white nationalism#white power

According to Merriam-Webster, the first documented use of the term "white nationalist" was 1951, to refer to a member of a militant group that espouses white supremacy and racial segregation.{{cite web |title=white nationalist – noun |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/white%20nationalist |website=merriam-webster.com |access-date=15 May 2019}} Merriam-Webster also notes usage of the two-word phrase as early as 1925.{{cite news |title=Trending: Nationalists, Of The 'White' And 'Supremacist' Variety |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/news-trend-watch/nationalists-of-the-white-and-supremacist-variety-20170812 |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=15 May 2020 |language=en}} According to Dictionary.com, the term was first used in the title of a 1948 essay by South African writer and ecologist Thomas Chalmers Robertson titled Racism Comes to Power in South Africa: The Threat of White Nationalism.{{Cite web |title=white nationalism |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/white-nationalism |access-date=2022-08-06 |website=Dictionary.com |language=en}}

According to Daryl Johnson, a former counterterrorism expert at the Department of Homeland Security, the term was used to appear more credible while also avoiding negative stereotypes about white supremacists. Modern members of racist organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan generally favor the term and avoid self-describing as white supremacist.{{cite news |last1=Reeves |first1=Jay |title=KKK, other racist groups disavow the white supremacist label |url=https://www.apnews.com/b0256e138327481ebcba6e23e2d03957 |access-date=15 May 2019 |work=AP NEWS |date=10 December 2016 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329062547/https://apnews.com/b0256e138327481ebcba6e23e2d03957 |url-status=dead }}

Some sociologists have used white nationalism as an umbrella term for a range of white supremacist groups and ideologies, while others regard these movements as distinct. Analysis suggests that two groups largely overlap in terms of membership, ideology, and goals.{{cite book |last1=Hughey |first1=Matthew |title=White bound : nationalists, antiracists, and the shared meanings of race |date=2012 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804783316 |page=197}} Civil rights groups have described the two terms as functionally interchangeable. Ryan Lenz of the Southern Poverty Law Center has said "there is really no difference",{{cite news |last1=Durkee |first1=Alison |title=White supremacy vs. white nationalism: Here are the differences between the far-right factions |url=https://www.mic.com/articles/183739/white-supremacy-vs-white-nationalism-here-are-the-differences-between-the-far-right-factions |access-date=15 May 2019 |work=Mic |date=14 August 2017 |language=en}}{{br}}Durkee cites: {{cite news |title=White Nationalist vs. White Supremacist: What Is the Difference? |url=http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc-news/watch/white-nationalist-vs-white-supremacist-what-is-the-difference-1023746627646 |access-date=15 May 2019 |work=MSNBC.com |date=13 August 2017 |language=en}} and Kristen Clarke of the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law has said "There is no defensible distinction that can be drawn between white supremacy, white nationalism or white separatism in society today." News reports will sometimes refer to a group or movement by one term or the other, or both interchangeably.

White nationalists claim that culture is a product of race, and advocate for the self-preservation of white people.{{cite journal|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|title=The Hispanic challenge|url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2004/03/01/the_hispanic_challenge?page=full|journal=Foreign Policy|date=March–April 2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411084006/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2004/03/01/the_hispanic_challenge?page=full|archivedate=11 April 2010|url-status=dead|doi=10.2307/4147547|pages=30–45|number=141|jstor=4147547 }} White nationalists seek to ensure the survival of the white race, and the cultures of historically white nations. They hold that white people should maintain their majority in mainly-white countries, maintain their dominance of its political and economic life, and that their culture should be foremost. Many white nationalists believe that miscegenation, multiculturalism, mass immigration of non-whites and low birth rates among whites are threatening the white race, and some argue that it amounts to white genocide.

Political scientist Samuel P. Huntington described white nationalists as arguing that the demographic shift in the United States towards non-whites would bring a new culture that is intellectually and morally inferior. White nationalists claim that this demographic shift brings affirmative action, immigrant ghettos and declining educational standards.Despite new leaders, and with them new tactics and new ideas, the goal of white separatists remains to convince Americans that racial separation is the only way to survive. National Public Radio (14 August 2003) Most American white nationalists say immigration should be restricted to people of European ancestry.Dating the White Way Newsweek 9 August 2004{{citation | last = Zeskind | first = Leonard | contribution = Prolegomena to the future, 2001–2004 | editor-last = Zeskind | editor-first = Leonard | title = Blood and politics: the history of the white nationalist movement from the margins to the mainstream | page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780374109035/page/526 526] | publisher = Farrar, Straus and Giroux | location = New York | year = 2009 | isbn = 9780374109035 | postscript = . | url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780374109035/page/526 }}{{citation | last = Schumaker | first = Paul | contribution = Questions of citizenship | editor-last = Schumaker | editor-first = Paul | title = From ideologies to public philosophies: an introduction to political theory | page = 254 | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | location = Malden, Massachusetts | year = 2008 | isbn = 9781405168359 | postscript = .}}

White nationalists embrace a variety of religious and non-religious beliefs, including various denominations of Christianity, generally Protestant, although some specifically overlap with white nationalist ideology (Christian Identity, for example, is a family of white supremacist denominations), Germanic neopaganism (e.g. Wotanism) and atheism.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBgn3xB75ZcC&pg=PA129|title=The World's Religions: Continuities and Transformations|first1=Peter B.|last1=Clarke|first2=Peter|last2=Beyer|date=7 May 2009|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781135211004|access-date=20 August 2020|via=Google Books}}

Most white nationalists define white people in a restricted way. In the United States, it often—though not exclusively—implies European ancestry of non-Jewish descent. Some white nationalists draw on 19th-century racial taxonomy. White nationalist Jared Taylor has argued that Jews can be considered "white", although this is controversial within white nationalist circles.{{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2006/schism-over-anti-semitism-divides-key-white-nationalist-group-american-renaissance|title=Schism over Anti-Semitism Divides Key White Nationalist Group|publisher=Intelligence Report|date=Summer 2006|access-date=22 February 2018|author=Potok, Mark|author2=Beirich, Heidi}} Many white nationalists oppose Israel and Zionism, while some, such as William Daniel Johnson and Taylor, have expressed support for Israel and have drawn parallels between their ideology and Zionism.{{cite news | last = Greenberg | first = Brad A. | url = http://www.jewishjournal.com/los_angeles/article/racism_colors_judicial_bid_20080528/ | title = Racism colors judicial bid: Candidate Bill Johnson advocates deportation of 'non-whites' | work = The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles | publisher = TRIBE Media Corp. | date = 29 May 2008 | access-date = 6 August 2011 | archive-date = 5 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305024750/http://www.jewishjournal.com/los_angeles/article/racism_colors_judicial_bid_20080528/ | url-status = dead }}{{cite web|last1=Sheen|first1=David|title=American White separatist finds shared values with Israel|url=http://muftah.org/american-white-separatist-finds-shared-values-with-israel/#.Vc_8g_mcGUk|website=muftah.org|publisher=Muftah|access-date=16 August 2015|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925134742/https://muftah.org/american-white-separatist-finds-shared-values-with-israel/#.Vc_8g_mcGUk|url-status=dead}} Other white nationalists such as George Lincoln Rockwell exclude Jews from the definition but include Turks, who are a transcontinental ethnicity.{{cite book |editor1-last=Perry |editor1-first=Barbara |editor2-last=Iganski |editor2-first=Paul |title=Hate crimes. Vol. 2: The consequences of hate crime |date=2009 |publisher=Praeger Publishers |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=9780275995690|oclc=1096188504|page=110}}

White nationalist definitions of race are derived from the fallacy of racial essentialism, which presumes that people can be meaningfully categorized into different races by biology or appearance. White nationalism and white supremacy view race as a hierarchy of biologically discrete groups. This has led to the use of often contradictory obsolete racial categories such as Aryanism, Nordicism, or the one-drop rule.{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Todd Cameron |last2=DeSipio |first2=Louis |last3=Pinderhughes |first3=Dianne |last4=Travis |first4=Toni-Michelle C. |title=Uneven roads : an introduction to U.S. racial and ethnic politics |date=2018 |publisher=CQ Press |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=9781506371740 |edition=Second |chapter=Introduction, et al.|access-date=8 April 2021 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kiAyDwAAQBAJ}}{{cite book |last1=Sussman |first1=Robert Wald |title=The Myth of Race |date=6 October 2014 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-74530-8 |page=304 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKsBBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA304 |access-date=8 April 2021 |language=en}} Since the second half of the 20th century, attempts to categorize humans by race have become increasingly seen as largely pseudoscientific.

The White Australia policy was semi-official government policy in Australia until the mid twentieth century. It restricted non-white immigration to Australia and gave preference to British migrants over all others.

The Barton government, which won the first elections following the Federation of Australia in 1901, was formed by the Protectionist Party with the support of the Australian Labor Party (ALP). The support of the Labor Party was contingent upon restricting non-white immigration, reflecting the attitudes of the Australian Workers' Union and other labor organizations at the time, upon whose support the Labor Party was founded. The first Parliament of Australia quickly moved to restrict immigration to maintain Australia's "British character", passing the Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901 and the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 before parliament rose for its first Christmas recess. The Immigration Restriction Act limited immigration to Australia and required a person seeking entry to Australia to write out a passage of 50 words dictated to them in any European language, not necessarily English, at the discretion of an immigration officer. Barton argued in favour of the bill: "The doctrine of the equality of man was never intended to apply to the equality of the Englishman and the Chinaman."{{cite book | last = Kendall | first = Timothy | title = Within China's Orbit: China through the eyes of the Australian Parliament | publisher = Australian Parliamentary Library }} The passage chosen for the test could often be very difficult, so that even if the test was given in English, a person was likely to fail. The test enabled immigration officials to exclude individuals on the basis of race without explicitly saying so. Although the test could theoretically be given to any person arriving in Australia, in practice it was given selectively on the basis of race. This test was later abolished in 1958.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

Australian Prime Minister Stanley Bruce supported the White Australia policy, and made it an issue in his campaign for the 1925 Australian federal election.

{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/ |title=Policy Launch Speech: Stanley Bruce, Prime Minister |access-date=24 January 2008 |date=26 October 1925 |format=PDF |newspaper=The Age |page=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210075554/http://www.theage.com.au/ |archive-date=10 February 2008 |location=Melbourne |url-status=dead }}

It is necessary that we should determine what are the ideals towards which every Australian would desire to strive. I think those ideals might well be stated as being to secure our national safety, and to ensure the maintenance of our White Australia Policy to continue as an integral portion of the British Empire. We intend to keep this country white and not allow its peoples to be faced with the problems that at present are practically insoluble in many parts of the world.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywV16n6mOUUC&pg=PA301|title=The Great Barrier Reef: History, Science, Heritage|first1=James|last1=Bowen|first2=Margarita|last2=Bowen|date=Nov 8, 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139440646|access-date=Aug 20, 2020|via=Google Books}}

At the beginning of World War II, Prime Minister John Curtin (ALP) expressed support for White Australia policy: "This country shall remain forever the home of the descendants of those people who came here in peace in order to establish in the South Seas an outpost of the British race."{{cite web|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20060901105340/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/08abolition.htm | archive-date = 1 September 2006|url= http://www.immi.gov.au/media/fact-sheets/08abolition.htm|title=Abolition of the 'White Australia' Policy|publisher=Australian Department of Immigration|access-date =14 June 2006}}

Another (ALP) Leader of the Labor Party from 1960 to 1967 Arthur Calwell supported the White European Australia policy. This is reflected by Calwell's comments in his 1972 memoirs, Be Just and Fear Not, in which he made it clear that he maintained his view that non-European people should not be allowed to settle in Australia. He wrote:

I am proud of my white skin, just as a Chinese is proud of his yellow skin, a Japanese of his brown skin, and the Indians of their various hues from black to coffee-coloured. Anybody who is not proud of his race is not a man at all. And any man who tries to stigmatize the Australian community as racist because they want to preserve this country for the white race is doing our nation great harm{{nbsp}}... I reject, in conscience, the idea that Australia should or ever can become a multi-racial society and survive.Calwell, Be Just and Fear Not, 117

He was the last leader of either the Labour or Liberal party to support it.

The Parliament of Canada passed the Chinese Immigration Act of 1923 to bar all Chinese from coming to Canada with the exception of diplomats, students, and those granted special permission by the Minister of Immigration. Chinese immigration to Canada had already been heavily regulated by the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 which required Chinese immigrants to pay a $50 fee to enter the country (the fee was increased to one hundred dollars in 1900 and to five hundred dollars in 1903).{{cite web | title = Chinese Immigration Act 1885, c. 71 |url = http://www.asian.ca/law/cia1885.htm | website = asian.ca | publisher = Asian Canadian – Law Centre | date = 20 July 1855 }} Groups such as the Asiatic Exclusion League, which had formed in Vancouver, British Columbia, on 12 August 1907 under the auspices of the Trades and Labour Council, pressured Parliament to halt Asian immigration.{{Cite book|title=A Tragedy of Democracy: Japanese Confinement in North America|last=Robinson|first=Greg|date=2009|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231129220|location=New York|pages=15}} The Exclusion League's stated aim was "to keep Oriental immigrants out of British Columbia."Vancouver News-Advertiser, 7 September 1907.

The Canadian government also attempted to restrict immigration from British India by passing an order-in-council on 8 January 1908.{{Cite book|title=Righting Canada's Wrongs: The Komagata Maru: and Canada's Anti-Indian Immigration Policies in the Twentieth Century|last=Hickman|first=Pamela|date=30 April 2014|publisher=James Lorimer & Company Ltd., Publishers|isbn=9781459404373|location=Toronto|pages=42}} It prohibited immigration of persons who "in the opinion of the Minister of the Interior" did not "come from the country of their birth or citizenship by a continuous journey and or through tickets purchased before leaving their country of their birth or nationality." In practice, this applied only to ships that began their voyages in India, because the great distance usually necessitated a stopover in either Japan or Hawaii. These regulations came at a time when Canada was accepting massive numbers of immigrants (over 400,000 in 1913 alone), almost all of whom came from Europe. This piece of legislation has been called the "continuous journey regulation".

The Thule Society developed out of the "Germanic Order" in 1918, and those who wanted to join the Order in 1917 had to sign a special "blood declaration of faith" concerning their lineage: "The signer hereby swears to the best of his knowledge and belief that no Jewish or coloured blood flows in either his or in his wife's veins, and that among their ancestors are no members of the coloured races."Rudolf von Sebottendorff, Bevor Hitler kam, 1933, p. 42 (original: "Blutbekenntnis": "Unterzeichner versichert nach bestem Wissen und Gewissen, daß in seinen und seiner Frau Adern kein jüdisches oder farbiges Blut fließe und daß sich unter den Vorfahren auch keine Angehörigen der farbigen Rassen befinden.") Heinrich Himmler, one of the main perpetrators of the Holocaust, said in a speech in 1937: "The next decades do in fact not mean some struggle of foreign politics which Germany can overcome or not{{nbsp}}... but a question of to be or not to be for the white race{{nbsp}}...""Die nächsten Jahrzehnte bedeuten nicht etwa irgendeine Auseinandersetzung außenpolitischer Art, die Deutschland bestehen kann oder nicht bestehen kann, sondern{{nbsp}}... sie bedeuten das Sein oder Nichtsein des weißen Menschen,{{nbsp}}...", Sammelheft ausgewählter Vorträge und Reden (Collection of chosen Talks and Speeches), Franz Eher Nachfolger (main Nazi publishing house), Berlin, 1939, p. 145, "Wesen und Aufgabe der SS und der Polizei, 1937" (Nature and Purpose of the SS and the Police, 1937). As the Nazi ideologist Alfred Rosenberg said on 29 May 1938 on the Steckelburg in Schlüchtern: "It is however certain that all of us share the fate of Europe, and that we shall regard this common fate as an obligation, because in the end the very existence of White people depends on the unity of the European continent.""Trotzdem aber bleibt bestehen, daß wir alle unter dem gleichen Schicksal Europas stehen, und daß wir dieses gemeinsame Schicksal als Verpflichtung empfinden müssen, weil am Ende die Existenz des weißen Menschen überhaupt von dieser Einheit des europäischen Kontinents abhängt." Feier anläßlich des 450. Geburtstages von Hutten, 29 May 1938

At the same time, the Nazi Party subdivided white people into groups, viewing the Nordics as the "master race" (Herrenvolk) above groups like Alpine and Mediterranean peoples.Hate Crimes, volume 2 Barbara Perry, p. 110 Slavic peoples, such as Russians and Poles, were considered Untermenschen (subhumans) instead of Aryan.Revisiting the National Socialist Legacy: Coming to Terms With Forced Labor, Expropriation, Compensation, and Restitution p. 84 Oliver Rathkolb Adolf Hitler's conception of the Aryan Herrenvolk ("Aryan master race") explicitly excluded the vast majority of Slavs, regarding the Slavs as having dangerous Jewish and Asiatic influences.{{cite book | last = Mineau | first = André | contribution = The conceptualization of ideology | editor-last = Mineau | editor-first = André | title = Operation Barbarossa: ideology and ethics against human dignity | pages = 34–36 | publisher = Rodopi | location = Amsterdam New York | year = 2004 | isbn = 9789042016330 }} The Nazis, because of this, declared Slavs to be Untermenschen.{{citation|last1=Gumkowski |first1=Janusz |last2=Leszczynski |first2=Kazimierz |last3=Robert |first3=Edward (translator) |contribution=Poland under Nazi occupation |editor-last1=Gumkowski |editor-first1=Janusz |editor-last2=Leszczynski |editor-first2=Kazimierz |editor-last3=Robert |editor-first3=Edward (translator) |url=http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm |title=Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe |page=219 |publisher=Polonia Publishing House |edition=1st |year=1961 |asin=B0006BXJZ6 |access-date=12 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409034704/http://www.dac.neu.edu/holocaust/Hitlers_Plans.htm |archive-date=9 April 2011 }}{{citation | last = Thorne | first = Steve | contribution = Us and them | editor-last = Thorne | editor-first = Steve | title = The language of war | page = [https://archive.org/details/languageofwar0000thor/page/38 38] | publisher = Routledge | location = London New York | year = 2006 | isbn = 9780203006597 | postscript = . |url = https://archive.org/details/languageofwar0000thor/page/38 }} Hitler described Slavs as "a mass of born slaves who feel the need of a master".{{citation | last = Perry | first = Marvin | contribution = The era of totalitarianism | editor-last = Perry | editor-first = Marvin | title = Western civilization: a brief history | page = 468 | publisher = Houghton Mifflin | location = Boston, Massachusetts | year = 2001 | isbn = 9781111837198 | edition = 10th | postscript = .}} Hitler declared that because Slavs were subhumans that the Geneva Conventions were not applicable to them, and German soldiers in World War II were thus permitted to ignore the Geneva Conventions in regard to Slavs.{{citation | last = Nelson | first = Anne | contribution = Other worlds | editor-last = Nelson | editor-first = Anne | title = Red Orchestra: the story of the Berlin underground and the circle of friends who resisted Hitler | page = [https://archive.org/details/redorchestrastor00anne/page/212 212] | publisher = Random House | location = New York | year = 2009 | isbn = 9781400060009 | postscript = . |url = https://archive.org/details/redorchestrastor00anne/page/212 }} Hitler called Slavs "a rabbit family" meaning they were intrinsically idle and disorganized.{{citation | last = Downing | first = David | contribution = Wednesday 19 November | editor-last = Downing | editor-first = David | title = Sealing their fate: the twenty-two days that decided World War II | page = [https://archive.org/details/sealingtheirfate0000down/page/48 48] | publisher = Da Capo Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | year = 2009 | isbn = 9780306816208 | postscript = . |url = https://archive.org/details/sealingtheirfate0000down/page/48 }} Nazi Germany's propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels had media speak of Slavs as primitive animals who were from the Siberian tundra who were like a "dark wave of filth".{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&pg=PA259|title=Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture|first=Lucien|last=Ellington|date=20 August 2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576078006|access-date=20 August 2020|via=Google Books}} The Nazi notion of Slavs being inferior was part of the agenda for creating Lebensraum ("living space") for Germans and other Germanic people in Central and Eastern Europe that was initiated during World War II under {{lang|de|Generalplan Ost}}, millions of Germans and other Germanic settlers would be moved into conquered territories of Eastern Europe, while the original Slavic inhabitants were to be exterminated and enslaved.{{citation | last = Bendersky | first = Joseph W. | contribution = The Führer as statesman: ideology and foreign policy | editor-last = Bendersky | editor-first = Joseph W. | title = A concise history of Nazi Germany | pages = 161–62 | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. | location = Lanham, Maryland | year = 2007 | isbn = 9780742553637 | edition = 3rd | postscript = .}} Nazi Germany's ally the Independent State of Croatia rejected the common conception that Croats were primarily a Slavic people and claimed that Croats were primarily the descendants of the Germanic Goths.{{citation | last = Norman | first = Rich | contribution = Yugoslavia: Croatia | editor-last = Rich | editor-first = Norman | title = Hitler's war aims: the establishment of the new order | pages = 276–277 | publisher = W.W. Norton & Company Inc. | location = New York | year = 1973 | isbn = 9780393055092 | postscript = .}} However the Nazi regime continued to classify Croats as "subhuman" in spite of the alliance.{{cite book | last = Davies | first = Norman | title = Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory | pages = 167, 209 | publisher = Pan Macmillan | year = 2008 | title-link = Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory }}

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Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán stated in 2018 that "we do not want to be diverse and do not want to be mixed: we do not want our own colour, traditions and national culture to be mixed with those of others."Orbán, Viktor. (8 February 2018.) "[https://miniszterelnok.hu/prime-minister-viktor-orbans-speech-at-the-annual-general-meeting-of-the-association-of-cities-with-county-rights/ Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s speech at the annual general meeting of the Association of Cities with County Rights]". Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister. Retrieved 20 August 2022. In 2022, he stated that "we do not want to become peoples of mixed-race," praising The Camp of the Saints and referring specifically to the admixture of Europeans and non-European migrants, commenting that racially mixed countries "are no longer nations."Orbán, Viktor. (23 July 2022.) "[https://miniszterelnok.hu/speech-by-prime-minister-viktor-orban-at-the-31st-balvanyos-summer-free-university-and-student-camp/ Speech by Prime Minister Viktor Orbán at the 31st Bálványos Summer Free University and Student Camp]". Cabinet Office of the Prime Minister. Retrieved 20 August 2022. Two days later in Vienna, he clarified that he was talking about cultures and not about race.{{Cite web |title=Hegedüs Zsuzsa szerint Orbán Bécsben "korrigált", ő azonban távozik a posztjáról |url=https://www.szabadeuropa.hu/a/hegedus-zsuzsa-szerint-orban-becsben-korrigalt-o-azonban-tavozik-a-posztjarol/31965450.html |date= 29 July 2022 |first1= Fazekas |last1=Pálma |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=Szabadeuropa|language=hu}} Laura Barrón-López of PBS described his ideology as white nationalist.Barrón-López, Laura. (5 August 2022.) "[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/americas-far-right-embraces-hungarys-autocratic-president America's far-right embraces Hungary's autocratic president]". PBS. Retrieved 20 August 2022. White nationalists of the American alt-right and the European identitarian movements enthusiastically support Orbán's policies. Some have personally migrated there and collaborated with the political party Jobbik.Schaeffer, Carol. (28 May 2017.) "[https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/05/how-hungary-became-a-haven-for-the-alt-right/527178/ How Hungary Became a Haven for the Alt-Right]". The Atlantic. Retrieved 20 August 2022.

Following the example of anti-Chinese poll taxes enacted by California in 1852 and by Australian states in the 1850s, 1860s and 1870s, John Hall's government passed the Chinese Immigration Act 1881. This imposed a £10 tax per Chinese person entering the Colony of New Zealand, and permitted only one Chinese immigrant for every 10 tons of cargo. Richard Seddon's government increased the tax to £100 per head in 1896, and tightened the other restriction to only one Chinese immigrant for every 200 tons of cargo.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

The Immigration Restriction Act of 1899 prohibited the entry of immigrants who were not of British or Irish parentage and who were unable to fill out an application form in "any European language".{{cite web | last = Beaglehole | first = Ann | title = Story: Immigration regulation – 1881–1914: restrictions on Chinese and others |url = http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/immigration-regulation/2 | publisher = Te Ara – Encyclopedia of New Zealand | date = 1 Aug 2015 |orig-date=8 Feb 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521191759/https://teara.govt.nz/en/immigration-regulation/page-2 |archive-date= 21 May 2023 }} The Immigration Restriction Amendment Act 1920 aimed to further limit Asian immigration into the Dominion of New Zealand by requiring all potential immigrants not of British or Irish parentage to apply in writing for a permit to enter the country. The Minister of Customs had the discretion to determine whether any applicant was "suitable". Prime Minister William Massey asserted that the act was "the result of a deep seated sentiment on the part of a huge majority of the people of this country that this Dominion shall be what is often called a 'white' New Zealand."New Zealand Parliamentary Debates, 14 September 1920, p. 905.

One case of a well known opponent of non-European immigration to New Zealand is that of white supremacist Lionel Terry who, after traveling widely to South Africa, British Columbia and finally New Zealand and publishing a book highly critical of capitalism and Asian immigration, shot and killed an elderly Chinese immigrant in Wellington. Terry was convicted of murder in 1905 and sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted to life incarceration in New Zealand psychiatric institutions.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

A Department of External Affairs memorandum in 1953 stated: "Our immigration is based firmly on the principle that we are and intend to remain a country of European development. It is inevitably discriminatory against Asians—indeed against all persons who are not wholly of European race and colour. Whereas we have done much to encourage immigration from Europe, we do everything to discourage it from Asia."Quoted in Stuart William Greif, ed., Immigration and national identity in New Zealand: one people, two peoples, many peoples? Palmerston North: Dunmore, 1995, p. 39.

In Paraguay, the New Australian Movement founded New Australia, a white supremacist utopian socialist settlement in 1893. Its founder, William Lane, intended the settlement to be based on a "common-hold" instead of a commonwealth, life marriage, teetotalism, communism and a brotherhood of Anglophone white people and the preservation of the "colour-line". The colony was officially founded as Colonia Nueva Australia and comprised 238 adults and children.{{cite web|url=http://nationaltreasures.nla.gov.au/index/Treasures/item/nla.int-ex7-s10/nla.int-ex7-s10|title=Cosme and New Australia colonies|work=National Library of Australia|access-date=27 July 2006}}

In July 1893, the first ship left Sydney, Australia for Paraguay, where the government was keen to get white settlers, and had offered the group a large area of good land. The settlement had been described as a refuge for misfits, failures and malcontents of the left wing of Australian democracy.Australian Encyclopaedia Volume 2, p. 191, Angus and Robertson Limited, 1926 Notable Australian individuals who joined the colony included Mary Gilmore, Rose Summerfield and Gilbert Stephen Casey. Summerfield was the mother of León Cadogan, a noted Paraguayan ethnologist.

Due to poor management and a conflict over the prohibition of alcohol, the government of Paraguay eventually dissolved New Australia as a cooperative. Some colonists founded communes elsewhere in Paraguay but others returned to Australia or moved to England. {{as of|2008}}, around 2,000 descendants of the New Australia colonists still lived in Paraguay.{{Cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/content/2006/s1740393.htm |title=Paraguay Aussies |publisher=ABC Television |work=Final Story, Series 16, Episode 12 |date=26 September 2006 |author=Eric Campbell |access-date=19 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113093523/http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/content/2006/s1740393.htm |archive-date=13 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/2Fbt9QiLWWc Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20100723104748/http://www.youtube.com//watch?v=2Fbt9QiLWWc Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite video |title=Paraguay Aussies – Peru |date=26 September 2006 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Fbt9QiLWWc |publisher=Journeyman Pictures / ABC}}{{cbignore}}

{{Main|Afrikaner nationalism}}

In South Africa, white nationalism was championed by the National Party starting in 1914, when it was established as a political party to represent Afrikaners after the Second Boer War by J. B. M. Hertzog in 1914.{{Cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Nancy |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317220336 |title=South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid |last2=Worger |first2=William |date=2016-06-17 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-62156-2 |edition=3 |location=New York |pages=26 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315621562}}Apartheid-era party is ending its existence, The International Herald Tribune 9 August 2004Kani explores a post-apartheid world on stage. ABC Transcripts (Australia: 11 May 2005) It articulated a policy promoting white "civilised labour" above African "swart gevaar," and some radical nationalist movements such as the Afrikaner Broederbond, D. F. Malan's Purified National Party, and Oswald Pirow's New Order openly sympathized with Nazi Germany. In 1948, the Reunited National Party under Malan won the South African general election against the more moderate United Party and implemented the segregationist social system known as apartheid.{{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016|pp=27-43}}

The Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act, 1959 established homelands (sometimes pejoratively referred to as Bantustans) for ten different black African tribes. The ultimate goal of the National Party was to move all Black South Africans into one of these homelands (although they might continue to work in South Africa as "guest workers"), leaving what was left of South Africa (about 87 percent of the land area) with what would then be a White South African majority, at least on paper. As the homelands were seen by the apartheid government as embryonic independent nations, all Black South Africans were registered as citizens of the homelands, not of the nation as a whole, and were expected to exercise their political rights only in the homelands. Accordingly, the three token parliamentary seats that had been reserved for White representatives of black South Africans in Cape Province were scrapped. The other three provinces—Transvaal, the Orange Free State, and Natal—had never allowed any Black representation.

Coloureds were removed from the Common Roll of Cape Province in 1953. Instead of voting for the same representatives as white South Africans, they could now only vote for four White representatives to speak for them. Later, in 1968, the Coloureds were disenfranchised altogether. In the place of the four parliamentary seats, a partially elected body was set up to advise the government in an amendment to the Separate Representation of Voters Act.

During the 1960s, 1970s, and early 1980s, the government implemented a policy of "resettlement", to force people to move to their designated "group areas". Millions of people were forced to relocate during this period. These removals included people relocated due to slum clearance programs, labour tenants on White-owned farms, the inhabitants of the so-called "black spots", areas of Black owned land surrounded by White farms, the families of workers living in townships close to the homelands, and "surplus people" from urban areas, including thousands of people from the Western Cape (which was declared a "Coloured Labour Preference Area"){{cite journal | last = Western | first = J. | title = A divided city: Cape Town | journal = Political Geography | volume = 21 | issue = 5 | pages = 711–16 | doi = 10.1016/S0962-6298(02)00016-1 | date = June 2002 }} who were moved to the Transkei and Ciskei homelands. The best-publicised forced removals of the 1950s occurred in Johannesburg, when 60,000 people were moved to the new township of Soweto, an abbreviation for South Western Townships.{{cite web |title=From the Western Areas to Soweto: forced removals |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/places/villages/gauteng/soweto/history3.htm |access-date=7 January 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080117170427/http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/places/villages/gauteng/soweto/history3.htm |archive-date = 17 January 2008}}{{Cite news |title=Toby Street Blues | newspaper=Time Magazine |date=21 February 1955 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,892971,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117190333/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,892971,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 January 2008 }}

Until 1955, Sophiatown had been one of the few urban areas where Blacks were allowed to own land, and was slowly developing into a multiracial slum. As industry in Johannesburg grew, Sophiatown became the home of a rapidly expanding black workforce, as it was convenient and close to town. It could also boast the only swimming pool for Black children in Johannesburg.{{cite book|author=Martin Meredith|title=Mandela: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OsUXdCxt0WUC&pg=PT95|date=1 April 2010|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-84739-933-5|page=95}} As one of the oldest black settlements in Johannesburg, Sophiatown held an almost symbolic importance for the 50,000 Blacks it contained, both in terms of its sheer vibrancy and its unique culture.{{tone inline|date=March 2014}} Despite a vigorous African National Congress protest campaign and worldwide publicity, the removal of Sophiatown began on 9 February 1955 under the Western Areas Removal Scheme. In the early hours, heavily armed police entered Sophiatown to force residents out of their homes and load their belongings onto government trucks. The residents were taken to a large tract of land, {{convert|13|mi|km|spell=in}} from the city center, known as Meadowlands (that the government had purchased in 1953). Meadowlands became part of a new planned Black city called Soweto. The Sophiatown slum was destroyed by bulldozers, and a new White suburb named Triomf (Triumph) was built in its place. This pattern of forced removal and destruction was to repeat itself over the next few years, and was not limited to people of African descent. Forced removals from areas like Cato Manor (Mkhumbane) in Durban, and District Six in Cape Town, where 55,000 coloured and Indian people were forced to move to new townships on the Cape Flats, were carried out under the Group Areas Act 1950. Ultimately, nearly 600,000 coloured, Indian and Chinese people were moved in terms of the Group Areas Act. Some 40,000 White people were also forced to move when land was transferred from "White South Africa" into the Black homelands.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

Before South Africa became a republic, politics among white South Africans was typified by the division between the chiefly Afrikaans-speaking pro-republic conservative and the largely English-speaking anti-republican liberal sentiments, with the legacy of the Boer War still constituting a political factor for sections of the white populace.Muller (1975), p. 508. Once South Africa's status as a republic was attained, Hendrik Verwoerd called for improved relations and greater accord between the two groups.Booth, Douglas (1998). The race game: sport and politics in South Africa. Routledge. p. 89. He claimed that the only difference now was between those who supported apartheid and those who stood in opposition to it. The ethnic divide would no longer be between white Afrikaans-speakers and English-speakers, but rather White and Black South Africans. Most Afrikaners supported the notion of unanimity of White people to ensure their safety. Anglophone white South Africans voters were divided. Many had opposed a republic, leading to a majority "no" vote in Natal.Thompson, Paul Singer (1990). Natalians first: separatism in South Africa, 1909–1961. Southern Book Publishers. p. 167. Later, however, some of them recognized the perceived need for White unity, convinced by the growing trend of decolonization elsewhere in Africa, which left them apprehensive. Harold Macmillan's "Wind of Change" pronouncement lead the Anglophone white South African population to perceive that the British government had abandoned them.Joyce, Peter (2007). The making of a nation: South Africa's road to freedom. Zebra. p. 118. The more conservative Anglophones gave support to Verwoerd; others were troubled by the severing of ties with Britain and remained loyal to the Crown.Suzman, Helen (1993). In no uncertain terms: a South African memoir. Knopf. p. 35.Keppel-Jones, Arthur (1975). South Africa: a short history. Hutchinson. p. 132. They were acutely displeased at the choice between British and South African nationality. Although Verwoerd tried to bond these different blocs, the subsequent ballot illustrated only a minor swell of support, indicating that a great many Anglophones remained apathetic and that Verwoerd had not succeeded in uniting the White population in South Africa.Lacour-Gayet, Robert (1977). A history of South Africa. Cassell. p. 311.

The Black Homeland Citizenship Act of 1970 was a denaturalization law passed during the apartheid era of South Africa that changed the status of the inhabitants of the Bantustans (Black homelands) so that they were no longer citizens of South Africa. The aim was to ensure that white South Africans came to make up the majority of the de jure population.

File:Birth of a Nation theatrical poster.jpg (1915)]]

The Naturalization Act of 1790 ({{USStat|1|103}}) provided the first rules to be followed by the United States government in granting national citizenship. This law limited naturalization to immigrants who were "free white persons" of "good moral character." In 1856, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the Dred Scott v. Sandford decision that free blacks descended from slaves could not hold United States citizenship even if they had been born in the country.{{Cite web |title=Dred Scott v. Sandford |url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1850-1900/60us393 |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=Oyez |language=en}} Major changes to this racial requirement for US citizenship did not occur until the years following the American Civil War. In 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed to grant birthright citizenship to black people born in the US, but it specifically excluded untaxed Indians, because they were separate nations. However, citizenship for other non-whites born in the US was not settled until 1898 with United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649, which concluded with an important precedent in its interpretation of the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This racial definition of American citizenship has had consequences for perceptions of American identity.{{cite journal | last1 = Devos | first1 = Thierry | last2 = Banaji | first2 = Mahzarin R.| title = American = White? | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 88 | issue = 3 | pages = 447–66 | doi = 10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.447 | pmid = 15740439 | date = March 2005 }} [http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~mrbworks/articles/manuscripts/devos_american.pdf Pdf.]

In a 4 January 1848 speech to the Senate regarding the issue of whether or not to annex the entirety of Mexico after the Mexican-American war, John C. Calhoun of South Carolina said, "I know further, sir, that we have never dreamt of incorporating into our Union any but the Caucasian race—the free white race. To incorporate Mexico, would be the very first instance of the kind of incorporating an Indian race; for more than half of the Mexicans are Indians, and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes. I protest against such a union as that! Ours, sir, is the Government of a white race."{{cite book |editor-last=Wilson |editor-first=Clyde N. |editor-last2=Bright Cook |editor-first2=Shirley |date=1999 |title=The Papers of John C. Calhoun: Volume XXV, 1847-1848 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BilSukogRh4C&dq=%22We+have+never+dreamt+of+incorporating+into+our+Union+any+but+the+Caucasian+race%22&pg=PA64 |location= |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |page=64 |chapter= |language= |isbn=1-57003-306-4}}

Following the defeat of the Confederate States of America and the abolition of slavery in the United States at the end of the American Civil War, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was founded as an insurgent group with the goal of maintaining the Southern racial system throughout the Reconstruction Era. The creation of this group was able to instill fear in African Americans while, in some cases, filling white Americans with pride in their race and reassurance in the fact that they will stay 'on top'. The message they gave to people around them was that, even though the Confederate States did not exist anymore, the same principle remained in their minds: whites were superior. Although the first incarnation of the KKK was focused on maintaining the Antebellum South, its second incarnation in the 1915-1940s period was much more oriented towards white nationalism and American nativism, with slogans such as "One Hundred Percent Americanism" and "America for Americans", in which "Americans" were understood to be white and Protestant. The 1915 film The Birth of a Nation is an example of an allegorical invocation of white nationalism during this time, and its positive portrayal of the first KKK is considered to be one of the factors which led to the emergence of the second KKK.In its darkness, 'Kong' shows the human heart. Newsday (New York: 15 December 2005)

The second KKK was founded in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1915 and, starting in 1921, it adopted a modern business system of recruiting. The organization grew rapidly nationwide at a time of prosperity. Reflecting the social tensions of urban industrialization and vastly increased immigration, its membership grew most rapidly in cities and spread out of the South to the Midwest and West. The second KKK called for strict morality and better enforcement of prohibition. Its rhetoric promoted anti-Catholicism and nativism.Pegram, Thomas R., One Hundred Percent American: The Rebirth and Decline of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s (2011), pp. 47–88. Some local groups took part in attacks on private houses and carried out other violent activities. The violent episodes were generally in the South.Jackson, Kenneth T., The Ku Klux Klan in the City, 1915–1930 (Oxford University Press, 1967; 1992 edition).

File:Ku Klux Klan members march down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C. in 1928.jpg

The second KKK was a formal fraternal organization, with a national and state structure. At its peak in the mid-1920s, the organization claimed to include about 15% of the nation's eligible population, approximately 4 to 5 million men. Internal divisions, criminal behavior by leaders, and external opposition brought about a collapse in membership, which had dropped to about 30,000 by 1930. It faded away in the 1940s.Lay, Shawn. "Ku Klux Klan in the Twentieth Century", The New Georgia Encyclopedia (Coker College).

Starting in the 1960s, white nationalism grew in the US as the conservative movement developed in mainstream society."Black Politics are in a Black Hole", Newsday (New York, 14 January 2005) Samuel P. Huntington argues that it developed as a reaction to a perceived decline in the essence of American identity as European, Anglo-Protestant and English-speaking."Bush and Kerry Show Opposing Faces of Two Different Americas". Business Day (South Africa: 21 October 2004) The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 had opened entry to the US to immigrants other than traditional Northern European and Germanic groups, and as a result it would significantly, and unintentionally, alter the demographic mix in the US.{{cite news |title= 1965 immigration law changed face of America |author=Jennifer Ludden |newspaper=NPR.org |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391395 |publisher=NPR}}

The slogan "white power" was popularized by American Nazi Party leader George Lincoln Rockwell, who used the term in a debate with Stokely Carmichael of the Black Panther Party after Carmichael issued a call for "black power".{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/GeorgeLincolnRockwellVsStokelyCarmichael|title=George Lincoln Rockwell vs Stokely Carmichael|first=Stokely Carmichael|last=George Lincoln Rockwell|via=Internet Archive}} Rockwell advocated a return to white control of all American institutions, and violently opposed any minority advancement. He rejected the Nazi idea of "master race", however, and accepted all white European nationalities in his ideology, including Turks.Perry, Barbara, Hate Crimes, vol. 2, p. 110

One influential white nationalist in the United States was William Luther Pierce, who founded the National Alliance in 1974.{{cite news | url=http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?sid=232 | title=William Pierce: A Political History | publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center | date=Winter 1999 | access-date=17 August 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713115133/http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?sid=232 | archive-date=13 July 2007 | url-status=dead }}

In the United States a movement calling for white separatism emerged in the 1980s.Dobratz, Betty A., and Stephanie Shanks-Meile. 1997. White power, white pride !: the white separatist movement in the United States. New York: Twayne Leonard Zeskind has chronicled the movement in his book Blood and Politics, in which he argues that it has moved from the "margins to the mainstream".{{cite book|last=Zeskind|first=Leonard|title=Blood and Politics: The History of the White Nationalist Movement from the Margins to the Mainstream|year=2009|publisher=Macmillan|pages=535–38}}

During the 1980s the United States also saw an increase in the number of esoteric subcultures within white nationalism. According to Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, these movements cover a wide variety of mutually influencing groups of a radically ethnocentric character which have emerged, especially in the English-speaking world, since World War II. These loose networks use a variety of mystical, occult or religious approaches in a defensive affirmation of white identity against modernity, liberalism, immigration, multiracialism, and multiculturalism.Goodrick-Clarke 2002: 6. Some are neo-fascist, neo-Nazi or Third Positionist; others are politicised around some form of white ethnic nationalism or identity politics, and a few have national anarchist tendencies. One example is the neo-tribalist paganism promoted by Else Christensen's Odinist Fellowship.Goodrick-Clarke 2002: 261 Especially notable is the prevalence of devotional forms and esoteric themes, so these subcultures often have the character of new religious movements.{{original research inline|date=November 2024}}

Included under the same umbrella by Goodrick-Clarke are movements ranging from conservative revolutionary schools of thought (Nouvelle Droite, European New Right, Evolian Traditionalism) to white supremacist and white separatist interpretations of Christianity and paganism (Christian Identity, Creativity, Nordic racial paganism) to neo-Nazi subcultures (Esoteric Hitlerism, Nazi Satanism, National Socialist black metal).

In the 2010s, the alt-right, a broad term covering many different far-right ideologies and groups in the United States, some of which endorse white nationalism, gained traction as an alternative to mainstream conservatism in its national politics.{{cite web |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/what-exactly-is-the-alternative-right/article/2000310 |title=What, Exactly, is the 'Alternative Right?' |work=The Weekly Standard |date=1 February 2016 |access-date=5 February 2016 |author=Welton, Benjamin |archive-date=31 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131142350/http://www.weeklystandard.com/what-exactly-is-the-alternative-right/article/2000310 |url-status=dead }} The comic book super hero Captain America, in an ironic co-optation, has been used for dog whistle politics by the alt-right in college campus recruitment in 2017.{{Cite web |url=http://m.boiseweekly.com/boise/fliers-for-nationalist-organization-appear-at-boise-state/Content?oid=3969556 |title=Fliers For Nationalist Organization Appear at Boise State |last=Harrison |first=Berry |date=25 January 2017 |publisher=Boise Weekly |access-date=26 January 2017 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404073854/https://m.boiseweekly.com/boise/fliers-for-nationalist-organization-appear-at-boise-state/Content?oid=3969556 |url-status=dead }}{{cite news |url=http://www.idahostatesman.com/news/local/education/boise-state-university/article128742204.html |title=BSU nationalist group delays 1st meeting after online pushback, media reports |last=Blanchard |first=Nicole |date=26 January 2017 |newspaper=Idaho Statesman}}

North Idaho state Rep. Heather Scott—who in 2015 had paraded with a Confederate battle flag{{Cite web|url=https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2015/aug/26/idaho-state-lawmakers-confederate-flag-photo/|title=Idaho state lawmaker's Confederate flag photo disappointing to some {{!}} The Spokesman-Review|last=Russell|first=Betsy Z.|date=26 August 2015|website=www.spokesman.com|access-date=22 April 2020}}—in 2017 attempted to distinguish "white supremacy" from "white nationalism", claiming that the former was characterized by "extreme racism" and "violent acts" while the latter was merely nationalism by people who happen to be white, i.e. in her personal use of the term, a white nationalist is "no more than a Caucasian who {{sic}} for the Constitution and making America great again." Scott's interpretation of the term was rejected as "incorrect" by University of Idaho sociology professor Kristin Haltinner and as "patently false" by Vanderbilt University sociology professor Sophie Bjork-James.{{Cite web|url=https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2017/aug/15/north-idaho-rep-heather-scott-defends-white-nation/|title=North Idaho Rep. Heather Scott defends white nationalists in Facebook post {{!}} The Spokesman-Review|last=Russell|first=Betsy Z.|date=16 August 2017|website=www.spokesman.com|access-date=22 April 2020}}

In 2019, the Democratic-controlled U.S. House of Representatives passed an amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 to study whether it would be possible to screen military enlistees for "white nationalist" beliefs. However, the Republican-controlled U.S. Senate eliminated those words before passing the bill, expanding the wording to "extremist and gang-related activity", rather than specifically referencing white nationalism.{{Cite web|last1=Cohen|first1=Zachary|last2=Crawford|first2=Jamie|date=19 December 2019|title=Senate removes phrase 'white nationalist' from measure intended to screen military enlistees|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/19/politics/us-military-white-nationalist-ndaa/index.html|access-date=13 June 2020|website=CNN}}

In 2016, the American National Election Studies survey conducted during Donald Trump's campaign for the presidency found that 38% of Americans expressed "strong feelings of white solidarity", 28% "strong feelings of white identity", 27% that whites suffer from discrimination in American society, while 6% agree with all these propositions.{{Cite web |last=Hawley |first=George |date=9 August 2018 |title=The Demography of the Alt-Right |url=https://ifstudies.org/blog/the-demography-of-the-alt-right |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005175556/https://ifstudies.org/blog/the-demography-of-the-alt-right |archive-date=5 October 2024 |website=Institute for Family Studies}}

In 2020, it was reported that white nationalist groups leaving flyers, stickers, banners and posters in public places more than doubled from 1,214 in 2018 to 2,713 in 2019.{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/white-supremacist-propaganda-doubled-2019-adl-200212160319032.html|title=White supremacist propaganda in US more than doubled in 2019: ADL|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=20 August 2020}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-51480500|title=US white supremacist propaganda 'rose in 2019'|work=BBC News|date=12 February 2020|access-date=20 August 2020}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/12/us/white-supremacist-propaganda-adl-report-soh/index.html|title=White supremacist propaganda reports hit highest level, ADL says|author=Mallory Simon|website=CNN|date=12 February 2020 |access-date=20 August 2020}}

In a July 2021 Morning Consult Poll found that among Republican-leaning male voters, 23 percent responded that they have a favorable view of white nationalist groups. Eleven percent of Republican men surveyed said they have a "very favorable" view while 12 percent said they are only "somewhat", With Democratic men it was 17 percent who said they have some form of "favorable" view of white nationalist groups.{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/23-percent-republican-men-have-favorable-view-white-nationalists-poll-1614973|title=23 percent of Republican men have favorable view of white nationalists: Poll|website=Newsweek|date=31 July 2021}}

Also in 2021, a poll found that in the state of Oregon, nearly four in 10 respondents strongly or somewhat agree with statements that reflect core arguments of white nationalism. In 2018, 31 percent believed that America had to protect or preserve its White European heritage, while in 2021 it went up to 40 percent.{{Cite web|url=https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2021/06/14/survey-reveals-scale-oregonian-support-white-nationalist-ideals/7657355002/|title = 4 in 10 Oregonians agree with core white nationalist arguments, survey reveals}}

According to journalist David D. Kirkpatrick, as of mid 2024, scholars of the far right estimate that 100,000 Americans "actively participate in organized white nationalist groups".{{cite magazine| magazine=The New Yorker| title=The Infiltrators| date=26 August 2024 |author=David D. Kirkpatrick|url= https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2024/08/26/infiltrating-the-far-right}}

In February 1962 George Lincoln Rockwell, the leader of the American Nazi Party, spoke at a Nation of Islam (NOI) rally in Chicago, where he was applauded by Elijah Muhammad as he pronounced: "I am proud to stand here before black men. I believe Elijah Muhammed is the Adolf Hitler of the black man!"{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3EEGAAAAMAAJ|title=The Farther Shore of Politics: The American Political Fringe Today|author=George Thayer|publisher=Allen Lane|year=1967|pages=25–26|isbn=9780671200688}} Rockwell had attended, but did not speak at, an earlier NOI rally in Washington, D.C., in June 1961,{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9ufS6aXctQC&pg=PA273|title=In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam|author=Mattias Gardell|date=7 October 1996|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-1845-3|pages=273–74}} and once, he even donated $20 to the NOI.{{cite news|title=White Supremacists Voice Support of Farrakhan|author=Wayne King|date=12 October 1985|work=The New York Times|page=12}} In 1965, after breaking with the Nation of Islam and denouncing its separatist doctrine, Malcolm X told his followers that the Nation of Islam under Elijah Muhammad had made secret agreements with the American Nazi Party and the Ku Klux Klan.

Rockwell and other white supremacists (e.g. Willis Carto) also supported less well-known black separatist groups, such as Hassan Jeru-Ahmed's Blackman's Army of Liberation, in reference to which Rockwell told Los Angeles Times reporter Michael Drosnin in 1967 that if "Any Negro wants to go back to Africa, I'll carry him piggy-back."{{cite news|title=U.S. Negro Group Plans Own Nation in Africa: 'Blackman's Army'|author=Michael Drosnin|date=5 June 1967|work=Los Angeles Times|page=29}}

Tom Metzger, a former Ku Klux Klan leader from California, spoke at a NOI rally in Los Angeles in September 1985 and donated $100 to the group.{{cite news|title=Bedfellows: The Klan Connection|date=6 October 1985|work=The New York Times|page=E20}} In October of that same year, over 200 prominent white supremacists met at former Klan leader Robert E. Miles's farm to discuss an alliance with Louis Farrakhan, head of the NOI. In attendance were Edward Reed Fields of the National States' Rights Party, Richard Girnt Butler of the Aryan Nations, Don Black, Roy Frankhouser, and Metzger, who said that "America is like a rotting carcass. The Jews are living off the carcass like the parasites they are. Farrakhan understands this."

From the outset of his campaign, Donald Trump was endorsed by various white nationalist and white supremacist movements and leaders,{{cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/donald-trump-white-supremacists_us_55dce43ee4b08cd3359dc41a |title=Meet The Members Of Donald Trump's White Supremacist Fan Club |author1=Marans, Daniel |author2=Bellware, Kim |name-list-style=amp |date=25 August 2015 |work=Huffington Post}}{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/01/us/politics/donald-trump-supremacists.html |title=Donald Trump's Message Resonates With White Supremacists |author=Mahler, Jonathan |date=29 February 2016 |work=The New York Times}} (who were attracted to his accusation that Barack Obama was born in Africa, his denigration of immigrants as "criminals and rapists", of "shithole countries" in Africa and the Caribbean, and more recently that there is "a definite anti-white feeling" in the United States that he would correct, according to journalist David D. Kirkpatrick). On 24 February 2016, David Duke, a former Ku Klux Klan [[Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary#Higher levels|

Grand Dragon]], expressed vocal support for Trump's campaign on his radio show.{{cite web |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/david-duke-trump-219777 |title=David Duke: Voting against Trump is 'treason to your heritage' |author=Eliza Collins |date=25 February 2016 |work=Politico}}{{cite web |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/trump-endorsed-kkk-neo-nazis-america-white-article-1.2543847 |title=Donald Trump supported by former KKK leader David Duke: 'I hope he does everything we hope he will do' |author=Adam Edelman |date=26 February 2016 |work=Daily News |location=New York}}Aaron Morrison, [http://www.ibtimes.com/david-dukes-donald-trump-endorsement-never-happened-former-kkk-grand-wizard-says-2329067 David Duke's Donald Trump Endorsement Never Happened, Former KKK Grand Wizard Says], International Business Times (2 March 2016).{{cite web |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/12/donald-trump-white-supremacists-216620 |title=White supremacist groups see Trump bump |date=10 December 2015 |work=Politico}} Shortly thereafter in an interview with Jake Tapper, Trump repeatedly claimed to be ignorant of Duke and his support. Republican presidential rivals were quick to respond on his wavering, and Senator Marco Rubio stated the Duke endorsement made Trump unelectable.{{cite web |url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2016/02/28/rubio_david_duke_endorsement_makes_donald_trump_unelectable.html |title=Rubio: David Duke Endorsement Makes Donald Trump "Unelectable" |work=Real Clear Politics |author=Tim Hains |date=8 February 2016 |access-date=5 July 2016}} Others questioned his professed ignorance of Duke by pointing out that in 2000, Trump called him a "Klansman".{{cite web |url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/mar/02/donald-trump/trumps-absurd-claim-he-knows-nothing-about-former-/ |title=Donald Trump's absurd claim that he knows nothing about former KKK leader David Duke |date=2 March 2016 |work=Politifact}}{{cite web |url=http://partners.nytimes.com/library/politics/camp/021400wh-ref-trump.html |title=Reform Bid Said to Be a No-Go for Trump |date=14 February 2000 |work=The New York Times}} Trump later blamed the incident on a poor earpiece he was given by CNN. Later the same day Trump stated that he had previously disavowed Duke in a tweet posted with a video on his Twitter account.{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/28/politics/donald-trump-white-supremacists/ |title=Donald Trump stumbles on David Duke, KKK |author=Eric Bradner |date=28 February 2016 |publisher=CNN}} On 3 March 2016, Trump stated: "David Duke is a bad person, who I disavowed on numerous occasions over the years. I disavowed him. I disavowed the KKK."{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/03/politics/donald-trump-disavows-david-duke-kkk/ |title=Trump denounces David Duke, KKK |date=3 March 2016 |work=CNN}}

On 22 July 2016 (the day after Trump's nomination), Duke announced that he will be a candidate for the Republican nomination for the United States Senate election in Louisiana. He commented, "I'm overjoyed to see Donald Trump and most Americans embrace most of the issues that I've championed for years." A spokesperson for the Trump campaign said Trump "has disavowed David Duke and will continue to do so."{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/22/politics/david-duke-senate-race/ |title=Former Ku Klux Klan Grand Wizard David Duke running for Senate seat in Louisiana |last=Scott |first=Eugene |date=23 July 2016 |work=CNN |access-date=24 July 2016}}

On 25 August 2016, Hillary Clinton gave a speech saying that Trump is "taking hate groups mainstream and helping a radical fringe take over the Republican Party."{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/26/us/politics/hillary-clinton-speech.html |title=Hillary Clinton Says 'Radical Fringe' Is Taking Over G.O.P. Under Donald Trump |last=Flegenheimer |first=Matt |date=25 August 2016 |work=The New York Times |access-date=17 September 2016}} She identified this radical fringe with the "alt-right", a largely online variation of American far-right that embraces white nationalism and is anti-immigration. During the election season, the alt-right movement "evangelized" online in support of racist and anti-semitic ideologies.{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/433650/alt-rights-racism-moral-rot |title=The Racist Moral Rot at the Heart of the Alt-Right |website=nationalreview.com|date=5 April 2016 }} Clinton noted that Trump's campaign chief executive Stephen Bannon described his Breitbart News Network as "the platform for the alt-right". On 9 September 2016, several leaders of the alt-right community held a press conference, described by one reporter as the "coming-out party" of the little-known movement, to explain their goals.{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/09/10/four-lessons-from-the-alt-rights-d-c-coming-out-party/ |title=Four lessons from the alt-right's D.C. coming-out party |last=Weigel |first=David |date=10 September 2016 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=17 September 2016}} They affirmed their racialist beliefs, stating "Race is real, race matters, and race is the foundation of identity."{{cite news |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/09/alt-right-makes-its-main-stream-debut |title=Alt-Right Movement Presents Its Vision for an All-White Society With Trump Paving the Way |last=Levy |first=Pema |date=9 September 2016 |work=Mother Jones |access-date=17 September 2016}} Speakers called for a "White Homeland" and expounded on racial differences in intelligence. They also confirmed their support of Trump, saying "This is what a leader looks like."

Richard B. Spencer, who ran the white nationalist National Policy Institute, said, "Before Trump, our identity ideas, national ideas, they had no place to go". Spencer also referred to media as "Lügenpresse" in a speech he ended with "Hail Trump! Hail our people! Hail victory!" to an audience that responded with Nazi salutes.{{cite news |last=Barajas |first=Joshua |title=Nazi salutes 'done in a spirit of irony and exuberance,' alt-right leader says |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/white-nationalist |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=PBS News |date=22 November 2016 |language=en-us}} The editor of the neo-Nazi website The Daily Stormer stated, "Virtually every alt-right Nazi I know is volunteering for the Trump campaign."{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-david-duke-20160928-snap-story.html |title=David Duke and other white supremacists see Trump's rise as way to increase role in mainstream politics |first=Los Angeles |last=Times |website=Los Angeles Times |date=29 September 2016 |access-date=7 October 2016}} Rocky Suhayda, chairman of the American Nazi Party said that although Trump "isn't one of us",{{cite news |last1=Posner |first1=Sarah |last2=Neiwert |first2=David |title=The chilling story of how Trump took hate groups mainstream |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/10/donald-trump-hate-groups-neo-nazi-white-supremacist-racism |access-date=6 November 2016 |work=Mother Jones |date=16 October 2016}} his election would be a "real opportunity" for the white nationalist movement.{{cite news |last1=Holley |first1=Peter |title=Top Nazi leader: Trump will be a 'real opportunity' for white nationalists |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2016/08/07/top-nazi-leader-trump-will-be-a-real-opportunity-for-white-nationalists/ |access-date=6 November 2016 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=7 August 2016}}

The Southern Poverty Law Center monitored Trump's campaign throughout the election and noted several instances where Trump and lower-level surrogates either used white nationalist rhetoric or engaged with figures in the white nationalist movement.{{cite web |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2016/hate-race |title=Hate in the Race }}

Numerous individuals and organizations have argued that ideas such as white pride and white nationalism exist merely to provide a sanitized public face for white supremacy. Kofi Buenor Hadjor argues that black nationalism is a response to racial discrimination, while white nationalism is the expression of white supremacy.{{cite book |title=Another America: The Politics of Race and Blame |last=Hadjor |first=Kofi Buenor |year=1995 |publisher=Haymarket Books |isbn=978-1-931859-34-9 |page=100 }} Other critics have described white nationalism as a "...{{nbsp}}somewhat paranoid ideology" based upon the publication of pseudo-academic studies.{{cite book|author1=Caliendo, S.M. |author2=McIllwan, C.D. |name-list-style=amp |title=The Routledge Companion to Race and Ethnicity|year=2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|pages=233–35}}

Carol M. Swain argues that the unstated goal of white nationalism is to appeal to a larger audience, and that most white nationalist groups promote white separatism and racial violence.{{cite book |title=The New White Nationalism in America: Its Challenge to Integration |last=Swain |first=Carol M. |author-link=Carol M. Swain |year=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-80886-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/newwhitenational0000swai/page/16 16] |url=https://archive.org/details/newwhitenational0000swai/page/16 }} Opponents accuse white nationalists of hatred, racial bigotry, and destructive identity politics.{{cite web|url=http://www.firstthings.com/article.php3?id_article=2047 |title=The New White Nationalism in America |first=Scott |last=McConnell |author-link=Scott McConnell |publisher=First Things |date=August–September 2002}}[http://www.zmag.org/Sustainers/content/2002-12/16wise.cfm Wise, Tim, "Making Nice With Racists: David Horowitz and The Soft Pedaling Of White Supremacy", Znet (16 December 2002)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202193340/http://www.zmag.org/sustainers/content/2002-12/16wise.cfm |date=2 February 2007 }} White supremacist groups have a history of perpetrating hate crimes, particularly against people of Jewish and African descent.Swain, C.M., The New White Nationalism in America: Its Challenge to Integration (Cambridge University Press, 2002) pp. 114–17 Examples include the lynching of black people by the Ku Klux Klan (KKK).

Some critics argue that white nationalists—while posturing as civil rights groups advocating the interests of their racial group—frequently draw on the nativist traditions of the KKK and the National Front.{{cite news |title= BNP: A party on the fringe |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1507680.stm |work=BBC News |date=24 August 2001 |access-date=14 February 2008 }} Critics have noted the anti-semitic rhetoric used by some white nationalists, as highlighted by the promotion of conspiracy theories such as Zionist Occupation Government.Boler, M., Digital Media and Democracy: Tactics in Hard Times, (MIT Press, 2008) pp. 440–43.

{{main list|List of white nationalist organizations}}

White nationalist movements have achieved prominence around the world. Several have achieved representation in the governments of their country, and three have led governments:

• South African National Party during most of the 20th century
• Rhodesian Front from 1965 to 1979
• German Nazi Party from 1933 to 1945

Other notable organisations are:

{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}

• Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
• American Freedom Party
• American Front
• American Renaissance
• Aryan Guard
• Aryan Nations
• Australia First Party
• Australian Protectionist Party
• Antipodean Resistance (Australia)
• Atomwaffen Division
• Black Legion (political movement)
• British National Party
• British People's Party
• Canadian Heritage Alliance
• Council of Conservative Citizens{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/CCCitizens.asp?xpicked=3&item=12 |title=Council of Conservative Citizens |access-date=14 February 2008 |year=2005 |publisher=Anti-Defamation League |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521030435/http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/CCCitizens.asp?xpicked=3&item=12 |archive-date=21 May 2008 }}
• Creativity Alliance
• Creativity Movement
• Dutch People's Union
• European-American Unity and Rights Organization (EURO)
• German American Bund
• Golden Dawn (former parliamentary representation)
• Hammerskins
• Heathen Front
• Identity Evropa
• Ku Klux Klan
• League of the South
• Les Identitaires/Generation Identity
• The III. Path
• National Alliance (United States){{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/learn/Ext_US/N_Alliance.asp |title=National Alliance |access-date=14 February 2008 |year=2005 |publisher=Anti-Defamation League |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411110158/http://www.adl.org/learn/Ext_US/N_Alliance.asp |archive-date=11 April 2008 }}
• National Democratic Party of Germany
• National Front (UK)
• National Policy Institute
• National Rebirth of Poland
• National Socialist League
• National Socialist Movement (disambiguation)
• National Vanguard
• Nationalist Alliance
• Nationalist Front
• Nationalist Party of Canada
• Nordic Resistance Movement
• Patriotic Alternative
• Patriotic Youth League
• Patriot Front
• Russian Imperial Movement{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/putin-nazi-pretext-russia-war-ukraine-belied-white-supremacy-ties-rcna23043|title=One of the worst ways Putin is gaslighting the world on Ukraine|work=NBC News|publisher=NBC|last1=Soufan|first1=Ali|last2=Sales|first2=Nathan|date=5 April 2022 |quote=Then there’s the white supremacist group known as the Russian Imperial Movement, or RIM, which the State Department designated a terrorist organization in 2020 (an effort led by one of the authors here, Nathan Sales). With the Kremlin’s tacit approval, the group operates paramilitary camps near St. Petersburg in which neo-Nazis and white supremacists from across Europe are trained in terrorist tactics.}}
• Russian National Unity{{Cite web|url=https://www.cidob.org/ca/publicacions/series_de_publicacio/notes_internacionals/n1_128_russia_for_russians/russia_for_russians|title=CIDOB - "Russia for Russians!"|access-date=30 June 2022|archive-date=23 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523071942/https://www.cidob.org/ca/publicacions/series_de_publicacio/notes_internacionals/n1_128_russia_for_russians/russia_for_russians|url-status=dead}}
• Silver Legion of America
• Socialist Reich Party (former parliamentary representation)
• Traditionalist Workers Party
• The Order/Bruder Schweigen
• Vanguard America
• Vigrid
• Volksfront
• White Aryan Resistance
• White Aryan Resistance (Sweden)
• White Nationalist Party

{{div col end}}

{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}

• Andrew Auernheimer
• Andrew Anglin
• Richard Girnt Butler
• Theodore G. Bilbo
• Don Black
• Peter Brimelow
• Thomas W. Chittum
• Craig Cobb
• Harold Covington
• Ian Stuart Donaldson
• Aleksandr Dugin
• David Duke
• Paul Fromm (white supremacist)
• Nick Fuentes
• Matthew F. Hale
• Matthew Heimbach
• Hinton Rowan Helper
• Adolf Hitler
• Andrew Jackson
• Andrew Johnson
• William Daniel Johnson
• James Keegstra
• Ben Klassen
• August Kreis III
• Kris Kobach
• Alex Linder
• Lana Lokteff
• Kevin Macdonald
• Tom Metzger
• Nikolaos Michaloliakos
• Merlin Miller
• Jon Minadeo II
• Revilo P. Oliver
• William Dudley Pelley
• William Luther Pierce
• Thomas Robb
• George Lincoln Rockwell
• Jeff Schoep
• Marge Schott
• Saga
• Richard B. Spencer
• Gerald L. K. Smith
• J. B. Stoner
• Kevin Alfred Strom
• Tomislav Sunić
• Wesley A. Swift
• Jared Taylor
• Eugène Terre'Blanche
• Hal Turner
• John Tyndall
• George Wallace
• Hendrik Verwoerd
• Varg Vikernes
• James Wickstrom
• Woodrow Wilson

{{div col end}}

{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}

• American Renaissance
• Candour
• The Daily Stormer
• Info-14
• Metapedia
• National Vanguard
• Occidental Observer
• Podblanc
• The Political Cesspool
• Redwatch
• Stormfront
• Vanguard News Network
• Gab
• Voat

{{div col end}}

{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}

• White power
• White pride
• White Lives Matter
• It's okay to be white
• The Fourteen Words (We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children).

{{div col end}}

{{Wikiquote}}

{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}

• List of white nationalist organizations
• Blood and Soil
• Criticism of multiculturalism
• Identitarian movement
• Immigration to the Western world#Backlash
• Know Nothing
• National-Anarchism
• Neo-nationalism
• Pan-European nationalism
• The Passing of the Great Race
• Black nationalism
• White Americans

{{div col end}}

Notes

{{Reflist}}

Bibliography

• {{cite book

| author = Ankerl, Guy

| title = Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations

| location = Geneva

| publisher = INUPRESS

| year = 2000

| isbn = 978-0-9656383-2-6

}}

• {{cite book

| author = Ehrenberg, John

| title = White Nationalism and the Republican Party: Toward Minority Rule in America

| location = New York

| publisher = Routledge

| year = 2022

| isbn = 978-1-032-02342-7

}}

• {{cite book

| author = Josey, Charles Conant

| title = The Philosophy of Nationalism

| location= Washington, D.C.

| publisher= Cliveden Press

| year = 1983 |orig-year=1923

| isbn = 978-1-878-46510-8

}}

• {{cite book

| author = Levin, Michael E.

| title = Why Race Matters: Race Differences and What They Mean

| location= Westport, CT

| publisher= Praeger Publishers

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}}

• {{cite book

| title=Beyond Charlottesville: Taking a Stand Against White Nationalism

| author = McAuliffe, Terry

| location = New York

| publisher = Thomas Dunne Books

| year = 2019

| isbn = 978-1-250-24588-5

}}

• {{cite book

| editor = McDaniel, George

| title = A Race Against Time: Racial Heresies for the 21st Century

| location= Oakton, VA | publisher= New Century Foundation

| year = 2003

| isbn = 978-0-965-63832-6

}}

• {{cite book

| author = Robertson, Wilmot

| title = The Dispossessed Majority

| location= Cape Canaveral, FL | publisher= Howard Allen

| year = 1981

| isbn = 978-0-914-57615-0

}}

• {{cite book

| author = Robertson, Wilmot

| title = The Ethnostate

| location= Cape Canaveral, FL | publisher= Howard Allen

| year = 1993

| isbn = 978-0-914-57622-8

}}

• {{cite book

| author = Swain, Carol M.

| title = Contemporary Voices of White Nationalism in America

| location = New York

| publisher = Cambridge University Press

| year = 2003

| isbn = 978-0-521-01693-3

| url-access = registration

|url = https://archive.org/details/contemporaryvoic00swai

}}

• {{cite book

| author = Zeskind, Leonard

| title = Blood and Politics: The History of the White Nationalist Movement from the Margins to the Mainstream

| location = New York

| publisher = Farrar, Straus and Giroux

| year = 2009

| isbn = 978-0-374-10903-5

}}

• {{commons category-inline}}

{{White nationalism}}

{{Secession in the United States}}

{{White people}}

{{Ethnic nationalism}}

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{{Authority control}}

Category:Ethnic nationalism

Category:Politics and race

Category:Separatism in the United States