majority minority

The exact terminology used differs from place to place and language to language. In many large, contiguous countries like China, there are many autonomous regions where a minority population is the majority. These regions are generally the result of historical population distributions, not because of recent immigration or recent differences in birth and fertility rates between various groups.

Majority minority areas exist in two main forms. One form is when a homogeneous grouping residing within an area make up a majority of the local population. This grouping would otherwise be a minority in the broader jurisdiction. The other type occurs when several disparate groupings, when counted together, form a percentage-share majority of the local population, outnumbering the historically dominant group as a composite of diverse minority groups.{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2012/11/07/a-milestone-en-route-to-a-majority-minority-nation/|title=A Milestone En Route to a Majority Minority Nation|author1=Paul Taylor|author2=D’Vera Cohn|date=November 7, 2012|publisher=Pew Research Center|quote=The minority groups that carried President Obama to victory yesterday by giving him 80% of their votes are on track to become a majority of the nation’s population by 2050, according to projections by the Pew Research Center.}}

Whether distinctions between groups are religious, ethnic, linguistic or racial; these different forms of majority-minority scenarios, or areas, tend to contribute towards different socio-political and cultural environments. For example, a study of the 2006 European Social Survey found that people of localized majority-minority status across 21 EU countries were more supportive of stronger political European integration than existing national native majorities,{{Cite book|title=International Journal of Public Opinion Research|chapter=Support for Europe among Europe’s Ethnic, Religious, and Immigrant Minorities|author1= Kathleen M. Dowley|author2=Brian D. Silver|volume=23|date=July 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|quote=By this test, then, for all five indicators of majority–minority status, that minority group members in the 21 EU countries are more supportive of stronger European unification than majority group members is far from just a random finding.}} and a 2019 Pew Research Center study found that 46 percent of white Americans believed national majority-minority demography would negatively impact American culture.{{Cite web|url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/03/21/pew-survey-whites-fearful-minority-country-will-weaken-american-culture/3217218002/|title=46% of whites worry becoming a majority-minority nation will 'weaken American culture,' survey says|author1=Ryan W. Miller|date=March 21, 2019|work=USA Today|quote=Almost half of white Americans say the USA becoming a majority nonwhite nation would "weaken American customs and values," a new Pew Research Center survey says.}}

There has also been study on groupings said to have 'old' and 'new' majority-minority status in specific areas. In research funded by the EU's Framework Programmes, a 2015 study explored this difference, finding that, for example, ethnic Austrians living in South Tyrol manifest a culture which tends to oblige ethnic Italians to learn the German language for advancement in the province, such as access to the administration of local government. This was contrasted with 'new' immigration-derived majority-minority populaces in Europe.{{Cite web|url=https://www.integrim.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/MEDDA-integration-of-new-and-old-minirities.pdf|title=Integration of New and Old Minorities in Europe|author=Roberta Medda-Windischer|date=2015|publisher=Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|location=European Academy of Bolzano|quote=Figure 1: Majority-Minority Relationship: An Asymmetrical Balance. ... members of the majority in areas inhabited by old minorities can sometimes be obliged to learn the minority language (for instance, in South Tyrol where the members of the Italian-speaking group living in South Tyrol are under the obligation to learn the minority language, German, at school and must provide evidence of the knowledge of the minority language if they want to obtain a post in the Public Administration of the Province of South Tyrol), whereas the same obligation cannot be found, at least as far as Europe is concerned, in areas inhabited even largely by new minorities.}}

==Schools==

In the United States, the vast majority of African Americans and Hispanic and Latino Americans attend schools where white Americans are in the minority.{{Citation|title=Georgetown Journal of Law & Modern Critical Race Perspectives|chapter=The Illusion of French Inclusion: The Constitutional Stratification of French Ethnic Minorities|author=Vinecia Perkins|page=183|volume=11|publisher=Georgetown University Law Center|quote=In the educational context, eighty percent of Latinos and seventy-four percent of African Americans attend majority-minority schools that receive far less funding than their majority-white schools.}} 2006 research from The Civil Rights Project found that, on average, white students attend schools that are 78% white, while black and Hispanic students attend schools which are 29% white. A study on this suggested that; "This data is important because "majority minority" schools have the worst facilities (buildings, labs, libraries, athletic facilities), the least qualified teachers, the worst overcrowding, and the least financial support."{{Citation |title=Hastings International and Comparative Law Review|chapter=Why France Needs to Collect Data on Racial Identity... In a French Way|date=2008|author=David B. Oppenheimer|page=739|volume=31|publisher=UC Hastings College of the Law}} In regards to racial classification at a national level, public schools in the US obtained majority minority status in 2014.{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewstribune.com/news/local/article122780674.html|title=Students of color changing the face of Washington schools — and the state, too|publisher=The News Tribune|author=Claudia Rowe|date=December 22, 2016|quote=At the national level, public schools became majority-minority in 2014.}} At the university level, Harvard University's first case of a majority-minority freshman class was reported in 2017.{{cite news|url=https://qz.com/1045920/harvards-incoming-class-is-majority-minority-for-the-first-time-in-history/|title=White students in Harvard's new class will find themselves a minority for the first time in history|publisher=Quartz|author=Amy X. Wang|date=August 4, 2017|quote=Its incoming freshman class is, for the first time, majority non-white: 50.9% of the students come from minority groups, which include Native Americans, Hispanics and Latinos, Asian-Americans, African-Americans, and Pacific Islanders, according to new data released by the university. Harvard's new freshman class is majority minority.}}

In the Netherlands, majority-minority schools emerged in the post-war period, starting as a phenomenon in Amsterdam with immigration from Suriname and from Curaçao, right after World War II. In the 1970 and 80s, second-generation black Dutch students with ancestry from the Netherlands Antilles, were joined in classes by the children of workers emigrating from Turkey and Morocco, creating ethnic Dutch minorities in some schools within the country's capital. In a 2020 study of school classes in European cities, research on Turks in Austria and Belgium found that "a 'majority minority' school environment may empower minority group members so that relative numbers would protect them from becoming the target of discrimination."{{Citation |title=British Journal of Social Psychology|chapter=Relative group size and minority school success: The role of intergroup friendship and discrimination experiences|date=2020|author1=Gülseli Baysu|author2=Karen Phalet|author3=Rupert Brown|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell}}

Many cities in North America have majority-minority scenarios (based upon racial classifications in the US census and the census in Canada).{{Cite news|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/inquirer/white-fright/news-story/63f29cf25ca8c7a07d63169fd7a1b8a2|title=White fright: the future of the West's white majorities|author=Eric Kaufmann|author-link=Eric Kaufmann|date=April 6, 2019|work=The Australian|quote=Whites are already a minority in most major cities of North America. Together with New Zealand, North America is projected to be “majority minority” by 2050, with Western Europe and Australia following suit later in the century.}} Since the late 20th century, areas of Northern and Western Europe have been undergoing demographic transformation resulting in majority minority cities.{{Cite book|title=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies|chapter=Majority Minority: a comparative historical analysis of political responses to demographic transformation|author=Justin Gest|date=July 2020|publisher=Taylor and Francis|quote=This question has grown in salience as the politics of the United States and Western Europe react to the prospect of becoming Majority Minority states — where the native constituency of people, defined by race, ethnicity, and/or religion, loses its numerical advantage in the territory of a sovereign state.}} A 2018 study in Frontiers in Psychology analyzed:{{Cite book|title=Frontiers in Psychology|chapter=Majority Group Members' Negative Reactions to Future Demographic Shifts Depend on the Perceived Legitimacy of Their Status: Findings from the United States and Portugal|author1=H. Robert Outten|author2=Timothy Lee|author3=Rui Costa-Lopes|author4=Michael T. Schmitt|author5=Jorge Vala|date=February 2018|publisher=Frontiers Media}}

In the United States and Canada racial minorities already comprise a larger share of the population than Whites in dozens of major cities (e.g., Vancouver and New York). These cities have been dubbed majority-minority areas—or places where the racial/ethnic majority comprise less than half the population (Frey, 2011; Jedwab, 2016). Western Europe is also becoming more diverse, albeit more slowly (Browne, 2000). London, England is one of the few major European cities that has been designated a majority–minority area.

Based upon the UK's Office for National Statistics racial or ethnic categorization, demographic research suggests that Leicester and Birmingham will each join London in majority minority status in the 2020s.{{Cite news|url=https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/when-britain-becomes-majority-minority|title=When Britain becomes "majority minority"|author=David Coleman|author-link=David Coleman (demographer)|date=November 17, 2010|work=Prospect|quote=Outside London, Leicester and the City of Birmingham are both expected to become “majority minority” some time in the 2020s.}}{{Citation |title=Population and Development Review|chapter=Projections of the Ethnic Minority Populations of the United Kingdom 2006–2056|author=David Coleman|author-link=David Coleman (demographer)|date=2010|pages=441–486|volume=36|publisher=Wiley Online Library}} University of Antwerp's professor Dirk Geldof, writing in 2016, noted that "within a matter of years, Antwerp will also become a majority-minority city, as will many other European cities."{{Cite book|title=Superdiversity in the heart of Europe: how migration changes our society|author=Dirk Geldof|date=2016|publisher=Acco|isbn=978-9462924284}} An education inclusion project at Hague University published that; "In superdiverse cities like Paris, The Hague and Brussels there is no majority anymore. These are so-called majority minority cities".{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehagueuniversity.com/research/centre-of-expertise/projectdetails/multinclude|title=Centre of Expertise Global and Inclusive Learning: Multinclude|publisher=Hague University}} According to a study at the European Commission's research repository CORDIS:{{citation|title=Becoming A Minority|url=https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/741532|location=VU University Medical Center|publisher=European Research Council|quote=But are we also looking into the actual integration of the receiving group of native ‘white’ descent in city contexts where they have become a numerical minority themselves? ... This situation, referred to as a majority-minority context, is a new phenomenon in Western Europe}}

In cities like Amsterdam, now only one in three youngsters under age fifteen is of native descent. This situation, referred to as a majority-minority context, is a new phenomenon in Western Europe and it presents itself as one of the most important societal and psychological transformations of our time.

In the course of two generations places in Northwestern Europe, such as Amsterdam and Brussels, have become majority minority, with ethnic Dutch, Flemings and Walloons, respectively, representing less than 50 percent of the population of the capitals.{{Cite book|title=Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies|chapter=Super-diversity vs. assimilation: how complex diversity in majority–minority cities challenges the assumptions of assimilation|author=Maurice Crul|date=June 2015|publisher=Taylor and Francis|quote=International migration changed large West European cities dramatically. In only two generations’ time, their ethnic make-up is turned upside down. Cities like Amsterdam and Brussels now are majority–minority cities: the old majority group became a minority. This new reality asks for an up-to-date perspective on assimilation and integration.}}

{{See also|Majority minority in the United States}}

In 2010, the BBC reported that "America's two largest states - California and Texas - became "majority-minority" states (with an overall minority population outnumbering the white majority) in 1998 and 2004 respectively."{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-12052314|title=Why the US outstrips Europe for population growth|author=Iwan Morgan|date=23 December 2010|publisher=BBC}} Demographers Dudley L. Poston Jr. and Rogelio Sáenz have noted how "nonwhites account for more than half of the populations of Hawaii, the District of Columbia, California, New Mexico, Texas and Nevada. In the next 10 to 15 years, these half-dozen “majority-minority” states will likely be joined by as many as eight other states where whites now make up less than 60 percent of the population."{{Cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/4a60c86e938045fa80dad97f67ce9120|title=emographic trends spell the end of the white majority in 2044|author1=Dudley L. Poston Jr.|author2=Rogelio Sáenz|author-link1=Dudley L. Poston Jr.|author-link2=Rogelio Sáenz|date=May 25, 2019|publisher=Associated Press|quote=Census Bureau projections show that the U.S. population will be “majority-minority” sometime between 2040 and 2050. Our research suggests that this will happen around 2044. Indeed, in 2020, there are projected to be more nonwhite children than white children in the U.S.}}

In Europe, various national medias report on the social situation in the French suburbs with regards to disproportionate poverty and unrest. Known as banlieues, these outer-city regions across France are often majority-minority areas, in terms of race or ethnicity in relation to the ethnic French.{{cite web|title=When the "Scum" From the Paris Suburbs Built Picket Lines|url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2020/03/paris-strike-bus-depot-banlieue-gilets-jaunes|work=Jacobin|author=Jamila Mascat|date=March 7, 2020|quote=They are more or less young (but still rarely much over forty), what the press call “of immigrant background,” and from the majority-minority banlieue suburbs.}}

The meaning of "majority-minority" or "minority-majority", in relation to a whole country, is not well defined and may not be consistent between different users of the terms. A multitude of scholars have designated countries, or sovereign states, particularly in the developed or Western world, which are projected to obtain majority-minority demography between 2040 and 2050. This includes the United States, Canada and New Zealand, with Australia, and nations in Western Europe, estimated to follow this trend toward the end of the century. In this usage, "majority-minority" usually means that a previously majority group becomes a plurality group, less than 50% of the population but still larger than any other group. Occasionally, it may mean a change of the majority group, with the previously majority group becoming a minority group and a previously minority group becoming the new majority group.

This will not be the first time that the status of majority ethnic group has changed in these countries: it is estimated that Australia became a "majority-minority" country in the 1840s, when arriving Europeans first outnumbered Indigenous Australians.{{cite book |last=Broome |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Broome |year=1988 |chapter=The Struggle for Australia : Aboriginal-European Warfare, 1770–1930 |editor1-last=McKernan |editor1-first=Michael |editor2-last=Browne |editor2-first=Margaret |editor3=Australian War Memorial |title=Australia Two Centuries of War & Peace |publisher=Australian War Memorial in association with Allen and Unwin, Australia |location=Canberra, A.C.T. |isbn=0-642-99502-8 |pages=102–103}}{{cite news|first=Ross|last=Gittins|title=Maybe the colonialists were actually a minority|url=http://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/maybe-the-colonialists-didnt-outnumber-our-aboriginal-population-swiftly-20151224-gluntd.html|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=26 December 2015|access-date=19 August 2017}} New Zealand became "majority-minority" slightly later, with non-Māori first outnumbering the Māori population around 1858.New Zealand Government, "[https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/maori-and-european-population-numbers-1838%E2%80%931901 Māori and European population numbers, 1840–1881]", in Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand David Coleman has studied a similar statistical projection in Britain. Coleman, a professor of demography at the University of Oxford, estimates that by 2060 the United Kingdom will reach majority-minority status (where the "white British" ethnic group is taken to be the current "majority", excluding "white Irish", "other white" and "mixed" groups).

In the developing world, the South American nation of Brazil has been described as a majority-minority country. This is with regards to white Brazilians being the historically largest group, and while remaining culturally dominant, have since become a national minority.{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/b7618c35f590496baee76314f0be18dc|title=Rise of Latino population blurs US racial lines|publisher=Associated Press|author=Hope Yen|date=March 17, 2013|quote=Despite being a nation of immigrants, America’s tip to a white minority has never occurred in its 237-year history and will be a first among the world’s major post-industrial societies. Brazil, a developing nation, has crossed the threshold to “majority-minority” status; a few cities in France and England are near, if not past that point.}}

There are multiple axis points of difference, and distinction, between groupings of people that can contribute towards the attribution of majority-minority status upon a particular area or within a societal scenario. With cultural, linguistic or religious differences, there is usually a corresponding difference in ethnicity, whether related in a central or peripheral way, to said distinctions. For instance, there are examples of this throughout Europe. Where racial distinctions are made, this is most often in relation to white people, and most usually in European nations or nations derived from European colonialism, such as Brazil or the United States. Other countries, such as Australia, do not collect statistics based on racial categories such as "white people" or "black people", preferring to categorise ancestries by reference to self-identified country of ancestral origin, such as "English", "German" or "Australian".Australian Bureau of Statistics, [https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/classifications/australian-standard-classification-cultural-and-ethnic-groups-ascceg/latest-release Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups (ASCCEG) (2019)]

Where religion does not significantly influence designations of majority minority labels, certain cultural and linguistic differences may be emphasized in that particular society, such as in South Tyrol. Whereas the majority of residents in the northern Italian province are ethnic Austrians and speak the German language (in comparison with the Italian-speaking ethnic Italian majority of the broader nation), the population's adherence to Roman Catholicism is similar to the rest of the country.{{Cite book|title=Cultural and Linguistic Minorities in the Russian Federation and the European Union: Comparative Studies on Equality and Diversity|chapter=Parliamentary Structures and Their Impact|editor1=Heiko F. Marten|editor2=Michael Rießler|editor3=Janne Saarikivi|editor4=Reetta Toivanen|page=267|date=2015|publisher=Springer Publishing|isbn=978-3319104553|quote=In this way, the minority-majority relationship in the territory of South Tyrol for the areas of decentralized authority is reversed in relation to the dominant majority-minority relations in the Italian state.}}

Kosovo has a history of being a majority-minority area via the historic borders of Serbia in the 20th century, and prior to its independence declaration. While this phenomenon may predominantly be observed to be ethnicity-based (upon distinctions between ethnic Albanians and ethnic Serbs), contributing factors involve the Islamic religiosity of Albanians and Christianity of Serbians, as well as the ethno-linguistic considerations of the Albanian language and Serbian language.{{Cite book|title=Shaping Social Identities After Violent Conflict: Youth in the Western Balkans|chapter=Who Is This New We? Similarities and Differences of Ethnic, Religious, and National Identity among the Albanian Majority and the Serb Minority in Post-Conflict Kosovo|editor1=Pratto, F|editor2=Žeželj, I|editor3=Maloku, E|editor4=Turjačanin, V|editor5=Branković, M|author1= Edona Maloku|author2=Kaltrina Kelmendi|author3=Marko Vladisavljevic|pages=113–133|date=2017|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3319620213}}

When majority minority status is designated or predicted in terms of racial groups, many scholarly and journalistic works make this distinction with reference to white people.{{Cite journal|url=https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/when-the-majority-becomes-the-minority|title=When the Majority Becomes the Minority|author1=Amy Drew|author2=Scott Sleek|author3=Anna Mikulak|journal=Aps Observer |date=March 31, 2016 |volume=29 |publisher=Association for Psychological Science|quote=With rising immigration and declining birth rates, we are indeed witnessing a seismic shift in the ethnic and cultural makeup of many nations in the developed world. Racial and ethnic majorities are slowly transitioning toward minority-group status. In the United States, Canada, and parts of Europe, Whites may still comprise the single largest racial group, but their numbers are on the verge of shrinking below the combined populations of other ethnic groups.}} Based upon nation-based racial classifications, academics Eric Kaufmann and Matthew Goodwin have suggested that white people will be minorities in the United States, Canada and New Zealand, in what they define as "the ‘majority-minority’ point", by approximately 2050.{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/ethnic-diversity-transitions-effect/|title=Rising ethnic diversity in the West may fuel a (temporary) populist right backlash|author1=Eric Kaufmann|author-link1=Eric Kaufmann|author2=Matthew Goodwin|author-link2=Matthew Goodwin|date=25 October 2018|publisher=London School of Economics|quote=The ethnic make-up of many western countries is changing, and in countries previously seen as having ‘white’ majorities that past predominance is declining. In the United States, Canada and New Zealand, the ‘majority-minority’ point will arrive around 2050, while in western Europe it is projected to occur towards the end of the century. Some commentators have asked if this change may lead to a growing reaction or ‘white backlash’. All else being equal, we suggest that the answer may be yes.}}

While majority-minority status for Catholics in areas of Northern Ireland, in contrast with historical Protestant majorities across the territory as a whole, can be described to be based on religion; there are ethno-linguistic factors (such as Irish-speaking Catholics and English-speaking Protestants), as well as broader overlapping factors of ethnicity (Catholic Gaels and Protestant people of mainly English, Scottish and Huguenot descent) which can contribute toward religiously defined majority minority attribution.{{Cite book|title=Political Psychology|chapter=The Minority-Majority Conundrum in Northern Ireland: An Orange Order Perspective|author1=Clifford Stevenson|author2=Susan Condor|author3=Jackie Abell|pages=105–125|volume=28|date=2007|publisher=Wiley}}

[[File:South Africa 2011 White population proportion map.svg|thumb|right|200px|Whites as a percentage of the population in various parts of South Africa in 2011:

{{legend|#EDF8E9|0–20%}}

{{legend|#BAE4B3|20–40%}}

{{legend|#74C476|40–60%}}

{{legend|#31A354|60–80%}}

{{legend|#006D2C|80–100%}}]]

• Whites and Coloureds are a majority in some parts of South Africa while being a minority in South Africa overall.

• Azeris are a minority in several parts/areas of Azerbaijan.{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 |website=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=April 7, 1971 |access-date=2013-03-22}}

• The vast majority (around 96%) of East Timor's population practice Catholicism, owing to Portuguese influence,[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90135.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Timor Leste]. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (14 September 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. but on the island of Atauro, Protestants make up the majority due to Dutch influence.

• The Georgian province of Samtskhe-Javakheti has an Armenian majority, while the Georgian province of Kvemo Kartli has an Azeri plurality.{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/georgia-ethnic2002.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Georgia 2002 |website=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-22}} No ethnic group composed a majority of the population in Abkhazia from at least 2003 until around 2011.{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/abkhazia-ethnic2003.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Abkhazia 2003 |website=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-18}}{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/abkhazia-ethnic2011.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Abkhazia 2011 |website=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-18}}

File:Muslim in India.png in various parts of India in 2011]]

• Muslims are a majority in the Lakshadweep and Jammu and Kashmir states/territories of India, and in some other districts of India. However, Muslims are a minority in India overall.
• Christians currently make up the majority of the Northeast Indian states of Nagaland at 90%, Mizoram at 88% and Meghalaya at 83.3%, although Christians do not even make up more than 3% of India's total population.{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=Censusindia.gov.in}}
• Sikhs make the majority of state of Punjab, although once again they do not form a majority in India overall.{{cite web |title=Population by religion community – 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230423/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=23 September 2015}}
• In the Northeast Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, no religious or ethnic group constitutes more than 30% of its population, owing to the state's great cultural diversity.

• Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim country, with Islam being practiced by around 88% of the population, or over 200 million people.{{cite web|url=http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=0 |title=Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik|location=Jakarta, Indonesia|trans-title=Population by Region and Religion|language=id|date=15 May 2010|access-date=20 October 2011|quote=Religion is belief in Almighty God that must be possessed by every human being. Religion can be divided into Muslim, Christian, Catholic, Hindu, Buddhist, Hu Khong Chu, and Other Religion.}} Muslim 207176162 (87.18%), Christian 16528513 (6.96), Catholic 6907873 (2.91), Hindu 4012116 (1.69), Buddhist 1703254 (0.72), Confucianism 117091 (0.05), Other 299617 (0.13), Not Stated 139582 (0.06), Not Asked 757118 (0.32), Total 237641326 Despite this there are several areas of Indonesia where Muslims are the minority:
• 84% of the population of Bali practice a form of Hinduism called Balinese Hinduism,{{cite web| title = Population by Region and Religion in Indonesia | work = BPS | year = 2010 | url = http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=0}} although Hindus only form 1.7% of Indonesia's overall population.
• Catholics form the majority of East Nusa Tenggara at 51%, although Catholics only form about 3% of Indonesia's overall population.
• Protestants form the majority in three Indonesian provinces: West Papua at 60%, Papua at 68%, and North Sulawesi at 64%. Overall though Protestants only form about 7% of Indonesia's population.
• Several neighborhoods and communities in major Indonesian cities such as Jakarta, Batam, Pontianak, Singkawang, Medan and Bagansiapiapi are of predominantly of Chinese origin, although people of Chinese descent do not form more than 10% in any of these cities overall population and only form about 1-2% of Indonesia's overall population.{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4312805.stm|title=Chinese diaspora: Indonesia|work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |author=Johnston, Tim|date=3 March 2005}}

File:Arabs Israel 2018.png

• Arabs are a majority of the population in Israel's Northern District and in several other smaller parts of Israel.{{cite web |url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_08&CYear=2012 |title=Statistical Abstract of Israel 2012 – No. 63 Subject 2 – Table No. 8 |website=1.cbs.gov.il |access-date=2013-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113200943/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_08&CYear=2012 |archive-date=November 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}
• Non-Haredi Jews are projected to become a minority of Israel's total population by 2059.{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4209333,00.html |title=CBS predicts Arab-haredi majority in 2059 – Israel News, Ynetnews |newspaper=Ynetnews |date=June 20, 1995 |access-date=2013-03-16}}{{cite news|last=Arlosoroff |first=Meirav |url=http://www.haaretz.com/business/the-majority-in-israel-is-steadily-becoming-a-minority.premium-1.531104 |title=The majority in Israel is steadily becoming a minority – Business – Israel News | Haaretz Daily Newspaper |newspaper=Haaretz |access-date=2013-06-24}}

• The Kazakh SSR did not have any ethnic group/nationality comprise a majority between 1933 and 1997.{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/census_types.php?ct=6 |title=Приложение Демоскопа Weekly |website=Demoscope.ru |date=December 26, 2011 |access-date=2012-12-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012173257/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/census_types.php?ct=6 |archive-date=October 12, 2013 }}{{cite web | url=http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Download/Mes/pdf/51_02.pdf | title=Ethnodemographic situation in Kazakhstan | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120133116/http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Download/Mes/pdf/51_02.pdf | archive-date=2013-01-20}} Based on the 2009 census and annual estimates thereafter, some regions of Kazakhstan still did not have a Kazakh majority {{as of|2018|lc=y}}.{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/kazakhstan-ethnic2009-census.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Kazakhstan: 2009 census |website=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=2009 |language=ru |access-date=2019-01-01}}{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/kazakhstan-ethnic2018.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Kazakhstan: 2018 estimation (based on 2009 census) |website=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=2018 |access-date=2019-01-01}}

• The Kirgiz SSR did not have any ethnic group/nationality comprise a majority between 1941 and 1985.

• Kazakh-speaking Muslims make up around 93%{{Cite web|url=http://www.bayan-olgii.gov.mn/pages/introduction|title=Introduction|website=Bayan-olgii.gov.mn|access-date=2022-07-24}} of Mongolia's Bayan-Ölgii Province, although they make up only about 3–5% of the overall population.2010 Population and Housing Census of Mongolia. Data recorded in Brian J. Grim et al. Yearbook of International Religious Demography 2014. BRILL, 2014. p. 152

File:Religious Affiliation in the Philippines 2020.png

• Muslims make up around 6.4% of the total Philippine population. However, they are practiced by the majority of inhabitants in the region of Bangsamoro (Basilan, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao del Norte, Maguindanao del Sur, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi, as well as parts of Palawan and Zamboanga Peninsula.{{Cite web |title=Religious Affiliation in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing) {{!}} Philippine Statistics Authority {{!}} Republic of the Philippines |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/religious-affiliation-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=psa.gov.ph}}

• The Sinhalese are a minority in the Northern and Eastern Provinces of Sri Lanka, and are a plurality in the capital city, Colombo.{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2012Visualization/htdocs/index.php?usecase=indicator&action=Map&indId=10|title=Census of Population and Housing – 2012|website=Statistics.gov.lk}}
• Conversely, the Sri Lankan Tamils are the majority in the Northern Province at 93% and a plurality in the Eastern Province at 39%, however they only form 11% of Sri Lanka's overall population.{{cite web |title=A2 : Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428063924/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3 |archive-date=28 April 2017 |access-date=23 October 2012 |publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka}}

File:Souththailandmap.svg

• Malay-speaking Muslims make up the majority in several of Thailand's southern provinces (Narathiwat, Pattani, Yala, Songkhla, and Satun).{{cite book|title=Asian Security Handbook: An Assessment of Political-Security Issues in the Asia-Pacific Region|author1=William M. Carpenter|author2=James R. Lilley|author3=David G. Wiencek|author4=Henry Stephen Albinski|year=1996|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|pages=[https://archive.org/details/asiansecurityhan0000unse/page/240 240–6]|isbn=1-56324-813-1|url=https://archive.org/details/asiansecurityhan0000unse/page/240}}

Albania

• Macedonians are a minority in Pustec, while Greeks comprise a majority in Finiq and Dropull.{{Cite web |date=2024-08-03 |title=Albania - Ethnic Groups, Language, Religion {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Albania/People |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}

• Belarusians are a minority in some parts of Belarus.{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/belarus-ethnic2009.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Belarus 2009 |website=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-22}}

• Bosnia and Herzegovina did not have any ethnic group comprise a majority of its population at the time of the last census in 1991 (which took place before the Bosnian War).{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bosnia-ethnic1991.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Bosnia & Herzegovina 1991 |website=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-06-26}} A census was conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina in October 2013, and these results showed a slight Bosniak majority, who constitute 50.11% of the population.{{cite web |url=http://www.popis2013.ba/popis2013/doc/Popis2013prvoIzdanje.pdf |title=Popis stanovništva u Bosni i Hercegovini 2013 |website=Popis2013.ba |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224103940/http://www.popis2013.ba/popis2013/doc/Popis2013prvoIzdanje.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}

File:Ethnic composition of Bulgaria, 2011.PNG

• Ethnic Turks outnumber ethnic Bulgarians in Kardzhali and Razgrad Provinces (ethnic Bulgarians are an about 85% majority in Bulgaria overall).{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-ethnic2001.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Bulgaria 2001 |website=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-18}}
• According to the Bulgarian census of 2001, a total of 43 municipalities (out of 262) have a Muslim majority, although Muslims only form around 10% of Bulgaria's total population.{{Cite web |url=http://www.nsi.bg/Census/StrReligion.htm |title=СТРУКТУРА НА НАСЕЛЕНИЕТО ПО ВЕРОИЗПОВЕДАНИЕ |access-date=7 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225163107/http://www.nsi.bg/Census/StrReligion.htm |archive-date=25 December 2009 |url-status=dead }}

File:Share of Estonians.png

• While Estonians form a majority of the population in Estonia overall, Russians made up a majority in Ida-Viru County, parts of Tallinn and some towns and villages in other counties.{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/estonia-ethnic2000.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Estonia 2000 |website=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-18}}{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/estonia-ethnic2011.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Estonia 2011 |website=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-18}}

• German speakers are the local majority and an officially recognised national minority in the autonomous province of South Tyrol; standard German is taught in schools and used in all writing, but the South Tyrolean dialect is commonly spoken; German speakers are the majority in 103 out of 116 municipalities, and in the province as a whole.
• Ladin is a recognised minority language spoken in the Dolomites mountains, being the majority language in 15 municipalities of the Trentino-Alto Adige region.
• The Slovene minority in Italy is the majority in some municipalities in eastern parts of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region.
• French and Franco-Provençal (Valdôtain) are officially recognised and spoken by 58% of the population of Aosta Valley region, although there is no official figure of the municipalities where speakers are majority.

• North Kosovo has a Serb majority, while Kosovo overall has an Albanian majority.{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/kosovo-ethnic2011.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Kosovo 2011 |website=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-18}} This division has led to controversial negotiations for land swapping southern Albanian-majority areas of Serbia for northern Serb-majority areas of Kosovo.{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-serbia-kosovo/kosovo-serbia-consider-a-land-swap-an-idea-that-divides-the-balkans-idUSKCN1LM2A7|title=Kosovo, Serbia consider a land swap, an idea that divides the Balkans|last=Bytyci|first=Fatos|date=September 6, 2018|website=Reuters}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/13/opinion/kosovo-serbia-land-swap.html|title=An Offensive Plan for the Balkans That the U.S. Should Get Behind|last=Kupchan|first=Charles A.|date=September 13, 2018|website=New York Times}}

File:Латвия.ру.png share in Latvia in 2011]]

• The Latvian SSR almost became minority-majority (the ethnic Latvian population there decreased from 62% to 52% between 1959 and 1989), but the collapse of the USSR prevented this from happening.{{cite web|url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/feature/print.cfm?ID=375 |title=Migration Information Source – Latvia Looks West, But Legacy of Soviets Remains |website=Migrationinformation.org |access-date=2012-12-03}}{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6rYzAAAAIBAJ&pg=5272,2120447&dq=latvians+become+a+minority&hl=en|title=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette – Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com}}{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/latvia-ethnic2000.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Latvia 2000 |website=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2012-12-03}} While the whole Latvian SSR never became majority-minority, its eight largest cities did become majority-minority by 1989.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0d9svpuxozkC&q=eight&pg=PA146 |title=Latvia in Transition – Juris Dreifelds – Google Books |date=February 23, 1996 |isbn=9780521555371 |access-date=2012-12-03|last1=Dreifelds |first1=Juris |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}

• Transnistria did not have any ethnic group compromise a majority of its population in 2004.{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/pmr-ethnic-loc2004.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Transnistria 2004 |website=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-06-26}}

• Montenegro does not have any ethnic group compromise a majority of its population.{{cite web|url=http://www.monstat.org/eng/page.php?id=393&pageid=57 |title=Statistical Office of Montenegro |publisher=Monstat |access-date=2013-06-26}}
• By religious affiliation, six municipalities have a non-Eastern Orthodox majority. The municipalities are: Gusinje (91% Muslim), Petnjica (98% Muslim), Plav (70% Muslim), Rožaje (95% Muslim), Tuzi (50% Muslim, 43% Roman Catholic) and Ulcinj (72% Muslim, 11% Roman Catholic).{{Cite web |title=Religious composition of Montenegro 2011 |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/montenegro-religion-loc2011.htm |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=pop-stat.mashke.org}}

• North Macedonia has some places/areas where Macedonians are a minority.{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/macedonia-ethnic2002new.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Macedonia 2002 (new division) |website=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-18}}{{failed verification|date=February 2019|reason=The source is from 2002 and does not mention North Macedonia - this information needs a new up to date source.}} These places/areas often have an Albanian majority.

File:Romania harta etnica 2011.PNG

• The Harghita and Covasna provinces in Romania have a Hungarian majority, while Romania as a whole has a Romanian majority.{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/romania-ethnic2002.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Romania 2002 |website=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-16}}

File:Russians in Russian regions 2010.png

• There were concerns that the whole Soviet Union would lose its ethnic Russian majority due to the high birth rates in the Caucasus and Central Asia as early as 1970.{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RLkqAAAAIBAJ&pg=7230,2759218&dq=become-a-minority&hl=en|title=Sarasota Herald-Tribune – Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com}} The percentage of Russians among the whole Soviet population was consistently declining, from 55% in 1959 to 51% in 1989. However, the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, before the Soviet Union could have lost its ethnic Russian majority. In the Russian Federation era, based on the 2010 census; 8 of the 22 republics of Russia had a non-Russian majority, while 9 of the 22 had a Russian majority.{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/russia-ethnic2010.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Russia: 2010 census |website=Pop-stat.mashke.org |date=2010 |access-date=2019-01-01}}

• Serbia has some municipalities where Serbs are a minority, notably in north of Vojvodina where Hungarians are a majority.{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/serbia-ethnic2011.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Serbia 2011 |website=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-16}}{{Cite web|url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/Popis2011/Knjiga4_Veroispovest.pdf|title=Population – Data by Municipalities and Cities|date=2013|website=2011 Census of Population, Households, and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia}}
• Bosniak Muslims form the majority of the city of Novi Pazar and the surrounding region, although they only form around 3% of Serbia's total population.{{cite web |title=Ethnicity / Data by municipalities and cities

|date=2022 |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia |location=Belgrade |url=https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2023/PdfE/G20234001.pdf}}

• Albanians form the majority of population in the municipalities of Preševo and Bujanovac.{{cite web|title=2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia |url=http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/Popis2011/Knjiga20.pdf |website=stat.gov.rs |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia |access-date=15 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714191241/http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/Popis2011/Knjiga20.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}

• Slovakia has some places/areas where Slovaks are a minority and Hungarians are a majority.{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/slovakia-ethnic2011.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Slovakia 2011 |website=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-18}}

• Ukrainians are a minority in the Crimea, Sevastopol, and some places in other regions, especially Donbas and Budjak.{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm |title=Ethnic composition of Ukraine 2001 |website=Pop-stat.mashke.org |access-date=2013-03-22}} Ukraine lost control over Crimea and a part of the Donbas in 2014.

File:Ethnic Composition of BiH in 1991.gif

File:Census 2002 Serbia, ethnic map (by municipalities).png

• White British (mainly English people) are an ethnic plurality in London (43.7%), but those identifying as "White" are 59.8% of London's population.{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-ethnicity.html#tab-Geographic-distribution-for-national-identity-|title=Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales – Office for National Statistics|website=Ons.gov.uk}}
• White British people are also a plurality or minority in Luton (45.2%), Birmingham (48.6%), Slough (36.0%) and Leicester (40.9%). All figures are from the 2021 census.

• Two of Canada's sparsely populated territories have had a majority Indigenous population since their formal establishment: Northwest Territories & Nunavut.{{cite web |author=((Government of Canada; Canadian Northern Economic Development Agency)) |title=About The North |url=https://www.cannor.gc.ca/eng/1368816431440/1368816444319 |website=www.cannor.gc.ca |access-date=18 January 2023 |date=17 May 2013}}
• Outside of the far North, there were over 20 majority-minority municipalities in Canada at the time of the 2021 Census.
• Two of Canada's largest cities, Toronto and Vancouver, are majority-minority.{{cite web |title=Toronto is now majority visible minority. What about your neighbourhood? |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2017/11/08/toronto-is-now-majority-visible-minority-what-about-your-neighbourhood.html |website=thestar.com |language=en |date=8 November 2017}} Over half of the country's other majority-minority cities are suburban commuter cities found outside these two cities.{{cite web |last1=Ontario |first1=Sadiya Ansari in Markham |title='Everybody fits in': inside the Canadian cities where minorities are the majority |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/sep/04/canadian-cities-where-minorities-are-the-majority-markham-brampton |website=the Guardian |access-date=18 January 2023 |language=en |date=4 September 2018}}
• Though many have been depopulated due to urbanization, rural majority-Black settlements have existed across Canada since the 19th century.{{cite web |title=Black History in Canada until 1900 {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/black-history-until-1900 |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |access-date=18 January 2023}} Today, they are mostly found in Nova Scotia, with North Preston being a notable example.{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://bccns.com/our-history/ |website=Black Cultural Centre for Nova Scotia |access-date=18 January 2023}}

Majority-minority municipalities by province, and percentage of non-European population:{{cite web |last1=Government of Canada |first1=Statistics Canada |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca |date=9 February 2022}}

British Columbia

• Richmond (81%)
• Burnaby (69.5%)
• Surrey (69.3%)
• Central Coast (68.3%)
• Coquitlam (58.5%)
• Vancouver (56.8%)
• North Coast (54%)

Alberta

• Brooks (50.9%)

Saskatchewan

• Meadow Lake (60%)
• Prince Albert (56.3%)

Manitoba

• Thompson (60.3%)
• Neepawa (57.5%)

Ontario

• Markham (82.3%)
• Brampton (81.1%)
• Richmond Hill (66.6%)
• Ajax (65.6%)
• Mississauga (62.4%)
• Toronto (56.5%)
• Milton (55.6%)
• Pickering (53%)

Quebec

• Brossard (50.8%)

File:US states districts and territories in 2020 in which non-Hispanic whites are less than 50%.png

{{Main|Majority minority in the United States|Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States}}

In the United States of America, majority-minority area or minority-majority area is a term describing a U.S. state or jurisdiction whose population is composed of less than 50% non-Hispanic whites. White Hispanic and Latino Americans are excluded in many definitions. Racial data is derived from self-identification questions on the U.S. census and on U.S. Census Bureau estimates. (See Race and ethnicity in the United States census). The term is often used in voting rights law to designate voting districts which are altered under the Voting Rights Act to enable ethnic or language minorities "the opportunity to elect their candidate of choice."United Jewish Organizations of Williamsburgh, Inc. v. Carey, 430 U.S. 144 97 S.Ct. 996 (Supreme Court of the United States March 01, 1977). In that context, the term is first used by the Supreme Court in 1977.United Jewish Organizations of Williamsburgh, Inc. v. Carey, 430 U.S. 144 97 S.Ct. 996 (Supreme Court of the United States March 01, 1977) The Court had previously used the term in employment discrimination and labor relations cases.Sledge (Harrison) v. J.P. Stevens & Co., Not Reported in F.Supp. 1975 WL 278 (United States District Court;  E.D. North Carolina, Wilson Division. December 22, 1975); Winchester Spinning Corp. v. N. L. R. B., 402 F.2d 299 (United States Court of Appeals Fourth Circuit. October 08, 1968).

It is estimated that Europeans first outnumbered Indigenous Australians in Australia in the 1840s. There are still a number of rural and regional towns and communities where Indigenous Australians outnumber Europeans, but nationally Indigenous Australians constitute only 3.3% of the population. The state-level jurisdiction with the highest proportion of Indigenous Australians is the Northern Territory, where people of Indigenous ancestry make up 30.3% of the population, the largest single ethnic group by reported ancestry (although a smaller proportion, 25.5%, identify as Indigenous).{{Cite web|url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/7?opendocument|title=2016 Census Community Profiles: Northern Territory|website=Quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au}}

Of the other ethnic groups in Australia, no single ethnic group constitutes a majority overall. English Australians make up the largest single ethnic group by ancestry, being reported by 36.1% of the population in the 2016 census. The next largest ancestry group is "Australian", at 33.5%.ABS, [https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Cultural%20Diversity%20Data%20Summary~30 2016 census - Cultural Diversity Data Summary] As ancestry is self-reported and each person can nominate two ancestries (and through a separate question report whether they identify as Indigenous Australian), there is no certainty as to the ethnic make-up of the ancestry group who identify as "Australian". It is commonly speculated however that the majority of the "Australian" ancestry group have some ancestral origin from the British Isles, and as a result when people with ethnic origin in the British Isles are considered as a single group ("Anglo-Celtic Australians"), the numbers for the "Australian" ancestry group is added to that of the English, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish ethnic groups, as well as (sometimes) Manx Australians and Cornish Australians. When "Anglo-Celtic" ethnic groups are considered together, they make up a majority of Australia's population overall (58% estimated in 2018{{cite web|url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/document/publication/Leading%20for%20Change_Blueprint2018_FINAL_Web.pdf|title=Australian Human Rights commission 2018|date=2018|access-date=4 February 2020}}). When considered as one group, European Australians make up 57.2% of the population (including 46% North-West European and 11.2% Southern and Eastern European).{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021/Cultural%20diversity%20data%20summary.xlsx |format=XLSX|title=Australian Bureau of Statistics : Census of Population and Housing : Cultural diversity data summary 2021|website=Abs.gov.au|access-date=24 July 2022}}{{cite web | url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/classifications/australian-standard-classification-cultural-and-ethnic-groups-ascceg/latest-release | title=Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups (ASCCEG), 2019 | Australian Bureau of Statistics | date=18 December 2019 }} (This figure excludes those who nominate their ancestry as simply "Australian", who are therefore categorised as part of the Oceanian ancestry group.)

Reflecting the diversity of ancestries at the national level, in most Australian towns and suburbs, no single ancestry group constitutes a majority of the population. In many places, if the "Australians" ancestry group is counted as part of an "Anglo-Celtic" ethnic group together with English, Scottish, Welsh and Irish Australians, this group constitutes a majority of the local population. However, in many other places, even when these ancestry groups are counted as one, there is no single majority ethnic group. It is rare for any non-Anglo-Celtic and non-Indigenous ethnic group to make up a majority in a suburb. For example, in the 2016 census, in the Sydney metropolitan area, Chinese people in the suburbs Burwood and Hurstville made up just over 50% of the population (although reports of Chinese ancestry are less than 50% of all ancestries reported in the census in each suburb, as each person is permitted to nominate more than one ancestry).{{Cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/SSC10718|title=2016 Burwood (NSW), Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics|website=Abs.gov.au}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/SSC11964|title=2016 Hurstville, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics|website=Abs.gov.au}} However, by the 2021 census the Chinese-ancestry population in both suburbs had dropped below 50%.{{Cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/120031678|title=2021 Burwood (NSW), Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics|website=Abs.gov.au}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/SAL11971|title=2021 Hurstville, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics|website=Abs.gov.au}} Chinese Australians make up 5.6% of the national population, making them the fifth largest ancestry group overall (after the English, Australian, Scottish and Irish ancestry groups).

• Fiji did not have any racial or ethnic group comprise a majority from the 1930s to the 1990s, with the exception of the 1960s and possibly early-1970s.{{cite web|url=http://www.spc.int/prism/country/fj/stats/cens&surveys/Popu_census.htm|title=Pacific Regional Statistics – Secretariat of the Pacific Community|website=Spc.int}}

• European New Zealanders are a minority in the Auckland region (49.8%), Ōpōtiki district (49.7%), and Wairoa district (46.9%). Within Auckland, ten of the 21 local board areas have a minority European population: Ōtara-Papatoetoe (14.6%), Māngere-Ōtāhuhu (18.4%), Manurewa (24.5%), Puketāpapa (32.1%), Papakura (36.7%), Whau (37.6%), Howick (38.1%), Maungakiekie-Tāmaki (42.2%), Henderson-Massey (43.6%), and Upper Harbour (49.1%).{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title=2023 Census population counts (by ethnic group, age, and Māori descent) and dwelling counts |url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2023-census-population-counts-by-ethnic-group-age-and-maori-descent-and-dwelling-counts/ |access-date=29 May 2024 |website=Statistics New Zealand}}
• The indigenous Māori people form a majority in the Kawerau district (63.2%), Ōpōtiki district (66.2%), Gisborne district (54.8%), Wairoa district (68.5%), and the Chatham Islands territory (68.6%).
• Pacific peoples form a majority in the Māngere-Ōtāhuhu local board area of Auckland (60.4%).
• Asian people form a majority in the Puketāpapa and Howick local board areas of Auckland (50.4% and 52.5% respectively).

Brazil has become a majority "non-White" country as of the 2010 census,{{cite web | url=http://www.cps.fgv.br/cps/bd/clippings/nc0670.pdf | title=For the first time, blacks outnumber whites in Brazil. | work=The Miami Herald | date=May 24, 2011 | author=Barnes, Taylor }} together with the federative units of Espírito Santo, the Federal District, Goiás, and Minas Gerais.

Those identifying as White declined to 47.7% (about 91 million people) in the 2010 census from 52.9% (about 93 million people) in 2000 in the entire country. However, in Brazil, this is not simply a matter of origin and birthrate, but identity changes as well. The Black minority did not enlarge its representation in the population to more than 1.5% in the period, while it was mostly the growth in the number of pardo people (~38% in 2000, 42.4% in 2010) that caused the demographic plurality of Brazil.

Afro-Colombians make up roughly about 10–12% of country's overall population, but make up a majority in many areas in the Colombia's Pacific region,{{cite web | author = Fundación Hemera | url = http://www.etniasdecolombia.org/grupos_afrocolombianos.asp#2 | title = Ethnic groups: Afro-Colombians | work = Ethnicities of Colombia | year = 2007 | access-date = 2007-12-29 | language = es | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080222153211/http://www.etniasdecolombia.org/grupos_afrocolombianos.asp#2 | archive-date = 22 February 2008 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }} especially in Chocó Department, where they make up 80–90% of the population.{{cite web |url=http://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2005/etnia/sys/visibilidad_estadistica_etnicos.pdf|title=La visibilización estadística de los grupos étnicos colombianos|website=Dane.gov.co|language=es}}

• Dominant minority (including non-US examples)
• Global majority
• Race and ethnicity in the United States
• List of US states and territories that are majority minority
• List of majority minority United States congressional districts
• Lists of U.S. cities with non-white majority populations
• List of U.S. communities with Hispanic-majority populations
• Race and ethnicity and the United States Census
• Race and ethnicity in censuses worldwide
• White flight

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• {{Cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/popest/estimates.php |title=U.S. census demographic estimates |access-date=September 12, 2006 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20061206215954/http://www.census.gov/popest/estimates.php |archive-date=December 6, 2006 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090216151359/http://prb.org/Articles/2008/majority-minority.aspx 10% of U.S. Counties Now 'Majority-Minority']

Category:Demographics of the United States

Category:Majority–minority relations