 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119062811/http://english.people.com.cn/english/200103/06/eng20010306_64193.html|archive-date=19 January 2012|url-status=live}} sink in shipwrecks caused by unseaworthy vessels, die of dehydration{{cite news|url=http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=21975|title=Illegal Immigration: An American Tragedy|first=Allan J.|last=Ashinoff|date=12 March 2007|access-date=4 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194753/http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=21975|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}} or exposure during long walks without water. An official estimate puts the number of people who died in illegal crossings across the U.S.–Mexican border between 1998 and 2004 at 1,954 (see Migrant deaths along the Mexico–United States border).

Human smuggling is the practice of intermediaries aiding undocumented immigrants in crossing over international borders for financial gain, often in large groups. Human smuggling differs from but is sometimes associated with human trafficking. A human smuggler will facilitate illegal entry into a country for a fee, but on arrival at their destination, the smuggled person is usually free. Trafficking involves a process of using physical force, fraud, or deception to obtain and transport people.

Types of notorious human smugglers include Snakehead gangs present in mainland China (especially in Fujian) that smuggle laborers into Pacific Rim states (making Chinatowns frequent centers of illegal immigration) and "coyotes", who smuggle undocumented immigrants to the Southwestern United States and have been known to abuse or even kill their passengers.{{cite news|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/mexico/tijuana/20060723-9999-1m23killed.html|title=Immigrant found slain in Grant Hill house|first=Lola|last=Sherman|work=San Diego Union-Tribune|date=23 July 2006|access-date=4 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620221607/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/mexico/tijuana/20060723-9999-1m23killed.html|archive-date=20 June 2009|url-status=live}}

{{Further|Visa fraud}}

Many undocumented immigrants are migrants who originally arrive in a country lawfully but overstay their authorized residence (overstaying a visa).{{cite web|url=http://cis.org/Illegal|title=Illegal Immigration|access-date=4 March 2012|work=Center for Immigration Studies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229021452/http://www.cis.org/illegal|archive-date=29 February 2012|url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=http://www.workpermit.com/news/2005_10_24/us/immigrants_overstay_visas_us.htm |title=When immigrants overstay visas, US does little |publisher=Workpermit.com |date=24 October 2005 |access-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019005849/http://www.workpermit.com/news/2005_10_24/us/immigrants_overstay_visas_us.htm |archive-date=19 October 2012 |url-status=live }} For example, most of the estimated 200,000 illegal immigrants in Canada (perhaps as high as 500,000) are refugee claimants whose refugee applications were rejected but who have not yet been expelled from the country.{{cite news |author = Marina Jimenez |url = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/200000-illegal-immigrants-toiling-in-canadas-underground-economy/article18437108/ |title = 200,000 undocumented immigrants toiling in Canada's underground economy |work = The Globe and Mail |date = 15 November 2003 |location = Toronto }}

Another example is formed by children of foreigners born in countries observing jus soli ('right of territory'), such as was the case in France until 1994{{cite web |publisher = European University Institute |title = EUDO Citizenship Observatory |url = http://eudo-citizenship.eu/docs/IusSoli.pdf |date = June 2010 |access-date = 16 July 2015 |location = Newark, New Jersey |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170308143238/http://eudo-citizenship.eu/docs/IusSoli.pdf |archive-date = 8 March 2017 |url-status = live }} and in Ireland until 2005.{{cite web |url=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/categories/moving-country/irish-citizenship/irish_citizenship_through_birth_or_descent |title=Irish citizenship through birth or descent |publisher=Citizensinformation.ie |access-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529043056/http://www.citizensinformation.ie/categories/moving-country/irish-citizenship/irish_citizenship_through_birth_or_descent |archive-date=29 May 2010 |url-status=dead }} In these countries, it was possible to obtain French or Irish nationality (respectively) solely by being born in France before 1994 or in Ireland before 2005 (respectively). At present, a French born child of foreign parents does not automatically obtain French nationality until residency duration conditions are met. Since 1 January 2005, a child born in Ireland does not automatically acquire Irish nationality unless certain conditions are met.

Some people enter into sham marriages, whereby marriage is contracted into for purely immigration advantage by a couple who are not in a genuine relationship. Common reasons for sham marriages are to gain immigration (i.e., immigration fraud),{{cite web|date=23 October 2009|title=Owner of Thai Ginger admits to immigration fraud – paying people to 'marry' her relatives|url=http://www.pnwlocalnews.com/east_king/bel/news/65882672.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028085213/http://www.pnwlocalnews.com/east_king/bel/news/65882672.html|archive-date=28 October 2009|access-date=11 April 2011|publisher=Bellevue Reporter}}{{cite news|date=19 February 2010|title=Thai Ginger owner sentenced for sham-marriage scheme|newspaper=The Seattle Times|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2011129819_thaiginger20m.html|url-status=dead|access-date=11 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006165550/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2011129819_thaiginger20m.html|archive-date=6 October 2011}} residency, work, or citizenship rights for one or both of the spouses or other benefits.

In the United Kingdom, those who arrange, participate in, or officiate over a sham marriage may be charged with several offenses, including assisting unlawful immigration and conspiracy to facilitate a breach of immigration law.Crown Prosecution Service, [http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/h_to_k/immigration/#b01 Immigration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408215741/http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/h_to_k/immigration/#b01 |date=8 April 2014 }}, accessed 4 June 2014.

The United States has a penalty of a $250,000 fine and five-year prison sentence for such arrangements.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ice.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Document/2016/marriageFraudBrochure.pdf|title=Marriage Fraud is a Federal Crime|website=ice.gov|access-date=14 February 2020}} The U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and the Justice Department say that they do not have accurate numbers on the rate of attempted marriage fraud.(Manwani v. U.S. Dept. of Justice, 736 F. Supp. 1367 (W.D.N.C. 1990)). In the 2009 fiscal year, 506 (0.2%) of the 241,154 petitions filed were denied for suspected fraud; 7% were denied on other grounds.{{cite web|title=Investigating Marriage Fraud in New York|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/13/nyregion/13fraud.html?pagewanted=all|work=The New York Times|access-date=2 April 2013|date=11 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104210624/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/13/nyregion/13fraud.html?pagewanted=all|archive-date=4 November 2015|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Illegal immigration in Angola}}

In 2007 around 44,000 Congolese were forced to leave Angola.{{cite web |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L06594708.htm |title=Angolan soldiers rape, beat Congolese migrants – group |publisher=Alertnet.org |access-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621064107/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L06594708.htm |archive-date=21 June 2009 |url-status=live }} Since 2004, more than 400,000 illegal immigrants, almost all from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, have been expelled from Angola.{{cite web |author=Independent Newspapers Online |url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=qw1142436241852B252 |title=Angola warns against illegal immigration |publisher=IOL |date=15 March 2006 |access-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214073728/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=qw1142436241852B252 |archive-date=14 February 2009 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID=17514 |title=Angola expels thousands of Congolese |publisher=Monuc.org |access-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214012303/http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID=17514 |archive-date=14 February 2009 |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Illegal immigration in South Africa}}

No accurate estimates of the number of illegal migrants living in South Africa exist.{{cite web|last=Chiumia|first=Sintha|date=5 November 2013|title=How many Zimbabweans live in South Africa? The numbers are unreliable|url=http://africacheck.org/reports/how-many-zimbabweans-live-in-south-africa-the-numbers-are-unreliable/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316101220/http://africacheck.org/reports/how-many-zimbabweans-live-in-south-africa-the-numbers-are-unreliable/|archive-date=16 March 2015|access-date=23 April 2015|publisher=Africa Check}} Estimates that have been published vary widely. A 1996 Human Sciences Research Council study estimated that there were between 2.5 million and 4.1 million illegal migrants in the country. In their 2008–09 annual report, the South African Police Service stated, "According to various estimates, the number of undocumented immigrants in South Africa may vary between three and six million people." Other estimates have put the figure as high as 10 million.{{cite news|date=13 November 2009|title=South Africa: How many undocumented migrants? Pick a number|publisher=IRIN|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/87032/south-africa-how-many-undocumented-migrants-pick-a-number|url-status=live|access-date=23 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722124523/http://www.irinnews.org/report/87032/south-africa-how-many-undocumented-migrants-pick-a-number|archive-date=22 July 2015}} {{As of|2015|04}}, Statistics South Africa's official estimate is between 500,000 and one million undocumented migrants.{{cite news|last=Mwiti|first=Lee|date=22 April 2015|title=Seven of the biggest myths about South Africa and xenophobia – and how they drive attacks|work=Mail & Guardian Africa|url=http://mgafrica.com/article/2015-04-22-six-huge-myths-about-south-africas-xenophobia|url-status=dead|access-date=23 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428020801/http://mgafrica.com/article/2015-04-22-six-huge-myths-about-south-africas-xenophobia|archive-date=28 April 2015}} A large number of Zimbabweans have fled to South Africa as a result of instability in Zimbabwe, with many living as illegal migrants in South Africa.{{cite journal|last=Bloch|first=Alice|year=2010|title=The Right to Rights? Undocumented Migrants from Zimbabwe Living in South Africa|journal=Sociology|volume=44|issue=2|pages=233–250|doi=10.1177/0038038509357209|s2cid=145099287}} Sociologist Alice Bloch notes that migrants in South Africa have been the victims of xenophobia and violence, regardless of their immigration status.

{{See also|Biharis in Bangladesh|l1=Bihari Muslims in Bangladesh|Human rights in Bangladesh|List of massacres in Bangladesh}}

In 2018, there were 1.1 million illegal Rohingya Muslims in Bangladesh.{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/bangladesh-point-finger-at-myanmar-for-rohingya-genocide|title=Bangladesh point finger at Myanmar for Rohingya 'genocide'|date=27 September 2018|website=Associated Press}}

There are about 1.2 million Indians living in Bangladesh illegally as of 2014.{{cite web|url=http://www.ccnews24.com/2014/05/02/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87/|title=বাংলাদেশে ঘাপটি মেরে আছে ১২ লাখ ভারতীয়; এরাই কি গুপ্তঘাতক? – CCNews24.com|access-date=31 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101161124/http://www.ccnews24.com/2014/05/02/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87/|archive-date=1 January 2017|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.uttorbangla.com/36155#.WGgGqfB97IU|title=বাংলাদেশে অবৈধ ভারতীয় প্রসঙ্গে ইন্ডিয়াকে প্রশ্ন নয় কেন?|date=27 June 2014|access-date=31 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101091526/http://www.uttorbangla.com/36155#.WGgGqfB97IU|archive-date=1 January 2017|url-status=live}} By contrast, there are at least 20 million Bangladeshi illegal immigrants (20–40 times more) living in India, making India the country with the largest number of illegal immigrants in the world.

There is a significant number of Burmese illegal immigrants in Bangladesh. As of 2012, the Bangladesh government estimated about 500,000 illegal Burmese immigrants living across Bangladesh.{{cite web|url=http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2377656&date=2014-05-09|title=Rohingyas flee Cox's Bazar fearing push-back|work=newstoday.com.bd|access-date=31 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808044835/http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2377656&date=2014-05-09|archive-date=8 August 2014|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Illegal immigration in Bhutan}}

Immigration in Bhutan by Nepalese settlers (Lhotshampa) began slowly towards the end of the 19th century. The government passed the Bhutanese Citizenship Act 1985 to clarify and try to enforce the Bhutanese Citizenship Act 1958 to control the flood of illegal immigration. Those individuals who could not provide proof of residency prior to 1958 were adjudged to be undocumented immigrants. In 1991 and 1992, Bhutan expelled roughly 139,110 ethnic Nepalis, most of whom have been living in seven refugee camps in eastern Nepal ever since. The United States has offered to resettle 60,000 of the 107,000 Bhutanese refugees of Nepalese origin now living in U.N. refugee camps in Nepal. The Bhutanese government, even today, has not been able to sort out the problem of giving citizenship to those people who are married to Bhutanese, although they have been in the country for 40 years.{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7082586.stm |title = Bhutan refugees are 'intimidated' |author = Bhaumik, Subir |date = 7 November 2007 |publisher = BBC News |access-date = 19 September 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080819203907/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7082586.stm |archive-date = 19 August 2008 |url-status = live }}

{{Main|Illegal immigration in India}}

File:ABVP addressing about Bangladeshi illegal immigrants.jpg undocumented immigrants]]

It is estimated that several tens of millions of illegal immigrants live in India. Precise figures are not available, but the numbers run in tens of millions, at least 10 million are from Bangladesh, others being from Pakistan, Afghanistan, and others.{{Cite news|date=14 November 2011|title=More illegal immigrants from Afghanistan than Pakistan|work=The Hindustan Times|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/more-illegal-immigrants-from-afghanistan-than-pakistan/article1-769063.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103112835/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/More-illegal-immigrants-from-Afghanistan-than-Pakistan/Article1-769063.aspx|archive-date=3 January 2013}} According to the Government of India, there are at least 20 million illegal immigrants from Bangladesh alone.{{Cite web|date=17 November 2016|title=Two crore illegal Bangladeshis living in India: Government|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/two-crore-illegal-bangladeshis-living-in-india-government-4379162|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228050112/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/two-crore-illegal-bangladeshis-living-in-india-government-4379162/|archive-date=28 December 2017|access-date=25 December 2017|website=The Indian Express}} This makes India the country with the largest number of illegal immigrants in the world.{{Cite book|last=Schendel|first=Willem van|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1843311453|title=The Bengal Borderland: Beyond State and Nation in South Asia|date=2005|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-145-4}} During the Bangladesh Liberation War, at least 10 million Bangladeshis crossed into India illegally to seek refuge from widespread rape and genocide.{{Cite news|date=6 February 2012|title=India's 'Mexican' Problem: Illegal Immigration from Bangladesh|work=Ibtimes|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/indias-mexican-problem-illegal-immigration-bangladesh-213993|url-status=live|access-date=12 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218205343/http://www.ibtimes.com/indias-mexican-problem-illegal-immigration-bangladesh-213993|archive-date=18 December 2013}} According to Indian Home Ministry, at least 1.4 million Bangladeshi crossed over into India in the last decade alone. Samir Guha Roy of the Indian Statistical Institute states that internal migration is sometimes falsely thought to be immigrants. An analysis of the numbers by Roy revealed that on average around 91,000 Bangladeshi nationals might have crossed over to India every year during the years 1981–1991, thus, close to a million in a decade alone. How many of them were identified and pushed back is not known. It is possible that some of these illegal immigrants returned on their own.{{Cite book|last1=Hans Günter Brauch|title=Facing Global Environmental Change: Environmental, Human, Energy, Food, Health and Water Security Concepts|last2=John Grin|last3=Úrsula Oswald|publisher=Springer|year=2009|isbn=978-3-540-68488-6|pages=304}}

According to a pro-Indian scholar, the trip to India from Bangladesh is one of the cheapest in the world, with a trip costing around Rs. 2000 (around $30 US), which includes the fee for the "Tour Operator". As Bangladeshis are culturally similar to the Bengali people in India, they are able to pass off as Indian citizens and settle down in any part of India to establish a future, for a very small price. This false identity can be bolstered with false documentation available for as little as Rs. 200 ($3 US) can even make them part of the vote bank.

India is constructing barriers on its eastern borders to combat the surge of migrants. The Indo-Bangladeshi barrier is 4,000 km (2,500 mi) long. Presently, India is constructing a fence along the border to restrict illegal traffic from Bangladesh.{{Cite news|title=Villagers left in limbo by border fence|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4653810.stm|url-status=live|access-date=16 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930063811/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4653810.stm|archive-date=30 September 2009}} This obstruction will virtually isolate Bangladesh from India. The barrier's plan is based on the designs of the Israeli West Bank barrier and will be 3.6 m (11.8 ft) high. The stated aim of the fence is to stop infiltration of terrorists, prevent smuggling, and end illegal immigration from Bangladesh.{{Cite web|url=http://fr.jpost.com/Tags/satellite|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209170816/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1170359860662&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FPrinter |url-status=dead |title=Satellite News and latest stories | The Jerusalem Post|archive-date=9 December 2011|website=fr.jpost.com}}{{Cite web|title=Login|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article782933.ece|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516040515/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article782933.ece|archive-date=16 May 2008|access-date=16 August 2008|website=The Times|location=London}}

{{Main|Illegal immigration to Malaysia}}

There are an estimated 800,000 illegal immigrants in Malaysia.{{cite news|title=Indians among illegal immigrants rounded up in Malaysia – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=31 July 2006 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1832645.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013191814/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1832645.cms|archive-date=13 October 2007|access-date=12 August 2007}} In January 2009, Malaysia banned the hiring of foreign workers in factories, stores and restaurants to protect its citizens from mass unemployment amid the late 2000s recession.[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2009/01/20091228418535985.html Malaysia bans foreign labourers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122095833/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia-pacific/2009/01/20091228418535985.html|date=22 January 2009}}, Al Jazeera English, 22 January 2009 An ethnic Indian Malaysian was recently sentenced to whipping and 10 months in prison for hiring six illegal immigrants at his restaurant. "I think that after this, Malaysian employers will be afraid to take in foreign workers (without work permits). They will think twice", said immigration department prosecutor Azlan Abdul Latiff. "This is the first case where an employer is being sentenced to caning", he said. Illegal immigrants also face caning before being deported.{{Cite web|title=The Malaysian Bar – NST Editorial: Cracking the whip|url=http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/content/view/10390/2/|website=malaysianbar.org.my}}

{{Main|Illegal immigration to Pakistan|Immigration to Pakistan#Illegal aliens}}

As of 2005, 2.1% of the population of Pakistan had foreign origins, however the number of immigrants population in Pakistan recently grew sharply. Immigrants from South Asia make up a growing proportion of immigrants in Pakistan. The five largest immigrant groups in Pakistan are in turn Afghans,{{cite web|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|title=Pakistani TV delves into lives of Afghan refugees|url=http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/481856844.html|work=UNHCR}} Bangladeshis,{{cite news|last=Abbas Naqvi|date=17 December 2006|title=Falling back|newspaper=Daily Times|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006\story_17-12-2006_pg12_3|url-status=dead|access-date=19 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919135554/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C05%5C03%5Cstory_3-5-2006_pg13_5|archive-date=19 September 2009}} Tajiks, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Iranians, Indians, Sri Lankan, Burmese,{{cite web|author=Owais Tohid, Arshad Mahmud|date=29 November 1995|title=Homeless in Karachi|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?200305|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012052259/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?200305|archive-date=12 October 2013|access-date=18 October 2013|work=outlookindia.com}}{{cite web|title=Rohingya Refugees of Burma and UNHCR's repatriation program|url=http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs/SRI-rohingya.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911115620/http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs/SRI-rohingya.htm|archive-date=11 September 2011|access-date=18 October 2013|work=burmalibrary.org}} and Britons,{{cite news|date=6 December 2006|title=Brits Abroad|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/asia.stm|url-status=live|access-date=22 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723202901/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/asia.stm|archive-date=23 July 2010}} including a sizeable number of those of Pakistani origin. Other significant expatriate communities in the country are Armenians, Australians, Turks, Chinese,{{citation|last=Fazl-e-Haider|first=Syed|title=Chinese shun Pakistan exodus|date=11 September 2009|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KI11Df01.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913090000/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KI11Df01.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 September 2009|periodical=Asia Times|access-date=11 September 2009}} Americans,{{citation|title=Private American Citizens Residing Abroad|url=http://www.overseasdigest.com/amcit_nu2.htm|year=1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326040310/http://www.overseasdigest.com/amcit_nu2.htm|publisher=Bureau of Consular Affairs|access-date=17 September 2009|archive-date=26 March 2010|url-status=dead}} Filipinos,{{cite news|date=5 November 2007|title=Philippines monitors condition of Filipino workers in Pakistan|publisher=M&C|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/southasia/news/article_1371134.php/Philippines_monitors_condition_of_Filipino_workers_in_Pakistan|url-status=dead|access-date=19 December 2009|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103221927/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/southasia/news/article_1371134.php/Philippines_monitors_condition_of_Filipino_workers_in_Pakistan|archive-date=3 January 2013}} Bosnians,{{cite news|last=Rashid|first=Ahmed|date=26 June 1993|title=Blonde Muslims find shelter in Pakistan: Refugees from Bosnia were given a warm welcome in a distant land, Ahmed Rashid writes from Islamabad|work=The Independent|location=London|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/blonde-muslims-find-shelter-in-pakistan-refugees-from-bosnia-were-given-a-warm-welcome-in-a-distant-land-ahmed-rashid-writes-from-islamabad-1493968.html|url-status=live|access-date=20 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220230002/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/blonde-muslims-find-shelter-in-pakistan-refugees-from-bosnia-were-given-a-warm-welcome-in-a-distant-land-ahmed-rashid-writes-from-islamabad-1493968.html|archive-date=20 February 2015}} and many others.

It was estimated by Teresita Ang-See, a prominent leader and activist of the Chinese Filipino community, that by 2007, as many as 100,000 illegal immigrants from mainland China are living in the Philippines, a tenth of the ethnic Chinese population. The latest influx has come in part because of Manila's move in 2005 to liberalise entry procedures for Chinese tourists and investors, a move that helped triple the number of Chinese visitors to 133,000 the prior year. Many of the new Chinese immigrants encounter hostility from many Filipinos, including Filipino-born Chinese, for being perceived as engaging in criminal activities and fraud,{{cite web|last=Landingin|first=Roel|date=24 July 2007|title=Paradox for Philippines as Chinese set up shop|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/194f1172-3a01-11dc-9d73-0000779fd2ac.html|access-date=22 October 2013|work=Financial Times|location=London}} to being of unruly behaviour.{{cite web | url=https://interaksyon.philstar.com/politics-issues/2019/12/18/159175/jv-ejercito-chinese-population-influx-metro-manila/ | title=JV Ejercito is worried about the rising number of Chinese nationals around Manila | date=18 December 2019 }}{{cite web | url=https://interaksyon.philstar.com/trends-spotlights/2019/07/26/152533/dog-food-ateneo-freedom-wall-chinese/ | title='Dog food' story on Ateneans' online wall—what it could be telling us | date=26 July 2019 }}

According to the Republic of Korea Immigration Service, as of 31 December 2014, there were 208,778 illegal immigrants, which is 11.6% of 1,797,618 total foreign nationals who resided in South Korea. Most illegal immigrants in South Korea are Asian. The top 10 home countries of those illegal immigrants all came from other Asian countries with China at number 1 followed by Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, Mongolia, Indonesia, Uzbekistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Cambodia.{{Cite web|title=K2WebWizard|url=http://www.k2web.co.kr/|website=k2web.co.kr}}

• China: China is building a security barrier along its border with North Korea to prevent the defectors or refugees from North Korea.{{cite web|date=17 October 2006|title=China building border fence facing North Korea|url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2006/10/china-building-border-fence-facing.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820005602/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2006/10/china-building-border-fence-facing.php|archive-date=20 August 2012|access-date=23 October 2012|publisher=Jurist.law.pitt.edu}} Also, many illegal immigrants from Mongolia have tried to make it to China. There might be as many as 100,000 Africans in Guangzhou, mostly illegal overstayers.[http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE57K27U20090821?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0 Out of Africa and into China, immigrants struggle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091112024400/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE57K27U20090821?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0|date=12 November 2009}}. Reuters UK. 21 August 2009. To encourage people to report foreigners living illegally in China, for instance in 2010 during Guangzhou Asian Games, the police gave a 100 yuan reward to whistle blowers whose information successfully led to deportation (see Illegal immigration in China).{{cite web|date=13 June 2010|title=Illegal Foreigners Cleared Away during Asian Games|url=http://www.lifeofguangzhou.com/node_10/node_37/node_84/2010/08/18/128210399779463.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707084849/http://www.lifeofguangzhou.com/node_10/node_37/node_84/2010/08/18/128210399779463.shtml|archive-date=7 July 2012|access-date=23 October 2012|publisher=Life of Guangzhou}}
• Nepal: in 2008, Nepal's Maoist-led government has initiated a major crackdown against Tibetan exiles with the aim to deport to China all Tibetans living illegally in the country. Tibetans started pouring into Nepal after a failed anti-Chinese uprising in Tibet in 1959.[http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=41818 NEPAL: Tibetans Warned of Deportation to China] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609162646/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=41818|date=9 June 2012}}. There are 2 million more Biharis form India have been living in South-East Nepal bordering Indian state of Bihar, most of them are supported by Indian government.
• Thailand: see Illegal immigration to Thailand.

{{See also|Illegal immigration in Brazil}}

Brazil has long been part of international migration routes. In 2009, the government estimated the number of illegal immigrants at about 200,000 people; a Catholic charity working with immigrants said there were 600,000 illegal immigrants (75,000 of whom were from Bolivia). That same year, the National Congress of Brazil approved an amnesty, opening a six-month window for all foreigners to seek legalization irrespective of their previous standing before the law. Brazil last legalized all immigrants in 1998; bilateral deals, one of which promoted the legalization of all reciprocal immigrants with Bolivia to date, signed in 2005, are also common.{{cite web |author=Da BBC |url=http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Brasil/0,,MUL365307-5598,00.html |title=Globo.com |publisher=G1.globo.com |access-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925090704/http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Brasil/0,,MUL365307-5598,00.html |archive-date=25 September 2012 |url-status=live }}

Illegal immigrants in Brazil enjoy the same legal privileges as native Brazilians regarding access to social services such as public education and the Brazilian public healthcare system. A Federal Police operation investigated Chinese immigrants who traveled through six countries before arriving in São Paulo to work under substandard conditions in the textile industry.{{cite web |author=((Do G1)) |url=http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Brasil/0,,MUL1163864-5598,00-PF+FAZ+OPERACAO+CONTRA+IMIGRACAO+ILEGAL+DE+CHINESES+EM+ESTADOS.html |title=Globo.com – PF faz operação contra imigração ilegal de chineses em 3 estados |publisher=G1.globo.com |access-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925090721/http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Brasil/0,,MUL1163864-5598,00-PF+FAZ+OPERACAO+CONTRA+IMIGRACAO+ILEGAL+DE+CHINESES+EM+ESTADOS.html |archive-date=25 September 2012 |url-status=live }}

An October 2009 piece from O Globo, quoting a UNDP study, estimates the number of illegal immigrants at 0.7 million,{{cite web |url=http://www.hart-brasilientexte.de/2009/10/11/fremdenfeindlichkeit-in-brasilien-xenofobia-verde-amarela-43-prozent-der-brasilianer-fur-einwanderungsverbot-bzw-begrenzung-laut-neuer-uno-studie-das-brasilien-offen-gegenuber-auslandern-is/ |title=Klaus Hart Brasilientexte » Fremdenfeindlichkeit in Brasilien |publisher=Hart-brasilientexte.de |access-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724232210/http://www.hart-brasilientexte.de/2009/10/11/fremdenfeindlichkeit-in-brasilien-xenofobia-verde-amarela-43-prozent-der-brasilianer-fur-einwanderungsverbot-bzw-begrenzung-laut-neuer-uno-studie-das-brasilien-offen-gegenuber-auslandern-is/ |archive-date=24 July 2012 |url-status=live }} and points out to a recent wave of xenophobia among the general populace.{{cite web|url=https://etacanadaonline.com/|title=eTA Canada Visa Application – Apply for ESTA Online in Visa Waiver|website=etacanadaonline.com|access-date=17 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222081713/https://etacanadaonline.com/|archive-date=22 December 2016|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Illegal immigration in Canada}}

There is no credible information available on illegal immigration in Canada. Estimates range between 35,000 and 120,000 illegal immigrants in Canada.{{cite web |url=http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=f86690ed-a2ed-447c-8be8-21ba5a3dd922 |title=Many Canadians want illegal immigrants deported: poll |publisher=Canada.com |date=20 October 2007 |access-date=23 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020005655/http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=f86690ed-a2ed-447c-8be8-21ba5a3dd922 |archive-date=20 October 2010 }} James Bissett, a former head of the Canadian Immigration Service, has suggested that the lack of any credible refugee screening process, combined with a high likelihood of ignoring any deportation orders, has resulted in tens of thousands of outstanding warrants for the arrest of rejected refugee claimants, with little attempt at enforcement.{{cite web|url=http://www.canada.com/story.html?id=4e443e18-dc44-4128-bf17-ba209ba470f3|title=Stop bogus refugees before they get in|work=canada.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122946/http://www.canada.com/story.html?id=4e443e18-dc44-4128-bf17-ba209ba470f3|archive-date=24 September 2015}} Refugee claimants in Canada do not have to attempt re-entry to learn the status of their claim. A 2008 report by the Auditor General Sheila Fraser stated that Canada has lost track of as many as 41,000 illegal immigrants.{{cite web |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada-has-lost-track-of-41-000-illegals-fraser-1.293851 |title=Canada has lost track of 41,000 illegals: Fraser |publisher=CTV.ca |date=6 May 2008 |access-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021022540/http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada-has-lost-track-of-41-000-illegals-fraser-1.293851 |archive-date=21 October 2012 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/aud_parl_oag_200805_e_30714.html |title=OAG 2008 May Report of the Auditor General of Canada |publisher=CTV.ca |date=10 June 2008 |access-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610163115/http://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/aud_parl_oag_200805_e_30714.html |archive-date=10 June 2008 |url-status=live }} This number was predicted to increase drastically with the expiration of temporary employer work permits issued in 2007 and 2008, which were not renewed in many cases because of the shortage of work due to the recession.{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/investigations/article/719355--how-we-re-creating-an-illegal-workforce |title=How we're creating an illegal workforce |work=Thestar.com |date=1 November 2009 |access-date=23 October 2012 |location=Toronto |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020083923/http://www.thestar.com/news/investigations/article/719355--how-we-re-creating-an-illegal-workforce |archive-date=20 October 2012 |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Illegal immigration in Mexico}}

In the first six months of 2005, more than 120,000 people from Central America were deported, as compared to 2002, when for the entire year, only 130,000 were deported.{{Cite web|url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2005/08/24/018n3pol.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051107035816/http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2005/08/24/018n3pol.php|url-status=dead|title=Detienen en seis meses a 120 mil indocumentados de Centroamérica|first=JOSE ANTONIO|last=ROMAN|archivedate=7 November 2005|website=www.jornada.unam.mx}} People of Han Chinese origin pay about $5,500 to smugglers to be taken to Mexico from Hong Kong. It is estimated that 2.4% of rejections for work permits in Mexico correspond to Chinese citizens.{{cite web|title=Noticias del mes|url=http://www.cimacnoticias.com/noticias/01dic/01122403.html|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525114022/http://www.cimacnoticias.com/noticias/01dic/01122403.html|archive-date=25 May 2017|access-date=22 October 2013|publisher=Cimac Noticias}} In a 2010 news story, USA Today reported, "... Mexico's Arizona-style law requires local police to check IDs. And Mexican police freely engage in racial profiling and routinely harass Central American migrants, say immigration activists."{{cite news|last=Hawley|first=Chris|date=25 May 2010|title=Activists blast Mexico's immigration law|newspaper=USA Today|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2010-05-25-mexico-migrants_N.htm|url-status=live|access-date=12 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701201004/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2010-05-25-mexico-migrants_N.htm|archive-date=1 July 2012}}

Many women from Eastern Europe, Asia, and Central and South America take jobs at table dance establishments in large cities. The National Institute of Migration (INM) in Mexico raids strip clubs and deport foreigners who work without proper documentation.{{cite web|title=TV en vivo por internet y capítulos en línea|url=http://www.tvazteca.com/hechos/archivos2/2004/10/102327.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061202164716/http://www.tvazteca.com/hechos/archivos2/2004/10/102327.shtml|archive-date=2 December 2006|access-date=22 October 2013|publisher=Tvazteca.com}} In 2004, the INM deported 188,000 people at a cost of US$10 million.{{Cite web|title=Instituto Nacional de Migración | Gobierno | gob.mx|url=https://www.gob.mx/inm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029112525/http://www.migracion.gob.mx/paginas/entrevistas/entrevista10feb2004.htm|archive-date=29 October 2005|website=gob.mx}}

In September 2007, Mexican President Calderón harshly criticized the United States government for the crackdown on illegal immigrants, saying it has led to the persecution of immigrant workers without visas. "I have said that Mexico does not stop at its border, that wherever there is a Mexican, there is Mexico", he said.[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/03/world/americas/03mexico.html?_r=1&oref=slogin Mexican President Assails U.S. Measures on Migrants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804175907/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/03/world/americas/03mexico.html?_r=1&oref=slogin|date=4 August 2017}}, New York Times, 3 September 2007 However, Mexico has also deported US citizens, deporting 2,000 cases in 2015 and 1,243 in 2014.[http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2015/12/18/got-deported-from-mexico-country-expels-hundreds-us-citizens-every-year/ Got deported from Mexico country expels hundreds US citizens every year] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224120445/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2015/12/18/got-deported-from-mexico-country-expels-hundreds-us-citizens-every-year/|date=24 December 2015}} Fox News 18 December 2015

Illegal immigration of Cubans through Cancún tripled from 2004 to 2006.{{cite news|date=30 March 2007|title=Se dispara migraciуn de cubanos vнa Cancъn|newspaper=El Universal|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/415621.html|url-status=live|access-date=22 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023061450/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/415621.html|archive-date=23 October 2013}} In October 2008, Mexico tightened its immigration rules and agreed to deport Cubans who use the country as an entry point to the US. It also criticized US policy that generally allows Cubans who reach US territory to stay. Cuban Foreign Minister said the Cuban-Mexican agreement would lead to "the immense majority of Cubans being repatriated".[http://www.miamiherald.com/news/americas/story/733625.html Mexico to deport Cubans heading illegally to US], MiamiHerald.com, 22 October 2008

{{Main|Illegal immigration to the United States|Illegal immigrant population of the United States|Dominican immigration to Puerto Rico#Illegal immigration|l3 = Illegal immigration to Puerto Rico}}

{{See also|Central American migrant caravans|Coyote (person)|Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals|Deportation and removal from the United States}}

{{multiple image | total_width=450 |direction=horizontal

| image1= 1892- Immigration Enforcement Actions - Department of Homeland Security.svg |caption1= History of immigration enforcement actions, raw numbers as reported by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security{{cite web |date=November 2023 |title=2022 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics |url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2023-11/2023_0818_plcy_yearbook_immigration_statistics_fy2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110173616/https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2023-11/2023_0818_plcy_yearbook_immigration_statistics_fy2022.pdf |archive-date=January 10, 2024 |publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security |pages=103–104 (Table 39)}}

| image2= 1892- Immigration returns removals expulsions - per US population.svg |caption2= As a percent of US population, recent figures for enforcement actions are similar to those in several past decades.● Data source for enforcement actions: {{cite web |title=2022 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics |url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2023-11/2023_0818_plcy_yearbook_immigration_statistics_fy2022.pdf |publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110173616/https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2023-11/2023_0818_plcy_yearbook_immigration_statistics_fy2022.pdf |archive-date=January 10, 2024 |pages=103-104 (Table 39) |date=November 2023 |url-status=live }} ● Data source for U.S. population history: {{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910-2020) / Population Change |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202100939/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |archive-date=2 December 2024 |date=26 April 2021 |url-status=live}}

}}

File:1925- Border encounters nationwide per US population.svg

Approximately 11 million illegal immigrants were estimated to be living in the United States in 2006.{{cite web|last=Knickerbocker|first=Brad|date=16 May 2006|title=illegal immigrants in the US: How many are there?|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0516/p01s02-ussc.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505124757/http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0516/p01s02-ussc.html|archive-date=5 May 2012|access-date=25 April 2012|work=csmonitor.com}} The Pew Hispanic Center estimated that this peaked at 12 million in March 2007 and declined to 11 million again in March 2009.{{cite web|last1=PASSEL|first1=JEFFREY S.|last2=COHN|first2=D’VERA|date=1 September 2010|title=U.S. Unauthorized Immigration Flows Are Down Sharply Since Mid-Decade|url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/2010/09/01/us-unauthorized-immigration-flows-are-down-sharply-since-mid-decade|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609061038/http://www.pewhispanic.org/2010/09/01/us-unauthorized-immigration-flows-are-down-sharply-since-mid-decade/|archive-date=9 June 2018|access-date=27 July 2018|work=Pew Research Center}} The majority of the illegal immigrants are from Mexico.{{cite web|last=Kahn|first=Carrie|date=14 June 2005|title=Study Details Lives of Illegal Immigrants in U.S.|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4703307|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612135927/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4703307|archive-date=12 June 2018|access-date=5 April 2018|publisher=NPR}}

The issue of illegal immigration has long been controversial in the United States. In 2007, President George W. Bush called for Congress to endorse his guest worker proposal, stating that illegal immigrants took jobs that Americans would not take.{{cite web|last1=Lynch|first1=David J.|last2=Woodyard|first2=Chris|date=11 April 2006|title=Immigrants Claim Pivotal Role in Economy|url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/economy/2006-04-10-immigrants-economic-impact_x.htm|work=USA Today}}

The Pew Hispanic Center notes that while the number of legal immigrants arriving has not varied substantially since the 1980s, the number of illegal immigrants has increased dramatically and, since the mid-1990s, has surpassed the number of legal immigrants.{{cite web|date=14 May 2005|title=Illegal Migrants: Numbers and Characteristics|url=http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/46.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301015524/http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/46.pdf|archive-date=1 March 2009|access-date=1 March 2009|publisher=Pew Hispanic Center}} Penalties for employers of illegal immigrants, of $2,000–$10,000 and up to six months' imprisonment,{{cite web|title=Title 8—Aliens and Nationality, Chapter 12—Immigration and Nationality, Subchapter II—Immigration (Sec. 274A of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) and 8 U.S.C. 1324a)|url=http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/osc/ref/8usc1324a.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230034455/http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/osc/ref/8USC1324a.htm|archive-date=30 December 2008|access-date=1 March 2009|work=U.S. Code Online|publisher=United States Department of Justice}} go largely unenforced.

Political groups such as Americans for Legal Immigration have formed to demand the enforcement of immigration laws and secure borders. ALIPAC has also called for "safe departure" border checkpoints, free of criminal checks.{{cite web|title=Anti-Illegal Immigration Group Calls for 'Safe Passage' of Illegals Out of U.S.|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/anti-illegal-immigration-group-calls-for-safe-passage-of-illegals-out-of-u-s|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729040548/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/07/27/anti-immigrant-group-calls-safe-passage-illegals/|archive-date=29 July 2010|access-date=28 July 2010|work=Fox News}}

In a 2011 news story, the Los Angeles Times reported,

...illegal immigrants in 2010 were parents of 5.5 million children, 4.5 million of whom were born in the U.S. and are citizens. Because illegal immigrants are younger and more likely to be married, they represented a disproportionate share of births—8% of the babies born in the U.S. between March 2009 and March 2010 were to at least one illegal immigrant parent.{{cite web|last=Riccardi|first=Nicholas|date=2 February 2011|title=Illegal immigration in U.S. stabilizes|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2011-feb-02-la-na-pew-immigration-20110202-story.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011130249/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/feb/02/nation/la-na-pew-immigration-20110202|archive-date=11 October 2012|access-date=16 July 2012|work=Los Angeles Times}}

Immigration from Mexico to the United States has slowed in recent years.{{cite web|last=Goerdt|first=Ana|title=Ignoring the numbers on Mexico-U.S. migration|url=http://borderfactcheck.tumblr.com/post/25371709357/ignoring-numbers-us-mexico-migration|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929100332/http://borderfactcheck.tumblr.com/post/25371709357/ignoring-numbers-us-mexico-migration|archive-date=29 September 2013|access-date=23 August 2012|work=Border Fact Check|publisher=Washington Office on Latin America}} This has been attributed to the slowing of the U.S. economy, the buildup in security along the border and increased violence on the Mexican side of the Mexico–United States border.{{cite book|last1=Isacson|first1=Adam|url=http://www.wola.org/files/Beyond_the_Border_Buildup_FINAL.pdf|title=Beyond the Border Buildup: Security and Migrants along the U.S.-Mexico Border|last2=Meyer|first2=Maureen|publisher=Washington Office on Latin America|year=2012|isbn=978-0-9834517-8-5|location=Washington, DC|page=57|access-date=23 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227193202/http://www.wola.org/files/Beyond_the_Border_Buildup_FINAL.pdf|archive-date=27 February 2013|url-status=live}}

In 2016, the Library of Congress announced it would substitute "noncitizens" and "unauthorized immigration" for "illegal aliens" as a bibliographic retrieval term, saying the once common phrase had become offensive, and was not precise.{{cite web|last1=Padilla|first1=Steve|author1-link=Steve Padilla|last2=Rivera|first2=Selene|date=3 April 2016|title=Library of Congress to stop using term 'illegal alien'|url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-library-congress-alien-20160403-story.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181436/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-library-congress-alien-20160403-story.html|archive-date=27 July 2018|access-date=27 July 2018|work=Los Angeles Times}} However, the change was suspended and the heading "illegal aliens" remains in use.{{cite web|last=Cox|first=Elizabeth|date=21 June 2019|title=Diversity, equity, & inclusion in the library's online catalog|url=https://blog.lib.uiowa.edu/news/2019/06/21/diversity-equity-inclusion-in-the-librarys-online-catalog/|access-date=30 September 2019|work=Library News|publisher=The University of Iowa Libraries}}

In 2018, Attorney General Jeff Sessions instructed the US attorneys' offices not to use the term "undocumented immigrants", but to instead refer to people as "illegal aliens".{{cite web|last=Kopan|first=Tal|date=24 June 2018|title=Justice Department: Use 'illegal aliens,' not 'undocumented'|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/24/politics/justice-department-illegal-aliens-undocumented|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181035/https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/24/politics/justice-department-illegal-aliens-undocumented|archive-date=27 July 2018|access-date=27 July 2018|publisher=CNN}}

• Venezuela: an estimated 200,000 Colombians fled the Colombian conflict and sought safety in Venezuela. Most of them lacked identity documents, which hampered their access to services, as well as to the labor market. The Venezuelan government has no specific policies on refugees.{{cite web|title=Colombia: UNHCR signs agreement with Venezuelan "Banco del Pueblo Soberano"|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/LSGZ-7AYHES?OpenDocument|work=ReliefWeb|date=18 January 2008 }}{{Cite web|title=Venezuela – Child Soldiers Global Report 2008|url=http://www.childsoldiersglobalreport.org/content/venezuela|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826063839/http://www.childsoldiersglobalreport.org/content/venezuela|archive-date=26 August 2012|website=childsoldiersglobalreport.org|url-status=dead}} A much greater number of Venezuelans entered Colombia trying to escape from the political, economic and humanitarian crisis in the 21st century, especially during the last five to 10 years."[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/25/world/americas/hungry-venezuelans-flee-in-boats-to-escape-economic-collapse.html Hungry Venezuelans flee in boats to escape economic collapse]". The New York Times. 25 November 2016."[https://www.newsweek.com/hugo-chavez-scaring-away-talent-80337 Hugo Chavez is scaring away talent]". Newsweek. 30 June 2009.
• Chile: Chile has recently become a new pole of attraction for illegal immigrants, mostly from neighboring Peru and Bolivia but also Ecuador, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Paraguay, Cuba, Venezuela and Haiti. According to the 2002 national census, Chile's foreign-born foreign population has increased by 75% since 1992.{{cite news|last=Landaburu|first=Juan|date=24 June 2007|title=El debate sobre la inmigración ilegal se extiende a la región|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/920108-el-debate-sobre-la-inmigracion-ilegal-se-extiende-a-la-region|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805202300/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/920108-el-debate-sobre-la-inmigracion-ilegal-se-extiende-a-la-region|archive-date=5 August 2011|access-date=31 December 2008|work=La Nación}}
• Dominican Republic: the Dominican Republic is a nation that shares the island of Hispaniola with Haiti. An estimated 1,000,000 Haitians live and work in the Dominican Republic, which has a total population of about ten million. The percentage of Haitians that have illegally immigrated to the Dominican Republic is not accurately known, and "many Dominicans have come to resent the influx of lower-paid workers from across the border and have sought to make their country less hospitable to noncitizens"{{cite news|date=17 January 2013|title='Stateless' Haitians Gain A Legal Foothold|work=Huffington Post|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/17/stateless-haitians-dominican-republic_n_2497033.html|url-status=live|access-date=13 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222205045/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/17/stateless-haitians-dominican-republic_n_2497033.html|archive-date=22 February 2014}} (see also Haitians in the Dominican Republic).

{{Main|Illegal immigration in Australia}}

File:No one is Illegal - Refugee Action protest 27 July 2013 Melbourne (9374734197).jpg protest in Australia with banner reading "no one is illegal"]]

On 1 June 2013, the Migration Amendment (Reform of Employer Sanctions) Act 2013 commenced. This new law puts the onus on businesses to ensure that their employees maintain the necessary work entitlements in Australia. The new legislation also enables the Australian Department of Immigration and Citizenship to levy infringement notices against the business (AUD $15,300) and individual (AUD $3,060) employers on a strict liability basis—meaning that there is no requirement to prove fault, negligence or intention.{{cite web|date=1 June 2013|title=Employer Sanctions Legislation|url=http://www.vsure.com.au/employer-sanctions-legislation/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060141/http://www.vsure.com.au/employer-sanctions-legislation/|archive-date=23 October 2013|access-date=22 October 2013|publisher=vSure}}{{cite web|date=29 October 2008|title=Fact Sheet – Employing Legal Workers|url=http://www.immi.gov.au/managing-australias-borders/compliance/legalworkers/factsheet.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023061217/http://www.immi.gov.au/managing-australias-borders/compliance/legalworkers/factsheet.htm|archive-date=23 October 2013|access-date=22 October 2013|publisher=Immi.gov.au}}

{{Main|Illegal immigration in Russia}}

Russia experiences a constant flow of immigration. On average, 200,000 legal immigrants enter the country every year; about half are ethnic Russians from other republics of the former Soviet Union. There are an estimated 10–12 million foreigners working in the country without legal permission to be there.{{cite web|title=Russia cracking down on illegal migrants|work=International Herald Tribune|date=15 January 2007|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/15/news/migrate.php|access-date=15 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915210918/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/15/news/migrate.php|archive-date=15 September 2008|url-status=live}} There has been a significant influx of ethnic Georgians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Tajiks, and Uzbeks into large Russian cities in recent years, which has been viewed very unfavorably by many citizens and contributed to nationalist sentiments.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2452989.stm|title=Moscow to deport Tajiks by air|publisher=BBC|access-date=19 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040714090020/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2452989.stm|archive-date=14 July 2004|url-status=live|date=12 November 2002}}{{cite web|url=http://english.pravda.ru/news/hotspots/06-10-2006/84915-Georgia_Russia-0|title=Russian police determined to oust Georgians from Moscow|work=English pravda.ru|access-date=19 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304032232/http://english.pravda.ru/news/hotspots/06-10-2006/84915-Georgia_Russia-0|archive-date=4 March 2007|url-status=live|date=6 October 2006}}

Many immigrant ethnic groups have much higher birth rates than native Russians, further shifting the balance. Some Chinese flee the overpopulation and birth control regulations of their home country and settle in the Far East and southern Siberia. Russia's main Pacific port and naval base of Vladivostok, once closed to foreigners, today is bristling with Chinese markets, restaurants and trade houses.{{cite web|url=http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Chinese_Come_To_Russia.html|title=Chinese Come To Russia|work=terradaily.com|access-date=18 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117173305/http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Chinese_Come_To_Russia.html|archive-date=17 January 2016|url-status=dead}}

Illegal border crossing is considered a crime, and captured illegal border crossers have been sentenced to prison terms. For example, Rossiyskaya Gazeta reported in October 2008 the case of a North Korean who was detained after illegally crossing the Amur River from China. Considered by Russian authorities an "economic migrant", he was sentenced to 6 months in prison and was to be deported to the country of his nationality after serving his sentence, although he may now risk an even heavier penalty there. That was just one of the 26 cases year-to-date of illegal entrants, of various nationalities, receiving criminal punishment in Amur Oblast.{{cite news|url=http://www.rg.ru/2008/10/29/reg-priamurje/koreets-anons.html|author=Yevgeniy Basenko (Евгений Басенко)|title=A North Korean has swum across the Amur, only to end up in a Russian prison. (Северокореец переплыл Амур, чтобы оказаться в российской колонии)|date=29 October 2008|language=ru|agency=Rossiyskaya Gazeta|access-date=11 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122230049/http://rg.ru/2008/10/29/reg-priamurje/koreets-anons.html|archive-date=22 January 2009|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Immigration to Turkey}}

Turkey receives many economic migrants from nearby countries such as Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, but also from North Caucasus, Central Asia, West Asia, Afghanistan and Pakistan.{{cite web|title=Turkey captures over 500,000 illegal immigrants in past 10 years|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200601/10/eng20060110_234163.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304230152/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200601/10/eng20060110_234163.html|archive-date=4 March 2008|access-date=19 February 2008|work=peopledaily.com.cn}} The Iraq War is thought to have increased the flow of illegal immigration into Turkey, and the global parties directly involved in the conflict have been accused of extending a less-helping hand than Turkey itself to resolve the precarious situation of immigrants stranded in the passage.[http://www.dradio.de/dlf/sendungen/europaheute/599804 Iraq's Christians on the run] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507192702/http://www.dradio.de/dlf/sendungen/europaheute/599804|date=7 May 2008}} (in German)

{{See also|European migrant crisis|Open borders|Migration and asylum policy of the European Union}}

File:Non-EU citizens found to be illegally present in the EU-28 and EFTA, Eurostat 2015.png

The Schengen Area is a multilateral agreement between 27 states in which they in most cases abolish the border control among themselves. These states include most of the EU countries, as well as the EEC countries Norway, Switzerland and Iceland. Any person who is physically inside any of the Schengen states will usually be able to travel to any other Schengen state without hindrance from the law enforcement, even if he or she has no legal right to enter another Schengen Area member state. A person who wishes to immigrate illegally to a Schengen Area member state may therefore find it more practical to enter it through another member state. According to a BBC report from 2012, over 80% of illegal immigrants entering the European Union pass through Greece.{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18371800 |publisher=BBC |title=Journey across crisis-hit Greece:Immigration challenge |date=9 June 2012 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630212258/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18371800 |archive-date=30 June 2018 |url-status=live }}

EU countries that are not members of the Schengen Agreement are still committed to allow lawful entry by citizens of EU countries;{{cite web |url = http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=URISERV:l33152 |title = Access to European Union law |access-date = 5 August 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150731231854/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=URISERV:l33152 |archive-date = 31 July 2015 |url-status = live }} they may however exercise border control at their discretion.

File:Migrants in Hungary 2015 Aug 003.jpg

Citizens within The EU is an economic and political partnership between 28 European countries that together cover much of the European continent.{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/about-eu/index_en.htm|title=How the EU works|work=europa.eu|access-date=4 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810063033/http://europa.eu/about-eu/index_en.htm|archive-date=10 August 2015|url-status=live}} A citizen of an EU member state has the right to seek employment within any other member state.{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=457|title=Free movement – EU nationals – Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion – European Commission|website=ec.europa.eu|access-date=4 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906055801/http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=457|archive-date=6 September 2015|url-status=live}} The Schengen Agreement does not regulate treatment of persons who enter the Schengen Area illegally. This is therefore left to the individual states, and other applicable international treaties and European case law. Illegal immigration to Schengen and to Europe in general was increasing sharply since approximately early 2014.{{cite news|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/immigration/10865652/Illegal-immigration-to-Europe-shows-sharp-rise.html|title = Illegal immigration to Europe shows sharp rise|newspaper = The Daily Telegraph|location=London|author = David Barrett|access-date = 5 April 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180531080844/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/immigration/10865652/Illegal-immigration-to-Europe-shows-sharp-rise.html|archive-date = 31 May 2018|url-status = live|date = 30 May 2014}}

{{Main|Immigration to France}}

Children born to noncitizens in France are not immigrants themselves, but they are considered foreigners under French law, until they reach the age of 18, at which time they automatically become citizens.[http://www.migrationinformation.org/feature/display.cfm?ID=266] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111142410/http://www.migrationinformation.org/feature/display.cfm?ID=266|date=11 January 2012}}, "The Challenge of French Diversity." French citizenship is based in the idea of political unity; therefore, French citizenship may be more accessible than other EU countries, such as Germany and the UK. However, many French citizens feel that those who gain French citizenship should conform to the cultural aspects of French life.Brubaker, Rogers. "Immigration, Citizenship, and the Nation-State in France and Germany". The Citizenship Debates: a Reader. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1998.

There were between 890,000 and 1.2 million illegal immigrants in France.{{cite web |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20081128-castaways-illegal-immigration-france |title=The castaways of illegal immigration – FRANCE 24 |access-date=21 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104212604/http://www.france24.com/en/20081128-castaways-illegal-immigration-france |archive-date=4 November 2011 }}, "The Castaways of Illegal Immigration."

French law prohibits anyone from assisting or trying to assist "the entry of a foreigner in France" (except for a non-EU national, entering in metropolitan France illegally from the territory of a Schengen country),{{Cite web |title=Circulaire présentant les dispositions de droit pénal immédiatement applicables de la loi n°2018-778 du 10 septembre 2018 pour une immigration maîtrisée, un droit d'asile effectif et une intégration réussie |url=https://www.justice.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/migrations/portail/bo/2018/20181130/JUSD1830097C.pdf |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=justice.gouv.fr}} which enabled them to harass activists helping refugees{{cite web |title=Des policiers poursuivis pour avoir agressé un bénévole à Calais |url=https://www.amnesty.fr/refugies-et-migrants/actualites/des-policiers-poursuivis-pour-avoir-agresse-un-benevole-a-calais |website=Amnesty France}}

{{See also|Hungarian border barrier}}

File:Hungarian-Serbian border barrier 2.jpg]]

In 2014, Hungary registered 43,000 asylum seekers and 80,000 up to July 2015. In the summer of 2015, Hungary started building a 4m high fence along its 175 km border to neighbouring Serbia to keep out the tens of thousands illegal immigrants from the Middle East and migrants trying to reach the European Union.{{cite news|last1=Womack|first1=Helen|title=Iron Curtain: Bewildered migrants confronted with new Hungary-Serbia border fence|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=17 July 2015}} The border was sealed on 15 September 2015 and the fence was the following day attacked by refugees and defended by riot police.{{cite news|title=Migrants keep sneaking through Hungary's razor-wire fence|url= https://globalnews.ca/news/2223235/migrants-continue-to-breach-hungarys-razor-wire-fence-along-serbian-border |access-date=18 September 2015|publisher= Global News |date=16 September 2015}}

With the Hungary-Serbia border closed, migrants then started heading to Croatia, but as Croatia led the migrants to the Hungary-Croatia border, Hungary then started the construction of a second fence along its border with Croatia on 18 September 2015.{{cite news|title=Hungary starts building fence on Croatian border|url=http://www.dw.com/en/hungary-starts-building-fence-on-croatian-border/a-18721670|access-date=18 September 2015|publisher=Deutsche Welle|date=18 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920143401/http://www.dw.com/en/hungary-starts-building-fence-on-croatian-border/a-18721670|archive-date=20 September 2015|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Illegal immigration in the United Kingdom}}

Many try to cross the English Channel from Calais to seek asylum or refugee status in the United Kingdom.{{cite magazine | url = http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1947471,00.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120329014408/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1947471,00.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 29 March 2012 | title = Illegal Immigration in France: Calais Refugees|magazine = TIME |last = Crumley |first = Bruce |date=5 December 2009}} Truck drivers can be fined up to €2,500 if illegal immigrants are found on board. The Home Office has its agents working alongside French police and immigration agents, to prevent unauthorized people from entering the zone. An area of Calais known as "Camp de la Lande" had a police raid in September 2009 to control illegal immigration. The French also try to stop illegal immigrants from entering France from the southern part of the country.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-33267137|title=How is the UK-France border policed?|date=3 March 2016|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122062443/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-33267137|archive-date=22 January 2018|url-status=live|publisher=BBC News}}

In 1986, an Iranian man was sent back to Paris, from London, as he was unable to present any ID to British immigration officers. He stayed at the airport for nearly twenty years and his story loosely inspired a film, The Terminal.{{cite web|url=http://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A33471100|title=h2g2 – Mehran Karimi Nasseri – In Transit – Edited Entry|first=Not Panicking|last=Ltd|website=h2g2.com|date=28 May 2008 |access-date=21 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121234002/http://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A33471100|archive-date=21 November 2016|url-status=live}}

{{As of|2009}} there were between 550,000 and 950,000 illegal immigrants in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom is a difficult country to reach as it is mostly located on one island and part of another, but traffickers in Calais, France, have tried to smuggle illegal immigrants into the UK. Many illegal immigrants come from Africa and Asia. As of 2008 there were also many from Eastern Europe and Latin America having overstayed their visas.{{cite web| url = https://www.migrationwatchuk.org/briefing-paper/78 |title= True_cost_of_Amnesty |work = Migration Watch UK}} {{cite web| url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/archbishop-backs-amnesty-for-britains-illegal-immigrants-1032195.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171226073801/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/archbishop-backs-amnesty-for-britains-illegal-immigrants-1032195.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 26 December 2017 | title = Archbishop backs amnesty for Britain's illegal immigrants |work = The Independent | date = 24 November 2008}}

A 2012 study carried out by the University of Oxford's Centre on Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS) has estimated that there were 120,000 illegal migrant children in the UK, of whom 65,000 were born in the UK to parents without legal status. According to the study these children are at risk of destitution, exploitation and social exclusion because of contradictory and frequently changing rules and regulations which jeopardize their access to healthcare, education, protection by the police and other public services.{{cite web |url=http://irregularvoices.wordpress.com/2012/05/15/no-way-out-no-way-in-migrant-children-fall-through-the-net/ |title=No way out, no way in: Migrant children fall through the net | irregular voices |publisher=Irregularvoices.wordpress.com |date=15 May 2012 |access-date=22 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150102063901/http://irregularvoices.wordpress.com/2012/05/15/no-way-out-no-way-in-migrant-children-fall-through-the-net/ |archive-date=2 January 2015 |url-status=live }}

The Home Office estimated that 4,000 to 10,000 applications a year to stay in the UK are made on the basis of a sham marriage.{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/256257/Sham_Marriage_and_Civil_Partnerships.pdf|date=November 2013|title=SHAM MARRIAGES AND CIVIL PARTNERSHIPS|author=Home Office|publisher=Government UK|access-date=5 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513040723/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/256257/Sham_Marriage_and_Civil_Partnerships.pdf|archive-date=13 May 2014|url-status=live}} Many undocumented immigrants or asylum seekers have tried to enter the UK from France, by hiding inside trucks or trains.{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jul/31/calais-crisis-david-cameron-chairs-cobra-meeting-as-mod-role-discussed|title=Cameron chairs Cobra meeting after overnight standoff in Calais|first=Josh|last=Halliday|date=31 July 2015|website=The Guardian|access-date=30 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122000846/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jul/31/calais-crisis-david-cameron-chairs-cobra-meeting-as-mod-role-discussed|archive-date=22 November 2016|url-status=live}}

On 11 August 2020, the Government of the United Kingdom and France worked together on a single channel to finalize a new plan for blocking illegal migrant route. Many of the migrants who aimed to emigrate to the United Kingdom came from Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, Syria and countries in Africa, fleeing poverty, persecution or war.{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/covid-19-pandemic_us-pay-johnson-and-johnson-1-billion-covid-19-vaccine/6193967.html|title=US to Pay Johnson and Johnson $1 Billion for COVID-19 Vaccine|access-date=11 August 2020|website=Voice of America|date=5 August 2020 }}

{{See also|Immigration to Bulgaria|Immigration to Germany|Immigration to Italy|Immigration to Norway|Immigration to Switzerland}}

• Bulgaria: in 2013, 11,000 persons attempted to enter Bulgaria via its border with Turkey.{{cite news|date=4 August 2015|title=Bulgaria builds final part of razor wire fence to keep out refugees|newspaper=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bulgaria-builds-final-part-of-razor-wire-fence-to-keep-out-refugees-10437962.html|url-status=live|access-date=8 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807224931/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/bulgaria-builds-final-part-of-razor-wire-fence-to-keep-out-refugees-10437962.html|archive-date=7 August 2015}} Their aim is not believed by Bulgarian border officials to remain in Bulgaria, but to go to other European countries. In November 2013, Bulgaria started building a razor wire fence on its Turkey border, which was completed in 2015.
• Germany: the number of irregular immigrants caught in Germany was 42,478 in 2018 and 40,610 in 2019 according to the Federal Police.{{Cite web|publisher=BAMF|title=Migrationsbericht 2019 kap6|date=2021|url=https://www.bamf.de/SharedDocs/Anlagen/DE/Forschung/Migrationsberichte/MB-2019/migrationsbericht-2019-kap6.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3|access-date=26 August 2024|website=BAMF.de}} The numbers rose sharply with the Russian invasion of Ukraine from 57,637 entries in 2021 to 91,986 in 2022.{{Cite web|publisher=BAMF|date=10 January 2024|url=https://www.bamf.de/SharedDocs/Anlagen/DE/Forschung/Migrationsberichte/migrationsbericht-2022-kurzfassung.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=14|access-date=26 August 2024|website=BAMF.de | title=Kurzfassung des Migrationsberichts 2022 }}
• Italy: in November 2023, Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni and her Albanian counterpart Edi Rama signed an agreement to relocate migrants to Albania, a deal criticized by human rights organizations. Italy plans to construct two detention centres in Albania which would initially house 3,000 individuals upon opening in late 2024, but could process up to 36,000 people annually once fully operational. Meloni has previously threatened immediate deportation of migrants, which is not allowed within the EU, and Albania's position outside the EU is viewed as significant in light of this. In response the European Commission requested further details on the arrangement for scrutiny.{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Christian |date=2023-11-07 |title=Italy signs accord to send migrants to Albania, in deal slammed by rights groups |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/07/europe/italy-albania-migrant-refugee-deal/index.html |access-date=2023-11-19 |publisher=CNN}}
• Norway: the number of illegal immigrants in Norway was estimated to roughly 20 thousand in 2009,CLANDESTINO Project (2009). Undocumented Migration: Counting the Uncountable. Data and Trends Across Europe. Clandistino Project, Final Report, 23 November 2009 and to between 18 and 56 thousand in 2017.{{Cite news|last=NRK|title=Titusener ulovlig i Norge – frykter flere bransjer ødelegges av svart arbeid|language=no|work=NRK|url=https://www.nrk.no/norge/_-titusener-ulovlig-i-norge-_-frykter-flere-bransjer-odelegges-av-svart-arbeid-1.12401046|url-status=live|access-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525034055/http://www.nrk.no/norge/_-titusener-ulovlig-i-norge-_-frykter-flere-bransjer-odelegges-av-svart-arbeid-1.12401046|archive-date=25 May 2016}} Estimates by organizations working with illegal migrants are much lower, between 5 thousand and 10 thousand in 2011.Øien, C. og Sønsterudbråten, S. (2011). No Way In, No Way Out? A study of living conditions of irregular migrants in Norway. Fafo rapport 2011:03.
• Switzerland: it is estimated that at least 100,000 individuals reside in Switzerland without being registered with the authorities and thus are considered illegal immigrants by the state. Many are also workers, employed as nannies, labourers on farms or construction sites, as well as waiters or kitchen or other ancillary staff in the restaurant and hotel industry.{{Cite web|url=http://www.sans-papiers.ch/index.php?id=90&L=3|title=Information|access-date=13 September 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030100822/http://www.sans-papiers.ch/index.php?id=90&L=3|url-status=dead}}

Since late April 2007, the Iranian government has forcibly deported back Afghans living and working in Iran to Afghanistan at a rate between 250,000 and 300,000 per year. The forceful evictions of the refugees, who lived in Iran and Pakistan for nearly three decades, are part of the two countries' larger plans to repatriate all Afghan refugees within a few years. Iran said that it would send 1,000,000 by March 2008, and Pakistan announced that all 2,400,000 Afghan refugees, most living in camps, must return home by 2009. Aimal Khan, a political analyst at the Sustainable Development Policy Institute in Islamabad said it would be "disastrous" for Afghanistan.{{cite web|title=Iranian Deportations Raise Fears of Humanitarian Crisis in Afghanistan|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/article.aspx?id=834|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305033159/http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/article.aspx?id=834|archive-date=5 March 2008|access-date=19 February 2008|work=worldpoliticsreview.com}}{{cite journal|author=The Christian Science Monitor|date=14 February 2007|title=To root out Taliban, Pakistan to expel 2.4 million Afghans|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0214/p06s02-wosc.html|url-status=live|journal=The Christian Science Monitor|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106055405/http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0214/p06s02-wosc.html|archive-date=6 January 2008|access-date=19 February 2008}}{{cite news|date=8 June 2007|title=Expelled from Iran – refugee misery|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6705329.stm|url-status=live|access-date=19 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307010829/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6705329.stm|archive-date=7 March 2008}}

Iran plans to remove two million undocumented Afghan migrants by March 2025, with authorities reporting a rise in arrests and voluntary returns. The government is under pressure to manage immigration enforcement while addressing the needs of its undocumented population.{{Cite news |date=14 October 2024 |title=Police chief reiterates Iran firm to expel 2mn illegal Afghan migrants within 5 months| newspaper=Iran Front page|url=https://ifpnews.com/police-chief-iran-expel-2mn-illegal-afghan-migrants-5-months/ |access-date= 14 October 2024}}

{{See also|Illegal immigration from Africa to Israel}}

File:There Are No Illegal Children!.jpg

Tens of thousands of migrants, mostly from Sudan and Eritrea, had crossed the Israeli border between 2009 and 2012.{{cite news|date=3 June 2012|title=Israel to jail illegal migrants for up to 3 years|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFBRE8520DX20120603|url-status=dead|access-date=1 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701203651/http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFBRE8520DX20120603|archive-date=1 July 2017}} Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said that, "This phenomenon is very grave and threatens the social fabric of society, our national security and our national identity."[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/20/israel-netanyahu-african-immigrants-jewish Israel PM: illegal African immigrants threaten identity of Jewish state] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115023630/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/20/israel-netanyahu-african-immigrants-jewish|date=15 November 2016}}. Reuters. 20 May 2012. In May 2012, Israel introduced a law which would allow illegal immigrants to be detained for up to three years, a measure that the Interior Ministry intended to stem the flow of Africans entering Israel across the desert border with Egypt. As a result, completing a barrier along the border with Egypt, illegal immigration from Africa decreased by over 99%.{{cite news|author=Maayana Miskin|date=2 July 2013|title=New Data Shows 99% Drop in Illegal Entry|publisher=Arutz Sheva|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/169521|url-status=live|access-date=13 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218064023/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/169521|archive-date=18 February 2017}}

Israel faces substantial (estimated at 40,000 in 2009){{Cite web|date=8 August 2004|title=In Limbo – Palestinian gays|url=http://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/in-limbo-palestinian-gays/}} illegal immigration of Arab workers from the Palestinian Authority territories, a migration that includes both workers seeking employment, and homosexuals escaping the social opprobrium of Arab society.{{cite news|last1=Harel|first1=Amos|date=10 November 2014|title=Israel must crack down on illegal Palestinian workers, before it's too late|newspaper=Haaretz|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.625715|url-status=live|access-date=11 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111032424/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.625715|archive-date=11 November 2014}}{{cite news|last1=Dovin|first1=Tova|date=11 November 2014|title=MKs Fume, Demand 'Deterrence' After Tel Aviv Stabbing Attack|publisher=Arutz Sheva|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/187274#.VGIh3YfXOHk|url-status=live|access-date=11 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111162607/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/187274#.VGIh3YfXOHk|archive-date=11 November 2014}}{{cite news|last1=Peratis|first1=Kathleen|date=24 February 2006|title=For Gay Palestinians, Tel Aviv Is Mecca|publisher=Forward|url=http://forward.com/articles/1125/for-gay-palestinians-tel-aviv-is-mecca/#ixzz3Ilwojt37|url-status=live|access-date=11 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111170833/http://forward.com/articles/1125/for-gay-palestinians-tel-aviv-is-mecca/#ixzz3Ilwojt37|archive-date=11 November 2014}}{{cite news|last1=Solomon|first1=Erika|date=8 September 2009|title=Israel's illegal Palestinian workforce Israel has handed out 21,600 work permits to Palestinians. But an estimated 40,000 risk their lives to enter the country and work illegally|newspaper=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6155823/Israels-illegal-Palestinian-workforce.html|url-status=live|access-date=11 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111172339/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/6155823/Israels-illegal-Palestinian-workforce.html|archive-date=11 November 2014}}

Thousands of foreign workers who entered the country on temporary visas have overstayed and live illegally in Israel.{{cite news|date=23 June 2019|title=Facing deportation, children of Filipino workers know no home but Israel|work=Ynetnews|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5533529,00.html|access-date=10 September 2019}} There is a debate within Israel as to whether the Israel-born children of foreign workers should be allowed to remain in the country.{{cite news|title=Rabbi Peretz: Let the children of Filipino workers stay|work=Arutz Sheva|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/266574|access-date=10 September 2019}}

{{Main|Illegal immigration in Libya}}

Before the Libyan civil war, Libya was home to a large population of illegal immigrants from Sub-Saharan Africa, numbering as much as 2,000,000.{{Cite web|title=Libya asserts its right to deport 2 million illegal immigrants in face of criticism|url=http://www.pr-inside.com/libya-asserts-its-right-to-deport-r394573.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703213207/http://www.pr-inside.com/libya-asserts-its-right-to-deport-r394573.htm|archive-date=3 July 2009}} The mass expulsion plan to summarily deport all illegally residing foreigners was announced by then-current Libyan leader Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi in January 2008, "No resident without a legal visa will be excluded."{{cite web|title=International News|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=4157350|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214080300/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=4157350|archive-date=14 February 2009|access-date=20 February 2008|publisher=ABC News|location=United States}}{{cite web|title=Libya: Summary Deportations Would Endanger Migrants and Asylum Seekers|url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/2008/01/17/libya17810.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119061021/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2008/01/17/libya17810.htm|archive-date=19 January 2008|access-date=20 February 2008|work=Human Rights Watch|date=16 January 2008}}

{{Main|Illegal immigration to Saudi Arabia}}

In 2004, Saudi Arabia began construction of a Saudi–Yemen barrier between its territory and Yemen to prevent the unauthorized movement of people and goods into and out of the Kingdom. Anthony H. Cordesman labeled it a "separation barrier".Anthony H. Cordesman, Saudi Arabia: National Security in a Troubled Region,

[https://books.google.com/books?id=1OpmRrNzFHgC&dq=Saudi%E2%80%93Yemen+separation+barrier&pg=PA276 p. 276]. In February 2004, The Guardian reported that Yemeni opposition newspapers likened the barrier to the Israeli West Bank barrier,{{cite news|last=Whitaker|first=Brian|author-link=Brian Whitaker|date=17 February 2004|title=Saudi security barrier stirs anger in Yemen|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/yemen/Story/0,,1149722,00.html|access-date=23 March 2007}} while The Independent wrote, "Saudi Arabia, one of the most vocal critics in the Arab world of Israel's 'security fence' in the West Bank, is quietly emulating the Israeli example by erecting a barrier along its porous border with Yemen."{{cite news|last=Bradley|first=John|date=11 February 2004|title=Saudi Arabia enrages Yemen with fence|newspaper=The Independent|location=London|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-enrages-yemen-with-fence-569574.html|url-status=live|access-date=23 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409211735/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-enrages-yemen-with-fence-569574.html|archive-date=9 April 2011}} Saudi officials rejected the comparison saying it was built to prevent infiltration and smuggling.

Since the US-led invasion of Iraq in March 2003, there are more refugees from Iraq. The United Nations estimates that nearly 2,200,000 Iraqis have fled the country since 2003,{{Cite web|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/middle_east/article2640418.ece|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214144622/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/middle_east/article2640418.ece|url-status=dead|title=UN warns of five million Iraqi refugees - Middle East, World - The Independent|archivedate=14 December 2007|website=news.independent.co.uk}} with nearly 100,000 fleeing to Syria and Jordan each month.[https://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2006/11/03/un_nearly_100000_flee_iraq_monthly/ U.N.: 100,000 Iraq refugees flee monthly] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070904002020/http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2006/11/03/un_nearly_100000_flee_iraq_monthly/|date=4 September 2007}}. Alexander G. Higgins, Boston Globe, 3 November 2006{{Cite web|title=Take Iraqi refugees in|url=http://www.milforddailynews.com/opinion/8998973966395637759|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305055544/http://www.milforddailynews.com/opinion/8998973966395637759|archive-date=5 March 2008}} Most ventured to Jordan and Syria, creating demographic shifts that have worried both governments. Refugees are mired in poverty as they are generally barred from working in their host countries.{{cite news|title=Doors closing on fleeing Iraqis|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6293807.stm|url-status=live|access-date=20 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011014752/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6293807.stm|archive-date=11 October 2014}}{{cite news |last=Tavernise |first=Sabrina |author-link=Sabrina Tavernise |title=Iraq's middle class escapes, only to find poverty in Jordan |work=International Herald Tribune |date=2007-08-09 |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/08/09/asia/refugees.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501105155/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/08/09/asia/refugees.php |archive-date=2008-05-01 |url-status=dead |access-date=2022-06-13}}

Syrian authorities worried that the new influx of refugees would limit the country's resources. Sources such as oil, heat, water and electricity were said to be becoming scarcer as demand were rising.[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/07/23/MNGPCR4S601.DTL&feed=rss.news Displaced Iraqis running out of cash, and prices are rising] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514154622/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F07%2F23%2FMNGPCR4S601.DTL&feed=rss.news|date=14 May 2012}}. On 1 October 2007, news agencies reported that Syria reimposed restrictions on Iraqi refugees, as stated by a spokesperson for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Under Syria's new rules, only Iraqi merchants, businessmen and university professors with visas acquired from Syrian embassies may enter Syria.{{Cite web|date=21 June 2009|title=Syria shuts border to Iraqi refugees – UNHCR|work=Reuters|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUS119126393845._CH_.2400|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621090606/http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUS119126393845._CH_.2400|archive-date=21 June 2009|access-date=22 November 2019}}{{Cite web|date=11 January 2009|title=Syrian visa restrictions "trap" Iraqi refugees :: www.uruknet.info :: informazione dall'Iraq occupato :: news from occupied Iraq :: – it|url=http://uruknet.info/?p=m37030&s1=h1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111102349/http://uruknet.info/?p=m37030&s1=h1|archive-date=11 January 2009|access-date=22 November 2019}}{{cite web |title=Syria restores Iraqi visa limits |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7024739.stm |publisher=BBC News |access-date=15 June 2022 |date=2 October 2007}}

{{Portal|Law}}

{{div col}}

• Asylum shopping
• Border control
• Criminalization of migration
• Deportation
• Environmental migration
• Free migration
• Immigration and crime
• Immigration and Customs Enforcement
• International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
• Nationality law
• Political demography
• Rule of law
• Squatting
• Stowaway
• Strikebreaker
• Undocumented youth in the United States
• Venezuelan diaspora
• Venezuelan refugee crisis

{{div col end}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes}}

• Barkan, Elliott R. 2003. "Return of the Nativists? California Public Opinion and Immigration in the 1980s and 1990s". Social Science History 27(2):229–83. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/40267808. online]
• {{cite book | last=Beasley | first=V.B. | title=Who Belongs in America?: Presidents, Rhetoric, and Immigration | publisher=Texas A&M University Press | series=Presidential Rhetoric and Political Communication | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-58544-505-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SL0EG_8Yd_8C | access-date=16 May 2023 }}
• {{cite web | last=Bello | first=Valeria | title=Why Prejudice is a Global Security Threat | website=UNU-GCM: United Nations University Institute on Globalization, Culture and Mobility | date=2014 | url=https://gcm.unu.edu/publications/articles/why-prejudice-is-a-global-security-threat.html}} (brief article)
• *{{cite book | last=Bello | first=Valeria | title=International Migration and International Security: Why Prejudice is a Global Security Threat | publisher=Routledge | publication-date=2017 | isbn=9781138689473 | oclc=957742876 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TycDvgAACAAJ}} (book)
• Besenyo, Janos. 2017. "[http://archiv.uni-nke.hu/uploads/media_items/aarms-2017-1-07-besenyo.original.pdf Fences and Border Protection: The Question of Establishing Technical Barriers in Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053235/http://archiv.uni-nke.hu/uploads/media_items/aarms-2017-1-07-besenyo.original.pdf |date=22 December 2017 }}". AARMS 16(1):77–87.
• Bischoff, Christine, Francesca Falk, and Sylvia Kafehsy. 2010 November. "Images of Illegalized Immigration. Towards a Critical Iconology of Politics". Bielefeld: transcript. {{ISBN|978-3-8376-1537-1}}
• Borjas, G.J. 1994. "[https://content.csbs.utah.edu/~philips/soccer2/readings_files/Borjas%2520The%2520Economics%2520of%2520Immigration%2520%25201994.pdf The economics of immigration]". Journal of Economic Literature (32):1667–717.
• Chacón, Jennifer M. "Criminal Law & Migration Control: Recent History & Future Possibilities". Daedalus 151#1 (2022), pp. 121–34. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/48638134 online]
• De La Torre, Miguel A. 2009. "Trails of Terror: Testimonies on the Current Immigration Debate". Orbis Books.
• Dowling, Julie A., and Jonathan Xavier Inda, eds. 2013. "[http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?id=21744 Governing Immigration Through Crime: A Reader] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306033103/http://sup.org/book.cgi?id=21744 |date=6 March 2013 }}". Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
• {{cite journal | last1=Warren | first1=Robert | last2=Warren | first2=John Robert | title=Unauthorized Immigration to the United States: Annual Estimates and Components of Change, by State, 1990 to 2010 | journal=International Migration Review | publisher=SAGE Publications | volume=47 | issue=2 | year=2013 | issn=0197-9183 | doi=10.1111/imre.12022 | pages=296–329| pmid=23956482 | pmc=3744247 }}
• {{cite journal | last1 = Flores | first1 = William V | year = 2003 | title = New Citizens, New Rights: illegal Immigrants and Latino Cultural Citizenship | journal = Latin American Perspectives | volume = 30 | issue = 2| pages = 87–100 | doi = 10.1177/0094582X02250630 | s2cid = 143873638 }}
• Hopkins, Daniel J. "National Debates, Local Responses: The Origins of Local Concern about Immigration in Britain and the United States". British Journal of Political Science 41#3 (2011), pp. 499–524. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/41241794 online]
• Hunter, W. 2019. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/undocumented-nationals/D2214D68B41FA0FF3C420DB18EC147D4 Undocumented Nationals: Between Statelessness and Citizenship]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Inda, Jonathan Xavier. 2006. "[https://www.academia.edu/417339/Targeting_Immigrants_Government_Technology_and_Ethics Targeting Immigrant: Government, Technology, and Ethics]". Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
• Kamphoefner, Walter D. "What’s New About the New Immigration? A Historian's Perspective over Two Centuries". Studia Migracyjne-Przegląd Polonijny 45.3 (173) (2019). [https://www.academia.edu/82482309/What_s_New_About_the_New_Immigration_A_Historian_s_Perspective_over_Two_Centuries?auto=download&email_work_card=download-paper online] focus on illegal migration to USA
• Kennedy, Marie, and Chris Tilly. 2008. [http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2008/0708kennedytilly.html 'They Work Here, They Live Here, They Stay Here!': French immigrants strike for the right to work—and win.] Dollars & Sense (July/August 2008).
• {{cite book | last=Magaña | first=L. | title=Straddling the Border: Immigration Policy and the INS | publisher=University of Texas Press | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-292-70176-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMtjg_sEcrYC | access-date=16 May 2023 }}
• {{cite book | last1=Marquardt | first1=M. | last2=Steigenga | first2=T. | last3=Williams | first3=P. | last4=Vasquez | first4=M. | title=Living "Illegal": The Human Face of Unauthorized Immigration | publisher=New Press | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-59558-881-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3ARBAAAQBAJ | access-date=16 May 2023 }}
• Mohl, Raymond A. 2002. "Latinization in the Heart of Dixie: Hispanics in Late-twentieth-century Alabama". Alabama Review 55(4):243–74. {{ISSN|0002-4341}} 9–4894945651.
• Myers, Dowell. 2007. Immigrants and Boomers: Forging a New Social Contract for the Future of America. Russell Sage Foundation. {{ISBN|978-0-87154-636-4}}.
• Ngai, Mae M. 2003. "The Strange Career of the Illegal Alien: Immigration Restriction and Deportation Policy in the United States, 1921–1965". Law and History Review 21(1):69–107. {{ISSN|0738-2480}}. Full text in History Cooperative.
• {{cite book | last=Ngai | first=M.M. | title=Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America – Updated Edition | publisher=Princeton University Press | series=Politics and Society in Modern America | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-691-16082-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmqYDwAAQBAJ | access-date=16 May 2023 }}
• Range, Peter R. 1993 May. "Europe faces an immigrant tide". National Geographic Magazine
• Rosello, Mireille. 1998. "Representing undocumented immigrants in France: From Clandestins to L'affaire Des Sans-Papiers De Saint-Bernard". Journal of European Studies 28: 959525126.
• {{cite journal|doi=10.1155/2011/873967|title=A Theoretical Note on the Relationship between Documented and Undocumented Migration|journal=International Journal of Population Research|volume=2011|pages=1–7|year=2011|last1=Schaeffer|first1=Peter V.|last2=Kahsai|first2=Mulugeta S.|doi-access=free}}
• Tranaes, T., and K. F. Zimmermann, eds. 2004. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233794150_Migrants_Work_and_Welfare_State Migrants, Work, and the Welfare State], Odense, University Press of Southern Denmark.
• {{cite book | last=Venturini | first=A. | title=Postwar Migration in Southern Europe, 1950-2000: An Economic Analysis | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-521-64040-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVP4ngEACAAJ | access-date=16 May 2023 }}
• {{cite book | last=Vicino | first=T.J. | title=Suburban Crossroads: The Fight for Local Control of Immigration Policy | publisher=Lexington Books | series=G – Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-7391-7018-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=An2__on4CloC&pg=PR4 | access-date=16 May 2023}}
• {{cite book | last=Zimmermann | first=K.F. | title=European Migration: What Do We Know? | publisher=OUP Oxford | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-19-155523-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZH7FLD7zfDkC | access-date=16 May 2023 }}

{{European migrant crisis}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Illegal Immigration}}

Immigration

Category:Criminal law