terrorism in Russia

Terrorism in Russia has a long history starting from the time of the Russian Empire. Terrorism, in the modern sense,See the "Etymology" section means violence against civilians to achieve political or ideological objectives by creating extreme fear.{{cite news|last=Humphreys|first=Adrian|title=One official's 'refugee' is another's 'terrorist'|pages=1|work=National Post|date=17 January 2006|url=http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=a64f73d2-f672-4bd0-abb3-2584029db496|access-date=11 October 2007|quote=The divergent assessments of the same evidence on such an important issue shocks a leading terrorism researcher. 'The notion of terrorism is fairly straightforward – it is ideologically or politically motivated violence directed against civilian targets.'" said Professor Martin Rudner, director of the Canadian Centre of Intelligence and Security Studies at Ottawa's Carleton University.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227084942/http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=a64f73d2-f672-4bd0-abb3-2584029db496|archive-date=27 February 2011}}

Terrorism was an important tool used by Marxist revolutionaries in the early 20th century to disrupt the social, political, and economic system and enable rebels to bring down the Tsarist government. Terrorist tactics, such as hostage-taking, were widely used by the Soviet secret agencies, most notably during the Red Terror and Great Terror campaigns, against the population of their own country, according to Karl Kautsky and other historians of Bolshevism{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}.

Starting from the end of the 20th century, significant terrorist activity has taken place in Russia, most notably the Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis, the 1999 apartment bombings, the Moscow theater hostage crisis, the Beslan school siege, and most recently the Crocus City Hall attack and the 2024 Dagestan attacks. Many more acts of terrorism have been committed in major Russian cities, as well as the regions of Chechnya and Dagestan.

19th century

German Social Democrat Karl Kautsky traces the origins of terrorism, including the terrorism seen in the Russian Empire, to the "Reign of Terror" of the French Revolution.[http://marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1919/terrcomm/index.htm Terrorism and Communism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715072631/https://www.marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1919/terrcomm/index.htm |date=15 July 2018 }} by Karl Kautsky. Kautsky said: "It is, in fact, a widely spread idea that Terrorism belongs to the very essence of revolution, and that whoever wants a revolution must somehow come to some sort of terms with terrorism. As proof of this assertion, over and over again the great French Revolution has been cited." (Chapter 1)The Gulag Archipelago by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Others emphasize the role of Russian revolutionary movements during the 19th century, especially Narodnaya Volya ("People's Will") and the Nihilist movement, which included several thousand followers. "People's Will" organized one of the first political terrorism campaigns in history. In March 1881, it assassinated the Emperor of Russia Alexander II, who twenty years earlier had emancipated the Russian serfs.

Important ideologists of these groups were Mikhail Bakunin and Sergey Nechayev, who was described in Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel The Possessed.Edvard Radzinsky Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives (1997) {{ISBN|0-385-47954-9}} Nechayev argued that the purpose of revolutionary terror is not to gain the support of the masses, but on the contrary, to inflict misery and fear on the common population. According to Nechayev, a revolutionary must terrorize civilians in order to incite rebellions. He wrote:

:"A revolutionary must infiltrate all social formations including the police. He must exploit rich and influential people, subordinating them to himself. He must aggravate the miseries of the common people, so as to exhaust their patience and incite them to rebel. And, finally, he must ally himself with the savage word of the violent criminal, the only true revolutionary in Russia".

:"The Revolutionist is a doomed man. He has no private interests, no affairs, sentiments, ties, property nor even a name of his own. His entire being is devoured by one purpose, one thought, one passion – the revolution. Heart and soul, not merely by word but by deed, he has severed every link with the social order and with the entire civilized world; with the laws, good manners, conventions, and morality of that world. He is its merciless enemy and continues to inhabit it with only one purpose – to destroy it."

According to historian and writer Edvard Radzinsky, Nechayev's ideas and tactics were widely used by Joseph Stalin and other Russian revolutionaries.

Early 20th century

File:Em Moscow — Uma bomba de dynamite faz voar estilhaços o carro em que ia o Grão Duque Sergio, tio do czar, cujo corpo despedaçado foi atirado a grande distância.jpg in 1905]]

The SR Combat Organization was founded in 1902 and operated as an autonomous branch of the Socialist Revolutionary Party responsible for assassinating government officials, was led by Grigory Gershuni and operated separately from the party so as not to jeopardize its political actions. SRCO agents assassinated two Ministers of the Interior, Dmitry Sipyagin and V. K. von Plehve, Grand Duke Sergei Aleksandrovich, the Governor of Ufa N. M. Bogdanovich, and many other high-ranking officials.Anna Geifman. Entangled in Terror: The Azef Affair and the Russian Revolution, Wilmington, Scholarly Resources Inc., 2000, 247 pp. {{ISBN|0-8420-2651-7}} {{ISBN|0-8420-2650-9}} It has been estimated that all together in the last twenty years of the Tsarist regime (1897–1917) more than 17,000 people were killed or wounded in terror attacks.{{cite book|last1=Figes|first1=Orlando|title=A People's Tragedy: The Russian revolution, 1891-1924|date=1996|publisher=Penguin|location=New York|isbn=014024364X|page=138}}

Soviet Union

= 1977 Moscow bombings =

A series of three bombings in Moscow on 8 January 1977 killed seven people and seriously injured 37 others. No one claimed responsibility for the bombings, although three members of an Armenian nationalist organization were executed early in 1979 after a KGB investigation and a secret trial. Some Soviet dissidents said that the bombings were allegedly organized by KGB to frame-up Armenian nationalists who were executed.[https://chronicle-of-current-events.com/2019/06/26/concerning-the-explosions-in-moscow-march-1977-44-15/ Chronicle of Current Events, 44.15, "Concerning the explosions in Moscow" (15 March 1977)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407230008/https://chronicle-of-current-events.com/2019/06/26/concerning-the-explosions-in-moscow-march-1977-44-15/ |date=7 April 2020 }}.Andrew, Christopher M., Oleg Gordievsky. KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev. HarperCollinsPublishers; 1st edition (1 May 1992). {{ISBN|0-06-016605-3}}. p. 546.M. Heller and A. Nekrich, History of Russia 1917–1995; seven volumes; London, 1982, {{ISBN|5-87902-004-5}} [http://www.krotov.info/history/11/geller/gell_1965.html Russian text online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724144344/http://www.krotov.info/history/11/geller/gell_1965.html |date=24 July 2020 }}, Quote (Russian): "армянские националисты были приговорены к смертной казни закрытым судом и несмотря на то, что алиби обвиняемых было подтверждено многими свидетелями." (Armenian nationalists were to death in a closed trial, and despite the fact that the alibi of the accused was confirmed by many witnesses){{cite web |url=http://grigoryants.ru/sovremennaya-diskussiya/vzryv-v-moskovskom-metro-1977/ |title=Взрыв в московском метро 1977 г. (из книги "Полвека советской перестройки"). Сергей Григорьянц – Григорьянц Сергей Иванович |trans-title=Explosion in the Moscow metro in 1977 (from the book "Half a century of Soviet perestroika"). Sergey Grigoryants - Grigoryants Sergey Ivanovich |website=grigoryants.ru |access-date=26 March 2018 |archive-date=1 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101221053/http://grigoryants.ru/sovremennaya-diskussiya/vzryv-v-moskovskom-metro-1977/ |url-status=live }}

=State-sponsored international terrorism=

The Soviet Union and some of its allies had sponsored international terrorism on numerous occasions, especially during the Cold War.

Russian Federation

File:Beslan foto pogibshih.jpg

File:2010 terrorist attack in Mosmetro on MCHS 02.jpg]]

The First Chechen War (1994–1996) and the Second Chechen War (2000–2009) saw Chechen nationalism transformed into jihadism. In later years, the conflict extended beyond Chechnya, inspiring jihadist movements in Dagestan and Ingushetia. Since the First Chechen war, there has been a number of attacks by jihadists in various Russian cities, with the Doubrovka Theatre hostage crisis in Moscow (over 150 dead, including 130 hostages, in 2002) and the Beslan school siege in North Ossetia (334 dead, including 186 children, in 2004) peaking. There have been numerous other bloody jihadist terrorist attacks, notably at airports and in the Moscow and St Petersburg metros, with dozens of deaths.[https://www.iris-france.org/184928-moscow-attack-russia-confronts-islamist-terrorism/ Moscow Attack: Russia Confronts Islamist Terrorism][https://thesoufancenter.org/intelbrief-2024-april-12/ IntelBrief: Radicalization and Extremism in Russia's North Caucasus Region]

Other types of terrorism in modern Russia are less significant (the activity of such radical left-wing groups as New Revolutionary Alternative and terrorist attacks by racialist Russian nationalists, such as 2006 Moscow market bombing and the assassinations committed by Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists).

=1999 Russian apartment bombings=

The Russian apartment bombings were a series of bombings in Russia that killed 300 & injured over 1,700. And, together with the Dagestan War, led the country into the Second Chechen War. The four bombings took place in the Russian cities of Buinaksk, Moscow and Volgodonsk during early days of September 1999.{{Cite web|title=Foiled Attack or Failed Exercise? A Look at Ryazan 1999 {{!}} Wilson Center|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/foiled-attack-or-failed-exercise-look-ryazan-1999|access-date=24 June 2021|website=www.wilsoncenter.org|language=en|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616043148/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/foiled-attack-or-failed-exercise-look-ryazan-1999|url-status=live}}

The bombings were followed by a controversial episode when a suspected bomb was found and defused in an apartment block in the Russian city of Ryazan on 22 September, which was then explained to be an exercise by the Russian security services, the FSB.{{cite news |title=Russian bomb scare turns out to be anti-terror drill |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9909/24/russia.bomb.01/ |agency=CNN |date=24 September 1999 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820111509/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9909/24/russia.bomb.01/ |url-status=live }}

An official investigation of the bombings was completed only three years later, in 2002. Seven suspects were killed, six have been convicted on terrorism-related charges, and one remains a fugitive. According to the investigation, the Moscow and Volgodonsk bombings were organized and led by Achemez Gochiyaev, who headed a group of Karachai Wahhabis, while the Buinaksk bombing was organized and perpetrated by a different group of Dagestani Wahhabis.{{cite book |last1=Pokalova |first1=Elena |title=Chechnya's Terrorist Network: The Evolution of Terrorism in Russia's North Caucasus |date=2015 |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-1-44083-154-6 |pages=97–99}}

The Russian Duma rejected two motions for parliamentary investigation of the Ryazan incident. An independent public commission to investigate the bombings chaired by Duma deputy Sergei Kovalev was rendered ineffective because of government refusal to respond to its inquiries. Two key members of the Kovalev Commission, Sergei Yushenkov and Yuri Shchekochikhin, both Duma members, have since died in assassinations in April 2003 and July 2003 respectively. The commission's lawyer Mikhail Trepashkin was arrested in October 2003 to become one of the better-known political prisoners in Russia.{{Cite web|title=Why 'GQ' Doesn't Want Russians To Read Its Story|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112530364|access-date=24 June 2021|website=NPR|language=en|archive-date=5 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905201656/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112530364|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=2 Decades on, Questions Linger About Putin's Rise to Power|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/europe_2-decades-questions-linger-about-putins-rise-power/6173435.html|access-date=24 June 2021|website=Voice of America|date=7 August 2019 |language=en|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205509/https://www.voanews.com/europe/2-decades-questions-linger-about-putins-rise-power|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=Foiled Attack or Failed Exercise? A Look at Ryazan 1999 {{!}} Wilson Center|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/foiled-attack-or-failed-exercise-look-ryazan-1999|access-date=24 June 2021|website=www.wilsoncenter.org|language=en|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616043148/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/foiled-attack-or-failed-exercise-look-ryazan-1999|url-status=live}}

=21st century=

2002

The Moscow theater hostage crisis (also known as the 2002 Nord-Ost siege) was the seizure of a crowded Dubrovka Theater by 40 to 50 armed Chechens on 23 October 2002 that involved 850 hostages and ended with the deaths of at least 170 people.

2004

A suicide bombing in downtown Moscow Metro killed 41 people on 6 February. Simultaneous suicide bombings brought down two passenger aircraft within one hour of leaving from the Domedodovo airport, Moscow, killing 90 people total on 24 August. Chechen terrorists seized over 1,000 hostages at a school in Beslan, North Ossetia on 1 September. The siege ended on 3 September, with more than 300 people dead, most of them children.

2006

The 2006 Moscow market bombing occurred on 21 August 2006, when a self-made bomb with the power of more than 1 kg of TNT exploded at Moscow's Cherkizovsky Market frequented by foreign merchants.{{Cite web|last1=Nowak|first1=David|last2=Nikitin|first2=Vladim|date=22 August 2006|title=Market Blast Kills 10 and Injures 55|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2006/08/22/001.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311082312/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2006/08/22/001.html|archive-date=11 March 2007|url-status=live|access-date=10 June 2021|website=Wayback Machine}} The bombing killed 13 people and injured 47. In 2008, eight members of the neo-Nazi organization The Saviour were sentenced for their roles in the attack.[http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/8CE01B4F-F6C4-4769-9CF0-1CE5C47ADDF0.htm Russian court jails market bombers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519112850/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/8CE01B4F-F6C4-4769-9CF0-1CE5C47ADDF0.htm|date=19 May 2008}} Al Jazeera. 15 May 2008.

==2010==

In March 2010 suicide bombings were carried out by two women who were aligned with Caucasus Emirate and Al-Qaeda. The terrorist attack happened during the morning rush hour of 29 March 2010, at two stations of the Moscow Metro (Lubyanka and Park Kultury), with roughly 40 minutes interval between. At least 38 people were killed, and over 60 injured.{{Cite news|last=Buribayev|first=Aydar|date=29 March 2010|title=Suicide bombers kill at least 38 in Moscow subway|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-metro-blast-idUSTRE62S0FM20100329|access-date=25 June 2021|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130445/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-metro-blast-idUSTRE62S0FM20100329|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|date=29 March 2010|title=Moscow metro bombs kill dozens|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/29/moscow-metro-bombs-explosions-terror|access-date=25 June 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629190616/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/29/moscow-metro-bombs-explosions-terror|url-status=live}}

==2011==

The Domodedovo International Airport bombing was a suicide bombing in the international arrival hall of Moscow's Domodedovo International, in Domodedovsky District, Moscow Oblast, on 24 January 2011.

The bombing killed 37 people{{cite news|url=http://rian.ru/society/20110224/338222803.html|script-title=ru:Число жертв теракта в Домодедово возросло до 37|publisher=RIA Novosti|date=24 February 2011|access-date=24 February 2011|language=ru|archive-date=27 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227093411/http://www.rian.ru/society/20110224/338222803.html|url-status=live}} and injured 173 others, including 86 who had to be hospitalised.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12268662|title=Moscow bombing: Carnage at Russia's Domodedovo airport|work=BBC News|author=Steve Rosenberg|date=24 January 2011|access-date=24 January 2011|archive-date=25 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125024514/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12268662|url-status=live}} Of the casualties, 31 died at the scene, three later in hospitals, one en route to a hospital,{{cite news|url=http://rian.ru/incidents/20110124/325843514.html|script-title=ru:На месте взрыва в Домодедово погиб 31 человек, сообщил Минздрав|publisher=RIA Novosti|date=24 January 2011|access-date=24 January 2011|language=ru|archive-date=29 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129233337/http://www.rian.ru/incidents/20110124/325843514.html|url-status=live}} one on 2 February after having been put in a coma, and another on 24 February after being hospitalised in grave condition.

Russia's Federal Investigative Committee later identified the suicide bomber as a 20-year-old from the North Caucasus, and said that the attack was aimed "first and foremost" at foreign citizens.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12315608|title=Russia 'identifies' Domodedovo airport bomber suspect|work=BBC News|date=29 January 2011|access-date=2 February 2011|archive-date=1 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201042050/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12315608|url-status=live}}

==2013==

{{Main|December 2013 Volgograd bombings|October 2013 Volgograd bus bombing

}}

In December 2013, two separate suicide bombings a day apart targeted mass transportation in the city of Volgograd, in the Volgograd Oblast of Southern Russia, killing 34 people overall, including both perpetrators who were aligned to Caucasus Emirate and Vilayat Dagestan. The attacks followed a bus bombing carried out in the same city two months earlier.{{Cite web|date=30 December 2013|title=Second deadly blast hits Russian city of Volgograd|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20131230-second-deadly-blast-trolley-russia-volgograd|access-date=9 September 2021|website=France 24|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909093830/https://www.france24.com/en/20131230-second-deadly-blast-trolley-russia-volgograd|url-status=live}}{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

On 21 October 2013, a suicide bombing took place on a bus in the city of Volgograd, in the Volgograd Oblast of Southern Russia. The attack was carried out by a female perpetrator named Naida Sirazhudinovna Asiyalova (Russian: Наида Сиражудиновна Асиялова) who was converted to Islam by her husband, she detonated an explosive belt containing 500–600 grams of TNT inside a bus carrying approximately 50 people, killing seven civilians and injuring at least 36 others.{{Cite web|date=30 December 2013|title=Volgograd train station rocked by suicide bombing|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/29/volgograd-train-station-suicide-bombing|access-date=25 June 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022150/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/29/volgograd-train-station-suicide-bombing|url-status=live}}

==2014==

On 5 October 2014 a 19-year-old man named Opti Mudarov went to the town hall where an event was taking place to mark Grozny City Day celebrations in Grozny coinciding with the birthday of Chechen President Ramzan Kadyrov. Police officers noticed him acting strangely and stopped him. The officers began to search him and the bomb which Mudarov had been carrying exploded. Five officers, along with the suicide bomber, were killed, while 12 others were wounded.{{Cite news|date=5 October 2014|title=Five killed in suicide bombing in Chechen capital|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29498909|access-date=25 June 2021|archive-date=9 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909111818/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29498909|url-status=live}}

On 4 December 2014, a group of Islamist militants, in three vehicles, killed three traffic policemen, after the latter had attempted to stop them at a checkpoint in the outskirts of Grozny.{{Cite web|title=Gun battles erupt in Chechnya's capital after militants launch attack|date=4 December 2014|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/04/police-killed-as-gun-battle-erupts-in-chechnyas-capital|work=The Guardian|first=Shaun|last=Walker|access-date=4 December 2014|archive-date=4 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204110107/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/04/police-killed-as-gun-battle-erupts-in-chechnyas-capital|url-status=live}} The militants then occupied a press building and an abandoned school, located in the center of the city. Launching a counter-terrorism operation, security forces, with the use of armored vehicles, attempted to storm the buildings and a firefight ensued.{{cite news|title=Putin thanks Kadyrov, Chechen law enforcers for counterterrorism operation in Grozny|url=http://itar-tass.com/en/russia/765251|access-date=5 December 2014|work=ITAR-TASS|date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204215743/http://itar-tass.com/en/russia/765251|archive-date=4 December 2014|location=Moscow}} [http://www.peeep.us/f048b388 Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144958/http://www.peeep.us/f048b388 |date=24 September 2015 }}

14 policemen, 11 militants and 1 civilian were killed. Additionally 36 policemen were wounded in the incident. The Press House was also burned and severely damaged in the incident.{{cite web|url=http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20141205/1036841192.html|title=В спецоперации в Грозном уничтожено 11 боевиков, заявил Кадыров|trans-title=11 militants killed in special operation in Grozny, Kadyrov says|date=5 December 2014|access-date=5 December 2014|archive-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205182004/http://ria.ru/defense_safety/20141205/1036841192.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://newsru.com/russia/05dec2014/groznyi.html|title=Во время спецоперации в Грозном погибли 14 полицейских|trans-title=14 policemen killed during special operation in Grozny|date=5 December 2014|access-date=5 December 2014|archive-date=8 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208235425/http://newsru.com/russia/05dec2014/groznyi.html|url-status=live}}

==2015==

Metrojet Flight 9268 was an international chartered passenger flight operated by Russian airline Kogalymavia (branded as Metrojet). On 31 October 2015 at 06:13 local time EST (04:13 UTC), an Airbus A321-231 operating the flight disintegrated above the northern Sinai following its departure from Sharm El Sheikh International Airport, Egypt, in route to Pulkovo Airport, Saint Petersburg, Russia. All 217 passengers and seven crew members who were on board were killed.{{Cite news|date=6 November 2015|title=Russian plane crash: UK suspects bomb was in hold|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34742273|access-date=25 June 2021|archive-date=6 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106110739/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34742273|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|date=17 November 2015|title=Metrojet Flight 9268: Russia confirms bomb destroyed plane in Egypt|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/russia-kremlin-metrojet-bomb-1.3322272|access-date=25 June 2021|website=CBC Radio|archive-date=26 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326185338/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/russia-kremlin-metrojet-bomb-1.3322272|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|author=Jason Hanna, Michael Martinez and Jennifer Deaton|title=ISIS says photo shows bomb on Russian plane|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/11/18/middleeast/metrojet-crash-dabiq-claim/index.html|access-date=25 June 2021|website=CNN|date=18 November 2015|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625134942/https://www.cnn.com/2015/11/18/middleeast/metrojet-crash-dabiq-claim/index.html|url-status=live}}

Shortly after the crash, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)'s Sinai Branch, previously known as Ansar Bait al-Maqdis, claimed responsibility for the incident, which occurred in the vicinity of the Sinai insurgency.{{cite news |url=http://bbc.in/1Of4U7D |title=Updates: Russian airliner crashes in Egypt's Sinai peninsula |work=BBC News |date=31 October 2015 |access-date=31 October 2015 |archive-date=13 November 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20151113030611/http://bbc.in/1Of4U7D |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20151101-russian-plane-crash-sinai-egypt-broke-air-says-aviation-official |title=Russian plane that crashed in Egypt 'broke up in air' |work=France 24 News |date=November 2015 |access-date=2 November 2015 |archive-date=2 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102111150/http://www.france24.com/en/20151101-russian-plane-crash-sinai-egypt-broke-air-says-aviation-official |url-status=live }} ISIL claimed responsibility on Twitter, on video, and in a statement by Abu Osama al-Masri, the leader of the group's Sinai branch.{{cite web|last1=Gadher|first1=Dipesh|last2=Amoor|first2=Miles|date=8 November 2015|title=Plane bombing mastermind unmasked as Egyptian cleric|url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/National/Terrorism/article1630319.ece|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014736/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/National/Terrorism/article1630319.ece|archive-date=17 November 2015|access-date=10 June 2021|work=Wayback Machine}}{{cite web |url=https://leaderpost.com/news/world/osama+masri+portrait+egyptian+terrorist+suspected+downing/11502854/story.html |title=Abu Osama al-Masri: Portrait of the Egyptian terrorist suspected of downing Russian plane |work=Regina Leader–Post |issn=0839-2870 |access-date=9 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303073118/http://www.leaderpost.com/news/world/osama+masri+portrait+egyptian+terrorist+suspected+downing/11502854/story.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 }} ISIL posted pictures of what it said was the bomb in Dabiq, its online magazine.

By 4 November 2015, British and American authorities suspected that a bomb was responsible for the crash. On 8 November 2015, an anonymous member of the Egyptian investigation team said the investigators were "90 percent sure" that the jet was brought down by a bomb. Lead investigator Ayman al-Muqaddam said that other possible causes of the crash included a fuel explosion, metal fatigue, and lithium batteries overheating.{{cite news|last1=Hassan|first1=Ahmed Mohamed|last2=Georgy|first2=Michael|date=9 November 2015|title=Investigators '90 percent sure' bomb downed Russian plane|edition=U.S.|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-crash-russia-flights-tourists-idUSKCN0SX07D20151108|url-status=live|access-date=11 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151111094000/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/11/09/us-egypt-crash-russia-flights-tourists-idUSKCN0SX07D20151109|archive-date=11 November 2015}} The Russian Federal Security Service announced on 17 November that they were sure that it was a terrorist attack, caused by an improvised bomb containing the equivalent of up to {{convert|1|kg|lb}} of TNT that detonated during the flight. The Russians said they had found explosive residue as evidence. On 24 February 2016, Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi acknowledged that terrorism caused the crash.{{cite news|date=24 February 2016|title=Egypt's president admits Russian plane downed by 'terrorism'|publisher=Gulf Today|url=http://gulftoday.ae/portal/33ce7bab-4b9c-499e-89c2-bac4ae1454af.aspx|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302123610/http://gulftoday.ae/portal/33ce7bab-4b9c-499e-89c2-bac4ae1454af.aspx|archive-date=2 March 2016}}

==2017==

On 3 April 2017, a terrorist attack using an explosive device took place on the Saint Petersburg Metro between Sennaya Ploshchad and Tekhnologichesky Institut stations.{{cite web |url=https://theconversation.com/russias-domestic-terrorism-threat-is-serious-sophisticated-and-complex-75869 |title=Russia's domestic terrorism threat is serious, sophisticated and complex |last=Youngman |first=Mark |date=6 April 2017 |website=The Conversation |publisher=The Conversation Trust (UK) |access-date=9 April 2017 |quote=The April 3 bombing on the St Petersburg metro was the highest-profile terror attack on Russian soil since a suicide bombing at Moscow's Domodedovo airport in January 2011. |archive-date=9 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409035115/http://theconversation.com/russias-domestic-terrorism-threat-is-serious-sophisticated-and-complex-75869 |url-status=live }} Seven people (including the perpetrator) were initially reported to have died, and eight more died later from their injuries, bringing the total to 15.{{cite web |url=https://meduza.io/news/2017/04/04/chislo-zhertv-terakta-v-peterburge-vyroslo-do-14-chelovek |title=Число жертв теракта в Петербурге выросло до 14 человек |trans-title=Number of fatalities of the terrorist act in Petersburg has grown to fourteen people |author= |date=4 April 2017 |website=Meduza |access-date=4 April 2017 |quote=В результате взрыва в метро Санкт-Петербурга погибли 14 человек, сообщила министр здравоохранения России Вероника Скворцова. [In the aftermath of explosion in the metro of Saint Petersburg 14 people have died, reported by the minister of health of Russia Veronika Skvortsova] |archive-date=30 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430224951/https://meduza.io/news/2017/04/04/chislo-zhertv-terakta-v-peterburge-vyroslo-do-14-chelovek |url-status=live }}{{cite news|url=http://tass.com/politics/939175|title=Signs of terror attack in St. Petersburg subway blast obvious – Kremlin|date=4 April 2017|work=TASS|access-date=4 April 2017|location=Saint Petersburg|quote=The Russian Investigative Committee has qualified the blast as a terrorist attack, but other versions are looked into.|archive-date=13 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713174754/https://tass.com/politics/939175|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last1=MacFarquhar|first1=Neil|last2=Nechepureneko|first2=Ivan|title=Explosion in St. Petersburg Metro Kills at Least 10|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/03/world/europe/st-petersburg-russia-explosion.html|work=The New York Times|date=3 April 2017|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-date=3 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403125147/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/03/world/europe/st-petersburg-russia-explosion.html|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/russian/live/news-39478165|title=Взрыв в метро Санкт-Петербурга: погибли 10 человек|date=3 April 2017|publisher=BBC Russia|language=ru|trans-title=Explosion in Metro St. Petersburg, killing 10 people|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-date=13 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613155343/https://www.bbc.com/russian/live/news-39478165|url-status=live}}{{Cite news |url=https://ria.ru/incidents/20170403/1491389397.html |title=В петербургской больнице скончались двое пострадавших при взрыве в метро |agency=RIA Novosti |trans-title=Two injured in the explosion in the subway died in the St. Petersburg hospital |access-date=3 April 2017 |language=ru |archive-date=24 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124231712/https://ria.ru/incidents/20170403/1491389397.html |url-status=live }} At least 45 others were injured in the incident.{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-39481770 |title=St Petersburg metro explosions kill ten – media |publisher=BBC |date=3 April 2017 |access-date=3 April 2017 |archive-date=15 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515202141/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-39481770 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-metro-blast-idUSKBN1751A6 |title=At least 10 people may have been killed by Russia metro blast: TASS |work=Reuters |date=3 April 2017 |access-date=3 April 2017 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226004936/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-metro-blast-idUSKBN1751A6 |url-status=live }} The explosive device was contained in a briefcase. A second explosive device was found and defused at Ploshchad Vosstaniya metro station. The suspected perpetrator was named as Akbarzhon Jalilov, a Russian citizen who was an ethnic Uzbek born in Kyrgyzstan.{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39486640 |title=St Petersburg metro bombing suspect 'from Kyrgyzstan' |work=BBC News |date=4 April 2017 |access-date=4 April 2017 |archive-date=4 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404001534/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39486640 |url-status=live }} Prior to the attack, Chechen separatists had been responsible for several terrorist attacks in Russia. In 2016, ISIS had plotted to target St. Petersburg due to Russia's military involvement in Syria, resulting in arrests.{{cite news|last1=Bergen|first1=Peter|title=The likely culprits behind the St. Petersburg bombing|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/03/opinions/russia-terror-attack-opinion-bergen-sterman/|access-date=4 April 2017|publisher=CNN|date=4 April 2017|archive-date=4 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404013345/http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/03/opinions/russia-terror-attack-opinion-bergen-sterman/|url-status=live}} No public transport system in Russia had been bombed since the 2010 Moscow Metro bombings.{{cite news|last1=Ioffe|first1=Julia|title=How Russians Got Used to Terrorism|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/04/russia-st-petersburg-terrorism/521796/|access-date=4 April 2017|work=The Atlantic|date=4 April 2017|archive-date=5 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405162921/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/04/russia-st-petersburg-terrorism/521796/|url-status=live}} ISIS propaganda was being circulated prior to this incident. It encouraged supporters to launch strikes on Moscow. ISIS propaganda showed bullet holes through Putin's head and a poster circulated before the attack of a falling Kremlin and included the message "We Will Burn Russia."{{cite news|last1=Griffin|first1=Andrew|title=St Petersburg attacks: Isis celebrates explosions that killed 10 people|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/st-petersburg-attacks-isis-russia-bombings-celebrate-islamic-state-response-a7664656.html|access-date=4 April 2017|date=4 April 2017|archive-date=5 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705123037/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/st-petersburg-attacks-isis-russia-bombings-celebrate-islamic-state-response-a7664656.html|url-status=live}}
On 22 April 2017, two people were shot and killed in an attack in a Federal Security Service office in the Russian city of Khabarovsk. The gunman was also killed. The Russian Federal Security Service said that the native 18-year-old perpetrator was a known member of a neo-Nazi group.{{Cite web|url=http://siberiantimes.com/other/others/news/murderous-attack-on-fsb-office-in-khabarovsk-was-by-a-neo-nazi-not-an-is-terrorist/|title=Murderous attack on FSB office in Khabarovsk 'was by a neo-Nazi – not an IS terrorist'|website=siberiantimes.com|language=en|access-date=10 March 2018|archive-date=11 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311021823/http://siberiantimes.com/other/others/news/murderous-attack-on-fsb-office-in-khabarovsk-was-by-a-neo-nazi-not-an-is-terrorist/|url-status=live}}
On 27 December 2017 a bomb exploded in a supermarket in St Petersburg, injuring thirteen people. Vladimir Putin described this as a terrorist attack.{{cite news|last1=Stonestreet|first1=John|title=Putin says St Petersburg supermarket bombing was terrorism|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-blast-putin/putin-says-st-petersburg-supermarket-bombing-was-terrorism-idUSKBN1EM0L2|access-date=28 December 2017|date=28 December 2017|archive-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228095833/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-blast-putin/putin-says-st-petersburg-supermarket-bombing-was-terrorism-idUSKBN1EM0L2|url-status=live}}

== 2019 ==

Several terrorist incidents occurred in Russia during the year of 2019:

On 13 March, two perpetrators attacked Federal Security Service (FSB) officers with automatic weapons and grenades when stopped for questioning in Stavropol of the Shpakovsky district. Both perpetrators were killed in the confrontation. Later, Russian authorities reported they were planning a terrorist attack in accordance to their affiliation with ISIS.{{Cite web |title=Russia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2019/russia/ |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327130244/https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2019/russia/ |url-status=live }}
On 8 April, ISIS (claimed to have) set off an explosion at Kolomna, a city near Moscow. The attack did not result in any casualties.
On 1 July, ISIS claimed responsibility for an attack on a police officer at a checkpoint in the Achkhoy-Martonovsky district of Chechnya, who was stabbed to death. The attacker was shot and killed as he threw a grenade at the other officers.
On 19 December, someone living in the Moscow region opened fire near the FSB headquarters in Moscow and caused 6 casualties; 2 killed and 4 wounded. Subsequently, the shooter, later identified as Yevgeny Manyurov, a 39-year-old ex-security guard, was killed onsite.

== 2021 ==

A German court sentenced Russian agent Vadim Krasikov to life imprisonment for the murder of Zelimkhan Khangoshvili which the judge called "state terrorism".{{Cite news |last=Escritt |first=Thomas |date=16 December 2021 |title=German court accuses Russia of "state terrorism" over 2019 Berlin park murder |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/german-court-convicts-russian-2019-berlin-park-murder-2021-12-15/ |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811155234/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/german-court-convicts-russian-2019-berlin-park-murder-2021-12-15/ |url-status=live }}

== 2023 ==

On 2 April there was an explosion in a Saint Petersburg café.

== 2024 ==

On 22 March, a group of four gunmen from IS-KP, also known as ISIS–K, opened fire on the public and then set fire to the Crocus City Hall music venue in Krasnogorsk, a city on the Western edge of Moscow.{{Cite news |date=22 March 2024 |title=Moscow attack: Gunmen kill dozens at Crocus City Hall in Moscow 60 people have been confirmed dead and more than 100 injured. |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68642162 |access-date=22 March 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322182124/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68642162 |url-status=live }} ISIS has claimed responsibility for the attack.{{Cite web |last1=Knight |first1=Mariya |last2=Chernova |first2=Anna |last3=Tarasova |first3=Darya |date=22 March 2024 |title=ISIS claims responsibility for attack in busy Moscow-area concert venue that left at least 40 dead |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/22/europe/crocus-moscow-shooting/index.html |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=CNN |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=All four suspects arrested after Crocus City Hall shootings, Russia says |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-68642036 |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=BBC News |date=22 March 2024 |language=en-gb}}

On 23 June 2024, Telegram channel Baza reported a terrorist attack in the city of Derbent on the Orthodox Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin on Lenin Street.{{Cite web |last1=Knight |first1=Mariya |last2=Tarasova |first2=Darya |last3=Deaton |first3=Jen |date=23 June 2024 |title=Priest and six law enforcement officers killed in attacks on synagogues and church in Russia's Dagestan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/23/europe/dagestan-synagogue-attack-russia-intl-latam/index.html |access-date=23 June 2024 |website=CNN |language=en}} Not long after, a similar attack occurred in the regional capital Makhachkala. The Head of the Republic of Dagestan, Sergei Melikov, confirmed that the attacks had indeed took place.{{Cite web |title=В Дербенте и Махачкале вооруженные боевики напали на православные храмы и синагоги. Погибли и ранены полицейские Материал обновляется |url=https://meduza.io/feature/2024/06/23/v-derbente-i-mahachkale-vooruzhennye-boeviki-napali-na-pravoslavnye-hramy-i-sinagogi-pogibli-i-raneny-politseyskie |access-date=23 June 2024 |website=Meduza |language=ru}}

= Accusations of state terrorism =

{{See also|Russia–European_Union_relations#Russian_destabilization_of_EU_states|Active measures}}

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the government of the Russian Federation has been frequently accused of sponsoring or inspiring terrorist activities inside the country and in other countries in order to achieve its political goals.

Former FSB officer Alexander Litvinenko, Johns Hopkins University and Hoover Institute scholar David Satter,David Satter. Darkness at Dawn: The Rise of the Russian Criminal State. Yale University Press. 2003. {{ISBN|0-300-09892-8}}. Russian lawmaker Sergei Yushenkov, historian Yuri Felshtinsky, politologist Vladimir Pribylovsky and former KGB general Oleg Kalugin asserted that Russian apartment bombings were in fact a "false flag" attack perpetrated by the FSB (successor to the KGB) in order to legitimize the resumption of military activities in Chechnya and bring Vladimir Putin and the FSB to power. FSB operatives were actually briefly arrested in the case, but their presence at the crime scene was explained as "training".{{cite web|url=http://www.hudson.org/files/publications/SatterHouseTestimony2007.pdf|title=Satter House Testimony 2007|access-date=29 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927065706/http://www.hudson.org/files/publications/SatterHouseTestimony2007.pdf|archive-date=27 September 2011}}{{cite news|url=http://ukrainianweek.com/World/30378|title=Oleg Kalugin: "Putin Is a Temporary Twist in History"|date=8 September 2011|newspaper=The Ukrainian Week|access-date=12 January 2016|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130190727/https://ukrainianweek.com/World/30378|url-status=live}} This view was disputed by philosopher Robert Bruce Ware and Richard Sakwa,{{cite book|title=Putin, Russia's choice|url=https://archive.org/details/putinrussiaschoi00sakw_259|url-access=limited|last=Sakwa|first=Richard|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|isbn=978-0-415-40765-6|edition=2nd|pages=[https://archive.org/details/putinrussiaschoi00sakw_259/page/n345 333]–334|author-link=Richard Sakwa}}[http://www.da.mod.uk/colleges/arag/document-listings/russian/C108 Vladimir Putin & Russia's Special Services] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412220439/http://www.da.mod.uk/colleges/arag/document-listings/russian/C108 |date=12 April 2016 }} Gordon Bennet, 2002[http://theivanovosti.typepad.com/the_ivanov_report/files/download_the_article.pdf Western treatment of Russia signifies erosion of reason] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201074153/http://theivanovosti.typepad.com/the_ivanov_report/files/download_the_article.pdf |date=1 February 2017 }} Dr. Vlad Sobell, 2007. The same article at [http://www.russiaprofile.org/page.php?pageid=CDI+Russia+Profile+List&articleid=1446 Russia Profile][http://www.russiaprofile.org/page.php?pageid=Experts%27+Panel&articleid=a1204913239 Russia Profile Weekly Experts Panel: Russian Presidential Election – Affirming Democracy or Confirming Autocracy?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119100418/http://www.russiaprofile.org/page.php?pageid=Experts%27+Panel&articleid=a1204913239 |date=19 January 2011 }}{{cite book|title=Chechnya: From Past to Future|last=Bowker|first=Mike|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2005|isbn=978-1-84331-164-5|edition=1st|location=London|pages=223–238|chapter=Western Views of the Chechen Conflict|editor=Richard Sakwa}} but supported by historians Amy Knight{{cite news

| url = http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2012/11/22/finally-we-know-about-moscow-bombings/

| work = The New York Review of Books

| author = Amy Knight

| date = 22 November 2012

| title = Finally, We Know About the Moscow Bombings

| quote = The evidence provided in The Moscow Bombings makes it abundantly clear that the FSB of the Russian Republic, headed by Patrushev, was responsible for carrying out the attacks.

| access-date = 2 January 2020

| archive-date = 7 December 2021

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211207194054/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2012/11/22/finally-we-know-about-moscow-bombings/

| url-status = live

}}[https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/public/getting-away-with-murder/ Getting away with murder] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115143310/https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/public/getting-away-with-murder/ |date=15 November 2017 }} by Amy Knight, The Times Literary supplement, 3 August 2016 and Karen DawishaPutin's Kleptocracy: Who Owns Russia?, By Karen Dawisha, 2014, Simon & Schuster, page 222.

Former FSB officer Aleksander Litvinenko and investigator Mikhail Trepashkin alleged that a Chechen FSB agent directed the Moscow theater hostage crisis in 2002.{{cite web|url=http://news.sbs.com.au/dateline/index.php?page=archive&daysum=2003-06-04#|title=Terrorism takes front stage – Russia's theatre siege|last=Lazaredes|first=Nick|date=4 June 2003|publisher=SBS|access-date=28 November 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821223252/http://news.sbs.com.au/dateline/index.php?page=archive&daysum=2003-06-04|archive-date=21 August 2006}}

{{cite web|date=1 December 2006|title=|script-title=ru:М. Трепашкин: "Создана очень серьезная группа" |trans-title=M. Trepashkin: "A very serious group has been created" |url=http://www.chechenpress.info/events/2006/12/01/03.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205043738/http://www.chechenpress.info/events/2006/12/01/03.shtml|archive-date=5 February 2007|access-date=10 June 2021|website=Wayback Machine|publisher=Chechen Press State News Agency|language=ru}}

In May 2016, Reuters published a Special Report titled "How Russia allowed homegrown radicals to go and fight in Syria" that, based on first-hand evidence, said that at least in the period between 2012 and 2014 the Russian government agencies ran a programme to facilitate and encourage Russian radicals and militants to leave Russia and go to Turkey and then on to Syria; the persons in question had joined jihadist groups, some fighting with the ISIL. According to the report, the goal has been to eradicate the risk of Islamic terrorism at home; however Russian security officials deny that terrorists were encouraged to leave Russia.{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/russia-militants/|title=How Russia allowed homegrown radicals to go and fight in Syria|website=Reuters|access-date=9 June 2017|archive-date=4 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704003401/http://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/russia-militants/|url-status=live}}

Investigation and prosecution of alleged terrorism

Russian authorities routinely extort confessions from suspected terrorists using torture, instead of engaging in genuine investigative efforts.{{cite news |last1=Izmailov |first1=Vyacheslav |title=Рынок взорвали фотороботы |trans-title=The market was blown up by photo robots |url=http://2005.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2005/83n/n83n-s10.shtml |date=7 November 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060508145250/http://2005.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2005/83n/n83n-s10.shtml |archive-date=8 May 2006 |language=ru}} According to Vyacheslav Izmailov, the terrorist kidnappings of journalists and members of international NGOs in 2005 in Chechnya, along with Andrei Babitsky from Radio Free Europe, Arjan Erkel and Kenneth Glack from Doctors Without Borders were organized by FSB agents.{{cite news |last1=Izmailov |first1=Vyacheslav |title=Спецслужбы доставки |trans-title=Special delivery services |url=http://2005.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2005/06n/n06n-s02.shtml |work=Novaya Gazeta |date=27 January 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051118235830/http://2005.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2005/06n/n06n-s02.shtml |archive-date=18 November 2005 |language=ru}}

Investigative journalist Yulia Latynina has accused the Russian security services of staging fake terrorist attacks to report false successes in solving those cases, instead of investigating the actual terrorist attacks.{{cite news |last1=Latynina |first1=Yulia |title=Спецслужбы изображают подрывную деятельность |trans-title=Intelligence agencies portray subversive activities |url=http://2006.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2006/24n/n24n-s06.shtml |date=3 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523000141/http://2006.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2006/24n/n24n-s06.shtml |archive-date=23 May 2006 |language=ru}}

Russia reportedly abuses its anti-terrorism and anti-extremism laws.[https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/02/russia-surge-in-abuse-of-anti-terrorism-laws-to-suppress-dissent/ Russia: Surge in abuse of anti-terrorism laws to suppress dissent], by Amnesty International, 19 February 2024 On 10 February 2020, seven Russian anarchists and anti-fascist activists were sentenced to six to eighteen years in prison, based on fabricated terrorism charges. The activist were accused to be members of "The Set" an alleged terrorist organization from Penza that aimed to "overthrow the Russian government".{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51443169|title=Russia jails members of 'non-existent' terror group Set|work=BBC News|date=10 February 2020|access-date=5 February 2022|archive-date=5 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205193632/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51443169|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/02/russia-prosecution-for-membership-of-a-non-existent-terrorist-organization-must-stop/|title=Russia: Prosecution for membership of a non-existent "terrorist" organization must stop|work=International Amnesty|date=7 February 2020|access-date=5 February 2022|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218173710/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/02/russia-prosecution-for-membership-of-a-non-existent-terrorist-organization-must-stop/|url-status=live}}

International cooperation

In December 2019 President of Russia Vladimir Putin thanked his American counterpart Donald Trump for a tip which allowed the prevention of a terrorist attack in St. Petersburg.{{cite news |title=Putin thanks Trump for tip Russia says foiled attacks |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-usa-security/putin-thanks-trump-for-tip-russia-says-foiled-attacks-idUSKBN1YX0EX |agency=Reuters |date=29 December 2019 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230082506/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-usa-security/putin-thanks-trump-for-tip-russia-says-foiled-attacks-idUSKBN1YX0EX |url-status=live }}

References

External links

[http://www.dsp.org.au/dsp/Terrorism/Terrorism.htm Terrorism: A Marxist Perspective], By Dave Holmes
[http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act=news&div=2397 Over 200 cases against Hizb ut-Tahrir activists opened in Russia]
[http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act=news&div=2380 Khanty-Mansiysk Court confirms Hizb ut-Tahrir activist's sentence]
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6358693.stm 'Big three' to hold Delhi talks]
[http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/54871/terrorism-in-russia#index/0 Terrorism in Russia] – slideshow by Life magazine

{{Asia topic |Terrorism in|IL=Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}

Russia

Category:Human rights abuses in Russia