:List of Pashtun empires and dynasties

File:Map of the Khalji Sultanate.png circa 1320{{Cite web |title=-- Schwartzberg Atlas -- Digital South Asia Library |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu |archive-date=2021-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605005217/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185 |url-status=live }}]]

• Khalji dynasty (Bengal) (1204—1231) Bakhtiyar Khalji was a Turko-Afghan general of the Ghurid Empire.{{Cite book|title=Know Your State West Bengal|publisher=Arihant Experts|year=2019|pages=15|quote=Turk-Afghan Rule: Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji's invasion to Bengal marked the advent of Turk-Afghan rule in Bengal.}}{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526)|year=2004|pages=226|quote=Although the Afghans formed a large group in the army of the Delhi Sultanat, only few Afghan nobles had been accorded important positions . That is why Bakhtiyar Khalji who was part - Afghan had to seek his fortune in Bihar and Bengal.}} The Khaljis ruled Bengal until 1227 before they were deposed from power and integrated as a province of the Delhi Sultanate under the Mamluk dynasty. The Khaljis returned to power briefly in 1229 but were again deposed from power in 1231.{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=ABM Shamsuddin |year=2012 |chapter=Balka Khalji, Ikhtiyaruddin |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Balka_Khalji,_Ikhtiyaruddin |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh}}
• Khilji dynasty (1290—1320), was a Turko-Afghan{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Yusuf Husain |title=Indo-Muslim Polity (Turko-Afghan Period) |year=1971 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-_2b1sxbtAC&q=turco-afghan+khalji |language=en |access-date=2022-11-23 |archive-date=2023-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310204403/https://books.google.com/books?id=a-_2b1sxbtAC&q=turco-afghan+khalji |url-status=live }}{{cite book |last1=Fisher |first1=Michael H. |title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century |date=18 October 2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-11162-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&q=turco-afghan+khalji&pg=PA86 |language=en |quote=In 1290, the Turk-Afghan Khilji clan ended the first mamluk dynasty and then ruled in Delhi until one of their own Turkish mamluk commanders rebelled and established his own Tugluq dynasty |access-date=23 November 2022 |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310204403/https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&q=turco-afghan+khalji&pg=PA86 |url-status=live }}{{cite book|author=Satish Chandra|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=History of Medieval India:800-1700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=978-81-250-3226-7|page=93|quote=The Khalji rebellion was welcomed by the non-Turkish sections in the nobility. The Khaljis who were of a mixed Turkish-Afghan origin, did not exclude the Turks from high offices, but the rise of the Khaljis to power ended the Turkish monopoly of high offices|language=en|access-date=2022-11-23|archive-date=2023-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310204403/https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ|url-status=live}} dynasty founded by Jalaluddin Khilji as the second dynasty to rule the Delhi Sultanate of India.{{cite journal |author= Mohammad Aziz Ahmad |title= The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India. (1206-1290 A.d.) |journal= Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |publisher= Indian History Congress |date= 1939 |volume= 3 |pages= 832–841 |jstor= 44252438 }}{{cite book |author=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava |title=The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D. |edition=Second |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bdw9AAAAMAAJ |year=1966 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |oclc=575452554 |page=98 |quote= His ancestors, after having migrated from Turkistan, had lived for over 200 years in the Helmand valley and Lamghan, parts of Afghanistan called Garmasir or the hot region, and had adopted Afghan manners and customs. They were, therefore, looked upon as Afghans by the Turkish nobles in India as they had intermarried with local Afghans and adopted their customs and manners. They were looked down as non Turks by Turks.}}{{cite book|author=Abraham Eraly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178|title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2015|isbn=978-93-5118-658-8|page=126|postscript=:"The prejudice of Turks was however misplaced in this case, for Khaljis were actually ethnic Turks. But they had settled in Afghanistan long before the Turkish rule was established there, and had over the centuries adopted Afghan customs and practices, intermarried with the local people, and were therefore looked down on as non-Turks by pure-bred Turks."|author-link=Abraham Eraly|access-date=2022-10-10|archive-date=2023-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310204403/https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178|url-status=live}} Its rule is known for conquests into present day South India,{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045252/Khalji-Dynasty |title=Khalji Dynasty |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2014-11-13 |quote=This dynasty, like the previous Slave dynasty, was of Turkish origin, though the Khaljī tribe had long been settled in Afghanistan. Its three kings were noted for their faithlessness, their ferocity, and their penetration to the South of India. |archive-date=2008-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517005459/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045252/Khalji-Dynasty |url-status=live }} and successfully fending off the repeated Mongol invasions of India.{{Cite book|title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia: A Historical Encyclopedia|last1=Mikaberidze|first1=Alexander|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-5988-4337-8|page=62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&pg=PA62|access-date=2013-06-13|archive-date=2023-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310204403/https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&pg=PA62|url-status=live}}{{cite book |title=The state at war in South Asia |last1=Barua |first1=Pradeep |year=2005 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=0-8032-1344-1 |page=437 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC |access-date=2010-08-23 |archive-date=2023-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116054856/https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC |url-status=live }}
• Malwa Sultanate (1392—1531/1537—1562), founded by Dilawar Khan, an Afghan{{EI2|last1=Haig|first1=T.W.|last2= Islam|first2=Riazul|title=Mālwā|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/malwa-SIM_4883?s.num=12&s.au=%22Haig%2C+T.W.%22&s.f.s2_parent_title=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition|volume=6}} or a Turko-Afghan{{Cite book |last=Keay |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IquM4BrJ4YC&dq=Dilawar+Khan+afghan+malwa&pg=PT462 |title=India: A History |date=2011-04-12 |publisher=Open Road + Grove/Atlantic |isbn=978-0-8021-9550-0 |language=en |access-date=2023-03-03 |archive-date=2023-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220000129/https://books.google.com/books?id=0IquM4BrJ4YC&dq=Dilawar+Khan+afghan+malwa&pg=PT462 |url-status=live }} governor of the Delhi Sultanate. In 1437, the Ghurid dynasty of Dilawar Khan was overthrown by Mahmud Khan, a Khilji Turko-Afghan descendant of the Khalji dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |title=Indo-Islamic society: 14th - 15th centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C |date=2004 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-13561-8|page=140|quote=The Subsequent Khalji dynasty (1436-1531) had the same origin as the Khalji dynasty of Delhi...}}{{Cite book |last=Hadi |first=Nabi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qjJmzdJFOHwC&q=Mahmud+Khalji+turko-afghan |title=Dictionary of Indo-Persian Literature |date=1995 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-311-3 |language=en|quote=Originally he belonged to a neighborhood of Bukhara, and after much wandering across the cities of the Islamic world, at last, came to settle in Mandu, capital city of the Independent Sultans of Malwah claiming descent from the Khalji clan, the Turko-Afghan mixture.}}{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Jonathan |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2019 |isbn=9781789140101 |pages=55 |language=English}}{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CJXEAAAQBAJ&q=afghan |title=Al-Hind, Volume 3 Indo-Islamic Society, 14th- 15th Centuries |date=2003-11-15 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-0274-9 |language=en|page=143}} The Khilji dynasty continued to reign until 1531, when it was Bahadur Shah, the ruler of the Gujarat Sultanate. The Khilji dynasty would return to rule in 1537 under Qadir Shah, a former officer.{{cite book |last=Kolff|first=Dirk H. A.|date=2002|title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=103|isbn=9780521523059}} Qadir Shah held power until 1542, when he was deposed by the Afghan emperor Sher Shah Suri. Sher Shah gave governorship of Malwa to an Afghan chief, Shujaat Khan.{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Masudul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFMkAQAAIAAJ&q=shujaat+khan+governor+of+malwa+afghan |title=History of Islam: Classical period, 1206-1900 C.E |date=1998 |publisher=Adam Publishers & Distributors |language=en|page=374}} Following Shujaat Khan's death, his son Baz Bahadur succeeded him. Baz Bahadur declared the Malwa Sultanate independent, and he reigned until he was deposed by the Mughal Empire, and his kingdom absorbed in 1562.{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-yNuAAAAMAAJ&q=Ujjain+was+then+given+temporarily+to+Darya+Khan+Gujarati+,+who+had+been+wazir+of |title= Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers: Ujjain |author= V. S. Krishnan · |date=1982 |page=46}}Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). The Delhi Sultanate, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp.112-3

File:Map of the Lodis.png

• Lodi dynasty (1451–1526), founded by Bahlul Khan Lodi, who belonged from the Lodi tribe. It was the last dynasty to rule the Delhi Sultanate.
• File:The Sur Empire at its height.png Sur Empire (1538/1540—1556), founded by Sher Shah Suri, a Pashtun military and political figure who belonged to the Sur tribe of Kakars.{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Jonathan |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2019 |isbn=9781789140101 |pages=57 |language=English}} The Sur dynasty ousted the Mughals in north India and controlled areas encompassing, Pakistan, northern India and up to Bengal, with Delhi as its capital. Sher Shah expanded the empires territory significantly until his accidental death in 1545, where he was succeeded by his son, Islam Shah Suri.{{Cite book |last=Ali Khan |first=Zulfiqar |title=Sher Shah Suri, Emperor of India |publisher=Civil and Military Gazette Press |year=1925 |pages=99–100}}{{Cite book |last=Mikaberidze |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&q=sher+shah+suri+bengal+campaign+1537 |title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia |date=2011-07-22 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-337-8 |language=en|page=830}} The Empire began falling into civil war following Islam Shah's death.{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924024056503 | title=Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542–1605 | publisher=Oxford at the Clarendon Press | last=Smith | first=Vincent Arthur | author-link=Vincent Arthur Smith | year=1917 | page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924024056503/page/n56 33]}}{{cite book |last1=Baumer |first1=Christoph |title=History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set |date=2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-83860-867-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cemWDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Firuz+Shah+Suri%22+-wikipedia&pg=PT562 |language=en}} The Surs were supplanted again by the Mughals in 1556 after a sixteen-year rule.{{cite book|author=Begum, Gulbadan|author-link=Gulbadan Begum|title=The History of Humāyūn (Humāyūn-nāmah)|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society|year=1902|pages=260}}{{Cite web |date=2018-03-18 |title=Battles for India at Sirhind |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/shooting-straight/battles-for-india-at-sirhind/ |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=Times of India Blog |language=en-US}}
• Karrani dynasty (1564—1576), founded by Taj Khan Karrani.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K1NmAAAAMAAJ |title=Numismatic Digest |date=2000 |publisher=Numismatic Society of Bombay. |pages=64 |language=en}} He hailed from the Karlani tribe. He formerly served Sher Shah Suri and had moved to Bengal. The Karrani dynasty ruled over all of Bengal, as well as Orissa and parts of Bihar. It was the last dynasty of the Bengal Sultanate. The Karrani were defeated by the Mughals, losing all their territory to the latter by the seventeenth century.

File:Khaljis of Malwa.png

• Noohani dynasty (1523—1532), founded by Bahar Khan Noohani, an Afghan Pashtun who centered his dynasty in Bihar, India.{{Cite book |last=Farooqui |first=Salma Ahmed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&q=nuhani+bihar+pashtun |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-eighteenth Century |date=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |language=en|page=223}}

• Lodi dynasty of Multan (970s–1010), The Lodi dynasty of Multan was founded by Sheikh Hamid Lodi. Hamid Lodi's origins are disputed. According to some scholars, Hamid Lodi was supposedly a descendant of Sama (or Usama) Lawi who was son of Ghalib Lawi.{{Cite book |last=MacLean |first=Derryl N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KNn7EAAAQBAJ |title=Religion and Society in Arab Sind |date=2023-10-20 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-66929-1 |language=en|page=533}}{{Cite book |last1=Seyfeydinovich |first1=Asimov, Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC |title=History of civilizations of Central Asia: The Age of Achievement: A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century |last2=Edmund |first2=Bosworth, Clifford |last3=UNESCO |date=1998-12-31 |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |isbn=978-92-3-103467-1 |language=en|page=302-303}} Other sources state that he was from the Lodi tribe of Pashtuns.{{Cite journal |title=Lōdīs |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EIEO/COM-0584.xml |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=referenceworks |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0584 |language=en|quote="The Lōdīs are related to a clan of the Ghilzay tribe of Afghanistān [see ghalzay] and ruled over parts of north India for 77 years. Afghāns came to the Indus plains from Rōh [q.v.] as early as 934/711-12 with the army of Muḥammad b. Ķāsim, the conqueror of Sind, and allied themselves politically with the Hindū-Shāhī [q.v.] rulers of Lahore, and receiving part of Lāmghān [see lāmghānāt ] for settlement, built a fort in the mountains of Peshawar to protect ¶ the Pandjāb from raids. During Alptigin's government at Ghazna, when his commander-in-chief Sebüktigin raided Lāmghān and Multān, the Afghans sought help from Rādjā Djaypāl who appointed their chief, Shaykh Ḥamīd Lōdī, viceroy of the wilāyats of Lamghān and Multān. Shaykh Ḥamīd appointed his own men as governors of those districts, and thereby the Afghāns gained political importance; their settlements stretched southwards from Lāmghān to Multān, incorporating the tracts of Bannū and Dērā Ismā‘īl Khān. Later, a family of the Lōdī tribe settled at Multān, which was ruled in 396/1005 by Abu 'l-Fatḥ Dāwūd, a grandson of Shaykh Ḥamīd.|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Kishori Saran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFy5wY04HooC&q=Shaikh+Hamid+Lodi+Afghan |title=Studies in Asian History: Proceedings of the Asian History Congress, 1961 |date=1969 |publisher=[Published for the] Indian Council for Cultural Relations [by] Asia Publishing House |isbn=978-0-210-22748-0 |language=en|page=}}{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Zulfiqar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHgtAAAAMAAJ&q=Shaikh+Hamid+Lodi+Afghan |title=Notes on Punjab and Mughal India: Selections from Journal of the Punjab Historical Society |date=1988 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |language=en|page=533}} According to Samuel Miklos Stern, the Lodi dynasty itself might have been fabricated as its mention only starts appearing with later historians like Firishta.{{cite journal |author=Samuel Miklos Stern |date=October 1949 |title=Ismā'ili Rule and Propaganda in Sīnd |journal=Islamic Culture |volume=23 |page=303 |publisher=Islamic Culture Board}}

• Bahmani Sultanate (1347–1527), The Bahmani Sultanate was founded by Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, who was of Afghan, or Turk origin.{{Cite book |last=Jenkins|first=Everett|title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570-1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas, Volume 1 |publisher=McFarland |year=2015 |isbn=9781476608884 |pages=257 |language=English|quote=Zafar Khan alias Alauddin Hasan Gangu ('Ala al-Din Hasan Bahman Shah), an Afghan or a Turk soldier, revolted against Delhi and established the Muslim Kingdom of Bahmani on August 3 in the South (Madura) and ruled as Sultan Alauddin Bahman Shah.}}{{Cite book |last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|title=A Short History of India: From the Earliest Civilisations to Today's Economic Powerhouse |last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2004|isbn=9780415329200 |pages=181 |language=English|quote=The Bahmani sultanate of the Deccan Soon after Muhammad Tughluq left Daulatabad, the city was conquered by Zafar Khan, a Turkish or Afghan officer of unknown descent, had earlier participated in a mutiny of troops in Gujarat.}}{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |title=The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700-1800 CE |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108417747 |pages=87 |language=English}}{{Cite book |last=Kerr|first=Gordon|title=A Short History of India: From the Earliest Civilisations to Today's Economic Powerhouse |publisher=Oldcastle Books Ltd|year=2017|isbn=9781843449232|pages=160|language=English|quote=In the early fourteenth century, the Muslim Bahmani kingdom of the Deccan emerged following Alauddin's conquest of the south. Zafar Khan, an Afghan general and governor appointed by Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq, was victorious against the troops of the Delhi Sultanate, establishing the Bahmani kingdom with its capital at Ahsanabad (modern-day Gulbarga).}} According to the historian Ferishta, he was of Afghan birth.{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Jonathan |title=Ferishta's History of Dekkan from the first Mahummedan conquests: with a continuation from other native writers, of the events in that part of India, to the reduction of its last monarchs by the emperor Aulumgeer Aurungzebe: also, the reigns of his successors in the empire of Hindoostan to the present day: and the history of Bengal, from the accession of Aliverdee Khan to the year 1780 |publisher=hansebooks |year=2016 |isbn=9783743414709 |pages=15|quote=Some Authors write that he was descended from Bahman, one of the ancient kings of Persia. And I have seen a pedigree of him, fo derived (?), in the royal library of Ahmednagar: but am inclined to believe, such lineage was only framed upon his accession to royalty, by flatterers and poets, and that his origin is too obscure to be authentically traced. The apellation of Bahmani, he certainly took in compliment to Kango Brahmin, which is often pronounced Bhamen, and by tribe he was an Afghan.}} Another theory of origin for Zafar Khan is that he was of Brahman origin, and that Bahman is a corrupted personalized form of Brahman,{{Cite book |last=McCann |first=Michael W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WtoAayu603kC&dq=his+name+derives+from+corruption+of+word+Brahman&pg=RA1-PA253 |title=Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization |date=1994-07-15 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-55571-3 |language=en}} with Hasan Gangu being Hindu Brahman who became Muslim.{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=rRxkAAAAMAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+hindu+convert |page=3 |author=Suvorova |title= Masnavi: A Study of Urdu|publisher= Oxford University Press |date=2000|isbn=978-0-19-579148-8 }}{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NRluAAAAMAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+brahmin+convert |title= Hindu Muslim Communalism |page=140 |author= Jayanta Gaḍakarī |date=2000 }} however this has been discredited by Husaini, who explains why the idea of a Brahmin origin or Zafar Khan originally being a Hindu convert to Islam is untenable.{{Cite book |last=Husaini (Saiyid.) |first=Abdul Qadir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJgrnbdaefEC |title=Bahman Shāh, the Founder of the Bahmani Kingdom |date=1960 |publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay |language=en|pages=60–63}} The Bahmanis took power after an Afghan, Nasir-ud-din Ismail Shah, also known as Ismail Mukh, led a rebellion against the Tughlaq dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.{{Cite book |last=Ahmed Farooqui |first=Salma |title=Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |publisher=Pearson |year=2011 |isbn=9789332500983 |pages=150}} The rebellion was successful and Ismail Mukh abdicated in favor of Alauddin, allowing him to establish an independent state in the Deccan, with his headquarters at Hasanabad. The Bahmanis were the first independent Muslim kingdom centred in the Deccan.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20061019004703/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/home/index.isc Ansari, N.H. "Bahmanid Dynasty"]}} Encyclopaedia Iranica

• Madurai Sultanate (1335–1378), the Madurai Sultanate was founded by Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan, a Sayyid native of Kaithal,{{Cite book |last=Saeed |first=Mian Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-RIdAAAAMAAJ&q=Hasan%20Kaithali |title=The Sharqi of Jaunpur: A Political & Cultural History |date=1972 |publisher=University of Karachi |language=en|page=5}}{{sfn|Rajayyan|2005|p=161}} or an Afghan.{{Cite book |last=Rajayyan |first=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnVuAAAAMAAJ&q=Madurai%20Sultanate%20afghan |title=Tamil Nadu, a Real History |date=2005 |publisher=Ratna Publications |language=en|page=165}} Centered in Madurai, the Sultanate was founded when Jalaluddin revolted against the Delhi Sultanate, though with the dates initially being unclear, with numismatic evidence suggesting 1335 as the beginning of the Madurai Sultanate, while Firishta affirms 1340 as a date.{{Cite book |last1=Aiyangar |first1=S. Krishnaswami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w6zkx_Ck3FwC |title=South India and Her Muhammadan Invaders |last2=Aiyangar |first2=Sakkottai Krishnaswami |date=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0536-7 |language=en|page=152-153}}

Several independent princely states founded by Pashtuns existed during the British Raj era. Most of the Pashtun region east of the Durand Line was annexed by the British in the twentieth century, and formed the North-West Frontier. The Pashtun tribal agencies along the Durand Line, further west from the North-West Frontier, formed a buffer zone between Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier of British India. Following the end of the Raj and the creation of Pakistan and India, the North-West Frontier and tribal agencies became part of Pakistan. The princely states were also given only two choices, the choice to formally accede to the Dominion of Pakistan or Dominion of India, depending on their geographical location. These princely states were eventually abolished and integrated into the federation (see Former administrative units of Pakistan and Political integration of India).

• Rohilla Chieftaincies (1710–1857). Ali Mohammed Khan, an ethnic Jat and honorary Pathan, founded the Rohilla state in western U.P. After his death in 1748, Rohilkhand split up into several independent Rohilla Chieftaincies. Notable Chiefs were Hafiz Rahmat Khan, Najib ad-Dawlah, Dundy Khan, and Faizullah Khan (the son of Ali, also an ethnic Jat and honorary Pathan). In 1772 the total Rohilla armed forces were estimated at 80,000 cavalry and infantry.Penny Magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Volume 12 page 429 Rohillas were the main allies of the Durranis in Third Panipat War in 1761. Most of the Rohilla leaders were defeated in Anglo-Rohilla wars. Only Rampur, under Faizullah Khan, survived as a princely state.
• Orakzai dynasty was a dynasty which directly descended from the Orakzai tribe. Various branches ruled these princely states:
• Bhopal State (1707–1949), a princely state existing from 1707 to 1949, although its origins date back to 1707 when the Bhopal State was established by Dost Mohammad Khan, a Pashtun soldier in the Mughal Army who belonged to the Mirazi Khel clan of the Orakzai tribe from Tirah{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/bhopal.html |title=BHOPAL |access-date=2015-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607125302/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/bhopal.html |archive-date=2015-06-07 |url-status=dead }} (located in the present-day tribal areas of northwest Pakistan)."Mirazi" is probably of "Mir Aziz". (Shaharyar M. Khan, 2000) The state came under the suzerainty of the Nizam of Hyderabad shortly after its foundation in 1723, and then came under the Marathas in 1737 after their victory in the Battle of Bhopal. It became a princely state in 1818, following the defeat of the Marathas in the Third Anglo-Maratha War. Islamnagar served as the first capital, followed by Bhopal (in present-day Madhya Pradesh). The city of Islamnagar and Bhopal was founded by Dost Mohammad Khan in 1716 and early 1720s. It was the second largest Muslim princely state in pre-independence India, after Hyderabad State. In 1949, the state acceded to the Dominion of India (see Pathans of Madhya Pradesh for more information).
• Kurwai State (1713–1948), founded by Muhammad Diler Khan, a Pashtun rising through merit in the Mughal Army. Muhammad Diler Khan belonged to the Firoz Khel clan of the Orakzai tribe, Diler Khan's state consisted of the town of Kurwai and several surrounding villages in present-day Madhya Pradesh. The town of Kurwai was founded by Mohammed Diler Khan in 1715
• Basoda State (1753–1947), established by Muhammad Ahsanullah Khan son of Muhammad Diler Khan founder of Kurwai State belonged to the Firoz Khel clan of the Orakzai tribe, its headquarters were at Ganj Basoda in present-day Madhya Pradesh.
• Mohammadgarh State (1818–1947), established by Muhammad khan son of Muhammad Ahsanullah Khan founder of Basoda State belonged to the Firoz Khel clan of the Orakzai tribe, its headquarters were at Muhammadgarh in present-day Madhya Pradesh. The town of Muhammadgarh was founded by Muhammed Khan and named by his name.
• Babi dynasty (1654–1948), founded in 1654 by Muhammed Sher Khan Babi. He belonged to Babi or Babai (Pashtun tribe) tribe of Pashtuns.{{cite web

| title = Junagadh

| work = Genealogical Gleanings

| publisher = Soszynski, Henry. University of Queensland

| url = http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/j/junagadh.html

| access-date = 2010-04-12

| archive-date = 2010-01-24

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100124132204/http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/j/junagadh.html

| url-status = live

}} The Babi Dynasty ruled over parts of Gujarat. Babi's descendants (see Pathans of Gujarat for more information) controlled the following princely states:

• Junagadh State (1730–1948), 1st Nawab, Muhammad Sher khan Babi, a pathan belonging to the family of last deputy Governor of Gujarat province in Mughal Empire. Muhammad Sher khan Babi belonged to the Babi or Babai (Pashtun tribe) of Pashtuns, its headquarters were at Junagadh in present-day Gujarat.{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/junagadh.html |title=Junagadh |access-date=2015-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520212059/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/junagadh.html |archive-date=2017-05-20 |url-status=dead }}
• Radhanpur State (1753–1948), Jawan Mard Khan Babi II, 1st Nawab, a pathan belonging to the family of last deputy Governor of Gujarat province in Mughal Empire. Nawab Khan Jahan Babi belonged to the Babi or Babai (Pashtun tribe) of Pashtuns, its headquarters were at Radhanpur in present-day Gujarat.{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/r/radhanpur.html |title=Radhanpur |access-date=2015-04-02 |archive-date=2015-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224024302/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/r/radhanpur.html |url-status=dead }}
• Balasinor State (1758–1948), 1st Nawab, Sardar Muhammed khan Babi, a pathan belonging to the family of last deputy Governor of Gujarat province in Mughal Empire. Sardar Muhammed khan Babi belonged to the Babi or Babai (Pashtun tribe) tribe of Pashtuns, its headquarters were at Balasinor in present-day Gujarat.{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/balasinor.html |title=Balasinor |access-date=2015-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116182707/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/balasinor.html |archive-date=2018-01-16 |url-status=dead }}
• Bantva Manavadar (1733–1947), 1st Nawab, Diler Khan Salabat Muhammed Khan Babi, a pathan belonging to the family of last deputy Governor of Gujarat province in Mughal Empire. Dilawer Khan Salabat Muhammed khan Babi belonged to the Babi or Babai (Pashtun tribe) of Pashtuns. Its headquarters were at Manavadar in present-day Gujarat.{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/m/manavadar.html |title=Manavadar |access-date=2015-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516165233/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/m/manavadar.html |archive-date=2016-05-16 |url-status=dead }}
• Sardargarh Bantva (1733–1948), 1st Nawab, Khan Shri Sherzamankhanji Babi, a pathan belonging to the family of last deputy Governor of Gujarat province in Mughal Empire. Khan Shri Sherzamankhanji Babi belonged to the Babi or Babai (Pashtun tribe) tribe of Pashtuns, its headquarters were at Bantva in present-day Gujarat.{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/Bantva.html |title=BANTVA |access-date=2015-04-18 |archive-date=2015-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417175622/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/bantva.html |url-status=dead }}
• Farrukhabad State (1714-1857) was established by a mercenary Muhammad Khan Bangash and succeeded by his son Nawab Ahmad Khan Bangash who commanded a division of the Afghan army in the Third Battle of Panipat
• Malerkotla State (1657–1948), The Malerkotla state was founded in 1454 A.D. by Sheikh Sadruddin-i-Jahan, a pious man of the Sherani tribe of the Darban Kalan and Frontier Region of Drazinda. The State of Malerkotla was established in 1657 by Bayazid Khan. Bayazid Khan was granted the privilege to build a fort, which he named Malerkotla and eventually gave its name to the state. On 3 May 1809 Maler Kotla became a British protectorate and was made part of the Cis-Sutlej states until 1862. Many local people attribute this peaceful strain to the presence of the shrine of 'Baba Haidar Sheikh', the Sufi saint, who founded the town of Malerkotla more than 500 years ago.
• Pataudi State (1804–1947), established in 1804 by Nawab Faiz Talab Khan of Barech tribe during the rule of the British East India Company and capital as Pataudi{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/p/pataudi.html |title=Pataudi |access-date=2015-04-01 |archive-date=2015-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128040155/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/p/pataudi.html |url-status=dead }}
• Dujana State (1806–1948), established in 1806 by Nawab Abdus Samad Khan of Yusufzai tribe during the rule of the British East India Company and situated in Jhajjar district{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/d/dujana.html |title=DUJANA |access-date=2015-04-01 |archive-date=2015-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142532/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/d/dujana.html |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/Dujana%20State%201904%20Main%20file.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501211657/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/Dujana%20State%201904%20Main%20file.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-01 |url-status=dead }}
• Tonk State (1806–1949), The founder of the state was Muhammad Amir Khan an adventurer and military leader of pashtun descent and belonged to the Salarzai a Brother Tribe of Gadezai subtribe of ilyaaszai of Musazai of the Yusufzai tribe of Jowar Village, District Buner and a Rohilla. In 1817, upon submitting to the British East India Company, he kept his territory of Tonk and received the title of Nawab. While retaining internal autonomy and remaining outside British India, the state consisted of six isolated districts. Four of these were under the Rajasthan province, namely, Tonk, Chhabra, Pirawa and Nimbahera. The other two, Aligarh formerly Rampura and Sironj were in Madhya pradesh province.
• Jaora State (1808–1948), founded by Abdul Ghafur Muhammad Khan, a Pashtun cavalry officer and a Rohilla from Salarzai Brother tribe of Gadezai Subtribe of ilyaaszai of Musazai of the Yusufzai of District Buner serving Muhammad Amir Khan, the Pashtun founder of the princely state of Tonk. Abdul Ghafur Muhammad Khan also served the Holkar ruler, annexing Rajput territories in northern Malwa. For his services, he was designated the title of a nawab. His state existed in modern Madhya Pradesh, comprising the tehsils of Jaora, Barauda, Tal and Barkhera, along with the dependencies of Piploda and Panth-Piploda.
• Palanpur State (1370–1948), Palanpur state was founded in 1370 by Malek Khurram Khan and was ruled by the Jhalore dynasty,{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/p/palanpur.html |title=Palanpur |access-date=2015-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115013656/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/p/palanpur.html |archive-date=2018-01-15 |url-status=dead }} of the Lohani tribe a forebearer of the family is reputed to have wed the foster-sister of the Mughal emperor Akbar and received Palanpur and surrounding areas as dowry.
• Savanur State (1672–1948), Savanur State was founded in 1672 when Abdul Karim Khan, a Pathan of the Miyana or Miani tribe, in the service of the sultanat of Bijapur, was granted the jagir of Sarkar Bankapur near Bijapur in 1672. His successors ruled over extensive territories almost independently for over a century. However, Savanur was located between the increasing power of the Marathas and the equally powerful Nizam of Hyderabad, Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, who ruled the Kingdom of Mysore. This gradually led to the erosion of Savanur's territory. By the second half of the eighteenth century, more than half of Savanur had been ceded to the Marathas. By the end of the century, Tipu Sultan had annexed the remainder. The occupation by the Kingdom of Mysore (Mahisur) had begun on 29 Oct 1786 and lasted until 17 December 1791. The name Savanur is said to be the corruption of the Persian/Urdu word Shahnoor, which means 'king of light'.{{cite news|last1=Azer|first1=Rahman|title=Nawabs and paan leaves|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/426201/nawabs-paan-leaves.html|access-date=16 January 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=19 August 2014}}

File:করটিয়া জমিদার বাড়ি.jpg founded by Bayazid Khan Panni.]]

• Nanpara Taluqdari (1632–1947), the Nanpara principality was founded by a Rasul Khan, he was appointed keeper of the fort at Bahraich in 1632 by Emperor Shah Jahan in Bahraich District. He was also granted five villages as jagir, and these five villages formed the core of what was to become the Nanpara Taluqdari. His descendant, Karam Khan taking advantage of the collapse of Mughal authority in the early 18th century, extended his rule over pretty much the entire district.Pathans of Uttar Pradesh#Pathans of Bahraich Gonda and Balrampur District The Nanpara Taluqdari was one of the taluqdars (feudatory states) in British India. The title of "Raja" was conferred on the Nanpara House in 1763 by the Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula, the King of Oudh and has then recognized by British. With holding of 439 villages it was the largest Muslim taluqdars (landowners) in British India.Nanpara{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/n/nanpara.html |title=Nanpara |access-date=2015-03-04 |archive-date=2018-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228234247/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/n/nanpara.html |url-status=dead }}
• Mamdot Nawabi (1800–1947), Qutubuddin Khan, a Kheshgi and Chief of Kasur 1794/1807, Nawab of Mamdot 1800/1831 in Ferozepur district in Indian Punjab; he conquered Mamdot from the Rai of Raikot in 1800, but lost control of Kasur in 1807. Jalalabad, Firozpur was founded by Nawab of Mamdot as its capital. Nawab Sir Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot was the largest Muslim Nawab of the Punjab Chiefs.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ4BAAAAMAAJ&q=editions:bvoHyg01AV8C|title=A Book of Readings on the History of the Punjab: 1799–1947|date=1970|publisher=Research Society of Pakistan, University of the Punjab|language=en|access-date=2021-12-02|archive-date=2022-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205184720/https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ4BAAAAMAAJ&q=editions%3AbvoHyg01AV8C|url-status=live}}
• Natore Khanate, this zamindari was founded by Muhammad Zaman Khan, descendant of Amanullah Khan, he was appointed Nazir of the Mughal court at Natore in the eighteenth century. His successor, Dost Muhammad Khan taking advantage of the collapse of Mughal authority, extended his rule over the Kholabaria, Piprul and Kalam areas of Natore and granted the title of Chowdhury.{{cite book|language=bn|trans-title=Brief history of Rajshahi|title=রাজশাহীর সংক্ষিপ্ত ইতিহাস|author=Caudhurī, Kālīnātha|year=1901|location=Calcutta|page=264}}
• Karatia Zamindari, Bayazid Khan Panni founded this in the early 1600s in Tangail District of Bangladesh
• Chechrirampur Taluqdari, founded by a Tendur Khan, descendant of Sher Shah Suri a member of the Pashtun Sur tribe, who is reportedly a descendant of Khalid ibn al-Walid, he was awarded Taluqdari of Syedpur Pargana in Backergunge District.{{cite book|author=Ahmed, Siraj Uddin|script-title=bn:বরিশাল বিভাগের ইতিহাস|volume=1|chapter=চেচরিরামপুরের তালুকদার পরিবার|trans-chapter=The Taluqdar family of Chechrirampur|trans-title=History of the Barisal Division|publisher=Bhāskar Prakāśanī|location=Dhaka|year=2010|language=bn|oclc=56950964}}{{cite web | access-date = February 8, 2021 | url = http://kathalia.jhalakathi.gov.bd/site/page/7a2caeac-17a2-11e7-9461-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF | title = Tradition | archive-date = November 24, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201124113637/http://kathalia.jhalakathi.gov.bd/site/page/7a2caeac-17a2-11e7-9461-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF | url-status = dead }}
• Balia Taluqdari, this dynasty was founded by Sheikh Mohammad Khan (the son of Munga Khan who migrated from Garmsir to Saluka, Barisal). He was appointed as a Shiqdar and revenue officer under the Mughal emperors and initially awarded a kharija taluq in the Balia and Gazaria areas of Bhola Island in the Bay of Bengal, which is the largest island in Bengal.{{cite book|author=Ahmed, Siraj Uddin|script-title=bn:বরিশাল বিভাগের ইতিহাস|volume=1|chapter=বালিয়ার তালুকদার পরিবার|trans-chapter=The Taluqdar family of Baliya|trans-title=History of the Barisal Division|publisher=Bhāskara Prakāśanī|location=Dhaka|year=2010|language=bn|oclc=56950964}}

• Pashtun tribes
• Military history of Afghanistan
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• Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan
• Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
• List of Muslim states and dynasties
• List of Sunni dynasties

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{{Pashtun nationalism|state=collapsed}}

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Category:Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent

Pashtun