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:12th century

{{Short description|One hundred years, from 1101 to 1200}}

{{See also|Renaissance of the 12th century}}

{{Centurybox|12}}

Image:East-Hem 1100ad.jpg

The 12th century is the period from 1101 to 1200 in accordance with the Julian calendar.

In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages and overlaps with what is often called the {{"'}}Golden Age' of the Cistercians". The Golden Age of Islam experienced significant development, particularly in Islamic Spain.

In Song dynasty China, an invasion by Jurchens caused a political schism of north and south. The Khmer Empire of Cambodia flourished during this century, while the Fatimids of Egypt were overtaken by the Ayyubid dynasty. Following the expansions of the Ghaznavids and Ghurid Empire, the Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent took place at the end of the century.

Events

=1101–1109=

File:Ghurids1200.png converted to Islam from Buddhism.]]

=[[1110s]]=

  • 1111: On April 14, during Henry V's first expedition to Rome, he is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.
  • 1113: Paramavishnulok is crowned as King Suryavarman II in Cambodia. He expands the Khmer Empire and builds Angkor Wat during the first half of the century. He establishes diplomatic relations with China.
  • 1115: The Georgian army occupies Rustavi in the war with the Muslims.
  • 1115: In Java, King Kamesvara of Kadiri ascends to the throne. Janggala ceases to exist and comes under Kadiri domination, highly possible under royal marriage. During his reign, Mpu Dharmaja writes Kakawin Smaradahana, a eulogy for the king which become the inspiration for the Panji cycle tales, which spread across Southeast Asia.Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.57
  • 1116: The Byzantine army defeats the Turks at Philomelion.
  • 1116: Death of doña Jimena Díaz, governor of Valencia from 1099 to 1102.
  • c. 1119: The Knights Templar are founded to protect Christian pilgrims in Jerusalem.

=[[1120s]]=

File:A Black and White Photo of the Cuenca Cathedral in Spain.jpeg]]

=[[1130s]]=

Image:Angkor wat temple.jpg, built during the reign of Suryavarman II in Cambodia of the Khmer Era.]]

=[[1140s]]=

File:AverroesColor.jpg in a 14th-century painting by Andrea di Bonaiuto]]

=[[1150s]]=

= [[1160s]] =

Image:Liuhe Pagoda.jpg of Hangzhou, China, 1165]]

=[[1170s]]=

File:BattagliaLegnano.jpg during the battle of Legnano (1176) by Amos Cassioli (1832–1891)]]

=[[1180s]]=

=1190–1200=

Image:Richard coeurdelion g.jpg, or Richard the Lionheart.]]

  • 1190: On June 10, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa drowns in the River Salef, leaving the Crusader army under the command of the rivals Philip II of France and Richard I of England, which ultimately leads to the dissolution of the army.
  • 1191: Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI attacked the Kingdom of Sicily from May to August but fails and withdrawn, with Empress Constance captured (released 1192).
  • 1191: On September 7, Saladin is defeated by Richard I of England at the Battle of Arsuf.
  • 1192: In April, Isabella I begins her reign as Christian Queen of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
  • 1192: In the Battle of Jaffa, King Richard the Lionheart defeats Saladin.
  • 1192: In June, the Treaty of Ramla is signed by Saladin and Richard Lionheart. Under the terms of the agreement, Jerusalem will remain under Muslim control. However, the city will be open to Christian pilgrims. The Latin Kingdom is reduced to a coastal strip that extends from Tyre to Jaffa.
  • 1192: Minamoto no Yoritomo is appointed Sei-i Taishōgun, "barbarian-subduing great general", shōgun for short, the first military dictator to bear this title.
  • 1192: Sultan Shahābuddin Muhammad Ghori establishes the first Muslim empire in India for 14 years (1192–1206) by defeating Prithviraj Chauhan.
  • 1193: Nalanda, the great Indian Buddhist educational centre, is destroyed.
  • 1194: Emperor Henry VI conquers the Kingdom of Sicily.
  • 1195: On June 16, the struggle of Shamqori. Georgian forces annihilate the army of Abu Baqar.
  • 1198: The brethren of the Crusader hospital in Acre are raised to a military order of knights, the Teutonic Knights, formally known as the Order of the Knights of the Hospital of St. Mary of the Teutons in Jerusalem.
  • 1199: Pope Innocent III writes to Kaloyan, inviting him to unite the Bulgarian Church with the Roman Catholic Church.
  • 1200: Construction begins on the Grand Village of the Natchez near Natchez, Mississippi. This ceremonial center for the Natchez people is occupied and built until the early 17th century.{{Cite web |author=Francine Weiss and Mark R. Barnes |date=May 3, 1989 |title=National Register of Historic Places Registration: Grand Village of the Natchez Site / Fatherland Plantation Site (22-Ad-501) |url={{NHLS url|id=66000408}} |publisher=National Park Service |format=pdf}} and {{NHLS url|id=66000408|title=Accompanying 3 photos, from 1989.|photos=y}} {{small|(680 KB)}}

= Undated =

Image:East-Hem 1200ad.jpg

Inventions, discoveries, and introductions by year

{{See also|Timeline of historic inventions#12th century}}

References

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{{Reflist}}

Bibliography

  • {{cite book |title=King John |first=Wilfred Lewis |last=Warren |author-link=Wilfred Lewis Warren |publisher=University of California Press |year=1961 |pages=362 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1DjPCSPCF0C |isbn=9780520036437}}

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